AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Mechanical Engineering
SUBMITTED BY

Sachin Kumar 2313647

Sumit kumar 2313648
Rohit Sharma 2313656
Hitesh Maggo 2314788
Sajan 2314789
Khamish 2314791

SUBMITTED TO

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research, Ambala
(Affiliated With)

Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra

December 2016
 AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING
A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Mechanical Engineering

SUBMITTED BY

Sachin Kumar 2313647

Sumit kumar 2313648
Rohit Sharma 2313656
Hitesh Maggo 2314788
Sajan 2314789
Khamish 2314791

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. Amit Arya
Designation
ME Department
ACE, Ambala

SUBMITTED TO
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research, Ambala
December 2016
 CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION
We, Sachin(2313647), Sumit(2313648), Rohit(2313656), Hitesh(2314788),
Sajan(2314789), Khamish(2314791) hereby declare that the work which is being
presented in the project entitled, AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING in partial fulfillment
of requirement for the award of degree of B.Tech. (ME) and submitted in the Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research,
Ambala, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, is an authentic record of my/our own
work carried by me under the supervision of Amit Arya (Designation, Mechanical
Department, Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research, Ambala).The matter
presented in this project Report has not been submitted in this or any other University /
Institute for the award of B.Tech Degree.
Dated:
(Sachin)
2313647
Dated:
(Sumit)
2313648
Dated:
(Rohit)
2313656
Dated:
(Hitesh)
2314788
Dated:
(Sajan)
2314780
Dated:
(Khamish)
2314791
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research, Ambala
(Affiliated With)
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119
(Established by the state legislature Act XII of 1956)
(A Grade, NAAC Accredited)
 CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report entitled AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING is the

bonafide work of Sachin(2313647), Sumit(2313648), Rohit(2313656),

Hitesh(2314788), Sajan(2314789), Khamish(2314791) of 7th Semester, Mechanical

Engineering, Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research, Devsthali,

Ambala, who carried out the project work under my supervision during August, 2016 -

November, 2016.

(Amit Arya) (Ashwani Verma)

Supervisor Project Coordinator
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
ME Department, ACE ME Department, ACE

The above statement is correct to the best of our knowledge.

( ) (Dr. S.K Jain)

External Examiner Associate Professor
Head of Department
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Project work is an important aspect in the field of engineering, where contribution is
made by many persons and organizations. The present shape of this work has come forth
after contribution from different spheres.

Give acknowledgement to Guide.

Give acknowledgement to H.O.D

I would also like to thank my parents etc who helped me in my Project.

I express my sincere gratitude to Ambala College of Engineering and Applied
Research, Ambala and Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra for giving me the
opportunity to work on the Project during my final year of B.Tech.
At the end thanks to the Almighty for

(Sachin) 2313647

(Sumit) 2313648

(Rohit) 2313656

(Hitesh) 2314788

(Sajan) 2314780

(Khamish) 2314791
 ABSTRACT

Lack of space availability has always been a problem in urban areas and major cities and
to add to it there are cars parked callously on the streets that further limit the space. In
order to handle the issue of parking in busy places various types of vehicle parking
systems are used worldwide namely Multi-level Automated Car Parking, Automated Car
Parking System, Volkswagen Car Parking and many more. The present project work is
aimed to develop a reduced working model of a car parking system for parking 6 to 15
cars within a parking area of 32m.

It is an amalgamation of the already developed parking systems with the added advantage
of reduced space occupancy by the design of a simpler and compact parking system that
is rotary and occupies circular parking space. The chain and sprocket mechanism is used
for driving the parking platform and a one fourth hp brake motor shall be implemented
for powering the system and indexing the platform, Rack and Pinion mechanism we use
for time saving.

