rf}wf}+ of]hgf

-cfly{s jif{ @)&#&$@)&%&^_

g]kfn ;/sf/
/fli6o of]hgf cfof]u
l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
@)&#



 /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u
;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L k'iksdn bfxfn -k|r08_ cWoIf
dfggLo 8f=dLgaxfb'/ >]i7 pkfWoIf
8f= ;f]dnfn ;'j]bL, d'Vo ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ ;b:o -kb]g_
dfggLo 8f=:jl0f{d jfUn] ;b:o
dfggLo 8f=rGb|sfGt kf}8]n ;b:o
dfggLo 8f=;'lgn afa' >]i7 ;b:o
dfggLo k|f=8f=uLtfeQm hf]zL ;b:o
dfggLo 8f=s[kf l;Gw' k|;fb ;b:o
dfggLo 8f=k|e' a'9fyf]sL ;b:o
dfggLo k|f=lx/]Gb|dfg k|wfg ;b:o
dfggLo 8f=c/laGb s'df/ ld> ;b:o
8f=zfGt/fh ;'j]bL, ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno ;b:o -kb]g_
>L rGb|s'df/ l3ld/] ;b:o;lrj
 ljifo;"rL

kl/R5]b ! M kl/ro====================================================================================== !!(

!=! k[i7e"ld==================================================================================== !
!=@ t]x|f}F of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&)&! @)&@&#_ sf] ;\lIfKt ;dLIff=== @
!=@=! ;dli6ut cfly{s If]q====================================================== $
!=@=@ cGo ljifout If]q=========================================================== !!
!=@=# ul/aL, /f]huf/L / dfgj ljsf;========================================== !^
!=# ;x;|fAbL ljsf; NfIosf] k|ult ;dLIff============================================ !*
kl/R5]b @ M rf}wf} of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&#&$ @)&%&^_====================== @)#!
@=! k[i7e"ld==================================================================================== @)
@=@ r'gf}tL tyf cj;/===================================================================== @)
@=# ;f]r======================================================================================== @@
@=$ nIo======================================================================================== @@
@=% p2]Zo====================================================================================== @@
@=^ kl/df0ffTds nIo====================================================================== @@
@=& /0fgLlt===================================================================================== @#
@=* cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;df ljleGg If]qsf] e"ldsf============================== @#
@=( cfly{s j[l4b/ / ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf============================================= @$
@=(=! cfly{s j[l4b/================================================================== @$
@=(=@ ;LdfGt k'FhL pTkfbg cg'kft / nufgL================================= @^
@=(=# ;fj{hlgs vr{ / vr{ Aoxf]g]{ ;|f]t======================================== @*
@=(=$ ;|f]t;fwgsf] afF8kmfF8 tyf kl/rfngsf cfwf/x=================== @(
@=(=% k|:tfljt nufgLaf6 ;dli6ut cy{tGqdf kg]{ k|efj================ #)
kl/R5]b # M ;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx========================================================== #@^$
#=! s'n ufx{:Yo tyf /fli6o art===================================================== #@
#=@ ;/sf/L ljQ============================================================================= #$
#=@=! ;fj{hlgs vr{=============================================================== #$
#=@=@ /fh:j=========================================================================== #^
 #=@=# j}b]lzs ;xfotf============================================================= #(
#=@=$ ;fj{hlgs C0f=============================================================== $!
#=# df}ls tyf ljQLo gLlt============================================================== $@
#=$ ladf tyf k'FhL ahf/================================================================== $%
#=$=! ladf============================================================================= $%
#=$=@ k'FhLahf/======================================================================= $*
#=% ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg======================================================================= %!
#=^ j}b]lzs Jofkf/, ljb]zL ljlgdo tyf ;f]wgfGt/================================ %#
#=& lghL If]q================================================================================== %^
#=* j}b]lzs nufgL=========================================================================== %*
#=( ;xsf/L If]q=============================================================================== ^!
kl/R5]b $ M If]qut ljsf; gLltx========================================================== ^%!*#
$=! s[lif, e"ld;'wf/ tyf jg============================================================= ^%
$=!=! s[lif============================================================================= ^%
$=!=@ kz'kG5L======================================================================== &@
$=!=# l;FrfO tyf k|sf]k Joj:yfkg============================================ *)
$=!=#=! l;FrfO=============================================================== *)
$=!=#=@ hn pTkGg k|sf]k Joj:yfkg================================= *$
$=!=$ e"ld;'wf/======================================================================== *&
$=!=% vfB ;'/Iff tyf vfBkf]if0f================================================= ()
$=!=^ jg tyf e";+/If0f============================================================ ($
$=@ pBf]u, jfl0fHo, cfk"lt{ / ko{6g===================================================== !)#
$=@=! pBf]u============================================================================= !)#
$=@=@ jfl0fHo=========================================================================== !)*
$=@=# cfk"lt{============================================================================ !!#
$=@=$ ko{6g============================================================================= !!&
$=# cfly{s s"6gLlt tyf ljsf; ========================================================= !@!
$=$ ;fdflhs ljsf;========================================================================== !@%
$=$=! hg;\Vof======================================================================== !@%
$=$=@ ;+:s[lt============================================================================ !@*
 $=$=# lzIff============================================================================= !#!
$=$=$ :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f=========================================================== !#(
$=$=% vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO=================================================== !$%
$=$=^ afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/L========================================== !%)
$=$=& dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f============================ !%$
$=$=* ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f============================================= !%*
$=$=( Ho]i7 gful/s================================================================= !^!
$=$=!) ckf\utf ePsf JolQmx =============================================== !^$
$=$=!! /f]huf/L k|Tofe"lt============================================================= !^&
$=$=!@ ;fdflhs ladf================================================================ !^(
$=$=!# ;fd'bflos tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx==================================== !&!
$=% o'jf, v]ns'b / :jo+;]js ;]jf======================================================= !&%
