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An article (with the linguistic glossing abbreviation art) is a word that is used
alongside a noun (as a standalone word or a prefix or suffix) to specify
grammatical definiteness of the noun, and in some languages extending to volume or
numerical scope.

The articles in English grammar are the and a/an, and in certain contexts some.
"An" and "a" are modern forms of the Old English "an", which in Anglian dialects
was the number "one" (compare "on" in Saxon dialects) and survived into Modern
Scots as the number "owan". Both "on" (respelled "one" by the Norman language) and
"an" survived into Modern English, with "one" used as the number and "an" ("a",
before nouns that begin with a consonant sound) as an indefinite article.

In many languages, articles are a special part of speech which cannot easily be
combined[clarification needed] with other parts of speech. In English grammar,
articles are frequently considered part of a broader category called determiners,
which contains articles, demonstratives (such as "this" and "that"), possessive
determiners (such as "my" and "his"), and quantifiers (such as "all" and "few").[1]
Articles and other determiners are also sometimes counted as a type of adjective,
since they describe the words that they come before. [2]

In languages that employ articles, every common noun, with some exceptions, is
expressed with a certain definiteness, definite or indefinite, as an attribute
(similar to how many languages express every noun with a certain grammatical
numbersingular or pluralor a grammatical gender). Articles are among the most
common words in many languages; in English, for example, the most frequent word is
the.[3]

Articles are usually categorized as either definite or indefinite.[4] A few

languages with well-developed systems of articles may distinguish additional
subtypes. Within each type, languages may have various forms of each article, due
to confirming to grammatical attributes such as gender, number, or case. Articles
may also be modified as influenced by adjacent sounds or words as in elision (e.g.,
French "le" becoming "l'" before a vowel), epenthesis (e.g., English "a" becoming
"an" before a vowel), or contraction (e.g. Irish "i + na" becoming "sna").
Contents [hide]
1 Definite article
2 Indefinite article
3 Proper article
4 Partitive article
5 Negative article
6 Zero article
7 Variation among languages
7.1 Tokelauan
8 Evolution
8.1 Definite articles
8.2 Indefinite articles
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Definite article[edit]
The definite article is used to refer to a particular member of a group or class.
It may be something that the speaker has already mentioned or it may be something
uniquely specified. The definite article in English, for both singular and plural
nouns, is the.

The children know the fastest way home.

The sentence above refers to specific children and a specific way home; it
contrasts with the much more general observation that:

Children know the fastest ways home.

The latter sentence refers to children in general and their specific ways home.
Likewise,

Give me the book.

refers to a specific book whose identity is known or obvious to the listener; as
such it has a markedly different meaning from

Give me a book.
which uses an indefinite article, which does not specify what book is to be given.

The definite article can also be used in English to indicate a specific class among
other classes:

The cabbage white butterfly lays its eggs on members of the Brassica genus.
However, recent developments show that definite articles are morphological elements
linked to certain noun types due to lexicalization. Under this point of view,
definiteness does not play a role in the selection of a definite article more than
the lexical entry attached to the article.[clarification needed][5][6]

Indefinite article[edit]
An indefinite article indicates that its noun is not a particular one identifiable
to the listener. It may be something that the speaker is mentioning for the first
time, or the speaker may be making a general statement about any such thing. a/an
are the indefinite articles used in English. The form an is used before words that
begin with a vowel sound (even if spelled with an initial consonant, as in an
hour), and a before words that begin with a consonant sound (even if spelled with a
vowel, as in a European).

She had a house so large that an elephant would get lost without a map.
Before some words beginning with a pronounced (not silent) h in an unstressed first
syllable, such as historic(al), hallucination, hilarious, horrendous, and horrific,
some (especially older) British writers prefer to use an over a (an historical
event, etc.).[7] An is also preferred before hotel by some writers of British
English (probably reflecting the relatively recent adoption of the word from
French, in which the h is not pronounced).[8] The use of "an" before words
beginning with an unstressed "h" is more common generally in British English than
in American.[8] American writers normally use a in all these cases, although there
are occasional uses of an historic(al) in American English.[9] According to the New
Oxford Dictionary of English, such use is increasingly rare in British English too.
[7] Unlike British English, American English typically uses an before herb, since
the h in this word is silent for most Americans. The correct usage in respect of
the term "hereditary peer" was the subject of an amendment debated in the UK
Parliament.[10]

Using a before a word beginning with a vowel sound in unstressed syllables - such
as I left a orange on the working surface. - is not uncommon, but is universally
considered non-standard.