The platform is fabricated to suit the working model. The procurement and manufactured
items are in hand and are ready to be assembled with the structure. This model is further
useful for various branches of engineering in order to develop different types of
automations like PLC, micro controller and computerization. By testing and analyzing
the working model we can definitely get the view to develop the parking lots at difficult
and busy commercial places
Contents
Candidates Declaration i
Certificate ii
Acknowledgement iii

Abstract iv

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-3

1.1 Role and responsibility 3

1.2 Personal Engineering Activity 3

Chapter 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4-7

2.1 History 4

2.2. How it works 7

Chapter 3 COMPONENTS & DECRIPTION 8-17

Chapter 4 EXPERIMENTAL MODEL 18

Chapter 5 WORKING 24

Chapter 6 ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS 25

Chapter 7 CONCLUSION 28
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
The Rotary Automated Car Parking System (RACPS) belongs to the class of rotary smart
car parking systems. The traditional parking systems such as multilevel or multi-storey
car parking systems (non-automated),robot car parking systems, automated multilevel car
parking systems etc have been implemented on a huge scale. But these systems have a
major disadvantage of large space consumption which is successfully eliminated with the
use of a rotary car parking system [2]. Moreover, the latter provides the added benefits of
flexible operation without the need of an attendant and added security and least chances
of vehicle damage. Since the model makes use of composite parts, it is easy to assemble
and dismantle and is thus more convenient than the traditional car parking systems.

The rotary model is specifically designed to accommodate multiple cars in the horizontal
space of four. The structure can accommodate eight cars in the space of four and can even
be customized to hold a greater number depending upon the requirements of the user and
can be efficiently put to use in much space crunched areas. Parking spaces cannot cope
with the growth of the number of vehicles. In many urban housing societies, the parking
space ratio is 1:1. The vehicles parked randomly, cause the major problem faced in most
of the metropolitan cities.

The driver will pull the car onto a computer- controlled pallet, turn it off, and get out.
The pallet is then lowered into the abyss of parking spaces, much like a freight elevator
for cars, except it can also move sideways, not just up and down. There's an array of laser
sensors that let the system know if the car doesn't fit on the pallet (although it's big
enough to fit a mid-sized SUV),. The system retrieves the car when the driver returns,
although this might take some time and creative manoeuvring. Cars are parked two deep
in some spots, so a specially tailored software system has to figure out the logistics of
shuffling the various vehicles around as needed to retrieve a specific car. And for those,
like me, who find it difficult to turn their vehicle around after pulling out of a space,
there's an underground turntable that turns the car around before it is lifted to the surface,
so the car is facing out into the driveway, ready to go. Backing out of garages or parking
spaces is one of the most common causes of accidents.
1.1 Role and Responsibilities

My roles and responsibilities includes:

Prepare a requirement document to reach expectations of project and to come up with
functionalities which are needed to be implemented.
Documentation of expected output for various aspects with accepted margin error was
also documented.
To design overall system based on workflow requirements.
Discussion with the project guide and Head of Department on ways to improve the
design and to optimize performance.
Choosing suitable components and methods based on the configurations availability
and requirements.
Testing and remedies.
Recommendations
As a trainee mechanical engineer, I wanted to work on a project work that would
showcase my engineering knowledge. I got the opportunity to work on AUTOMATIC
CAR PARKING. This project was very important as it evaluated my skills and talents in
my company.

1.2 PERSONAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITY

As a mechanical engineer, before undertaking any task I checked the feasibility of the
project. In this project, my role is as team members. This report provides an insight into
the design and fabrication of AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING.

I wanted to know more details of the project before commencing; hence, I researched the
topic thoroughly by referring to journals and articles online. Additionally, I obtained more
information by taking references about the topic.
Chapter 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
.

2.1 History of Automatic Car Parking Systems

The concept for the automated parking system was and is driven by two factors: a need
for parking spaces and a scarcity of available land.

The earliest use of an APS was in Paris, France in 1905 at the Garage Rue de Ponthieu.
The APS consisted of a groundbreaking multi-story concrete structure with an internal
elevator to transport cars to upper levels where attendants parked the cars.

In the 1920s, a Ferris wheel-like APS (for cars rather than people) called a paternoster
system became popular as it could park eight cars in the ground space normally used for
parking two cars. Mechanically simple with a small footprint, the paternoster was easy to
use in many places, including inside buildings. At the same time, Kent Automatic
Garages was installing APS with capacities exceeding more than a 1,000 cars.