$=%=! o'jf=============================================================================== !&%
$=%=@ v]ns'b ljsf; =============================================================== !&*
$=%=# :jo+;]js ;]jf================================================================ !*!
kl/R5]b % M k"jf{wf/ If]q ljsf; gLltx ===============================================!*$@@&
%=! pmhf{======================================================================================= !*$
%=!=! hnljB't\======================================================================= !*$
%=!=@ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{============================================================= !**
%=@ oftfoft k"jf{wf/======================================================================== !(@
%=@=! ;8s============================================================================ !(@
%=@=@ xjfO{ oftfoft================================================================ !(&
%=@=# /]n tyf cGo oftfoft===================================================== @)!
%=@=$ oftfoft Joj:yfkg========================================================== @)#
%=# ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/===================================================================== @)^
%=$ ejg, cfjf; tyf ;x/L ljsf;==================================================== @!!
%=$=! ejg tyf cfjf;============================================================ @!!
%=$=@ ;x/L ljsf;=================================================================== @!$
%=% k'glg{df{0f================================================================================== @!*
%=^ k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/======================================================== @@@
kl/R5]b ^ M cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx ============================================= @@*@^!
^=! n}ls ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f / d"n k|jfxLs/0f============================== @@*
^=!=! n}ls ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f================================= @@*
^=!=@ ;dfj]zLs/0f==================================================================== @##
^=!=# nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t tyf ;LdfGts[t hflthghflt========= @#^
^=@ lj1fg tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw============================================================== @#(
^=@=! lj1fg k|ljlw===================================================================== @#(
^=@=@ ;"rgf k|ljlw===================================================================== @$#
^=# dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;================================================================== @$%
^=$ >d tyf /f]huf/L======================================================================= @$&
^=% ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g============================= @%@
^=%=! ljkb\ Joj:yfkg============================================================ @%@
^=%=@ jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g=========================================== @%^
kl/R5]b & M ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt / ;'zf;g ========================================= @^@@(^
&=! ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf ;d[[l4============================================================= @^@
&=@ ;\3Lotf, k|fb]lzs tyf ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ng====================================== @^^
&=@=! ;\3Lotf tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g==================================== @^^
&=@=@ k|fb]lzs tyf ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ng=========================================== @&!
&=# zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kgf================================================================= @&$
&=$ zf;sLo ;'wf/=========================================================================== @&^
&=$=! k|zf;sLo ;'zf;g========================================================= @&^
&=$=@ Gofo Joj:yf================================================================ @&(
&=$=# e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f============================================================== @*#
&=$=$ ;'/Iff Joj:yf================================================================== @*^
&=$=% hg;xeflutf=================================================================== @*(
&=% ljQLo ;'zf;g=========================================================================== @(@
&=^ dfgj clwsf/============================================================================ @($
kl/R5]b * M of]hgf k|lqmof, tYof\s k|0ffnL Pjd\ cg';Gwfg===================== @(&#)*
*=! of]hgf th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog====================================================== @(&
*=@ cg'udg tyf d"Nofg================================================================ @((
 *=# tYof\s k|0ffnL===================================================================== #)#
*=$ cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; =========================================================== #)^
kl/R5]b ( M rf}wf} of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf================================================= #)(#*@
(=! k[i7e"ld=============================================================================== #)(
(=@ glthfvfsfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf ljifox?====================== ============= #)(
(=# glthfvfsfsf] k|of]u=============================================================== #!)
(=$ glthf ;"rs ======================================================================== #!^
(=$=! ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj / ljsf; ================================ #!^
(=$=@ pBf]u, ko{6g / ;]jf If]qsf] ljsf; ================================= #!(
(=$=# s[lif pTkfbg j[l4 / vfB ;'/Iff ====================================== #@$
(=$=$ k|fs[lts :f|f]t Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0f ============================== ##@
(=$=% Jofkf/ / cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg =========================================== ##*
(=$=^ ;fdflhs tyf dfgj ljsf; ========================================== #$!
(=$=& pmhf{ ljsf; ============================================================== #%@
(=$=* Eff}lts k"jf{wf/, oftfoft / ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ================= #%%
(=$=( Kf|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ======================================== #%(
(=$=!) ;\3Lotf, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g============ #^)
(=$=!! Efjg, cfjf; / ;x/L ljsf; ======================================== #^@
(=$=!@ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / Kf'glg{df{0f ======================================== #^^
(=$=!# >d tyf /f]huf/L Joj:yfkg ========================================= #^*
(=$=!$ lj1fg, ;"rgf tyf k|ljlw ============================================= #&)
(=$=!% Zff;sLo If]q, zflGt / ;'zf;g ===================================== #&@
cg';"rL ================================================================================================ #*##*$
cg';"rL !M rf}wf}+ of]hgf th'{df ubf{ ckgfOPsf] k|lqmof =========================== #*#

p
 tflnsfxsf] ;"rL

tflnsf !=! t]x|f}F of]hgfsf] nIo tyf k|ult============================================== #

