Intro

Change the sample size, n, to see the change in the shape of the distribution for x-
bar. Data are selected from a normal distribution with a mean of 100 and a
standard deviation of 100. The shape of this distribution is represented by the
pink line on the graph. 500 values of x-bar, the average of the n observations are
calculated based on randomly generated data. The bars in the graph represent the
histogram for these data. Changing the value of n illustrates how the distribution
of the sample mean, x-bar, changes. If n=1 then each sample consists of a single
value and the distribution of the bars vary from the pink curve due to random
variability. As the sample size gets bigger the spread of the distribution gets
smaller. The middle, as measured by the mean, does not change. A black line is
displayed to show the theoretical distribution of the sample mean based on the
normal distribution. This distribution is a normal distribution with a mean of 100
and a standard deviation of 100/n.5. New sets of sample data can generated by
pushing the F9 key at the top of the keyboard.

Page 1
 Normal

n= 1 Mean = 100 Std. Dev. = 100 = s SE = 100 s / n

Mean(x bar) = 105.65 Skewness(x bar) 0.1046 Std. Dev.(x bar) = 105.44413867

bins Midpoin FrequencyNormal for dataNormal for x-bar

Frequency
-275 -290 0 0.0442086426 0.044209
-245 -260 Normal for0.095938
0 0.0959379958 data
-215 -230 0 Normal for0.26803
0 0.268029518 x-bar
-185 -200 0 0 0.684804571 0.684805
-155 -170 0 2 1.6000922496 1.600092
-125 -140 0 3 3.4191633505 3.419163
-95 -110 0 9 6.6817934333 6.681793
-65 -80 0 16 11.941704256 11.9417
-35 -50 0 18 19.518261702 19.51826
-5 -20 0 25 29.175532469 29.17553
25 10 0 35 39.884148 39.88415
55 40 0 50 49.863933956 49.86393
85 70 0 60 57.013543671 57.01354
115 100 0 61 59.61769237 59.61769
145 130 0 51 57.013543671 57.01354
175 160 0 41 49.863933956 49.86393
205 190 0 41 39.884148 39.88415
235 220 0 31 29.175532469 29.17553
265 250 0 21 19.518261702 19.51826
295 280 0 20 11.941704256 11.9417
325 310 0 7 6.6817934333 6.681793
355 340 0 5 3.4191633505 3.419163
385 370 0 1 1.6000922496 1.600092
415 400 0 1 0.684804571 0.684805
445 430 0 1 0.268029518 0.26803
475 460 0 1 0.0959379958 0.095938
505 490 0 0 0.0442086426 0.044209
0
500 500 500

Page 2
 Normal

Rand. # x-bar
0.563039 115.8678 1
0.873224 214.1763 2
Normal for x-bar 0.844258 201.2114 3
-0.044209 0.323292 54.14881 4
-0.095938 0.108625 -23.3871 5
-0.26803 0.633557 134.129 6
-0.684805 0.913981 236.5684 7
0.399908 0.066169 -50.49463 8
-0.419163 0.584928 121.4517 9
2.318207 0.787544 179.7929 10
4.058296 0.025752 -94.72527 11
-1.518262 0.629277 132.994 12
-4.175532 0.455739 88.88258 13
-4.884148 0.818277 190.8818 14
0.136066 0.955211 269.7632 15
2.986456 0.36482 65.43946 16
1.382308 0.859956 208.0122 17
-6.013544 0.644321 137.0034 18
-8.863934 0.126823 -14.15397 19
1.115852 0.506931 101.7375 20
1.824468 0.573157 118.4416 21
1.481738 0.129443 -12.90278 22
8.058296 0.083942 -37.90369 23
0.318207 0.966213 282.7835 24
1.580837 0.76443 172.0625 25
-0.600092 0.211142 19.75343 26
0.315195 0.307786 49.78651 27
0.73197 0.701441 152.855 28
0.904062 0.674291 145.1794 29
-0.044209 0.949124 263.6421 30
0.322464 53.91806 31
0.191106 12.61733 32
0.399233 74.46677 33
0.875305 215.1831 34
0.985723 318.9595 35
0.330138 56.04674 36
0.913671 236.371 37
0.715871 157.0618 38
0.445023 86.17529 39
0.642153 136.4219 40
0.493299 98.32018 41
0.324812 54.57165 42
0.451091 87.70942 43
0.510409 102.6094 44
0.063271 -52.78839 45
0.692368 150.2575 46
0.015811 -114.9166 47
0.125018 -15.02642 48
0.315483 51.96329 49