APS saw a spurt of interest in the U.S. in the late 1940s and 1950s with the Bowser,
Pigeon Hole and Roto Park systems. In 1957, 74 Bowser, Pigeon Hole systems were
installed, and some of these systems remain in operation. However, interest in APS in the
U.S. waned due to frequent mechanical problems and long waiting times for patrons to
retrieve their cars. Interest in APS in the U.S. was renewed in the 1990s, and there are 25
major current and planned APS projects (representing nearly 6,000 parking spaces) in
2012.

While interest in the APS in the U.S. languished until the 1990s, Europe, Asia and
Central America had been installing more technically advanced APS since the 1970s. In
the early 1990s, nearly 40,000 parking spaces were being built annually using the
paternoster APS in Japan. In 2012, there are an estimated 1.6 million APS parking spaces
in Japan.

The ever-increasing scarcity of available urban land (urbanization) and increase of the
number of cars in use (motorization) have combined with sustainability and other quality-
of-life issues to renew interest in APS as alternatives to multi-story parking garages, on-
street parking and parking lots.

Space Saving

All APS take advantage of a common concept to decrease the area of parking spaces -
removing the driver and passengers from the car before it is parked. With either fully
automated or semi-automated APS, the car is driven up to an entry point to the APS and
the driver and passengers exit the car. The car is then moved automatically or semi-
automatically (with some attendant action required) to its parking space.

The space saving provided by the APS, compared to the multi-story parking garage, is
derived primarily from a significant reduction in space not directly related to the parking
of the car:

Parking space width and depth (and distances between parking spaces) are
dramatically reduced since no allowance need be made for driving the car into the
parking space or for the opening of car doors (for drivers and passengers)

No driving lanes or ramps are needed to drive the car to/from the entrance/exit to a
parking space

Ceiling height is minimized since there is no pedestrian traffic (drivers and

passengers) in the parking area, and

No walkways, stairways or elevators are needed to accommodate pedestrians in the

parking area.
With the elimination of ramps, driving lanes, pedestrians and the reduction in ceiling
heights, the APS requires substantially less structural material than the multi-story
parking garage. Many APS utilize a steel framework (some use thin concrete slabs) rather
than the monolithic concrete design of the multi-story parking garage. These factors
contribute to an overall volume reduction and further space savings for the APS.

For the last year and a half or so, we bombarded you with news about how many vehicles
any given manufacturer sells each month. We witnessed together how millions after
millions after millions of vehicles find new owners each year worldwide. Toyota alone, to
give you an example, sells around 8 and a half million vehicles each year.

Naturally, the question arises: where will we park them all? We mean, the streets aren't
getting bigger, cities grow much slower in size than the sales rate of new vehicles and
yet, more and more cars keep poring onto the roads.

Many cities already battle congestion on a daily basis. Taking a one or two hours margin
when leaving for work has become part of hour daily routine. Similarly, when returning
home, minutes are lost in search of a parking space. We're over run with cars...

The solution to all the parking problems isn't at all different than the one envisioned by
architects for accommodating the growing population: since we can't go sideways, we'll
go up (or down).

Enter the automated parking systems. Also known as automated parking garages, multi-
tiered car parking systems, robotic parking or simply buildings for cars, the solution is as
simple as it is effective: cars are stacked one on top of each other, on several levels. This
solution allows, for instance, for 20 cars to occupy the same footprint as four would have
done in normal parking conditions.

An automated parking garage can be erected on any empty lot, even in between
buildings. They come in several sizes, so a city can choose which type of garage fits its
needs best. The building itself is made of a metal skeleton which can be covered on the
outside with pretty much what ever is needed for it to fit in the city landscape.
2.2 HOW IT WORKS:

Automated parking systems make use of computers, sensors, cameras and mechanical
components to take the car, move it throughout the garage and park it in an empty slot.
The process is very simple and it requires little effort from the driver.

There are two types of automated parking systems, depending on the manner in which
they transport the car from entry to the parking spot: horizontal platforms or vertical lifts.
In both cases, the process is very similar, with the only thing that differs being the
movement of the car until it reaches the desired space (lateral or vertical).