tflnsf !=@ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -cf=j= @)^(&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_========== %
tflnsf !=@ -s_ If]qut d"No clej[l4sf] j[l4b/============================================== ^
tflnsf !=# ;/sf/L ah]6sf] cj:yf -cf=j= @)^(&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_====== *
tflnsf !=$ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf ljleGg ;"rsxsf] nIo Pjd\
k|ult================================================================================= !)
tflnsf @=! k|d'v cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ef}lts nIox=============================== @@
tflnsf @=@ If]qut d"No clej[l4 / s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -cf=j= @)&@&# sf]
l:y/ d"Nodf_======================================================================= @$
tflnsf @=# ;LdfGt k'FhL pTkfbg cg'kft / s'n nufgL -cf=j= @)&@&# sf]
l:y/ d"Nodf_====================================================================== @^
tflnsf @=# -s_ ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qaf6 x'g] nufgL -cf=j= @)&@&# sf]
l:y/ d"Nodf_================================================================= @&
tflnsf @=# -v_ ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/Lsf] If]qut nufgL -cf=j= @)&@&# sf]
l:y/ d"Nodf_================================================================= @*
tflnsf @=$ ;/sf/L ah]6 -vr{_ / Aoxf]g]{ ;|f]tx -cf=j= @)&@&# sf]
d"Nodf_============================================================================= @(
tflnsf @=% k|If]lkt art, nufgL / ;fj{hlgs ljQ -s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf]
cg'kftdf_========================================================================= #!
tflnsf (=! rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf================================================= #!)
tflnsf (=@ k|d'v glthf If]q, tfTsflns / ljifo If]qut c;/x=============== #!!
tflnsf (=# ljifout c;/x, pkIf]q / k|d'v glthf If]q========================== #!$

 ;\If]kLs/0fsf] ;"rL
c=b'=c=cf= clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
cf=d= cfk"lt{ dGqfno
cf=j= cfly{s jif{
cf=;j{]If0f cfly{s ;j{]If0f
O=k|=sf= Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no
p=d= pBf]u dGqfno
pmhf{ d= pmhf{ dGqfno
cf}=If]=Jo=ln= cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg lnld6]8
sf=Gof=;+=df=d= sfg'g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno
ls=ld= lsnf]ld6/
s]=t=lj= s]Gb|Lo tYof\s ljefu
s[=lj=d= s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
vf=kf=cf= vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf
vf=;=d= vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO dGqfno
u'=tyf gf=tf}=lj= u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu
u[=d= u[x dGqfno
kf=a=;= 3/kl/jf/ ah]6 ;j]{If0f
h=jf=d= hg;\Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno
lh=lj=;= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
l8=;=sf l8lehg ;xsf/L sfof{no
g]=h=:jf=;= g]kfn hg;\Vof tyf :jf:Yo ;j{]If0f
g]=hL=;j]{If0f g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f
g]=gf=p=k|f= g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f
g]=/f=a}= g]kfn /fi6 a}
k|=k|=sf= k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no
k=lj=d= kz'kG5L ljsf; dGqfno
k|=d=d=k=sf= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
e"=Jo=k|=s]= e"ld Joj:yfkg k|lzIf0f s]Gb|
e"=;'=Jo=d= e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno
ef}=k"=of=d= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno
d=n]=lg=sf= dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no
d=af=;=s=d= dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno
df=kf]=sf= dfnkf]t sfof{no
d]=6g d]l6s 6g
o'=v]=d= o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfno
/f=k'=k|f= /fli6o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f
/f=of]=cf= /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u
/f=n]vf /fli6o n]vf
/f=;=s]Gb| /fli6o ;ts{tf s]Gb|
j=e"=;+=d= jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno
jf=d= jfl0fHo dGqfno
lj=cf=lj=;= ljz]if cfly{s If]q ljsf; ;ldlt
lj=k|=d= lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
Jo=;"=k|= Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL
Jof=lg=k|=s]= Jofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|j4{g s]Gb|
zf=k'=d= zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno
>=/f]=d= >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno
;+=k=gf=p=d= ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno
;=u=lg=d= ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f dGqfno
;=df=:yf=lj=d= ;\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno
;=lj=d= ;x/L ljsf; dGqfno
;f=k|=d= ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno
l;=d= l;FrfO dGqfno
;"=;=d= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno
:jf=d= :jf:Yo dGqfno
CFAA Country Financial Accountability Assessment
FISIM Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured
GDP Gross Domestic Product
MCPM Minimum Conditions and Performance Measurement
NEOC National Emergency Operation Centre
REOC Regional Emergency Operation Centre
DEOC District Emergency Operation Centre