The word some can be viewed as functionally a plural of a/an in that, for example,
"an apple" never means more than one apple but "give me some apples" indicates more
than one is desired but without specifying a quantity. In this view it is
functionally homologous to the Spanish plural indefinite article unos/unas; un/una
("one") is completely indistinguishable from the unit number, except where it has a
plural form (unos/unas). Thus Dame una manzana" ("Give me an apple") but "Dame unas
manzanas" ("Give me some apples"). The indefiniteness of some or unos can sometimes
be semiquantitatively narrowed, as in "There are some apples there, but not many."

Some also serves as a singular indefinite article, as in "There is some person on

the porch".

Proper article[edit]
A proper article indicates that its noun is proper, and refers to a unique entity.
It may be the name of a person, the name of a place, the name of a planet, etc. The
Maori language have the proper article a, which is used for personal nouns; so, "a
Pita" means "Peter". In Maori, when the personal nouns have the definite or
indefinite article as an important part of it, both articles are present; for
example, the phrase "a Te Rauparaha", which contains both the proper article a and
the definite article Te refers to the person name Te Rauparaha.

The definite article is sometimes also used with proper names, which are already
specified by definition (there is just one of them). For example: the Amazon, the
Hebrides. In these cases, the definite article may be considered superfluous. Its
presence can be accounted for by the assumption that they are shorthand for a
longer phrase in which the name is a specifier, i.e. the Amazon River, the
Hebridean Islands. Where the nouns in such longer phrases cannot be omitted, the
definite article is universally kept: the United States, the People's Republic of
China. This distinction can sometimes become a political matter: the former usage
the Ukraine stressed the word's Russian meaning of "borderlands"; as Ukraine became
a fully independent state following the collapse of the Soviet Union, it requested
that formal mentions of its name omit the article. Similar shifts in usage have
occurred in the names of Sudan and both Congo (Brazzaville) and Congo (Kinshasa); a
move in the other direction occurred with The Gambia. In certain languages, such as
French and Italian, definite articles are used with all or most names of countries:
la France/le Canada/l'Allemagne, l'Italia/la Spagna/il Brasile.

If a name [has] a definite article, e.g. the Kremlin, it cannot idiomatically be

used without it: we cannot say Boris Yeltsin is in Kremlin.

?R. W. Burchfield[11]
Some languages also use definite articles with personal names. For example, such
use is standard in Portuguese (a Maria, literally: "the Maria"), in Greek (? ?a??a,
? G??????, ? ????a??, ? ?a?as?e??) and in Catalan (la Nria, el/en Oriol). It also
occurs colloquially in Spanish, German, French, Italian and other languages. In
Hungary it is considered to be a Germanism.

Rarely, this usage can appear in English. A prominent example is how President of
The United States and businessman Donald Trump is known as "The Donald", this
wording being used by many publications such as Newsweek and New York Post. (This
is derived from his ex-wife Ivana Trump's use of the article with his name, a
second-language error influenced by the lack of articles in her native Czech.)[12]
Another is US President Ronald Reagan's nickname of "The Gipper";[13] publisher
Townhall.com issued an article after Reagan's death titled simply "Goodbye to 'the
Gipper'".[14]

Partitive article[edit]
A partitive article is a type of article, sometimes viewed as a type of indefinite
article, used with a mass noun such as water, to indicate a non-specific quantity
of it. Partitive articles are thus a class of determiner; they are used in French
and Italian in addition to definite and indefinite articles. (In Finnish and
Estonian, the partitive is indicated by inflection.) The nearest equivalent in
English is some, although the latter is classified as a determiner but not in all
authorities' classifications as an indefinite article, and English uses it less
than French uses de.