In both types of systems, the car is driven into the multi-storied garage as usual. Once
positioned on the ramp, the driver shuts down the engine, secures the parking brake and
steps out of the car. While the driver does all this, sensors analyze the vehicle to
determine it's size and overall shape.
Once the driver has exited the building, the mechanical arms of the living building are set
in motion. Depending on the available empty spots in the garage, the system determines
where to take the car. Using various electro-mechanical components, the car is moved
into the respective spot, either vertically or horizontally.

For the fastest such systems, the whole process can take as little as two and a half minutes
from entry to parking the car in its spot. Most such systems are fitted with turntables,
which means that when leaving, there is no need for the driver to drive in reverse.

Now, if your wondering how the system recognizes which car is yours, you should know
it does no guess work. Automated parking systems give you a card or key containing a
code which identifies the position of the vehicle. Once you scan your card or key, the
system finds the car and sets in motion it's mechanical arms to bring the car back to you.
Chapter 3

COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

3.1 MAIN COMPONENTS

Ball bearing
Dc motor 12v,10w
Roller frame
Frame for boxes
Lead acid battery 12v
Servomotor
Chain and sprocket
Rack and Pinion
3.2 DESCRIPTION

BALL BEARINGS

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion,
and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may, for example,
provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed
axis; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on
the moving parts. Most bearings facilitate the desired motion by minimizing friction.
Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the motions allowed,
or to the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts.

Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as shafts or axles within mechanical
systems, and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load to the structure
supporting it. The simplest form of bearing, the plain bearing, consists of a shaft rotating
in a hole. Lubrication is often used to reduce friction. In the ball bearing and roller
bearing, to prevent sliding friction, rolling elements such as rollers or balls with a circular
cross-section are located between the races or journals of the bearing assembly. A wide
variety of bearing designs exists to allow the demands of the application to be correctly
met for maximum efficiency, reliability, durability and performance.

The term "bearing" is derived from the verb "to bear";[1] a bearing being a machine
element that allows one part to bear (i.e., to support) another. The simplest bearings are
bearing surfaces, cut or formed into a part, with varying degrees of control over the form,
size, roughness and location of the surface. Other bearings are separate devices installed
into a machine or machine part. The most sophisticated bearings for the most demanding
applications are very precise devices; their manufacture requires some of the highest
standards of current technology.
A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain the
separation between the bearing races.

The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support radial and axial
loads. It achieves this by using at least two races to contain the balls and transmit the
loads through the balls. In most applications, one race is stationary and the other is
attached to the rotating assembly (e.g., a hub or shaft). As one of the bearing races rotates
it causes the balls to rotate as well. Because the balls are rolling they have a much lower
coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces were sliding against each other.

Ball bearings tend to have lower load capacity for their size than other kinds of rolling-
element bearings due to the smaller contact area between the balls and races. However,
they can tolerate some misalignment of the inner and outer races.
 DC MOTOR 12V, 10W

A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current electrical
power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces produced by
magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either
electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in
part of the motor. Most types produce rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces
force and motion in a straight line.

DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing
direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled
over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of
current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The
universal motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for portable
power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles,
elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics
has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.

"Gear motor" refers to a combination of a motor plus a reduction geartrain. These are
often conveniently packaged together in one unit. The gear reduction (gear train) reduces
the speed of the motor, with a corresponding increase in torque. Gear ratios range from
just a few (e.g. 3) to huge (e.g. 500). A small ratio can be accomplished with a single gear
pair, while a large ratio requires a series of gear reduction steps and thus more gears.
There are a lot of different kinds of gear reduction.

In the case of a small transmission ratio N, the unit may be backdrivable, meaning you
can turn the output shaft, perhaps by hand, at angular velocity w and cause the motor to
rotate at angular velocity Nw. A larger transmission ratio N may make the unit non-
backdrivable. Each has advantages for different circumstances. Backdrivability depends
not just on N, but on many other factors.
For large N, often the maximum output torque is limited by the strength of the final gears,
rather than by N times the motor's torque.

