ATAR Mathematics Specialist Units 3 & 4

Exam Notes for WA Year 12 Students

Created by Anthony Bochrinis

Version 1.4 (22/09/17)
 Year 12 ATAR Mathematics Specialist Units 3 & 4 Exam Notes

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 COMPLEX NUMBERS FUNCTIONS
IMAGINARY NUMBERS COMPLEX NUMBER EXAMPLES DE MOIVRES THEOREM EXAMPLES DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION
+
4 = 1 0 = 1 4 = 1 Express in cartesian form. Find and graph all the complex fourth A function is one that:
4 + 3 4 + 3 2 + (4 + 3)(2 + ) roots of on an argand plane. Passes the vertical line test
3 = 1 1 = 1 5 = 1 = =
2 2 2+ (2 )(2 + ) = |16| = (16)2 = 16 and arg(16) = Vertical line cuts the curve
2 = 1 2 = 1 6 = 1 Hence, 16 in polar form is = 16()
8 + 4 + 6 + 3 2 5 + 10 once, so it passes the vertical
1 = 3 = 7 = = = = 1 + 2 We need 4 roots hence = 4 and the roots are:
4 2 5 line test. Therefore, this is a
1
1 = 164 ( ) = 2 ( ) function.
COMPLEX NUMBER NOTATION Express ( + )( + ) in polar form. 4 4
Converting (3 + ) to polar form: 1 + (12) 3
() 2 = 164 ( ) = 2 ( ) Is one-to-one or many-to-one
= + 2 4 4
= || = (3) + 12 = 4 = 2 1 + (22) 5
3 = 164 ( ) = 2 ( ) 0 0 1

to-one

to-one
many-
0

one-
1
= arg() = 1 (3) = 6 but as z is in the
4 4 1 3 0
1 + (32) 7 1
5 4 = 164 ( ) = 2 ( ) 2 6 1
second quadrant, arg() = 6 + = 6 4 4
0
() Converting (4 + 4) to polar form: = 3 = 2
2
2 1
= || = 42 + 42 = 32 = 162 = 42 Note that there are
= 4 roots and that DEFINITION OF A NON - FUNCTION
= 4
= arg() = 1 (4) = 4

all roots are equally A non-function (a.k.a. relation) is one that:
: imaginary axis (vertical axis) Multiplying two complex numbers together: 2 2 spaced out by an Fails the vertical line test
5 5
: real axis (horizontal axis) [2 ( )] [42 ( )] = 82 ( + ) 3 4 2 2
angle of = 4 = 2

6 4 6 4
: complex number ( = + ) 26 13 2 Vertical line cuts the curve
= 82 ( 24 ) = 82 ( 12 )
: conjugate of a complex number twice, so it fails the vertical
line test. Therefore, this is not
( = ) and is reflected in the real axis Determine all roots, real and complex, of One of the solutions of = , for some
the equation () = + + a function.
: real components (horizontal axis) constant , is = . Determine all
: imaginary component (vertical axis) Substitute different values of until () = 0: other solutions in Cartesian form.
(0) = 26 0, (1) = 24 0, (1) = 20 0, Is one-to-many
: modulus (length) of a complex number 2
(2) = 20 0 these are not factors 1/3 = |43 4| = (43) + (4)2 = 8 and
and can also be represented by || 2 =

to-many
(2) = 0 hence ( + 2) is a factor 4 2

one-
: argument (angle that the complex arg(43 4) = tan1 ( )= 4 =
number makes with the real axis) of a 3 4 2 + + 26 = ( + 2)( 2 + + ) 43 6
2
Hence, 43 4 in polar form is = 8 ( 6 )
= and =
complex number and can also be Using polynomial long division (on page 2):
represented by arg() 3 4 2 + + 26 We need 3 roots hence = 3 and the roots are: 2 =
( ) = 2 6 + 13
+2 1 = 8 ( ) = 43 4
RECTANGULAR (CARTESIAN) FORM 6 COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
Find roots of 2 6 + 13 by quadratic formula: 2 3
= + where: 2 4 6 36 4(1)(13) 2 = 8 ( + ) = 8 ( ) = 8
= = 6 3 6 Let () = ( + ) and () = , find:
o : is the real component 2 2(1) 4 7
o : is the imaginary component 3 = 8 ( + ) = 8 ( ) = 43 4 ()
6 16 6 161 6 4 6 3 6 2
Convert Polar to Rectangular (Cartesian): = = = = 3 2 = (2) = [(2 ) + 1] = ln(4 + 1)
2 2 2 TRANSFORMATIONS
= cos() and = sin() Hence roots are = 2, 3 + 2, 3 2 Find () given () and ()
Distance between two points and : Find all the complex numbers that satisfy Multiplying by rotates a complex number () = (())