 kl/R5]b M !
kl/ro

!=! k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|of; ;'? ePsf] 5 bzs k'u]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] /fhgLlts
kl/jt{gn] :yflkt u/]sf] gful/s clwsf/;Fu} ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[4
;dfh lgdf{0f sfo{ /fHosf] k|d'v sfo{;"rLdf k/]sf]] 5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] sf/0f d'n'sdf k/]sf]
cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs k|efj, e"sDknufotsf k|fs[lts k|sf]k Pjd\ ljkb\af6 l;lh{t
k'glg{df{0fsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ub}{ Go"g j[l4sf] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf]] cy{tGqnfO{ lqmofzLn u/fpFb}
hgtfsf] ljsf;sf] cfsf\IffnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eO{ /fhgLlts ;\qmd0f ;dflKttkm{ pGd'v x'g uPsf] kl/k|]Iodf
/fHosf] Wofg cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df s]lGb|t ug{]u/L rf}wf}+ cfjlws of]hgf th'{df
ul/Psf] 5 . ljutsf of]hgfx sfof{Gjog ubf{sf] cg'ej / g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cLsf/ u/]sf
gful/ssf df}lns xs / /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLlt o; of]hgfsf] dfu{bz{ssf kdf
/x]sf 5g\ . rf}wf}+ of]hgf th'{df ubf{ d"ntM nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf cGtlg{lxt dfGotf /
l;4fGtnfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ePsf] 5 .
t]x|f}F of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] bf];|f] jif{df d'n'sn] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk / t];|f] jif{df blIf0fL
;Ldfdf cj/f]wsf] ;fdgf ug'{kof] . o;n] ;+jt\ @)&( ;Dd g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6df
:t/f]Gglt ug]{ of]hgfsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{] dfu{df cj/f]w l;h{gf ug{ k'Uof] . ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg
/x]sf @#=* k|ltzt hg;\VofnfO{ !* k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo;d]t xfl;n x'g ;s]g . o;}u/L
d'n'sn] ;fdflhs If]qdf nufgL clej[l4 u/L ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{] ;DaGwdf u/]sf]
k|ultnfO{ sfod /fVg] Pjd\ lbuf] ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug]{ dfu{df r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . o;}n], rf}wf}+
of]hgfn] o;cl3 d'n'sn] Aoxf]g{'k/]sf] Ifltsf] k"lt{ ug'{sf ;fy} gofF nIosf;fy d'n'ssf] cfly{s
;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ ult lbg cfjZos 5 .
rf}wf}+ of]hgfn] cfly{s j[l4b/nfO{ pRr kfg{ s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0f, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f,
pmhf{;\s6sf] lgjf/0f tyf k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/ ub}{ cf}Bf]uLs/0f /
cfw'lgsLs/0fdf 6]jf lbg'k/]sf] 5 eg] ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod u/L nufgLdf
cfdljZjf; a9fpg' k/]sf] 5 . To:t} ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qdfkm{t nufgL j[l4 ug'{,
ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L k'FhLut vr{ a9fpg', pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] plrt
pkof]u ug{' tyf a9\bf] hgcfsf\Iffcg'k ljsf;sf nIo k|fKt ug{ k|zf;goGqnfO{ s'zn tyf
Jofj;flos klg agfpg'k/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, n}ls ;dfgtf xfl;n ub}{ lk5l8Psf If]q, ju{ / ;d'bfo
Pjd\ ;LdfGts[t ju{sf hgtfnfO{ nlIft sfo{qmd, Gofof]lrt ljt/0f tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Pjd\
;+/If0f k|bfg u/L zL3|tfk"j{s ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . cfGtl/s pTkfbg tyf lgof{t
Jofkf/df j[l4 / s'n Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f u/L Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ub}{ afXo ;Gt'ng ;'b[9 ug'{kg]{ 5
. 7"nf] ;\Vofsf] o'jfzlQmnfO{ ;Lk, k'FhL / k|ljlw pknAw u/fO{ d'n'sleq} /f]huf/L l;h{gf
ug{'kg]{5 . ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg cg';f/sf ljleGg txsf lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g] kl/k|]Iodf nfdf]
;dob]lv l/Qm /x]sf :yfgLo lgsfoxdf lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwxdfkm{t ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{
hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{ / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpg], glthfk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ug]{,
;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ / ;du|df ;'zf;g clej[l4 ug]{h:tf ljifoxnfO{;d]t
of] of]hgfn] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{5 . ;fy}, ljutdf of]hgfsf] nIo / pknlAwaLr /xg] u/]sf]
cGt/nfO{ sd ug{;d]t o; of]hgfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s, sfof{Gjogof]Uo / glthfd"ns agfpg'sf ;fy}
sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ hjfkmb]xL u/fpg glthf;"rssf cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/ ug{ ;lhnf] x'g]
u/L o; of]hgfs} cleGg c\usf kdf glthfvfsf;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
!=@ t]x|f} of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&)&!@)&@&#_ sf] ;\lIfKt ;dLIff
g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] qmd ;'? ePkl5 xfn;Dd !# cf]6f cfjlws of]hgfx
sfof{Gjog ul/Psf 5g\ . o; qmddf ;fdflhs If]qdf ;Gtf]ifk|b k|ult ePsf] 5 eg] ljsf;sf
s]xL k"jf{wf/x klg tof/ ePsf 5g\ . ljsf;df hg;xeflutf j[l4 eO{ hgtfs} :jfldTjdf
:yfgLo of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng x'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . lghL If]qnfO{ nufgL
u/L ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . t/ d'n'sdf pknAw k|fs[lts Pjd\
dfgjLo ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pRrtd ;b'kof]u u/L pRr cfly{s j[l4dfkm{t ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{
p2]Zo cf+lzs kdf dfq} xfl;n x'g;s]sf] 5 .
lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] kdf sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] t]x|fF} of]hgfn] ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf g]kfnnfO{
cltsd ljsl;t /fi6af6 ljsf;zLn /fi6df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf ;fy b]zdf JofKt
cfly{s Pjd\ dfgjLo ul/aLnfO{ 36fO{ cfdhgtfsf] hLjg:t/df kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg]
p2]Zo /fv]sf] lyof] . of]hgfsf] cfwf/ jif{ -@)^(&)_ df @#=* k|ltzt hg;\Vof ul/aLsf]
/]vfd'lg /x]sf]df of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf !* k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo lnOPsf] lyof] .
oL p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ pmhf{, s[lif, ko{6g, pBf]u / Jofkf/, cfwf/e"t lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL,
ef}lts k"jf{wf/nufotsf If]qx of]hgfsf] k|fyldstfdf lyP . o;}u/L ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L,
lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] of]ubfgdf clej[l4 ug]{, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df hf]8 lbg], lzIff,
:jf:Yo tyf vfg]kfgLh:tf ;fdflhs ;]jfxdf kx'Fr, pkof]u / u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug]{, ;'zf;g
clej[l4 ug]{, nlIft ju{, If]q tyf ;d"xsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0fdf clej[l4 ug]{ /
hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"lnt ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ /0fgLltx cjnDag ul/Psf lyP .
t]x|f}F of]hgfsf] ;dLIff ubf{ cfly{s If]q Tolt ;Gtf]ifk|b geP tfklg ;fdflhs tyf k"jf{wf/
If]qdf s]xL ;Gtf]ifhgs pknlAw ePsf 5g\ . of]hgf cjlwe/ d'n's /fhgLlts ;\qmd0faf6
u'lh|of] . d'n'ssf] ;du| Wofg /fhgLlts kl/jt{gnfO{ Jojl:yt tyf ;+:yfut ug]{tkm{ a9L s]lGb|t
x'Fbf of]hgfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogn] k|fyldstf kfpg ;s]g . ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ;fj{hlgs,
lghL tyf ;xsf/L ;a} If]qdf v8\lsof] . If]qut k|ultdf klg ljutb]lvsf ;d:of oyfjt\ g}