LEAD ACID BATTERY 12V:

The lead-acid battery was invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Plant and is the
oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and
a low energy-to-volume ratio, its ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells
have a relatively large power-to-weight ratio. These features, along with their low cost,
makes it attractive for use in motor vehicles to provide the high current required by
automobile starter motors.
As they are inexpensive compared to newer technologies, lead-acid batteries are widely
used even when surge current is not important and other designs could provide higher
energy densities. Large-format lead-acid designs are widely used for storage in backup
power supplies in cell phone towers, high-availability settings like hospitals, and stand-
alone power systems. For these roles, modified versions of the standard cell may be used
to improve storage times and reduce maintenance requirements. Gel-cells and absorbed
glass-mat batteries are common in these roles, collectively known as VRLA (valve-
regulated lead-acid) batteries.
 CHAIN & SPROCKET

CHAIN DRIVE

Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. It is
often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly bicycles and
motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety of machines besides vehicles.

Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller chain, known as the drive chain or
transmission chain,[1] passing over a sprocket gear, with the teeth of the gear meshing
with the holes in the links of the chain. The gear is turned, and this pulls the chain putting
mechanical force into the system. Another type of drive chain is the Morse chain,
invented by the Morse Chain Company of Ithaca, New York, United States. This has
inverted teeth.

Sometimes the power is output by simply rotating the chain, which can be used to lift or
drag objects. In other situations, a second gear is placed and the power is recovered by
attaching shafts or hubs to this gear. Though drive chains are often simple oval loops,
they can also go around corners by placing more than two gears along the chain; gears
that do not put power into the system or transmit it out are generally known as idler-
wheels. By varying the diameter of the input and output gears with respect to each other,
the gear ratio can be altered. For example, when the bicycle pedals' gear rotate once, it
causes the gear that drives the wheels to rotate more than one revolution.

SPROCKETS
A sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, cogs, or even sprockets that
mesh with a chain, track or other perforated or indented material. The name 'sprocket'
applies generally to any wheel upon which radial projections engage a chain passing over
it. It is distinguished from a gear in that sprockets are never meshed together directly, and
differs from a pulley in that sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth.
Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, cars, tracked vehicles, and other machinery
either to transmit rotary motion between two shafts where gears are unsuitable or to
impart linear motion to a track, tape etc. Perhaps the most common form of sprocket may
be found in the bicycle, in which the pedal shaft carries a large sprocket-wheel, which
drives a chain, which, in turn, drives a small sprocket on the axle of the rear wheel . Early
automobiles were also largely driven by sprocket and chain mechanism, a practice largely
copied from bicycles.
Sprockets are of various designs, a maximum of efficiency being claimed for each by its
originator. Sprockets typically do not have a flange. Some sprockets used with timing
belts have flanges to keep the timing belt centered. Sprockets and chains are also used for
power transmission from one shaft to another where slippage is not admissible, sprocket
chains being used instead of belts or ropes and sprocket-wheels instead of pulleys. They
can be run at high speed and some forms of chain are so constructed as to be noiseless
even at high speed.

RACK & PINION

A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears which convert
rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear called "the pinion" engages teeth on
a linear "gear" bar called "the rack"; rotational motion applied to the pinion causes the
rack to move relative to the pinion, thereby translating the rotational motion of the pinion
into linear motion.
For example, in a rack railway, the rotation of a pinion mounted on a locomotive or a
railcar engages a rack between the rails and forces a train up a steep slope.
For every pair of conjugate involute profile, there is a basic rack. This basic rack is the
profile of the conjugate gear of infinite pitch radius.[1] (I.e. a toothed straight edge.)
A generating rack is a rack outline used to indicate tooth details and dimensions for the
design of a generating tool, such as a hob or a gear shaper cutter

A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears which convert
rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear called the pinion engages teeth on
a linear gear bar called the rack; rotational motion applied to the pinion causes the
rack to move relative to the pinion, thereby translating the rotational motion of the pinion
into linear motion.
In this project, rack and pinion is used to place the car on the slot by quick forward and
backward movement of rack and pinion. We are using sensor on rack and pinion to sense
the presence of vehicle and move it to vacant slot.
Chapter 4

EXPERIMENTAL MODEL
 REMOTE

EXPERIMENTAL MODEL COMPONENTS

FRAME
DC MOTOR
BATTERY
THREDED SHAFTS
NUT
BOLT
WASHER
 FRAME
Frame is made of MS square pipes.