= (2 2 )2 + (2 2 )2 the equation || = + by 90 anti-clockwise. ln(4 + 1) = (()2 + 1)
Let = + and hence: Multiplying by rotates a complex number Hence ()2 = 4 and () = 4 = 2
POLAR FORM |( + )|2 ( + ) = 36 + 4
by ( 2 ) anti-clockwise.
2 Find () given () and ()
= () where: ( 2 + 2 ) 2 = 36 + 4 Multiplying by increases the modulus of a Let () = 2 =
o : is the modulus 2 + 2 + 36 4 = 0 complex number by scale factor . 2
o : is the argument Equating real and imaginary parts: Solve 2 = for : = ( 2 )
Multiplying () by 1 reflects a complex
o (): is short for cos() + () 2 + 2 + 36 = 0 and 4 = 0 2
number in the y-axis.
Convert Rectangular (Cartesian) to Polar: Hence, = 4 and (4)2 + 2 + 36 = 0 (()) = ln(4 + 1) = ln[4 ( ) + 1]
16 + 2 + 36 = 0 Multiplying () by 1reflects a complex 2
= || = 2 + 2 and = tan1 ( ) number in the x-axis. = ln(2 + 1) () = ln(2 + 1)
2 + 20 = 0 and ( + 5)( 4) = 0 2
Change to : () = ln( + 1)
Distance between two points and : Giving = 5, 4 hence = 4 5, 4 + 4 ARGAND (COMPLEX) PLANE

= 2 + 2 2 cos( ) Let and be real numbers with . If Let () = + and () = ,

Draw the following on the complex plane:
COMPLEX NUMBER RULES = + such that | | | | = , find the domain and range of ()
+ {:| + + | ||} 1 1
prove that = + ()
Rules for Complex Conjugates |( + 2) + ( + 2)| () = =
|( + ) |2 |( + ) |2 = 1 | 2 + 2 | 1 + 2 5 2 4

1 2 = 1 2
1 2 = 1 2 |( ) + |2 |( ) + |2 = 1 ( + 2)2 + ( + 2)2 Step 1: Find domain of inside function ()
= = () ( )2 + 2 [( )2 + 2 ] = 1 2 2 + 2 Domain of () = { : 2}
( )2 ( )2 = 1 2 Simplifying this equation Step 2: Find domain of ()
+ = 2() = 2 = 2 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 = 1 and making the subject Solve 2 4 0, 2 16, 18
= 2() = 2 = 2() (2 2) + 2 2 = 1 gives 2. Natural domain of () = { : 18}
1 2+ 2 + 1
= 2 + 2 = ||2 = 2 = = + 2() {:| + + | = | Step 3: The domain of () is the
22 2
2 2 2 |} intersection of the two previous domains
=( 2 )+( 2 ) = (2) DE MOIVRES THEOREM EXAMPLES | (2 2)| Domain of () = { : 2, 18}
+ 2 + 2
1 = | (3 + )| Step 4: To find the range of (), analyse
Rules for Arguments Find given that =
2 3 Place a point at (3,1)and the critical points from the domain:
= || = 12 + (1)2 = 2 and arg() = 4
arg() = arg() + arg() 2 (2, 2), find the halfway For critical points that are , substitute

Hence, in polar form is = 2 ( 4 ) point between them and them directly into ()
arg( ) = arg() arg()
Applying De Moivres Theorem gives:
draw a perpendicular. For critical points that are , <, > substitute
Rules for Moduli 10 10 {: = } a number that's ever so slightly lower and
|| 10 = (2) (10 ) = 25 ( ) higher into ()
|| = |||| 4 4 2 + 2 + 4 = 0
| |= 5 5 Also substitute , into ()
|| 3 Use quadratic equation
= 32 ( ) = 32 ( + 2) (2) = 0.25
2 2 to solve for :
More Complex Number Rules (18.001) and (17.999)
= 32 ( ) = 32 [ ( ) + ( )] 1 = 1 3
1 1 2 2 2 () 0 and () = /
1 = = = = = 32[0 + (1)] = 32 3 = 1 + 3 and
+ 2 + 2 || Range of () = { () :
= 1 3
+ + Use De Moivres Theorem to find the () 0.25, () > 0}
= = = smallest positive angle for which:
+ + ||2
{: < () < }
( + ) = INVERSE FUNCTIONS
DE MOIVRES THEOREM cos(15) + (15) = 0 = ( + )
+ 2 = Inverse functions are diagonally symmetrical
Equating real and imaginary parts: about a 45 line drawn through a set of axes.
() = cos() + () 0 = cos(15) and 1 = (15) iz rotates a complex