French: Veux-tu du caf ?

Do you want (some) coffee?
For more information, see the article on the French partitive article.
Haida has a partitive article (suffixed -gyaa) referring to "part of something
or... to one or more objects of a given group or category," e.g., tluugyaa uu hal
tlaahlaang "he is making a boat (a member of the category of boats)."[15]

Negative article[edit]
A negative article specifies none of its noun, and can thus be regarded as neither
definite nor indefinite. On the other hand, some consider such a word to be a
simple determiner rather than an article. In English, this function is fulfilled by
no, which can appear before a singular or plural noun:

No man has been on this island.

No dogs are allowed here.
No one is in the room.
Zero article[edit]
See also: Zero article in English
The zero article is the absence of an article. In languages having a definite
article, the lack of an article specifically indicates that the noun is indefinite.
Linguists interested in X-bar theory causally link zero articles to nouns lacking a
determiner.[16] In English, the zero article rather than the indefinite is used
with plurals and mass nouns, although the word "some" can be used as an indefinite
plural article.

Visitors end up walking in mud.

Variation among languages[edit]

Articles in languages in and around Europe

indefinite and definite articles
only definite articles
indefinite and suffixed definite articles
only suffixed definite articles
no articles
Note that although the Saami languages spoken in northern parts of Norway and
Sweden lack articles, Norwegian and Swedish are the majority languages in this
area. Note also that although the Irish and Scottish Gaelic languages lack
indefinite articles they too are minority languages in this area, with English
being the main spoken language.
Articles are found in many Indo-European languages, especially Romance languages,
Semitic languages (only the definite article), and Polynesian languages, but are
formally absent from many of the worlds major languages, such as Chinese,
Indonesian, Japanese, Hindi, Punjabi, Urdu, Russian, the majority of Slavic and
Baltic languages, Yoruba, and the Bantu languages. In some languages that do have
articles, like for example some North Caucasian languages, the use of articles is
optional but in others like English and German it is mandatory in all cases.

Linguists believe the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, Proto-Indo-

European, did not have articles. Most of the languages in this family do not have
definite or indefinite articles: there is no article in Latin or Sanskrit, nor in
some modern Indo-European languages, such as the families of Slavic languages
(except for Bulgarian and Macedonian, which are rather distinctive among the Slavic
languages in their grammar) and Baltic languages. Although Classical Greek had a
definite article (which has survived into Modern Greek and which bears strong
functional resemblance to the German definite article, which it is related to), the
earlier Homeric Greek used this article largely as a pronoun or demonstrative,
whereas the earliest known form of Greek known as Mycenaean Greek did not have any
articles. Articles developed independently in several language families.

Not all languages have both definite and indefinite articles, and some languages
have different types of definite and indefinite articles to distinguish finer
shades of meaning: for example, French and Italian have a partitive article used
for indefinite mass nouns, whereas Colognian has two distinct sets of definite
articles indicating focus and uniqueness, and Macedonian uses definite articles in
a demonstrative sense, with a tripartite distinction (proximal, medial, distal)
based on distance from the speaker or interlocutor. The words this and that (and
their plurals, these and those) can be understood in English as, ultimately, forms
of the definite article the (whose declension in Old English included thaes, an
ancestral form of this/that and these/those).

In many languages, the form of the article may vary according to the gender,
number, or case of its noun. In some languages the article may be the only
indication of the case. Many languages do not use articles at all, and may use
other ways of indicating old versus new information, such as topiccomment
constructions.