THREDED SHAFT

BOLT

A screw, or bolt, is a type of fastener, typically made of metal, and characterized by a

helical ridge, known as a male thread (external thread) or just thread, wrapped around a
cylinder. Some screw threads are designed to mate with a complementary thread, known
as a female thread (internal thread), often in the form of a nut or an object that has the
internal thread formed into it. Other screw threads are designed to cut a helical groove in
a softer material as the screw is inserted. The most common uses of screws are to hold
objects together and to position objects.

A screw will almost always have a head on one end which contains a specially formed
shape that allows it to be turned, or driven, with a tool. Common tools for driving screws
include screwdrivers and wrenches. The head is usually larger than the body of the screw,
which keeps the screw from being driven deeper than the length of the screw and to
provide a bearing surface. There are exceptions; for instance, carriage bolts have a domed
head that is not designed to be driven; set screws often have a head smaller than the outer
diameter of the screw; J-bolts have a J-shaped head which is not designed to be driven,
but rather is usually sunk into concrete allowing it to be used as an anchor bolt. The
cylindrical portion of the screw from the underside of the head to the tip is known as the
shank; it may be fully threaded or partially threaded.[1] The distance between each thread
is called the "pitch".
The majority of screws are tightened by clockwise rotation, which is termed a right-hand
thread; a common mnemonic device for remembering this when working with screws or
bolts is "righty-tighty, lefty-loosey." Screws with left-hand threads are used in exceptional
cases. For example, when the screw will be subject to counterclockwise torque (which
would work to undo a right-hand thread), a left-hand-threaded screw would be an
appropriate choice. The left side pedal of a bicycle has a left-hand thread.

More generally, screw may mean any helical device, such as a clamp, a micrometer, a
ship's propeller or an Archimedes' screw water pump.

HEX NUT

A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used opposite a
mating bolt to fasten a stack of parts together. The two partners are kept together by a
combination of their threads' friction, a slight stretch of the bolt, and compression of the
parts. In applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various locking
mechanisms may be employed: Adhesives, safety pins or lockwire, nylon inserts, or
slightly oval-shaped threads. The most common shape is hexagonal, for similar reasons
as the bolt head - 6 sides give a good granularity of angles for a tool to approach from
(good in tight spots), but more (and smaller) corners would be vulnerable to being
rounded off. Also It takes only 1/6th of a rotation to obtain the next side of the hexagon
and grip is optimal.However polygons with more than 6 sides do not give the requisite
grip and polygons with less than 6 sides take more time to be given a complete
rotation.Other specialized shapes exist for certain needs, such as wing nuts for finger
adjustment and captive nuts for inaccessible areas.

Nuts are graded with strength ratings compatible with their respective bolts; for example,
an ISO property class 10 nut will be able to support the bolt proof strength load of an ISO
property class 10.9 bolt without stripping. Likewise, an SAE class 5 nut can support the
proof load of an SAE class 5 bolt, and so on.

A wide variety of nuts exists, from household hardware versions to specialized industry-
specific designs that are engineered to meet various technical standards.

WASHER

A washer is a thin plate (typically disk-shaped) with a hole (typically in the middle) that
is normally used to distribute the load of a threaded fastener, such as a screw or nut.
Other uses are as a spacer, spring (belleville washer, wave washer), wear pad, preload
indicating device, locking device, and to reduce vibration (rubber washer). Washers
usually have an outer diameter (OD) about twice the width of their inner diameter (ID).

Washers are usually metal or plastic. High quality bolted joints require hardened steel
washers to prevent the loss of pre-load due to Brinelling after the torque is applied.

Rubber or fiber gaskets used in taps (or faucets, or valves) to stop the flow of water are
sometimes referred to colloquially as washers; but, while they may look similar, washers
and gaskets are usually designed for different functions and made differently.
Washers are also important for preventing galvanic corrosion, particularly by insulating
steel screws from aluminium surfaces.

