CONSONANT CLUSTER (4 CONSONANTS)

1. /lfs/
a. /lfs/ is a combination of a voiced, alveolar, and lateral consonant, a voiceless, labiodental, and
fricative consonant, a voiceless, dental, and fricative consonant, and a voiceless, alveolar, and
fricative consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /lfs/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and make the
Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is obstructed by the tongue tip raised against alveolar ridge and
the air is released through the left and the right side of the tongue and this is immediately
followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate,
then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the upper teeth makes contact with the lower
lips and the air is released slowly and this is immediately followed by pumping the air from
lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt
blocked/obstructed completely by the upper and lower teeth and the air is released suddenly
after being blocked uncompletely and this is immediately followed by pumping the air from
lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt
blocked/obstructed competely by the front of the tongue raised the alveolar ridge and finally the
air is released after being blocked uncompletely.
c. /lfs/ is distributed in final as in twelfths /twelfs/.
d. /lfs/ is spelled as -lfths- in twelfths.
e. /lfs/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

2. /kss/
a. /kss/ is a combination of a a voiceless, velar, and plosive consonant, a voiceless, alveolar, and
fricative consonant, a voiceless, dental, and fricative consonant, and a voiceless, alveolar, and
fricative consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /kss/ is produced by by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and
doesnt make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the
tongue raised the alveolar ridge and the air is released suddenly after being blocked
uncompletely and this is immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx
and doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is being blocked/obstructed completely by
the tongue raised to the soft palate and the air is released suddenly after being blocked
completely and this is immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and
doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the upper
and lower teeth and the air is released suddenly after being blocked uncompletely and this is
immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal
Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed competely by the front of the tongue raised
the alveolar ridge and finally the air is released after being blocked uncompletely.
c. /kss/ is distributed in final as in sixths /skss/.
d. /kss/ is spelled as -xths- in sixths.
e. /kss/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.
3. /rsts/
a. /rsts/ is a combination of a voiceless, post-alveolar, and approximant consonant, a voiceless,
alveolar, and fricative consonant, a voiceless, alveolar, and plosive consonant, and a voiceless,
alveolar, and fricative consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /rsts/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the tongue raised to the the post-alveolar ridge and finally the
air is released through oral cavity by the lips almost makes contact and this is immediately
followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make the Vocal Cords
vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised the alveolar ridge
and the air is released suddenly after being blocked uncompletely and this is immediately
followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate,
then the air is blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised to the alveolar ridge and
finally the air is released suddenly after being blocked completely and this is immediately
followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make the Vocal Cords
vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised the alveolar ridge
and finally the air is released suddenly after being blocked uncompletely.
c. /rsts/ is distributed in final as in bursts /brsts/.
d. /rsts/ is spelled as -rsts- in bursts.
e. /rsts/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

4. /mpst/
a. /mpst/ is a combination of a voiceless, bilabial, and nasal consonant, a voiceless, bilabial, and
plosive consonant, a voiceless, alveolar, and fricative consonant, and a voiceless, alveolar, and
plosive consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /mpst/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the upper and lower lips makes contact and the air is released
suddenly after being blocked completely through nasal cavity and this is immediately followed
by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the
air is blocked/obstructed completely by upper and lower lips makes contact and the air is
released suddenly after being blocked completely and this is immediately followed by pumping
the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt
blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised the alveolar ridge and the air is released
suddenly after being blocked uncompletely and this is immediately followed by pumping the air
from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is
blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised to the alveolar ridge and finally the air is
released suddenly after being blocked completely.
c. /mpst/ is distributed in final as in glimpsed /glmpst/.
d. /mpst/ is spelled as -mpsed- in glimpsed.
e. /mpst/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.
CONSONANT CLUSTER (3 CONSONANTS)