The articles used in some languages

Language definite article partitive article indefinite article
Afrikaans die 'n
Albanian -a, -ja, -i, -u, -t, -t (all suffixes) disa nj
Arabic al- or el ?? (prefix)
Assamese -t, -ta, -ti, -khn, -khini, -zn, -zni, -dal, -zpa etc. ta,
khn, zn, zni, dal, zpa etc.
Breton an, al, ar un, ul, ur
Bulgarian -??, -??, -??, -??,
-?? ????/???????,
????/???????,
????/???????,
????/???????
Catalan el, la, l', els, les
Ses, Lo, los, Es, Sa del, de l', de la
dels un, una
uns, unes
Cornish an
Dutch de, het ('t) een ('n)
English the a, an
Esperanto la
Finnish* se yks(i)
French le, la, l'
les du, de la, de l'
des un, une
des
German der, die, das
des, dem, den ein, eine, einer, eines
einem, einen
Greek ?, ?, t?
??, ??, ta ??a?, ?a, ??a
Hawaiian ka, ke
na he
Hebrew ha- ? (prefix)
Hungarian a, az egy
Icelandic -(i)nn, -(i)n, -(i), -(i)na, -num, -(i)nni, -nu, -(i)ns, -(i)nnar,
-nir, -nar, -(u)num, -nna (all suffixes)
Interlingua le un
Irish an, na
Italian il, lo, la, l'
i, gli, le del, dello, della, dell'
dei, degli, degl' , delle un', uno, una, un
Khasi u, ka, i
ki
Kurdish -eke
-ekan hend, birr -k
-ank
Latin
Luxembourgish den, di (d'), dat (d')
dem, der ders/es, der/er en, eng
engem, enger
Macedonian -?? -?? -?? -?? -?? -?? -?? -?? -??
-?? -?? -?? -?? -?? -?? (all suffixes) ??????? ???? ???? ????
????
Manx y, yn, 'n, ny
Norwegian Bokml -en, -et, -a, -ene, -ne (all suffixes) en, et, ei
Norwegian Nynorsk -en, -et, -a, -i, -ane (all suffixes) ein, eit, ei
Portuguese o, a
os, as um, uma
uns, umas
Quenya i, in, 'n
Romanian -(u)l, -le, -(u)a
-(u)lui, -i, -lor (all suffixes) un, o
unui, unei
ni?te, unor
Scots the
Scottish Gaelic an, am, a', na, nam, nan
Sindarin i, in, -in, -n, en
Spanish el, la, lo
los, las del un, una
unos, unas
Welsh y, yr, -'r
Yiddish ??? (der), ?? (di), ???? (dos), ??? (dem) ?? (a), ??? (an)
* Grammatically speaking Finnish has no articles, but the words se (it) and yks(i)
(one) are used in the same fashion as the and a/an in English and are, for all
intents and purposes, treated like articles when used in this manner in colloquial
Finnish.
The following examples show articles which are always suffixed to the noun:

Albanian: zog, a bird; zogu, the bird

Aramaic: ??? (shalam), peace; ???? (shalma), the peace
Note: Aramaic is written from right to left, so an Aleph is added to the end of the
word. ? becomes ? when it is not the final letter.
Assamese: "????? (kitap)", book; "??????? (kitapkhn)" : "The book"
Bengali: "Bi", book; "Biti/Bita/Bikhana" : "The Book"
Bulgarian: ???? stol, chair; ?????? stolat, the chair (subject); ????? stola, the
chair (object)
Icelandic: hestur, horse; hesturinn, the horse
Macedonian: ???? stol, chair; ?????? stolot, the chair; ?????? stolov, this
chair; ?????? stolon, that chair
Persian: sib, apple; sibe, the apple. (The Persian language does not have definite
articles. Sibe' man? means my apple. One could argue that in rare cases it has.
Sibe' ke' kharidi; "The apple that you bought". But Sibe' in this case is an
abbreviation of Sibi ra' . "That Apple")
Romanian: drum, road; drumul, the road (the article is just "l", "u" is a
"connection vowel" Romanian: vocala de legatura)
Swedish and Norwegian: hus, house; huset, the house; if there is an adjective: det
gamle (N)/gamla (S) huset, the old house
Danish: hus, house; huset, the house; if there is an adjective: det gamle hus, the
old house
Example of prefixed definite article:

Hebrew: ?????, transcribed as yeled, a boy; ????, transcribed as hayeled, the boy
A different way, limited to the definite article, is used by Latvian and
Lithuanian. The noun does not change but the adjective can be defined or undefined.
In Latvian: galds, a table / the table; balts galds, a white table; baltais galds,
the white table. In Lithuanian: stalas, a table / the table; baltas stalas, a white
table; baltasis stalas, the white table.