The origin of the word is unknown; the first recorded use of the word was in 1346,
however the first time its definition was recorded was in 1611.
Chapter 5

WORKING

Automated parking systems make use of computers, sensors, cameras and mechanical
components to take the car, move it throughout the garage and park it in an empty slot.
The process is very simple and it requires little effort from the driver.

There are two types of automated parking systems, depending on the manner in which
they transport the car from entry to the parking spot: horizontal platforms or vertical lifts.
In both cases, the process is very similar, with the only thing that differs being the
movement of the car until it reaches the desired space (lateral or vertical).

In both types of systems, the car is driven into the multi-storied garage as usual. Once
positioned on the ramp, the driver shuts down the engine, secures the parking brake and
steps out of the car. While the driver does all this, sensors analyze the vehicle to
determine it's size and overall shape.
Once the driver has exited the building, the mechanical arms of the living building are set
in motion. Depending on the available empty spots in the garage, the system determines
where to take the car. Using various electro-mechanical components, the car is moved
into the respective spot, either vertically or horizontally.

For the fastest such systems, the whole process can take as little as two and a half minutes
from entry to parking the car in its spot. Most such systems are fitted with turntables,
which means that when leaving, there is no need for the driver to drive in reverse.

Now, if your wondering how the system recognizes which car is yours, you should know
it does no guess work. Automated parking systems give you a card or key containing a
code which identifies the position of the vehicle. Once you scan your card or key, the
system finds the car and sets in motion it's mechanical arms to bring the car back to you.
Chapter 6

ADVANTAGES, DIS ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES
Independent parking & Indoor and outdoor installation flexibility.
Efficient use of space. The puzzle system is configurable and customized module
capacity can be offered.
Easy and low cost installation.
Minimal operational cost.
Easy to drive-in and drive-out.
Multiple entry/exit & parking/retrieving a car takes less than 180 seconds.
Safe operation, PLC controlled & low noise level.

MORE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

We doubt there's any real need for us to point out the advantages of such parking systems
over existing parking lots and even over multi-storied car parks. Automated parking
systems are, if you like, the next generation multi-storied car parks. Having no access
ramps, automated parking occupies less space on the ground. Space is also gained from
the fact that the cars are staked together much closer compared to usual parking lots,
because they don't require clearance for the doors to open.

Automated parking systems can help cut CO2 emissions and fuel consumption levels
because they don't require the engine to be running while the car is moved about through
the building.

Automated parking systems can be built both above or underground, depending on the
available space in a given city.
 DISADVANTAGES

The disadvantages of using such systems are pretty much limited to the so-called acts of
God. For instance, an earthquake can damage or even bring down such a parking system,
damaging the cars in it as well. Still, being a mechanical gizmo, an automated parking
system may from time to time fail and scratch or damage the body of the car. Some may
even go on and say you may get the neighbors car...

Regardless of how we look at them, automated parking systems are the future in parking.
Still in their infancy, the system are somewhat common in Japan. The US began erecting
some in 2002, while in Europe such systems appeared in cities in 2007.

Other Considerations

In addition to the space saving, many APS designs provide a number of secondary
benefits:

The parked cars and their contents are more secure since there is no public access to
parked cars.

Minor parking lot damage such as scrapes and dents are eliminated

Drivers and passengers are safer not having to walk through parking lots or garages.

Driving around in search of a parking space is eliminated, thereby reducing engine

emissions.

Only minimal ventilation and lighting systems are needed.

The volume and visual impact of the parking structure is minimized.

Shorter construction time.

 APPLICATIONS

By virtue of their relatively smaller volume and mechanized parking systems, APS are
often used in locations where a multi-story parking garage would be too large, too costly
or impractical. Examples of such applications include, under or inside existing or new
structures, between existing structures and in irregularly shaped areas.

APS can also be applied in situations similar to multi-story parking garages such as
freestanding above ground, under buildings above grade and under buildings below
grade.
Chapter 7

CONCLUSION

After completing the project, conclude that our project is simple in construction and
compact in size for use. Manufacturing of machine is easy and cost of the machine is less.