= || () 3 number by 90 anti- Step 1: solve the
1 Considering both conditions, 15 = 2 3 3
= ||1/ [ (
+2
)] for an integer 3
clockwise. Needs to be function for .
Hence, = 30 = 10 is the smallest positive angle reversed in the answer.
Find the complex roots of a non-zero Step 2: swap all s
complex number : By expanding ( + ) show that with s, this new
{: < | | }
o Step 1: Write in polar form: = () = + equation, is the
4 Draw a point at (1,0) and
o Step 2: will have different roots inverse.
Step 1: expand the brackets of ( + )3 : 2 draw a doughnut with
(i.e. 3 cube roots, 4 fourth roots etc.) outer radius of 4 and
o Step 3: All these roots will have the ( + )3 = cos 3 + 3 cos 2 () + Inverse Function Rules
3 cos()2 + ()3 3 1 1 3 5 inner radius of 2. Always
same modulus ||1/ = 1/ 2 take note of the
o Step 4: Roots have different arguments: = cos 3 + 3 2 3 sin2 sin3 1 () = ( 1 ()) =
Step 2: simplify ( + )3 using De 4 inequality symbols used
+(12) +(22)
, , ,,
+((1)2)
in the equation. 1 () = 1 (()) =
Movires Theorem:
o Step 5: The complex roots of are ( + )3 = 3 + 3 {: < } Determine () of () = ( + ) +
given in polar form by: Step 3: equating the real parts: ( + ) ( ) < 2 1 () is the inverse of ():

cos 3 3 sin2 = 3 1
1 = 1/ () + + < 2 () = = ln( + 3) + 1 1 = ln( + 3)
cos 3 = 3 + 3 (1 cos 2 ) 2 < 2
2 = 1/ (
+(12)
) 1 = + 3 1 3 = = 1 3
cos 3 = 3 + 3 3cos 3 <
3 = 1/ (
+(22)
) and so on 4 cos 3 = 3 + 3 <1 Prove that () = and
1 3 Take note of the () = . + . are inverse functions.
= 1/ (
+((1)2)
) cos 3 = 3 +
4 4 inequality symbol used. (()) = 2(0.5 + 1.5) 3 = + 3 3 =

ATAR Math Specialist Units 3 & 4 Page 1 / 4 Created by Anthony Bochrinis - Sharpened
 FUNCTIONS 3-D VECTORS
RECIPROCAL FUNCTIONS ABSOLUTE VALUE SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS DRAWING PLANES
Sketch /() given () Absolute Value Piecewise Function Echelon Form: ClassPad Main Action
Any x - intercepts on () are vertical Matrix Calculation ref
asymptotes on 1/() || = { 0

<0
Any intersections that () has with = 1 ([ ]) This returns the matrix 0
or = 1 are points on 1/() If () = + and () = ( + ) , in echelon form.
As () approaches or it moves solve |()| = |()| 0
ClassPad output:
|()| = | 2 + 2 4| = | + 2| = |()| 2 6 4 14 1 3 2 7
toward the x - axis on 1/()
Solving for when absolute value is positive: ([6 12 3 18]) = [0 1 1.5 4]
Sketch the function =
1 1 2 + 2 4 = + 2 2 + 6 = 0 4 10 6 22 0 0 1 2
2
Let () = 2 and hence, () = 22 Vector Equation of a Plane
( + 3)( 2) = 0 = 3,2 Reduced Echelon Form: ClassPad Main ( 0 ). = 0 where:

