SHRI S'AD VIDYA MANDAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Branch : Mechanical Engineering

Semester : 5 Sem
Year : 2015-2016

Subject : Design of Machine Elements (2151907)

Presentation Topic : End Closure of Pressure Vessel
Presentation By : Nilrajsinh Vasandia
Enrollment No : 130454119006 (New), 130990119060 (Old)
Outline:
What is Pressure Vessel ?
End Closure in pressure vessels
Types of End closure
References
What is a pressure vessel ?
A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or
liquids at a pressure substantially different from the ambient
pressure.
 End Closure in Pressure Vessels
Closing end of the pressure vessel is called as End closure. Also it is
referred as Manhole.

Types of End closure are:

Flat Heads
Formed Head

The heads are either welded or bolted with the main vessel shell
 Flat heads di

th

The flat heads or plates are the simplest type of end closure used only
for small diameter vessels.

They are also used as manhole covers in low pressure vessels and as
covers for small openings.

The thickness of the flat head is given by,

Pi
th = thickness of head
th 0.7 di
C
di = inner dia of vessel shell
pi = design pressure, N/mm2
= allowable tensile stress, N/mm2

C = corrosion allowance
 Formed Head

The formed heads, which are commonly used in pressure vessel, are
commonly used in pressure vessels, are normally fabricated from a
single circular flat plate by forming.

Different types of formed head are :

1. Plain formed head

2. Torispherical Dished Head
3. Semi-Elliptical Dished Head
4. Hemispherical Head
5. Conical head
 Formed Head: Plain
The plain head formed head are used for
horizontal cylindrical storage vessels at
atmospheric pressure.

They are also used for the bottom ends

of vertical cylindrical vessels that rest on
concrete slabs and do not have diameter
in excess of 7 meters.

The thickness of the plain formed head is

given by,
Pi
th 0.4 di
C

th = thickness of head, mm
ric = inner corner radius, mm . 1di
Sf = straight flange length, mm = 3 th or 20 which ever is greater
 Formed Head: Torsional Dished head

The torispherical dished heads are used

for vertical or horizontal pressure vessel
or horizontal pressure vessel in the
pressure range from 0.1 N/mm2 or 1.5
N/mm2

These type of heads are shaped by using

two radii : the dish radius or crown radius
(Rc) & inner corner radius or knuckle
radius (ric)

The thickness of the torispherical dished

head is given by,

Kf pi Rc 1 Rc
th 2all - 0.2 pi C Where, kf 3
4

ric
 Formed Head: Semi-Elliptical head

The Semi-elliptical dished heads are used for

pressure vessels above 1.5 N/mm2 pressure.
The ratio of the major axis to the minor axis is
generally taken as 2.

The thickness of the semi-elliptical dished

head is given by,
kf pi dc
th 2all - 0.2 pi C

Where, kf
1
2 ( K 1)2
6
S
f= 3 th or 20 mm, Whichever is greater
 Formed Head: Hemispherical head

The hemispherical head are strongest of all the

formed heads. They are free from dis-
continuties and hence used in high pressure
vessels.

The thickness of the semi-elliptical dished

head is given by,

pi di
th 4all - 0.4 pi C

S
f= 3 th or 20 mm, Whichever is greater
 Formed Head: Conical Head

The Conical heads are widely used as

bottom heads to facilitate the removal
or draining of the material.

The semicore angle is usually taken as

300.

The thickness of the semi-elliptical

dished head is given by,

pi di
th (2all - pi) cos C

S
f= 3 th or 20 mm, Whichever is greater