Page 3
 Normal

0.861621 208.763 50
0.779399 177.0165 51
0.134007 -10.76497 52
0.910341 234.2857 53
0.633984 134.2425 54
0.117917 -18.54626 55
0.60356 126.2573 56
0.948493 263.0417 57
0.283855 42.8572 58
0.67813 146.2476 59
0.367163 66.06234 60
0.28374 42.82322 61
0.054566 -60.21105 62
0.999315 420.1026 63
0.256709 34.64749 64
0.587275 122.0541 65
0.363212 65.01144 66
0.740484 164.4838 67
0.250302 32.64614 68
0.687487 148.8739 69
0.990935 336.2959 70
0.961142 276.41 71
0.650642 138.7054 72
0.795894 182.7045 73
0.432427 82.98023 74
0.061596 -54.1511 75
0.734198 162.5559 76
0.692351 150.2526 77
0.964444 280.4764 78
0.061492 -54.23706 79
0.903919 230.4209 80
0.441829 85.36669 81
0.735848 163.0597 82
0.908498 233.1562 83
0.692267 150.2288 84
0.264449 37.03097 85
0.854293 205.5025 86
0.936977 252.988 87
0.320903 53.48253 88
0.486923 96.72155 89
0.208566 18.8594 90
0.667718 143.3619 91
0.031244 -86.28147 92
0.210032 19.36887 93
0.729104 161.0105 94
0.642634 136.5508 95
0.51653 104.1447 96
0.397901 74.12173 97
0.209066 19.0332 98
0.281801 42.25004 99

Page 4
 Normal

0.029842 -88.31232 100

0.116062 -19.49053 101
0.35736 63.44744 102
0.199141 15.53051 103
0.771703 174.4466 104
0.767778 173.1547 105
0.592112 123.2982 106
0.319565 53.10846 107
0.499017 99.75371 108
0.983628 313.5197 109
0.206827 18.25207 110
0.32797 55.44751 111
0.336213 57.71793 112
0.394803 73.31774 113
0.121922 -16.54332 114
0.028438 -90.42591 115
0.946278 260.9787 116
0.659365 141.073 117
0.735468 162.9436 118
0.777202 176.2778 119
0.783195 178.3029 120
0.433797 83.32851 121
0.406251 76.2801 122
0.966156 282.7078 123
0.18701 11.10321 124
0.961583 276.9364 125
0.72178 158.8138 126
0.985155 317.4189 127
0.299755 47.48957 128
0.569667 117.5526 129
0.432519 83.00344 130
0.764991 172.2449 131
0.149023 -4.063434 132
0.771955 174.5299 133
0.550775 112.762 134
0.152655 -2.511123 135
0.5675 117.0012 136
0.127357 -13.89735 137
0.520902 105.2419 138
0.499272 99.8176 139
0.854931 205.7817 140
0.515175 103.8048 141
0.39994 74.64967 142
0.655645 140.0606 143
0.776989 176.2065 144
0.092155 -32.75989 145
0.005792 -152.4558 146
0.447862 86.89361 147
0.443537 85.79917 148
0.641826 136.3344 149