2 | rf}wf} of]hgf
/lx/x] . ;dodf dn tyf laplahg pknAw gx'Fbf / v]tLof]Uo hldg s[lif dhb'/sf] cefjdf
afFemf] /xg uPsfn] s[lif If]qdf cfzftLt pknlAw xfl;n x'g;s]g . hn;|f]tsf] k|r"/
;DefjgfnfO{ pkof]u ug{ g;Sbf d'n's pmhf{;+s6sf] l:yltaf6 d'Qm x'g ;s]g . /fhgLlts
cl:y/tf, ;sf/fTds / ;'dw'/ >d ;DaGwsf] cefj, e"sDk, ;Ldf If]qdf ePsf] cj/f]w cflbsf
sf/0f cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf x|f; cfof] eg] o;sf] c;/ ko{6g If]qdf klg kof] . cfGtl/s
pTkfbgdf x|f; cfPsf] tyf Jofkf/ If]qdf ck]lIft kdf lgof{t j[l4 / cfoft k|lt:yfkg x'g
g;s]sf] sf/0f Jofkf/3f6f cTolws dfqfdf a9\b} uof] . tyflk, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] dfWodaf6
ljk|]if0fdf j[l4 eO{ tTsfnsf nflu zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt ;'ljwfhgs ePsf sf/0f ljb]zL d'b|f
;l~rltdf pNn]Vo j[l4 x'g'sf cltl/Qm a}l If]qsf] t/ntf ;xh /xg ;Sof] .
o; cjlwdf oftfoft, ljB't\, ;~rf/, l;FrfOh:tf k"jf{wf/sf If]qdf s]xL k|ult ePsf] 5
eg] ;fdflhs tyf k|zf;lgs Pjd\ sfg'gL ;'wf/sf If]qdf pNn]vgLo sfd ePsf 5g\ . zflGt
k|lqmofnfO{ 6'f] nufO{ gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] 5 . lk5l8Psf If]q tyf ljkGg Pjd\ ;LdfGts[t
hfthflt, ju{ / ;d'bfonfO{ d'n'ssf] d"nwf/df Nofpg ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df
/fHosf ;a} txdf k|ltlglwTj ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . ul/aLsf /]vfd'lg /x]sf ljkGg tyf
lk5l8Psf If]q, ju{ / ;d'bfosf] pTyfgsf nflu nlIft sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ .
;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;+/If0fsf] bfo/f a9]sf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf sfo{qmdxaf6 cy{tGqsf] Ifdtf
clej[l4, ;dfj]zL ljsf; / ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf d2t k'u]sf] 5 . of]hgfsf] kl5Nnf] jif{df ljifd
kl/l:ylt /x]tfklg cl3Nnf b'O{ jif{sf] of]ubfgn] of]hgf cjlwdf ul/aL @=@ k|ltzt ljGb'n] 36L
@!=^ k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 .
t]x|f} of]hgfsf d'Vod'Vo nIo Pjd\ k|ult l:ylt
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] lnPsf] k|d'v nIox tyf of]hgf cjlwsf] cGTo;Dddf ePsf] k|ultsf]
;f/;\If]k tflnsf !=! df k|:t't ul/Psf]] 5 M
tflnsf !=! M t]x|f} of]hgfsf] nIo tyf k|ult
qm= cf=j= @)^(&) t]x|f}F of]hgfsf]
;"rs k|ult
;+= sf] l:ylt nIo
1. jflif{s cf};t cfly{s j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ 3.5 6.0 2.9
2. s[lif If]qsf] jflif{s cf};t j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ 1.1 4.5 2.2
3. u}/s[[lif If]qsf] jflif{s cf};t j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ 4.6 6.7 3.4
4. jflif{s cf};t /f]huf/L j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ 2.9 3.2 2.9
5. ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;\Vof -k|ltzt_ 23.8 18.0 21.6
6. ck]lIft cfo' -jif{_ 68.8 71.0 69.0
7. d"No j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ 8.3 7.0 8.7
8. dft[ d[To'b/ -k|ltnfv hLljt hGddf_ 281.0 213.0 258.0
9. vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'u]sf] hg;\Vofsf] -k|ltzt_ 85.0 95.0 83.6
10. ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] hg;\Vofsf] 62.0 90.5 81.0

