DC COMPOUND MOTOR

A dc compound motor falls under the category of self excited motors. its field coils
provide the required amount of magnetic flux that give the armature coil necessary
flux for rotation at desired speed. Dc compound motor is basically a combination
of shunt wound dc motor and series wound dc motor.

Working process :

Application: Cumulative compound wound motors are virtually suitable for almost
all applications like business machines, machine tools, agitators, elevators, drilling
machines and mixers etc. Compound motors are used to drive loads such as shears,
presses , reciprocating machines and rolling mills and other loads requiring large
momentary toques etc.

The compound wound DC motor can further be subdivided into 2 major types on
the basis of its field winding connection with respect to the armature winding, and
they are:
There is also a special type of compound motor called compound interpole motors.

Long Shunt Compound Wound DC Motor: In case of long shunt compound

wound DC motor, the shunt field winding is connected in parallel across the series
combination of both the armature and series field coil, as shown in the diagram
below

Short Shunt Compound Wound DC Motor : In case of short shunt compound

wound DC motor, the shunt field winding is connected in parallel across the
armature winding only. And series field coil is exposed to the entire supply current,
before being split up into armature and shunt field current as shown in the diagram
below. .

Compound Interpole Motors :Compound Interpole motors are different from

both cumulative and differential motors. This motor has additional interpoles in
series with the armature. The interpoles are connected in series in between the
series winding and the armature. Physically, it is placed besides the series coils in
the stator. The polarity of the interpoles and the series fields are same and they
assist each other. Interpoles are of same gauge (thickness) as series windings. But
we can have as many turns of interpoles as required to have strong magnetic
field.Interpoles help preventing armature and brushes from arcing. So brushes will
last longer and it is not necessary to cut down the armature often. Overall,
interpoles help to improve smooth functioning of the motor and prolong its life.

Cumulative Compounding of DC Motor : A compound wound DC motor is said

to be cumulatively compounded when the shunt field flux produced by the shunt
winding assists or enhances the effect of main field flux, produced by the series
winding.
Differential Compounding of DC Motor : Similarly a compound wound DC
motor is said to be deferentially compounded when the flux due to the shunt field
winding diminishes the effect of the main series winding. This particular trait is not
really desirable, and hence does not find much of a practical application.

The compounding characteristic of the self excited DC motor is shown in the

figure below.

Universal motor: a universal motor is a special type of motor which can run both
in ac and dc supply. Universal motors are series wound motor and produce high
starting torque. Most of the universal motors are designed to operate at higher
speed exceeding 3500rpm and are in build with the mechine they are supposed to
run. They run at lower speed on AC supply than they run on DC supply of same
voltage, due to the reactance voltage drop which is present in AC and not in DC.

There are two basic types of universal motor:

1. Compensated type and

2. Non-compensated type.

Non -compensated type universal motor: the non-compensated type universal

motor has two salient poles and it is laminated as shown in figure below:

The armature is of wound type and the laminated core is either straight or skewed
slots. The leads of the armature windings are connected to the commutator. high
resistance brushes are used along with this type of motor to help better
commutation.

Compensated type universal motor: The compensated type universal motor

consists of distributed field winding and the stator core is similar to that of split-
phase motor. Similar to the spilt phase motor the compensated type consists of an
additional winding. The compensated winding helps in reducing the reactance
voltage which is caused due to alternating flux, when the motor runs with the ac
supply.
Working principle: A universal motor works on either DC or single phase AC
supply. When the universal motor is fed with a DC supply, it works as a DC series
motor. (see working of a DC series motor here). When current flows in the field
winding, it produces an electromagnetic field. The same current also flows from
the armature conductors. When a current carrying conductor is placed in an
electromagnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force. Due to this mechanical
force, or torque, the rotor starts to rotate. The direction of this force is given by
Fleming's left hand rule.

When fed with AC supply, it still produces unidirectional torque. Because,

armature winding and field winding are connected in series, they are in same
phase. Hence, as polarity of AC changes periodically, the direction of current in
armature and field winding reverses at the same time.Thus, direction of magnetic
field and the direction of armature current reverses in such a way that the direction
of force experienced by armature conductors remains same. Thus, regardless of AC
or DC supply, universal motor works on the same principle that DC series motor
works.
Applications of universal motor:

1. Universal motors find their use in various home appliances like vacuum
cleaners, drink and food mixers, domestic sewing machine etc.
2. The higher rating universal motors are used in portable drills, blenders etc.
3. A universal motor is also used in blowers, polishers and kitchen appliances.
4. Used in hair dryers, grinders and table fans.
 Stepper motor

In simplified terms, the rotor of a stepper motor consists of permanent

magnets with poles and a stator with windings. The rotor is constructed using a
single magnet mounted in line with the rotor axis and two pole pieces with many
teeth. The teeth are staggered to produce many salient poles.

The stepper motor is easy to position and moves in steps based on pulses supplied
to the stator windings. The direction of rotation is changed by reversing the pulse
sequence and speed is controlled by the frequency of pulses or pulse rate. Just as
the rotor aligns with one of the stator poles, the second phase is energized. The two
phases alternate on and off, and also reverse polarity. There are four steps. One
phase lags the other phase by one step. This is equivalent to one fourth of an
electrical cycle or 90. With the angle of each rotational movement which depend
upon the number of stator poles and rotor teeth the stepper motor has.
Types of Stepper Motor:

There are three main types of stepper motors, they are:

1. Permanent magnet stepper

2. Hybrid synchronous stepper

3. Variable reluctance stepper

Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor: Permanent magnet motors use a permanent

magnet (PM) in the rotor and operate on the attraction or repulsion between the
rotor PM and the stator electromagnets.

Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor: Variable reluctance (VR) motors have a

plain iron rotor and operate based on the principle that minimum reluctance occurs
with minimum gap, hence the rotor points are attracted toward the stator magnet
poles.

Hybrid Synchronous Stepper Motor: Hybrid stepper motors are named because
they use a combination of permanent magnet (PM) and variable reluctance (VR)
techniques to achieve maximum power in a small package size.

Advantages of Stepper Motor:

1. The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse.

2. The motor has full torque at standstill.

 3. Precise positioning and repeatability of movement since good stepper motors
have an accuracy of 3 5% of a step and this error is non-cumulative from
one step to the next.

4. Excellent response to starting, stopping and reversing.

5. Very reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor. Therefore the
life of the motor is simply dependent on the life of the bearing.

6. The motors response to digital input pulses provides open-loop control,

making the motor simpler and less costly to control.

7. It is possible to achieve very low speed synchronous rotation with a load that
is directly coupled to the shaft.

8. A wide range of rotational speeds can be realized as the speed is

proportional to the frequency of the input pulses.

A Stepper Motor is particularly well suited to applications that require accurate

positioning and repeatability with a fast response to starting, stopping, reversing
and speed control and another key feature of the stepper motor, is its ability to hold
the load steady once the require position is achieved. Stepper motors have a high
holding torque but they cannot run at high speeds.
Applications:

1. Automotive Industry Applications

Instrument cluster gauges including speedometers, tachometers, temp

gauges, and fuel gauges

Head light adjustment motors

Lumbar support devices

Air control valves

Throttle body motors

Idle air control valves

Windshield wiper motors

2. Security new surveillance products for the security industry.

3. Medical Industry Applications

Laboratory automation equipment for sample transport and preparation

Plate readers for clinical analysis

Liquid and specimen handling systems

Storage retrieval systems

In vitro diagnostic devices

Chromatography
 Blood-oxygenating pumps

CT scanners

CPAP and BiPAP devices

4. Consumer Electronics Stepper motors in cameras for automatic digital

camera focus and zoom functions.

5. Others-

Postal / letter sorting machines

Motor coil winding machines

Fluid power valves and pumps

Small robotics

Textile machines

CNC milling and welding machines

Automated concert lighting

Gaming machines

3D printing / rapid prototyping machines

Fax, copier, and printer machines

Phone and PBX boards

 Telescopes

Antennas

STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL CHIP

There are many stepper motor controller ICs available which can control the step
speed, speed of rotation and motors direction

Stepper Motor Fundamentals

Stepper Motor Control using the PIC16

Stepper Motor micro stepping using the PIC18

Stepper Motor Control using the dsPIC DSC

SAA1027 Stepper Motor Control Chip

There are many stepper motor controller ICs available which can control the step
speed, speed of rotation and motors direction. One such controller IC is
the SAA1027which has all the necessary counter and code conversion built-in, and
can automatically drive the 4 fully controlled bridge outputs to the motor in the
correct sequence.

The direction of rotation can also be selected along with single step mode or
continuous step less rotation in the selected direction, but this puts some burden on
the controller. When using an 8-bit digital controller,256microsteps

Brushless DC Motor

Brushes of DC motor wear out over time and may cause sparking. For this reason
concept brushless DC motor used to run expensive equipment which needs long
term and reliable running without changing anything. Brushless DC motor has
same output as brush DC motor except the construction procedure.

The rotor is a permanent magnet where stator has a coil arrangement as show in the
picture. Applying dc power to each set of coil, coil will energize and become an
electromagnet. Simple force interaction between rotor permanent magnet and
stator electromagnet rotates the rotor. Stator coil creates same polarity of rotor
permanent magnet. So opposite pole of rotor and stator are attracted to each other.
When attracted poles come near, next set of coils are energized. This process goes
on and rotor rotates.

There is a drawback of brushless DC motor. It is that only one set coils are
energized so there is a power loss in the system. It can be fixed by energizing such
way that when first set of coils rotating the rotor, the next coils are pushing the
rotor. This is done by passing same polarity current through second coil.
Electronic controller and sensor are used to control coil energization process.

Advantages of Brushless DC Motor

1. Brushless motors are more efficient as its velocity is determined by the
frequency at which current is supplied, not the voltage.

2. As brushes are absent, the mechanical energy loss due to friction is less which
enhanced efficiency.

3. BLDC motor can operate at high-speed under any condition.

4. There is no sparking and much less noise during operation.

5. More electromagnets could be used on the stator for more precise control.

6. BLDC motors accelerate and decelerate easily as they are having low rotor
inertia.

7. It is high performance motor that provides large torque per cubic inch over a
vast sped rang.

8. BLDC motors do not have brushes which make it more reliable, high life
expectancies, and maintenance free operation.

9. There is no ionizing sparks from the commutator, and electromagnetic

interference is also get reduced.

10. Such motors cooled by conduction and no air flow are required for inside
cooling.

Disadvantages of Brushless DC Motors

1. BLDC motor cost more than brushless DC motor.

2. The limited high power could be supplied to BLDC motor, otherwise too much
heat weakens the magnets and insulation of winding may get damaged.
Application:

1. Computer hard drives and DVD/CD players

2. Electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and electric bicycles

3. Industrial robots, CNC machine tools, and simple belt driven systems

4. Washing machines, compressors and dryers

5. Fans, pumps and blowers

DC Servo motors are used in closed loop type applications were the position of the
output motor shaft is fed back to the motor control circuit. Typical positional
Feedback devices include Resolvers, Encoders and Potentiometers as used in
radio control models such as aero planes and boats etc. A servo motor generally
includes a built-in gearbox for speed reduction and is capable of delivering high
torques directly. The output shaft of a servo motor does not rotate freely as do the
shafts of DC motors because of the gearbox and feedback devices attached.