Languages in the above table written in italics are constructed languages and are
not natural, that is to say that they have been purposefully invented by an
individual (or group of individuals) with some purpose in mind. They do, however,
all belong to language families themselves. Esperanto is derived from European
languages and therefore all of its roots are found in Proto-Indo-European and
cognates can be found in real-world languages like French, German, Italian and
English. Interlingua is also based on European languages but with its main source
being that of Italic descendent languages: English, French, Spanish, Italian and
Portuguese, with German and Russian being secondary sources, with words from
further afield (but internationally known and often borrowed) contributing to the
language's vocabulary (such as words taken from Japanese, Arabic and Finnish). The
result is a supposedly easy-to-learn language for the world. As well as these
"auxiliary" languages the list contains two more: Quenya and Sindarin; these two
languages were created by Professor Tolkien and used in his fictional works.
Despite not being based on any real-world language family (like Esperanto and
Interlingua), these languages share a common history and have their roots in Common
Eldarin, a common ancestor to both Quenya and Sindarin.

Tokelauan[edit]
When using a definite article in Tokelauan language, unlike in some languages like
English, if the speaker is speaking of an item, they need not to have referred to
it previously as long as the item is specific.[17] This is also true when it comes
to the reference of a specific person.[17] So, although the definite article used
to describe a noun in the Tokelauan language is te, it can also translate to the
indefinite article in languages that requires the item being spoken of to have been
referenced prior.[17] When translating to English, te could translate to the
English definite article the, or it could also translate to the English indefinite
article a.[17] An example of how the definite article te can be used as an
interchangeable definite or indefinite article in the Tokelauan language would be
the sentence Kua hau te tino.[17] In the English language, this could be
translated as A man has arrived or The man has arrived where using te as the
article in this sentence can represent any man or a particular man.[17] The word
he, which is the indefinite article in Tokelauan, is used to describe any such
item.[17] The word he is used in negative statements because that is where it is
most often found, alongside its great use in interrogative statements.[17] Though
this is something to make note of, he is not used in just in negative statements
and questions alone. Although these two types of statements are where he occurs the
most, it is also used in other statements as well.[17] An example of the use of he
as an indefinite article is Vili ake oi k'aumai he toki , where he toki mean
an axe.[17] The use of he and te in Tokelauan are reserved for when describing a
singular noun. However, when describing a plural noun, different articles are used.
For plural definite nouns, rather than te, the article na is used.[17] Vili ake oi
k'aumai na nofoa in Tokelauan would translate to Do run and bring me the chairs
in English.[17] There are some special cases in which instead of using na, plural
definite nouns have no article before them. The absence of an article is
represented by 0.[17] One way that it is usually used is if a large amount or a
specific class of things are being described.[17] Occasionally, such as if one was
describing an entire class of things in a nonspecific fashion, the singular
definite noun te would is used.[17] In English, Ko te povi e kai mutia means
Cows eat grass.[17] Because this is a general statement about cows, te is used
instead of na. The ko serves as a preposition to the te The article ni is used
for describing a plural indefinite noun. E i ei ni tuhi? translates to Are there
any books?[17]

Evolution[edit]
Articles have developed independently in many different language families across
the globe. Generally, articles develop over time usually by specialization of
certain adjectives or determiners, and their development is often a sign of
languages becoming more analytic instead of synthetic, perhaps combined with the
loss of inflection as in English, Romance languages, Bulgarian, Macedonian and
Torlakian.

Joseph Greenberg in Universals of Human Language[18] describes "the cycle of the

definite article": Definite articles (Stage I) evolve from demonstratives, and in
turn can become generic articles (Stage II) that may be used in both definite and
indefinite contexts, and later merely noun markers (Stage III) that are part of
nouns other than proper names and more recent borrowings. Eventually articles may
evolve anew from demonstratives.

Definite articles[edit]
Definite articles typically arise from demonstratives meaning that. For example,
the definite articles in the Romance languagese.g., el, il, le, la, lo derive
from the Latin demonstratives ille (masculine), illa (feminine) and illud (neuter).