kl/ro | 3
qm= cf=j= @)^(&) t]x|f}F of]hgfsf]
;"rs k|ult
;+= sf] l:ylt nIo
-k|ltzt_
11. k|fylds tx -sIff ! %_ df v'b egf{b/
95.3 100.0 86.6
-k|ltzt_
12. ;fIf/tf b/ -!%@$ jif{_ 87.5 95.0 88.6
13. ;8s oftfoft hf]l8Psf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd
73 75 73
-;\Vof_
14. 6]lnkmf]g, df]afOn;d]t -k|lt;o 3gTjdf_ 71.5 100.8 110.3
15. ljB't\ pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf_ -d]ufjf6_ 758 1,426 851
16. ljB't\df kx'Fr k|fKt hg;\Vof -k|ltzt_ 67.3 87.0 74.0
17. l;FrfO -x]S6/ nfvdf_ 13.1 14.9 13.9
18. jg h\unn] 9fs]sf] If]q -k|ltzt_ 39.6 40.0 44.5
19. ;8s oftfoftsf] s'n nDafO -ls=ld=_* 25,265 27,965 29,031
* ;8s ljefutkm{sf] dfq .

!=@=! ;dli6ut cfly{s If]q

!= s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg
t]x|f}F of]hgfdf s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg cfwf/e"t d"Nodf ^=) k|ltztn] j[l4 ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df
cf=j= @)&)&! Dff %=& k|ltzt, cf=j= @)&!&@ Dff @=# k|ltzt / cf=j= @)&@&# Dff )=*
k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ cf};t @=( k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] k|f/lDes cg'dfg 5 . s[lif If]qdf cf};t
j[l4b/ $=% k|ltzt x'g] nIo /x]sf]df cf=j= @)&)&!, cf=j= @)&!&@ / cf=j= @)&@&# df
qmdzM $=^ k|ltzt, )=* k|ltzt / !=# k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ cf};t @=@ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf]
k|f/lDes cg'dfg 5 . To:t} u}/s[lif If]qdf cf};t j[l4b/ ^=& k|ltzt x'g] nIo /x]sf]df cf=j=
@)&)&!, cf=j= @)&!&@ / cf=j= @)&@&# df qmdzM ^=$ k|ltzt, #=! k|ltzt / )=^
k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ cf};tdf #=$ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] k|f/lDes cg'dfg 5 . pBf]u If]qsf] cf};t
j[l4b/ %=$ k|ltzt x'g] nIo /x]sf]df )=& k|ltzt tyf ;]jf If]qsf] cf};t j[l4b/ &=! k|ltzt
/xg] nIo /x]sf]df $=@ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] k|f/lDes cg'dfg 5 . oL If]qxdf of]hgfsf] klxnf]
jif{df s]xL ;sf/fTds j[l4sf] ;\s]t b]lvP tfklg @)&@ ;fnsf] j}zfv !@ df uPsf]
ljgfzsf/L e"sDk / cfly{s jif{ @)&@&# sf] k|f/Deb]lv g} blIf0fL ;Ldfdf ePsf] cj/f]w;d]tn]
Jofkf/, pBf]u, oftfoft, ko{6g, cfk"lt{ Joj:yfnufot ;du| If]q k|efljt eO{ ;Dk"0f{ cfly{s
lqmofsnfk nfdf] ;do;Dd k|foM 7Kk ePsf]n] kl5Nnf b'O{ jif{sf] cfly{s j[l4b/ ;\s'lrt x'g
k'Uof] .
t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg / If]qut d"No clej[l4sf] cj:yf tflnsf !=@
df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

4 | rf}wf} of]hgf
 tflnsf !=@ M s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg
-cf=j= @)^(&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_
-?= s/f]8df_
s'n pTkfbg
qm=;+= If]qx cf=j= cf=j= cf=j=
@)&)&! @)&!&@ @)&@&#*
! s[lif 54551 54380 54719
!=! s[lif tyf jg 53757 53567 53852
!=@ dT:okfng 794 814 867
@= u}/s[lif 112620
112620 116725 117936
@=! pBf]u 24928 25444 24204
@=!=@ vfgL tyf e"ue{ 1009 1036 1013
@=!=@ pBf]u 10367 10376 9553
@=!=# ljB't\, Uof; tyf kfgL 1960 1885 1754
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 11593 12147 11884
@=@ ;]jf 87692 91280 93732
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 24915 25175 24561
@=@=@ xf]6]n tyf /]i6'/]G6 3239 3530 3595
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / ;~rf/ 14290 14388 14542
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 7281 7972 8560
@=@=% 3/hUuf, axfn tyf Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk 14035 14559 15815
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf /Iff 4066 4484 4497
@=@=& lzIff 10573 11281 11668
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ 2544 2914 3058
@=@=( cGo ;fd'bflos, ;fdflhs tyf JolQmut ;]jfsf 6747 6978 7436
lqmofsnfk
s'n d"No clej[l4 167172 171105 172654
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -cfwf/e"t d"Nodf_ 161352 164772 165926
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg
pTkfbg -pTkfbs d"Nodf_ 180233 184923 185881
;+zf]lwt . * k|f/lDes .
To;}u/L t]x|f}F of]hgfsf] k|If]lkt tyf of]hgf cjlwsf] If]qut d"No clej[l4 j[l4b/ tflnsf
!=@ -s_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