Solving for when absolute value is negative: Action Matrix Calculation rref o and 0 are points on the plane
2 + 2 4 = 2 2 + 3 2 = 0 This returns the matrix o is normal (perpendicular) to the plane
2 4 3 9 + 8 ([ ]) in reduced echelon o This equation can be simplified to:
= = form (i.e. will give the . 0 . = 0 . = 0 . . =
2 2
3 17 ClassPad output: answers for , and ). Cartesian Equation of a Plane
= = 0.5616, 3.5616 2 6 4 14 1 0 0 0 + + + = 0 where:
2
Sketch the function = (+) = 3, 2, 0.5616, 3.5616 ([6 12 3 18]) = [0 1 0 1] o , , and are real-valued parameters
1 1 4 10 6 22 0 0 1 2 o Vector (, , ) is normal (perpendicular)
Let () = ln( + 4) and hence, () = ln(+4) If | + | = | + | + , determine the to the plane
values of the real constants , and SOLUTIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

that over the domain { : } VECTOR RULES
There are three types of solutions for a system
In order for two absolute functions to be of linear equations. To solve for these different Given = (, , ) and = (, , ):
equal over a given domain, the two functions solutions, the last row of matrix in echelon form General Vector Rules
cannot have the same concavity: must have the following forms:
2 4 =
|2 + 4| Infinite Solutions: more than 1 solution || = 2 + 2 + 2
| + | + o Graphic representation: | = ( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2
|
ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTIONS Overlap The three
Unit Vector ()
Sketch |()|: Any points below the x - axis planes produce
an intersection Returns vector with the same direction but
are reflected in the x - axis and any points
with a magnitude of 1.
above the x - axis arent changed. that is a line.
Sketch (||): Reflects functions that From the graph, we can find the signs for the
o Last row of matrix in echelon has the form: = || = 1
cannot have negative x values (e.g. square values for , and : is negative (concave), ||
root and logarithm functions) in the y axis. is negative (positive x - intercept) and is Dot Product(. )
If () = , sketch |()| positive (positive y intercept). Hence, when Unique Solution: only 1 solution Dot product gives scalar result (a number).
= 4, = 12 = 12. Also, = 4 as there o Graphic representation:
. = () + () + ()
is a cusp at = 4 and substituting (2,0) into The three planes
= | 4| + 12 gives = 2. have a single . = |||| . = ||2
point of and are perpendicular if . = 0
PARTIAL FRACTIONS intersection. ([, , ], [, , ])
Partial Fractions: ClassPad Main o Last row of matrix in echelon has the form: ClassPad Main Action
Action Transformation Expand Vector dotP
If () = , sketch (||)
(, ) Cross Product ()
No Solutions: 0 solutions Cross product gives vector result (a vector).
ClassPad output: o Graphic representation: Returns vector normal to a plane.
3 + 11 4 1
( 2 , ) = None of the ||is area
6 3 +2 three planes of the
+
Simplify have a common ||
parallelogram
3 + 11 3 + 11 intersection. with sides
Sketch = | + | | | = = + and .
2 6 ( 3)( + 2) 3 + 2 o Last row of matrix in echelon has the form:
Solve each individual absolute value
3 + 11 ( + 2) + ( 3) = ( , , )
brackets for when it equals each individual =
2 6 ( 3)( + 2)
absolute value brackets for when it equals 0: = ||||
3 + 11 = ( + 2) + ( 3) LINEAR EQUATIONS EXAMPLES Where is the unit vector
| + 1| = 0, = 1 and | 2| = 0, = 2
3 + 11 = + 2 + 3 perpendicular to vectors and
Hence, = 1,2 are the critical values. Reduce this matrix to echelon form
Hence, 3 = + and 11 = 2 3 ([, , ], [, , ])
Create a / table with each critical value Note: ensure
Simultaneously solving on the ClassPad: ClassPad Main Action
above. Insert columns between each critical [ + | ]
= 4, = 1 that row Vector crossP
value and choose a random number between + +
+ 1 1 1 3 1 operations
them. Solve the entire table for : Simplify ()( +) [0 1 6 + | 2 ] 2 1 are written VECTOR EXAMPLES
2
29 + 5 + 0 1 2
+4 3 21 aside the
x -2 -1 0 2 3 = + + 1 matrix. Vector equation of a line passing through
( 4)2 ( 2 + 3) 4 ( 4)2 2 + 3 1 1 1 3
y -3 -3 -1 3 3 [0 1 2 two given points
6+ | 2 ]
2 29 + 5 = ( 4)( 2 + 3) + Points and have co-ordinates (, , )
0 0 2 6 + 2 3 2
( 2 + 3) + ( + )( 4)2 and (, , ) respectively.
Using the matrix above, find that gives:
= = 2 + 4 + 2 and hence,