Page 5
 Normal

0.386297 71.10167 150

0.034578 -81.74038 151
0.524752 106.2083 152
0.936889 252.9171 153
0.192319 13.0618 154
0.029074 -89.45748 155
0.435407 83.73743 156
0.380152 69.4919 157
0.130558 -12.37564 158
0.088067 -35.27546 159
0.282457 42.44418 160
0.989386 330.3893 161
0.213899 20.70332 162
0.106272 -24.66001 163
0.294184 45.87963 164
0.968121 285.3872 165
0.667467 143.2929 166
0.379757 69.3881 167
0.107387 -24.05473 168
0.965114 281.3384 169
0.823811 192.9987 170
0.314114 51.57762 171
0.940503 255.9014 172
0.299675 47.46634 173
0.935639 251.9158 174
0.839885 199.3986 175
0.804703 185.854 176
0.706781 154.4005 177
0.306778 49.49964 178
0.503773 100.9458 179
0.970472 288.7771 180
0.750126 167.4887 181
0.068444 -48.74786 182
0.888335 221.772 183
0.949517 264.0185 184
0.017171 -111.6027 185
0.004793 -159.0406 186
0.058739 -56.54439 187
0.289938 44.6435 188
0.550105 112.5927 189
0.549635 112.474 190
0.215549 21.26876 191
0.018729 -108.0741 192
0.600489 125.4614 193
0.508357 102.0949 194
0.218024 22.11165 195
0.79251 181.5161 196
0.417296 79.11836 197
0.25608 34.45226 198
0.016758 -112.5842 199

Page 6
 Normal

0.822445 192.4722 200

0.553772 113.5197 201
0.814763 189.5587 202
0.725421 159.9024 203
0.482198 95.53622 204
0.458246 89.51473 205
0.630949 133.4368 206
0.529676 107.4454 207
0.92632 244.892 208
0.568789 117.3292 209
0.52379 105.9667 210
0.970378 288.6381 211
0.996096 366.0279 212
0.46669 91.64074 213
0.550543 112.7034 214
0.237711 28.63157 215
0.907514 232.56 216
0.220222 22.85578 217
0.711885 155.8901 218
0.034884 -81.34201 219
0.389479 71.93236 220
0.981292 308.1203 221
0.190091 12.24387 222
0.309193 50.18614 223
0.847021 202.3741 224
0.204692 17.50228 225
0.469261 92.28731 226
0.332025 56.5672 227
0.179705 8.351015 228
0.27681 40.76562 229
0.625218 131.9213 230
0.676101 145.6825 231
0.237101 28.4342 232
0.989947 332.4375 233
0.956965 271.6505 234
0.448749 87.11777 235
0.942414 257.5365 236
0.710167 155.3872 237
0.601574 125.7424 238
0.941141 256.4425 239
0.6018 125.8009 240
0.671785 144.4848 241
0.8045 185.7806 242
0.378711 69.11318 243
0.153035 -2.350494 244
0.793785 181.9624 245
0.86747 211.4512 246
0.038225 -77.16716 247
0.352037 62.0174 248
0.425959 81.33279 249

Page 7
 Normal

0.793775 181.959 250

0.838853 198.9754 251
0.354763 62.75069 252
0.791185 181.054 253
0.139015 -8.475394 254
0.523344 105.8547 255
0.418984 79.55077 256
0.969945 287.9983 257
0.143333 -6.546459 258
0.552623 113.2292 259
0.635547 134.658 260
0.265284 37.28596 261
0.999748 447.8429 262
0.196865 14.71275 263
0.618312 130.1049 264
0.988561 327.5477 265
0.059379 -56.00061 266
0.609311 127.7523 267
0.43647 84.00744 268
0.378112 68.95566 269
0.354702 62.73436 270
0.559358 114.9341 271
0.305471 49.12699 272
0.440774 85.09936 273
0.55852 114.7218 274
0.387841 71.50485 275
0.909735 233.9126 276
0.017776 -110.2013 277
0.42646 81.46069 278
0.128732 -13.24049 279
0.691374 149.975 280
0.554334 113.662 281
0.759169 170.3633 282
0.272667 39.52329 283
0.613496 128.8443 284
0.650648 138.707 285
0.079011 -41.17563 286
0.661738 141.7211 287
0.037091 -78.54925 288
0.80721 186.7663 289
0.741362 164.7551 290
0.932473 249.4462 291
0.646946 137.7088 292
0.869512 212.4087 293
0.909184 233.5747 294
0.171754 5.274217 295
0.275673 40.42544 296
0.957217 271.9264 297
0.36847 66.40917 298
0.301528 47.99888 299