The English definite article the, written e in Middle English, derives from an Old
English demonstrative, which, according to gender, was written se (masculine), seo
(feminine) (e and eo in the Northumbrian dialect), or t (neuter). The neuter
form t also gave rise to the modern demonstrative that. The ye occasionally seen
in pseudo-archaic usage such as "Ye Olde Englishe Tea Shoppe" is actually a form of
e, where the letter thorn () came to be written as a y.

Multiple demonstratives can give rise to multiple definite articles. Macedonian,

for example, in which the articles are suffixed, has ?????? (stolot), the
chair; ?????? (stolov), this chair; and ?????? (stolon), that chair. These derive
from the Common Slavic demonstratives *t? "this, that", *ov? "this here" and *on?
"that over there, yonder" respectively. Colognian prepositions articles such as in
dat Auto, or et Auto, the car; the first being specifically selected, focused,
newly introduced, while the latter is not selected, unfocused, already known,
general, or generic. Standard Basque distinguishes between proximal and distal
definite articles in the plural (dialectally, a proximal singular and an additional
medial grade may also be present). The Basque distal form (with infix -a-,
etymologically a suffixed and phonetically reduced form of the distal demonstrative
har-/hai-) functions as the default definite article, whereas the proximal form
(with infix -o-, derived from the proximal demonstrative hau-/hon-) is marked and
indicates some kind of (spatial or otherwise) close relationship between the
speaker and the referent (e.g., it may imply that the speaker is included in the
referent): etxeak ("the houses") vs. etxeok ("these houses [of ours]"), euskaldunak
("the Basque speakers") vs. euskaldunok ("we, the Basque speakers").

Indefinite articles[edit]
Indefinite articles typically arise from adjectives meaning one. For example, the
indefinite articles in the Romance languagese.g., un, una, unederive from the
Latin adjective unus. Partitive articles, however, derive from Vulgar Latin de
illo, meaning (some) of the.

The English indefinite article an is derived from the same root as one. The -n came
to be dropped before consonants, giving rise to the shortened form a. The existence
of both forms has led to many cases of juncture loss, for example transforming the
original a napron into the modern an apron.

The Persian indefinite article is yek, meaning one.

See also[edit]
English articles
Al- (definite article in Arabic)
Definiteness
Definite description
False title
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What Is a Determiner?". YourDictionary.
Jump up ^ "Using ArticlesA, An, The | Scribendi.com". Scribendi.
Jump up ^ "The 500 Most Commonly Used Words in the English Language". World
English. Archived from the original on 13 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-14.
Jump up ^ The Use and Non-Use of Articles[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Recasens, Taul and Mart
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/228748115_First-
mention_definites_more_than_exceptional_cases
Jump up ^ Diaz Collazos, Ana Maria. 2016. Definite and indefinite articles in
Nikkei Spanish. In Gonzlez-Rivera, Melvin, & Sessarego, Sandro. New Perspectives
on Hispanic Contact Linguistics in the Americas. Madrid/Frankfurt: Iberoamericana-
Vervuert
^ Jump up to: a b New Oxford Dictionary of English, 1999, usage note for an: "There
is still some divergence of opinion over the form of the indefinite article to use
preceding certain words beginning with h- when the first syllable is unstressed: a
historical document or an historical document; a hotel or an hotel. The form
depends on whether the initial h is sounded or not: an was common in the 18th and
19th centuries, because the initial h was commonly not pronounced for these words.
In standard modern English the norm is for the h to be pronounced in words like
hotel and historical, and therefore the indefinite article a is used; however, the
older form, with the silent h and the indefinite article an, is still encountered,
especially among older speakers."
^ Jump up to: a b Brown Corpus and Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus, quoted in Peters
(2004: 1)
Jump up ^ Algeo, p. 49.
Jump up ^ www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199899/ldhansrd/vo990427/text/90427-
43.htm.
Jump up ^ Burchfield, R. W. (1996). The New Fowler's Modern English Usage (3rd
ed.). p. 512. ISBN 0199690367.
Jump up ^ Argetsinger, Amy (1 September 2015). "Why does everyone call Donald Trump
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