= ( + ) 3 + (4 + 8 + ) 2 No solutions
+(3 + 16 8) 12 + 3 + 16 = (2 + 3) + (2 + 4 + 2)
1 2 Last row in form of: [ | ]
Equating co-efficients and solving: 2 6 = 0 and + 2 0 Test if a point is perpendicular to a line
3: + =0 =1 Solving to get = 3, 2 and 2 Point to test is (, , ) and the equation of
2 : 4 + 8 + = 1} = 5 = 3 gives no solutions the line is = ( + + ) + ( + )
POLYNOMIAL FRACTION FUNCTIONS 1 : 3 + 16 8 = 29 = 1 ( + 2 + ). (4 + 2 8) = 4 + 4 8 = 0
=2 Infinite solutions Hence, the point is perpendicular to the line.
+
0 : 12 + 3 + 16 = 5
Sketch the function = Last row in form of: [ | ]
Intersection of two moving vectors
POLYNOMIAL LONG DIVISION 2 6 = 0 and + 2 = 0
( 2 4 + 3) ( 3)( 1) Find point of intersection between the lines
= = Solving to get = 3, 2 and = 2
( 1) ( 1) Polynomial Long Division: ClassPad = ( + ) + ( + ) and
= 2 gives no solutions
( 3) 3 3 Main Action Transformation = ( + ) + ( + )
= = = 1
Fraction propFrac A unique solution Solve the , and parts for and :
Vertical asymptote @ = 0 (1/2) Last row in form of: [ | ], 7 + 5 = 6 + 9, 9 4 = 5 + 6 and
Horizontal asymptote @ = 1 2 6 0 and + 2 0 5 + 2 = 2 3 and hence, = 2, = 1
Note: 1 as ClassPad output: Solving to get 3, 2 and 2 therefore point of intersection is (3,1, 1)

denominator of 2 9 10 2 gives unique solution ( : 2) Collision of two moving vectors
function cannot be 0. ( ) = 10
+1 Find collision between moving vectors
DRAWING LINES
Determine Step 1: divide = ( + ) + ( + ) and
the highest = ( + ) + ( + ) where
+
order 0 velocity is measured in /.
+
+
Sketch the function = polynomials 0 Equating coefficients: 2 + 7 = 5 + 6
+ 1 2 2 + 4 and multiply
Using polynomial long division (on the right): Equating coefficients: 1 + 10 = 28 + 1
2 5 + 6 12 ) 3 2
3 + 1 3 5 + 10 3 this answer by

Equating coefficients: 3 3 = 6 2
( )=6+ 3
3 + 1 2 the divisor. Solving the first two equations ( and
+1 +1
Step 2: coefficients) for and : = 3 and = 3
Oblique asymptote @ = 6 6 2 + 10 Parametric form of vector equation of a line
subtract the Substitute into third equation ( coefficient):
Vertical asymptote @ = 1 6 2 2 = + , = + , = + where:
two equations 3 3(3) = 6 2(3) 6 = 6 which is
o (, , ) is 0 and (, , ) is 0
+12 3 consistent so a collision occurs as times and
Step 3: repeat o determines the magnitude and direction
+12 + 4 steps 1 and 2 are the same (@ = 3). Finding collision
Cartesian equation of a line point, substitute = 3 back into or :
7 until a single
7 number = = where: = (2 + 1 3) + 3(7 + 10 3)

2
= 2 + 4 o (, , ) is 0 and (, , ) is 0 = (23 + 31 12)
3 + 1 remains.

ATAR Math Specialist Units 3 & 4 Page 2 / 4 Created by Anthony Bochrinis - Sharpened
 3-D VECTORS C AL C U L U S
VECTOR EXAMPLES TRIGONOMETRY IDENTITIES INTEGRATION RULES LOGISTIC EQUATION
Intersection of two moving vectors Reciprocal Identities Common Integrals Logistic Equation Differential Equation
Find intersection between moving vectors sin() cos() tan() + Used in biology, mathematics, economics,
= ( + ) + ( + ) and 1 1 1 = + chemistry, probability and statistics
= = = +
= ( + ) + ( + ) () () () [()] +
Equating coefficients: 7 + 5 = 6 + 9 ()[()] = + Form =
cosec() sec() cot() +
Equating coefficients: 9 4 = 5 + 6 1 1 1 ()
= = =
Equating coefficients: 5 + 2 = 2 3 () () () () = + Solution =
() +
Solving the first two equations ( and
Pythagorean Identities () Show that if = +, then the
coefficients) for and : = 2 and = 1 = |()| +
and are different hence intersection at sin2 + cos 2 = 1 1 + tan2 = sec 2 () derivative is in the form