kl/ro | 5
 tflnsf !=@ -s_ M If]qut d"No clej[l4sf] j[l4b/
-k|ltzt_
t]x|f}+ j[l4b/
qm=;+= If]qx of]hgfsf] cf=j= cf=j= cf=j=
cf};t
nIo @)&)&! @)&!&@ @)&@&#*
@)&!&
! s[lif 4.5 4.56
4.56 0.8 1.3 2.2
!=! s[lif tyf jg 4.5 4.5 0.7 1.1 2.1
!=@ dT:okfng 4.5 4.9 7.1 11.8 7.9
@= u}/s[lif 6.7 6.4 3.1
3.1 0.6 3.4
@=! pBf]u 5.4 7.1
7.1 1.5
1.5 -6.3_ 0.7
@=!=@ vfgL tyf e"ue{ 4.7 11.9 2.3 -6.5_ 2.6
@=!=@ pBf]u 4.7 6.3 0.4 -9.9_ -1.1_
@=!=# ljB't\, Uof; tyf kfgL 8.2 3.3 1.0 -1.7_ 0.9
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 5.5 9.1 2.9 -4.0_ 2.7
@=@ ;]jf 7.1 6.2 3.6
3.6 2.7 4.2
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 5.6 10.9 2.1 -1.1_ 4.0
@=@=@ xf]6]n tyf /]i6'/]G6 8.6 6.8 3.3 -4.9_ 1.8
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / 8.4 5.2 6.2 2.6 4.7
;~rf/
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 6.2 3.7 2.9 3.3 3.3
@=@=% 3/hUuf, axfn tyf 8.2 3.6 0.8 3.7 2.7
Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf /Iff 7.7 5.0 5.4 5.8 5.4
@=@=& lzIff 6.7 4.8 3.7 6.7 5.1
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ 5.9 4.50 10.5 8.9 8.0
@=@=( cGo ;fd'bflos, ;fdflhs
tyf JolQmut ;]jfsf 9.5 4.8 4.4 5.6 4.9
lqmofsnfk
s'n d"No clej[l4 6.0 5.8 2.3 0.9
0.9 3.0
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg 5.9 5.7 2.3 0.8 2.9
2.9
-cfwf/e"t d"Nodf_
* k|f/lDes cg'dfg .
@= ;/sf/L ljQ
/fh:j
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] :j]lR5s s/ ;xeflutfsf] nflu u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf tyf s/ sfg'gsf] ;do;fk]If
kl/dfh{g / sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt u/L Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ub}{ s/ k|0ffnLsf]
sfo{s'zntf tyf k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zocg'k s/ gLlt, sfg'g tyf s/ k|zf;gnfO{{
;dofg's"n agfpg], ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 ;"rgf ;~hfnsf] ljsf; ug]{ / cfGtl/s s/

6 | rf}wf} of]hgf
tyf eG;f/df :jo+s/ 3f]if0ff k4lt cjnDag ug{]h:tf sfo{af6 s/ k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf] k|of;
u/]sf] lyof] . of]hgf cjlwdf !#=* k|ltztn] /fh:j j[l4 u/L cfwf/ jif{ @)^(&) sf] l:y/
d"Nodf s'n ?= !! va{ ## ca{ @# s/f]8 /fh:j ;ng x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf]df ?= !) va{ (^
ca{ ;ng ePsf]] 5 . of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf /fh:jsf] cg'kft
nIocg';f/ cyf{t\ @!=% k|ltzt xfl;n ePsf] 5 .
j}b]lzs ;xfotf
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] lge{/tfnfO{ qmdzM sd ub}{ n}hfg tyf ;xfotf /sdnfO{ /fli6o
k|fyldstfcg'k kl/rfng ug{ of]hgf cjlwdf j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt hf/L u/L ;a} j}b]lzs
;xfotfnfO{ ah]6 k|0ffnLleq Nofpg] k|of; ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L rfn' of]hgfdf ?= # va{ $! ca{
%( s/f]8 j}b]lzs ;xfotf -cg'bfg / C0f_ kl/rfng ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df of]hgf cjlwdf ?= !
va{ *@ ca{ %% s/f]8 kl/rfng ePsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs C0f
t]x|f}+ of]hgfn] k'FhL lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'Ug] u/L ;fj{hlgs C0fsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug{
cfGtl/s C0fsf] dfqfnfO{ lglZrt ;Ldfleq /fVg], clwljsif{0f lgoGq0f ug]{ tyf C0f
Joj:yfkgdf ljQLo cg'zf;g sfod ug]{ gLlt clVtof/ u/]sf] lyof] . pQm of]hgfdf ;fj{hlgs
C0fnfO{ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] ## k|ltzt / cfGtl/s C0fnfO{ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] jflif{s
cf};t @=@% k|ltztdf ;Lldt /fVg] nIo lnPsf]df of]hgf cjlwdf o:tf] cg'kft qmdzM @&=(
k|ltzt / @=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs vr{
;fj{hlgs vr{sf] pkof]unfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg t]x|f}F of]hgfn] dGqfnout ah]6 ;"rgf
k|0ffnL -LMBIS_ sf] ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} sfo{qmddf cfwfl/t eP/ ah]6 th'{df ug{] tyf k|of]hg
v'nfP/dfq e}k/L zLif{sdf ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{]h:tf glthf;Fu cfa4 x'g] k|fjwfg;lxt ah]6
lgdf{0f ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . of]hgf cjlwdf s'n ah]6 ?= !^ va{ !^ ca{ &% s/f]8 vr{
x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf]df ?= !# va{ %* ca{ ^# s/f]8 vr{ ePsf] 5 . of] vr{ s'n ufx{:Yo
pTkfbgsf] cf};t @$=& k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 .
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] k|:tfj u/]sf] ;/sf/L ah]6 tyf o;sf ;|f]txsf] k|If]k0f tyf ah]6
Joj:yfkgsf] cj:yf tflnsf !=# df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