Page 8
 Normal

0.020635 -104.0814 300

0.808042 187.0703 301
0.839593 199.2786 302
0.046157 -68.33169 303
0.795147 182.441 304
0.24124 29.76791 305
0.932846 249.7331 306
0.342689 59.48649 307
0.401734 75.11382 308
0.960505 275.6574 309
0.517028 104.2696 310
0.893415 224.4897 311
0.003318 -171.4597 312
0.292458 45.37829 313
0.837472 198.4122 314
0.715103 156.8356 315
0.901338 228.9215 316
0.819568 191.372 317
0.986805 322.0438 318
0.555686 114.0042 319
0.69635 151.3933 320
0.354191 62.59711 321
0.604843 126.5902 322
0.775203 175.6091 323
0.140277 -7.907614 324
0.213452 20.54986 325
0.082098 -39.10974 326
0.509563 102.3974 327
0.633407 134.0891 328
0.024332 -97.15318 329
0.527105 106.7995 330
0.046128 -68.36194 331
0.390318 72.15097 332
0.825008 193.4621 333
0.104753 -25.49242 334
0.196164 14.45966 335
0.707194 154.5205 336
0.930002 247.5807 337
0.48421 96.04101 338
0.322023 53.79521 339
0.011388 -127.7168 340
0.929599 247.2814 341
0.747199 166.5702 342
0.218908 22.41139 343
0.958956 273.8694 344
0.810916 188.1278 345
0.129695 -12.78342 346
0.182859 9.547695 347
0.622217 131.1309 348
0.973946 294.2242 349

Page 9
 Normal

0.014005 -119.7142 350

0.052562 -62.05021 351
0.566428 116.7287 352
0.246423 31.42096 353
0.181889 9.181123 354
0.271406 39.14345 355
0.961804 277.2018 356
0.153006 -2.362382 357
0.818346 190.9081 358
0.499996 99.99907 359
0.509169 102.2986 360
0.990082 332.9454 361
0.451753 87.87668 362
0.442878 85.63243 363
0.14612 -5.321979 364
0.184729 10.25091 365
0.143077 -6.659589 366
0.409457 77.10568 367
0.24768 31.8191 368
0.972818 292.3926 369
0.453566 88.33433 370
0.466539 91.60267 371
0.57253 118.2818 372
0.841273 199.9704 373
0.548624 112.2186 374
0.331279 56.36154 375
0.81181 188.4585 376
0.876559 215.7956 377
0.363187 65.0046 378
0.62108 130.8318 379
0.840749 199.7539 380
0.534781 108.7294 381
0.761258 171.0355 382
0.935006 251.4147 383
0.694284 150.803 384
0.436065 83.90468 385
0.069867 -47.67831 386
0.542632 110.7067 387
0.898751 227.4468 388
0.350647 61.64267 389
0.391342 72.41764 390
0.058055 -57.13152 391
0.984076 314.6321 392
0.560781 115.2949 393
0.085886 -36.65335 394
0.660473 141.3755 395
0.322286 53.86834 396
0.871217 213.2163 397
0.4558 88.89791 398
0.665457 142.7404 399