1. /skr/
a. /skr/ is a combination of a voiceless, alveolar, and fricative consonant, a voiceless, velar, and
plosive consonant, and a voiceless, post-alveolar, and approximant consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /skr/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue
raised the alveolar ridge and the air is released suddenly after being blocked uncompletely and
this is immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make
Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is being blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised to
the soft palate and the air is released suddenly after being blocked completely and this is
immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal
Cords vibrate, then the tongue raised to the the post-alveolar ridge and finally the air is released
through oral cavity by the lips almost makes contact.
c. /skr/ is distributed in initial as in scream /skri:m/.
d. /skr/ is spelled as -scr- in screen/scratch/scream.
e. /skr/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

2. /spl/
a. /spl/ is a combination of a voiceless, alveolar, and fricative consonant, a voiceless, bilabial, and
plosive consonant, and a voiced, alveolar, and lateral consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /spl/ is produced by by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and
doesnt make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the
tongue raised the alveolar ridge and the air is released suddenly after being blocked
uncompletely and this is immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx
and doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is blocked/obstructed completely by upper
and lower lips makes contact and the air is released suddenly after being blocked completely
and this is immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and make the
Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is obstructed by the tongue tip raised against alveolar ridge and
the air is released through the left and the right side of the tongue.
c. /spl/ is distributed in initial as in split /splt/.
d. /spl/ is spelled as -spl- in split/splash.
e. /spl/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

3. /str/
 a. /str/ is a combination of a voiceless, alveolar, and fricative consonant, a voiceless, alveolar, and
plosive consonant, and a voiceless, post-alveolar, and approximant consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /str/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue
raised the alveolar ridge and the air is released suddenly after being blocked uncompletely and
this is immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make
Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised to the
alveolar ridge and finally the air is released suddenly after being blocked completely and this is
immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal
Cords vibrate, then the tongue raised to the the post-alveolar ridge and finally the air is released
through oral cavity by the lips almost makes contact.
c. /str/ is distributed in initial as in stream /stri:m/.
d. /str/ is spelled as -str- in structure/strudel.
e. /str/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

4. /skw/
a. /skw/ is a combination of a voiceless, alveolar, and fricative consonant, a voiceless, velar, and
plosive consonant, and a voiceless, bilabial, and approximant consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /skw/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue
raised the alveolar ridge and the air is released suddenly after being blocked uncompletely and
this is immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make
Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is being blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised to
the soft palate and the air is released suddenly after being blocked completely and this is
immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal
Cords vibrate, then the upper and lower lips makes contact and finally the air is released
through oral cavity by the lips almost makes contact.
c. /skw/ is distributed in initial as in squirrel /skwi:z/.
d. /skw/ is spelled as -squ- in squat/squirrel.
e. /skw/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

5. /mts/
a. /mts/ is a combination of a voiceless, bilabial, and nasal consonant, a voiceless, alveolar, and
plosive consonant, and a voiceless, alveolar, and fricative consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /mts/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the upper and lower lips makes contact and the air is released
suddenly after being blocked completely through nasal cavity and this is immediately followed
by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the
air is blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised to the alveolar ridge and finally the air
is released suddenly after being bloccked completely and this is immediately followed by
pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the
air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised the alveolar ridge and the air is
released suddenly after being blocked uncompletely.
 c. /mts/ is distributed in final as in tempts /tempts/.
d. /mts/ i s spelled as -mts- in tempts.
e. /mts/ i s problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

6. /fs/
a. /fs/ is a combinaton of a voiceless, labiodental, and fricative consonant, a voiceless, dental, and
fricative consonant, and a voiceless, alveolar, and fricative consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /fs/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the upper teeth
makes contact with the lower lips and the air is released slowly and this is immediately followed
by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the
air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the upper and lower teeth and the air is released
suddenly after being blocked uncompletely and this is immediately followed by pumping the air
from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt
blocked/obstructed competely by the front of the tongue raised the alveolar ridge and finally the
air is released after being blocked uncompletely.
c. /fs/ is distributed in final as in fifths /ffs/.
d. /fs/ is spelled as -fths- in fifths.
e. /fs/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