=

= (7 + 9 5) + 2(5 4 + 2) () = () + From these two equations, deduce that:
Quotient Identities
= (3 + )
sin() cos() =
Shortest distance between two moving tan() = cot() = () = () +
cos() sin()
vectors Find shortest distance between 2

the two moving vectors where velocity is Co-Function Identities () = () + = ( )( )

+ +
measured in /. 2 2
= ( + ) + ( + ) and sin ( ) cos ( ) =
2 2 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION + ( + )2
= ( + + ) + ( + ) = cos() = sin() 2 1
The point (, ) lies on the curves = [ ]
=
+ ( ) and . = 0 where: Parity Identities (Even and Odd) + 1 +
= and = . Prove that the tangents 2 +
: shortest displacement between and sin() = () cos() = cos() to these curves at (, ) are perpendicular. = [ ]
+ +

=
: vector between and tan() = tan() sec() = sec() Differentiating 2 2 with respect to :

= : relative velocity of to 2 2 ( )
Sum and Difference 2 2 = 5 2 2 =0 = = = = 2
7 7 3 10 ( + )2 2
= [19] and = [ 10 ] [1] = [ 11 ] sin( ) = sin() cos() cos() sin() ( )
At point (, ) the slope is 1 =
4 3 7 10 cos( ) = cos() cos() sin() sin()
7 10 Differentiating = 6 with respect to : If = . . , determine as

= + ( ) =[19] + [ 11 ] tan() tan()
tan( ) = = 6 + =0 = a function of from question 1 above
4 10 1 tan() tan() given that when = , = .

Using ClassPad to find time, . At point (, ) the slope is 2 =
Double Angle 0.2
7 10 10 Lines are perpendicular if 1 2 = 1 = 5 = 0.038
= ([19] + [ 11 ] , [ 11 ]) = 0.308 cos(2) = cos 2 () sin2 () 0.002 + 0
1 2 = = 1 0.2
4 10 10 = 2 cos 2 () 1 = 1 2 sin2 () =
Using ClassPad to find distance, 0.002 + 0.038 0.2
7 10 sin(2) = 2 sin() cos()
2tan() Find the gradient at the point (, ) on VECTOR AND MOTION CALCULUS
= |[19] + 0.308 [ 11 ]| = 19.89
tan(2) = the curve + =
4 10 1 tan2 () Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration
Differentiating with respect to :
Vector equation of a plane Power Reducing 1 2 3 Displacement ()
A plane contains the point (, , ) and 1 + 2 3 + 2 3 2 =0 =
sin2 () = cos 2 () = 2 3 2 Velocity () = ()
has a normal parallel to (, , )
1 cos(2) 1 + cos(2) 1 22(1)3 1
5 3 3 | = = Acceleration () = () = ()
[ + 7] . [ 0 ] = 0 hence, [] . [ 0 ] = 13 2 2 =2,=1 22 3(1)2 4
2 1 1 Limits of Sine and Cosine A particle is moving in / along a
Determine the derivative of + = straight line and the acceleration of the
Locating where a line intersects with a sin() 1 ()
lim =1 =0 Differentiating with respect to : particle is modelled by () = .
plane A plane contains the point (, , ) 0 0 1 1 When = , = . Find in terms of .
and has a normal parallel to (, , ), + =0 =
where does it intersect with the line DIFFERENTIATION RULES 2 2 1 2
( ) = () = 2 2
= ( + ) + ( + ) 2
Product, Quotient and Chain Rules Find the co-ordinates of the points 1 2
10 + 2 3 = 2 2 = 2 + 2 2 +
where the tangent to the curve 2
[ 4 + ] . [ 0 ] = 13 Solving on ClassPad = = +
+ + = is horizontal. When = 4, = 0 hence,
9 6 1
26/6 Differentiating with respect to : 1
(16) = 0 + 2 + , = 6
= 17/6 and substituting into = [ 41/6 ] = = 2
2 2 + 2 + 2 + 6 =0 1
26 2 = 2 + 2 2 + 6 2 = 4 + 4 2 + 12
+ 2
Equation of a plane using three non- = [()] = [()]1 () (2 + 6) = 2 2 = ( )
+ 3 The position vector of a particle is initially
collinear points Find the equation of a
plane that passes through the points Common Derivatives
Solve for when = 0 hence = at = cm and is moving horizontally
(, , ), (, , ) and (, , ) with velocity in / according to the
Substitute into original: 2 2 2 + 3 2 = 18
= (2,0, 1) and
= (1, 1,2) = = 1 equation = () + ()
2 = 9 and hence, = 3, = 3