Page 10
 Normal

0.557022 114.3424 400

0.283722 42.81788 401
0.575676 119.0844 402
0.315812 52.05565 403
0.908856 233.3746 404
0.445651 86.33424 405
0.915269 237.3938 406
0.943815 258.763 407
0.824455 193.2477 408
0.268099 38.14274 409
0.893711 224.651 410
0.043199 -71.4716 411
0.257342 34.84373 412
0.230367 26.23615 413
0.779611 177.0882 414
0.615752 129.4343 415
0.910708 234.5127 416
0.14692 -4.973704 417
0.473102 93.25251 418
0.670215 144.0507 419
0.982592 311.0502 420
0.675368 145.4786 421
0.325267 54.69796 422
0.565356 116.4562 423
0.469439 92.33201 424
0.872085 213.6304 425
0.368822 66.50263 426
0.426076 81.36265 427
0.127335 -13.90786 428
0.025237 -95.59213 429
0.604451 126.4885 430
0.202152 16.60403 431
0.063653 -52.48089 432
0.238736 28.96263 433
0.205874 17.91776 434
0.188802 11.76789 435
0.820715 191.8093 436
0.390624 72.23059 437
0.074616 -44.22511 438
0.149697 -3.773342 439
0.936751 252.8059 440
0.296438 46.5328 441
0.411955 77.74811 442
0.816013 190.0273 443
0.635421 134.6246 444
0.306529 49.4288 445
0.497363 99.33903 446
0.589924 122.7351 447
0.341535 59.17224 448
0.235649 27.96305 449

Page 11
 Normal

0.337319 58.02086 450

0.401189 74.97294 451
0.394696 73.28986 452
0.438764 84.58971 453
0.591142 123.0483 454
0.037104 -78.53261 455
0.959342 274.3097 456
0.470402 92.57405 457
0.430555 82.50379 458
0.891226 223.3076 459
0.254824 34.06129 460
0.374921 68.1152 461
0.04591 -68.58775 462
0.906801 232.1307 463
0.471745 92.91169 464
0.843901 201.0622 465
0.431081 82.63781 466
0.029171 -89.31164 467
0.421088 80.08897 468
0.010355 -131.3227 469
0.25965 35.55741 470
0.093951 -31.68101 471
0.473308 93.30437 472
0.749813 167.3902 473
0.86155 208.7311 474
0.876279 215.6587 475
0.217562 21.9547 476
0.130567 -12.37156 477
0.348588 61.08656 478
0.2862 43.54794 479
0.806286 186.4292 480
0.766865 172.8561 481
0.038669 -76.63496 482
0.862217 209.0336 483
0.757014 169.6731 484
0.704995 153.8821 485
0.394904 73.34401 486
0.389517 71.9421 487
0.859038 207.6007 488
0.967542 284.5835 489
0.710493 155.4826 490
0.828935 194.9963 491
0.998938 407.2251 492
0.217523 21.94128 493
0.141123 -7.528884 494
0.904013 230.4761 495
0.832052 196.2305 496
0.513035 103.2679 497
0.327602 55.34547 498
0.514556 103.6494 499

Page 12
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0.728975 160.9717 500