7. /nts/
a. /nts/ is a combination of a voiceless, alveolar, and nasal consonant, a voiceless, alveolar, and
plosive consonant, and a voiceless, alveolar, and fricative consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /nts/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the tongue slightly raised to the alveolar ridge, and the air is
released through the nasal cavity and this is immediately followed by pumping the air from
lungs through larynx and doesnt make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt
blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised the alveolar ridge and the air is released
suddenly after being blocked uncompletely and this is immediately followed by pumping the air
from lungs through larynx and doesnt make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt
blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised the alveolar ridge and the air is released
suddenly after being blocked uncompletely.
c. /nts/ is distributed in final as in hints /hnts/.
d. /nts/ is spelled as -nts- in ants/pants/grunts.
e. /nts/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

8. /mfs/
 a. /mfs/ is a combination of a voiceless, bilabial, and nasal consonant, a voiceless, labiodental, and
fricative consonant, and a voiceless, alveolar, and fricative consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /mfs/ is produced by by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and
doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the upper and lower lips makes contact and the air is
released suddenly after being blocked completely through nasal cavity and this is immediately
followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate,
then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the upper teeth makes contact with the lower
lips and the air is released slowly and this is immediately followed by pumping the air from
lungs through larynx and doesnt make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt
blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised the alveolar ridge and the air is released
suddenly after being blocked uncompletely.
c. /mfs/ is distributed in final as in nymphs /nmfs/.
d. /mfs/ is spelled as -mps- in nymphs.
e. /mfs/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

9. /mtr/
a. /mtr/ is a combination of a voiceless, bilabial, and nasal consonant, a voiceless, alveolar, and
plosive consonant, and a voiceless, post-alveolar, and approximant consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /mtr/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the upper and lower lips makes contact and the air is released
suddenly after being blocked completely through nasal cavity and this is immediately followed
by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the
air is blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised to the alveolar ridge and finally the air
is released suddenly after being bloccked completely and this is immediately followed by
pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the
tongue raised to the the post-alveolar ridge and finally the air is released through oral cavity by
the lips almost makes contact.
c. /mtr/ is distributed in medial as in temptress /tempt(r)es/.
d. /mtr/ is spelled as -mtr- in temptress.
e. /mtr/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

10. /spr/
a. /spr/ is a combination of a voiceless, alveolar, and fricative consonant, a voiceless, bilabial, and
plosive consonant, and a voiceless, post-alveolar, and approximant consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /spr/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue
raised the alveolar ridge and the air is released suddenly after being blocked uncompletely and
this is immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make
Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is blocked/obstructed completely by upper and lower lips
makes contact and the air is released suddenly after being blocked completely and this is
immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal
 Cords vibrate, then the tongue raised to the the post-alveolar ridge and finally the air is released
through oral cavity by the lips almost makes contact.
c. /spr/ is distributed in initial as spring /stri/.
d. /sph/ is spelled as -spr- in sprinkle/sprint.
e. /spr/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

11. /sks/
a. /sks/ is a combination of a voiceless, alveolar, and fricative consonant, a voiceless, velar, and
plosive consonant, and a voiceless, alveolar, and fricative consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /sks/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue
raised the alveolar ridge and the air is released suddenly after being blocked uncompletely and
this is immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make
Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is being blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised to
the soft palate and the air is released suddenly after being blocked completely and this is
immediately followed again by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make the
Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised the
alveolar ridge and the air is released suddenly after being blocked uncompletely.
c. /sks/ is distributed in final as in tasks /ta:sks/.
d. /sks/ is spelled as -sks- in tasks//basks. (plurals form)
e. /sks/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.
CONSONANT CLUSTER (2 CONSONANTS)

1. /r/
a. /r/ is a combination of a voiceless, dental, and fricative consonant, and and a voiceless,
post-alveolar, and approximant consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /r/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the upper and
lower teeth and the air is released suddenly after being blocked uncompletely and this is
immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal
Cords vibrate, then the tongue raised to the the post-alveolar ridge and finally the air is released
through oral cavity by the lips almost makes contact.
c. /r/ is distributed in initial as in throw /r/.
d. /r/ is spelled as -thr- in throw/three/throat/throne.
e. /r/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