= (1,3,2) and hence equation of the What is the initial acceleration?
plane is + 3 + 2 + = 0. Sub any point = () = () () 80 (20 ) + (20 + ) () = () = (3) + ()

to find : (2) + 3(0) + 2(3) + = 0 =
1 1 (20 + )(20 ) 40 2 Find the displacement function.
= 4 hence + 3 + 2 4 = 0 = = 1 = = 2 80 = 20 + 20 +
2
Cartesian equation of a sphere Hence, 80 = 20 + 20 and 0 = () = () = (3) () +
2 2
Find the radius and co-ordinates of the = () = () = 2, = 2 hence, integral is 20+ 20
As initially = , = 0 hence:
centre of the sphere with the equation = 2(|20 + |) 2(|20 |) +
() = (3) ()
+ + + + = = () = ()
2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 4 6 = 50 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Determine the cartesian equation of the
1
= ( + 1)2 + ( + 2)2 +( 3)2 = () = sec 2 () = path of the particle.
cos 2 () A solution of a differential equation is
= 50 + 1 + 4 + 9 = 64 = 82 = 3 and =
() = + . When = , it given that
Hence, centre at (1, 2, 3) and radius of 8. = [()] = 2
() = and = . Find the values of and . sin2 + cos 2 = ( ) + ()2 = 1
Cartesian equation of a hyperbola 3
2
Find the cartesian equation of the = = ln() = 2
+ = 2 2 + 2 = 1
hyperbola with the vector equation 9
= [()] + [()] Using that = 0 when = 0: 0 = +
INTEGRATION RULES
Using that = 1 when = 0: 1 = 2 AREA BETWEEN CURVES
= tan() and = sec()
3 4 Integral Rules Solving for and : = 1 and = 1 Determine the area between the two
2 2 Hence, = 2 +
1 + tan2 = sec 2 1 + ( ) = ( ) curves () = + and () = ()
3 4 () = () with the condition
2 2 2 2 Determine the equation of the graph

1+ = =1 from the following conditions:
9 16 16 9 1 2
= Gradient of the tangent at all points is
Vectors in practice
given by
Triangle is below with the midpoints
of each side , and shown. Let = Fundamental Theorem of Calculus The graph passes through (, )
= . Express
+
+
in
and = 3 =
( ()) = () 3
terms of and . 2
3 2 Upper curve is () and the lower curve is
= + 3 2 = 2 +
() = () () 2 2 () with the bounds = 1 and = 2.

Applying initial condition (3,1): 2
3(1)2 = (3)2 + 3 = 9 + = 12 Hence, = 1 () ()
Integration by Parts Hence, 2 2 = 3 2 + 12
2
= + 1
= ( 2 + 2) (sin())
2 1
1 1 1 Determine the general solution for
= + ( + ) = = 1 2
2 2 2
= given that = , = = [ 3 + 2 + cos()]
= 1
3 1
2
Area Between Curves 1 1
1 1 1 = 6 2 2 = 6 = 3 2 + = [( (2)3 + 2(2) + cos(2))
+
+
= + + + 3
2 2 2 1
1 Applying initial condition (1/25,1):
( (1)3 + 2(1) + cos(1))] = 8.04
= + =0
1
2
25 = 3 + = 28hence, = 3 2 28 3

ATAR Math Specialist Units 3 & 4 Page 3 / 4 Created by Anthony Bochrinis - Sharpened
 C AL C U L U S S T AT I S T I C AL I N F E R E N C E

SLOPE (GRADIENT FIELDS) SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION VOLUMES OF REVOLUTION RANDOM SAMPLES

Determine a general differential Simple Harmonic Motion Rules Revolution about the x-axis Population Notation
equation for the following slope field and : amplitude of the motion and : are bounds on the x-axis : population mean
explain your reasoning. or : angles of phase : population standard deviation
: velocity and : displacement = 2 : variance

2 Sample Notation
= 2 Revolution about the y-axis
2
: sample mean
and : are bounds on the y-axis
= ( + ) = ( + ) : sample size