Page 13
bins Frequency Normal for dataNormal for x-bar
-275.0001 0 3.525944E-06 3.525944E-06 Frequency
-275 0 0.000003526 0.000003526
-260 0 0.000006119 0.000006119 Normal for data
-245.0001 0 1.038278E-05 1.038278E-05 Normal for x-bar
-245 0 1.038281E-05 1.038281E-05
-230 0 1.722569E-05 1.722569E-05
-215.0001 0 2.79425E-05 2.79425E-05
-215 0 2.794258E-05 2.794258E-05
-200 0 4.431848E-05 4.431848E-05
-185.0001 0 6.872747E-05 6.872747E-05
-185 0.0001333333 6.872767E-05 6.872767E-05
-170 0.0001333333 0.0001042093 0.0001042093
-155.0001 0.0001333333 0.0001544931 0.0001544931
-155 0.0002 0.0001544935 0.0001544935
-140 0.0002 0.0002239453 0.0002239453
-125.0001 0.0002 0.0003173958 0.0003173958
-125 0.0006 0.0003173965 0.0003173965
-110 0.0006 0.000439836 0.000439836
-95.0001 0.0006 0.0005959459 0.0005959459
-95 0.0010666667 0.0005959471 0.0005959471
-80 0.0010666667 0.0007895016 0.0007895016
-65.0001 0.0010666667 0.0010226476 0.0010226476
-65 0.0012 0.0010226492 0.0010226492
-50 0.0012 0.001295176 0.001295176
-35.0001 0.0012 0.0016038311 0.0016038311
-35 0.0016666667 0.0016038333 0.0016038333
-20 0.0016666667 0.0019418605 0.0019418605
-5.0001 0.0016666667 0.002298819 0.002298819
-5 0.0023333333 0.0022988214 0.0022988214
10 0.0023333333 0.0026608525 0.0026608525
24.9999 0.0023333333 0.0030113721 0.0030113721
25 0.0033333333 0.0030113743 0.0030113743
40 0.0033333333 0.003332246 0.003332246
54.9999 0.0033333333 0.003605268 0.003605268
55 0.004 0.0036052696 0.0036052696
70 0.004 0.0038138782 0.0038138782
84.9999 0.004 0.0039447927 0.0039447927
85 0.0040666667 0.0039447933 0.0039447933
92.5 0.0040666667 0.0039782183 0.0039782183
96.25 0.0040666667 0.0039866187 0.0039866187
100 0.0040666667 0.0039894228 0.0039894228
103.75 0.0040666667 0.0039866187 0.0039866187
107.5 0.0040666667 0.0039782183 0.0039782183
114.9999 0.0040666667 0.0039447939 0.0039447939
115 0.0034 0.0039447933 0.0039447933
130 0.0034 0.0038138782 0.0038138782
144.9999 0.0034 0.0036052712 0.0036052712
145 0.0027333333 0.0036052696 0.0036052696
 160 0.0027333333 0.003332246 0.003332246
174.9999 0.0027333333 0.0030113766 0.0030113766
175 0.0027333333 0.0030113743 0.0030113743
190 0.0027333333 0.0026608525 0.0026608525
204.9999 0.0027333333 0.0022988238 0.0022988238
205 0.0020666667 0.0022988214 0.0022988214
220 0.0020666667 0.0019418605 0.0019418605
234.9999 0.0020666667 0.0016038354 0.0016038354
235 0.0014 0.0016038333 0.0016038333
250 0.0014 0.001295176 0.001295176
264.9999 0.0014 0.0010226509 0.0010226509
265 0.0013333333 0.0010226492 0.0010226492
280 0.0013333333 0.0007895016 0.0007895016
294.9999 0.0013333333 0.0005959482 0.0005959482
295 0.0004666667 0.0005959471 0.0005959471
310 0.0004666667 0.000439836 0.000439836
324.9999 0.0004666667 0.0003173972 0.0003173972
325 0.0003333333 0.0003173965 0.0003173965
340 0.0003333333 0.0002239453 0.0002239453
354.9999 0.0003333333 0.0001544939 0.0001544939
355 6.666667E-05 0.0001544935 0.0001544935
370 6.666667E-05 0.0001042093 0.0001042093
384.9999 6.666667E-05 6.872786E-05 6.872786E-05
385 6.666667E-05 6.872767E-05 6.872767E-05
400 6.666667E-05 4.431848E-05 4.431848E-05
414.9999 6.666667E-05 2.794267E-05 2.794267E-05
415 6.666667E-05 2.794258E-05 2.794258E-05
430 6.666667E-05 1.722569E-05 1.722569E-05
444.9999 6.666667E-05 1.038285E-05 1.038285E-05
445 6.666667E-05 1.038281E-05 1.038281E-05
460 6.666667E-05 0.000006119 0.000006119
474.9999 6.666667E-05 0.000003526 0.000003526
475 0 0.000003526 0.000003526
490 0 1.986555E-06 1.986555E-06
504.9999 0 1.094345E-06 1.094345E-06
505 0 1.09434E-06 1.09434E-06
ncy
for data
for x-bar