2. /bl/
a. /bl/ is a combination of a voiced, bilabial, and plosive consonant, and a voiced, alveolar, and
lateral consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /bl/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and make
Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is blocked/obstructed completely by upper and lower lips
makes contact and the air is released suddenly after being blocked completely and this is
immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and make the Vocal Cords
vibrate, then the air is obstructed by the tongue tip raised against alveolar ridge and the air is
released through the left and the right side of the tongue.
 c. /bl/ is distributed in initial as in bleed /bli:d/, and final in quibble /kwbl/.
d. /bl/ i s spelled as -bl- in blank/bleed/blend.
e. /bl/ i s problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

3. /fr/
a. /fr/ is a combination of a voiceless, labiodental, and fricative consonant, and a voiceless,
post-alveolar, and approximant consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /fr/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the upper teeth
makes contact with the lower lips and the air is released slowly and this is immediately followed
by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the
tongue raised to the the post-alveolar ridge and finally the air is released through oral cavity by
the lips almost makes contact.
c. /fr/ is distributed in initial as in free /fri:/.
d. /fr/ is spelled as -fr- in free/fruit/fry.
e. /fr/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

4. /kw/
a. /kw/ is a combination of a voiceless, velar, and plosive consonant, and a voiceless, bilabial, and
approximant consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /kw/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is being blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue
raised to the soft palate and the air is released suddenly after being blocked completely and this
is immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal
Cords vibrate, then the upper and lower lips makes contact and finally the air is released
through oral cavity by the lips almost makes contact.
c. /kw/ is distributed in initial as in quell /kwel/.
d. /kw/ is spelled as -qu- in question/queen.
e. /kw/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

5. /st/
a. /st/ is a combination of a voiceless, alveolar, and fricative consonant, and a voiceless, alveolar,
and plosive consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /st/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue
raised the alveolar ridge and the air is released suddenly after being blocked uncompletely and
this is immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make
Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised to the
alveolar ridge and finally the air is released suddenly after being bloccked completely.
c. /st/ is distributed in initial as in stand /stnd/, and final in best /best/.
d. /st/ is spelled as -st- in stamp/last.
 e. /st/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

6. /dr/
a. /dr/ is a combination of a voiced, alveolar, and plosive consonant, and and a voiceless,
post-alveolar, and approximant consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /dr/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and make
Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised to the
alveolar ridge and finally the air is released suddenly after being bloccked completely and this is
immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal
Cords vibrate, then the tongue raised to the the post-alveolar ridge and finally the air is released
through oral cavity by the lips almost makes contact.
c. /dr/ is distributed in initial as in drool /dru:l/.
d. /dr/ is spelled as -dr- in draft/drama.
e. /dr/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

7. /tr/
a. /tr/ is a combination of a voiceless, alveolar, and plosive consonant, and a voiceless,
post-alveolar, and approximant consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /tr/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised to
the alveolar ridge and finally the air is released suddenly after being bloccked completely and
this is immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make
Vocal Cords vibrate, then the tongue raised to the the post-alveolar ridge and finally the air is
released through oral cavity by the lips almost makes contact.
c. /tr/ is distributed in initial as in tread /tred/.
d. /tr/ is spelled as -tr- in true/treat.
e. /tr/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

8. /br/
a. /br/ is a combination of a voiced, bilabial, and plosive consonant, and a voiceless, post-alveolar,
and approximant consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /br/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and make
Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is blocked/obstructed completely by upper and lower lips
makes contact and the air is released suddenly after being blocked completely and this is
immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal
Cords vibrate, then the tongue raised to the the post-alveolar ridge and finally the air is released
through oral cavity by the lips almost makes contact.
 c. /br/ is distributed in initial as in bruise /bru:z/.
d. /br/ is spelled as -br- in break/brother.
e. /br/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