If 30, regardless of the prior distribution,
2 = 2 (2 2 ) = 2
the sample data will become normally
A particle is moving in / along the x- distributed with parameters:
Determine the region bounded by the o Mean:
axis in simple harmonic motion. The
line = and = () rotated around o Standard Deviation:
parabola below shows as a function of .
the x-axis. Z-Score ~(, )

= + =
11
Quadratic equation formed by isoclines.
Sample Size
Convex nature, hence is positive.
: value of the difference from the mean.
x-intercept on the negative x-axis, hence
3 7 2
is positive. =( )

Determine a general differential Determine the values of , and in the
2
equation for the following slope field and equation = ( ( ) ). CONFIDENCE INTERVALS
/2 2
explain your reasoning. = 5 as the particle oscillated about = 5
= 2 as the amplitude is 5 3 = 2 or 7 5 = 2 = 2 = (3 ( )) Confidence Intervals
3
Hence, 11 = 2 (4 ( 5)2 )

2
0 : z-score for a given confidence interval
11
As 2 = 11 when = 5, 11 = 42 = (3 ( )) = 9 tan2 ( ) = 9 sec 2 ( ) + 9 +
2 3 3 3

INCREMENTAL FORMULA 2 Common Confidence Intervals (z-scores)
= 9 sec 2 ( ) 9
Incremental Formula (small change) 0 3
99% CI 2.58
2 9
= [27 ( ) 9] = + 93 95% CI 1.96
3 0 2
90% CI 1.645
Determine the volume of the region in Custom Confidence Interval: ClassPad
A differential equation has a point at
between the functions = + and Main Action Distribution Inverse
(, ) and = . Determine an = rotated around the y-axis.
invNormCDf
= 2 estimate for when = . .

Using Eulers method with = 0.1 = 1invNormCDf("C", c, 1, 0)
Isoclines are all have negative gradient,
Where is the CI% as a decimal.
hence cubic function.
Point of inflection is on the y-axis.
STATISTICAL INFERENCE EXAMPLES
Consistent negative isoclines indicate 5 6 5 0.5
negative gradient. 5.1 6.5 7.14 0.714 Determine a 95% confidence interval of
5.2 7.214 a sample of 25 results with mean of 20
Determine a general differential 5
Estimate is = 7.214 and variance of 4.
equation for the following slope field and 2 2
Determine the points of intersection: 20 1.96 ( ) 20 + 1.96 ( )
explain your reasoning. RELATED RATES 5 = 2 6 + 10 0 = 2 6 + 5 25 25
0 = ( 5)( 1) = 1, 5 Hence, the 95% CI is [19.216, 20.784]
An inverted cone tall has an upper
Hence, points of intersection are (5,1) and (5,5) What size sample is needed to ensure
diameter of and is filling with water at a
rate of /. At what rate is the water Inner radius= 2 6 + 10 that sample mean is within 1.5 of the
level rising in the container when the depth Outer radius = 5 population mean with 99% confidence,

of water is exactly . ? Revolution around y-axis = 2 given the standard deviation is 13.
Hence, this question can be treated as an area 2 2.5813 2
=( ) =( ) = 499.96 500
between two curves question with respect to the 1.5
= 8 = 8 y-axis. How large of a sample is needed to be
= 4 2 = [()2 ()2 ] 95% confident that the sample mean is
= [(5)2 ( 2 6 + 10)2 ] within 10 of the population mean, given
= [75 + 120 56 2 + 12 3 4 ] the standard deviation is 15.
= + From the question, substitute = 2 into volume
2 15
1 1 1 2 10 = 1.96 ( ) = 8.6436 9
Hyperbolic function formed by isoclines. = 2 =
R=4m 3 = Finding volume:
3 12 4 5
Gradient is at = 0, hence vertical = 75 + 120 56 2 + 12 3 4 45 samples of mean 94 and standard
To find when = 3.5:
asymptote at = 0 1
5 deviation 12 was taken. Determine the
4 4 56 3 1
Power of must be even as gradient of = = 2 = 2 = [75 + 60 2 + 3 4 5 ] parameters of the normal distribution.
2 (3.5)2 3 5
positive x-values is positive as well as 1 12 2
8 32 1088 ~ (94, ( ) )
negative x-values. = = / = = 227.87 2
(3.5)2 49 15 45

Y O U R N O T E S AN D E X AM P L E S

ATAR Math Specialist Units 3 & 4 Page 4 / 4 Created by Anthony Bochrinis - Sharpened