9. /pr/
a. /pr/ is a combination of a voiceless, bilabial, and plosive consonant, and a voiceless,
post-alveolar, and approximant consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /br/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is blocked/obstructed completely by upper and lower
lips makes contact and the air is released suddenly after being blocked completely and this is
immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal
Cords vibrate, then the tongue raised to the the post-alveolar ridge and finally the air is released
through oral cavity by the lips almost makes contact.
c. /pr/ is distributed in initial as in price /pras/, and medial in apron /-prn/.
d. /pr/ is spelled as -pr- in practice/private.
e. /pr/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

10. /sp/
a. /sp/ is a combination of a voiceless, alveolar, and fricative consonant, and voiceless, bilabial,
and plosive consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /sp/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue
raised the alveolar ridge and the air is released suddenly after being blocked uncompletely and
this is immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make
Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is blocked/obstructed completely by upper and lower lips
makes contact and the air is released suddenly after being blocked completely.
c. /sp/ is distributed in initial as in speak /spi:k/, and final in clasp /kla:sp/.
d. /sp/ is spelled as -sp- in wisp/sparrow.
e. /sp/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

11. /kt/
a. /kt/ is a combination of a voiceless, velar, and plosive consonant, and a voiceless, alveolar, and
plosive consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /kt/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is being blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue
raised to the soft palate and the air is released suddenly after being blocked completely and this
is immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal
Cords vibrate, then the air is blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised to the alveolar
ridge and finally the air is released suddenly after being blocked completely.
c. /kt/ is distributed in final as in elect /lekt/.
d. /kt/ is spelled as -ct- in fact/affect.
e. /kt/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.
12. /lf/
a. /lf/ is a combination of a voiced, alveolar, and lateral consonant, and a voiceless, labiodental,
and fricative consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /lf/ is produced by by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and make
the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is obstructed by the tongue tip raised against alveolar ridge
and the air is released through the left and the right side of the tongue and this is immediately
followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make Vocal Cords vibrate,
then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the upper teeth makes contact with the lower
lips and the air is released slowly after being blocked uncompletely.
c. /lf/ is distributed in final as in self /self/.
d. /lf/ is spelled as -lf- in golf/wolf.
e. /lf/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

13. /fl/
a. /fl/ is a combination of a voiceless, labiodental, and fricative consonant, and a voiced, alveolar,
and lateral consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /fl/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the upper teeth
makes contact with the lower lips and the air is released slowly after being blocked
uncompletely and this is immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx
and make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air is obstructed by the tongue tip raised against
alveolar ridge and the air is released through the left and the right side of the tongue.
c. /fl/ is distributed in initial as in flood /fld/.
d. /fl/ is spelled as -fl- in fly/free.
e. /fl/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

14. /ns/
a. /ns/ is a combination of a voiceless, alveolar, and nasal consonant, and a voiceless, alveolar, and
fricative consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /ns/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make Vocal Cords vibrate, then the tongue slightly raised to the alveolar ridge, and the air is
released through the nasal cavity and this is immediately followed by pumping the air from
lungs through larynx and doesnt make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt
blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue raised the alveolar ridge and the air is released
suddenly after being blocked uncompletely.
c. /ns/ is distributed in final as in sense /sens/.
d. /ns/ is spelled as -nc- in since/dance, -ns- in sense.
e. /ns/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.

15. /sw/
a. /sw/ is a combination of a voiceless, alveolar, and fricative consonant, and a voiceless, bilabial,
and approximant consonant.
b. Consonant cluster /sw/ is produced by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt
make the Vocal Cords vibrate, then the air isnt blocked/obstructed completely by the tongue
raised the alveolar ridge and the air is released suddenly after being blocked uncompletely and
this is immediately followed by pumping the air from lungs through larynx and doesnt make
Vocal Cords vibrate, then the upper and lower lips makes contact and finally the air is released
through oral cavity by the lips almost makes contact.
c. /sw/ is distributed in initial as in sweat /swet/.
d. /sw/ is spelled as -sw- in sweep/swim/swing.
e. /sw/ is problematic in Indonesia because consonant cluster do not occur in Indonesia.