kl/ro | 7
 tflnsf !=# M ;/sf/L ah]6sf] cj:yf
-cf=j= @)^(&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_
-?= s/f]8df_
t]x|f} t]x|f} of]hgfsf] l:ylt
qm=;+= ljj/0f of]hgfsf] cf=j= cf=j= cf=j= k|ult
k|If]k0f hDdf
@)&)&! @)&!&@ @)&@&# k|ltzt
! s'n ah]6 161675 39913 46337 49613 135863 84.0
@ s'n /fh:j 113323 33822 35917 39905 109643 96.8
# j}b]lzs cg'bfg 18946 3872 3329 3558 10759 56.8
$ s'n vr{ 136926 33966 37328 40880 112174 81.9
rfn' vr{ 103929 27847 29588 30692 88127 84.8
k'FhLut vr{ 32998 6119 7740 10188 24047 72.9
% ah]6 art -++_ Go"g -+-_ 4658 -3728_ -1918_ -2583_
^ ljQLo Joj:yf -4658_ 1959 2907 -3239_ 1626 -34.9_
& v'b C0f nufgL 5720 1095 2290 951 4336 75.8
cfGtl/s C0f nufgL 6978 1143 2471 2049 5664 81.2
cfGtl/s C0f lkmtf{ 1257 48 181 1098 1328 105.6
* v'b ;]o/ nufgL 3043 801 917 1052 2769 91.0
cfGtl/s ;]o/ nufgL 2180 797 743 1038 2578 118.2
j}b]lzs ;]o/ nufgL 853 3 174 15 191 22.4
( v'b j}b]lzs C0f -10251_ -234_ -741_ -2147_ -3123_ 30.5
j}b]lzs C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 4963 1417 1485 1471 4373 88.1
j}b]lzs C0f 15214 1651 2226 3618 7496 49.3
!) v'b cfGtl/s C0f -8148_ 297 441 -3095_ -2356_ 28.9
cfGtl/s C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 4788 2131 4136 4161 10428 217.8
cfGtl/s C0f 12936 1833 3695 7256 12784 98.8
#= j}b]lzs Jofkf/
t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf k|lt:kwL{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgof{t a9fpg] p2]Zon] jfl0fHo gLlt hf/L
ePsf] 5 eg] /fli6o Jofkf/ kf]6{n (National Trade Portal) sf] :yfkgf ug'{sf ;fy} pTkfbgsf]
u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ tyf j}b]lzs Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . cf=j= @)&)&! df j:t'
lgof{t ?= !)) ca{ (^ s/f]8, cf=j= @)&!&@ df ?= (* ca{ @* s/f]8 / cf=j= @)&@&#
df ?= &) ca{ /Xof] eg] cfofttkm{ cf=j= @)&)&! df ?= ^(^ ca{ #& s/f]8, cf=j=
@)&!&@ df ?= &^! ca{ && s/f]8 / cf=j= @)&@&# df ?= &*! ca{sf] j:t' cfoft ePsf]
lyof] .
o;/L lgof{tsf] Go"g j[l4 / cfoftdf ePsf] pRr j[l4sf] sf/0f of]hgfsf klxnf] b'O{ jif{df
s'n j:t' Jofkf/ 3f6fdf j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df lgof{tdf sdL t/ cfoftsf]

8 | rf}wf} of]hgf
j[l4b/df s]xL sdL cfPtfklg cfoftsf] cfsf/ g} pRr /x]sfn] Jofkf/ 3f6f j[l4 x'g uO{ ?= &!!
ca{ k'Ug uof] . lgof{tn] cfoft wfGg] Ifdtfdf qmlds kdf x|f; cfpg] k|j[lQ sfod} 5 .
$= pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt
t]x|f}F of]hgfdf d"Noj[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L cfdhgtfsf] qmozlQmdf ;'wf/ Nofpg pko'Qm
df}ls gLlt / ljQLo gLltsf] sfof{Gjog, ahf/ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; tyf cg'udg / cfk"lt{sf]
Joj:yfaf6 jflif{s cf};t d"No j[l4b/ &=) k|ltztdf ;Lldt /fvL d"No l:y/tf sfod ug]{ nIo
/flvPsf] lyof] . h;cg';f/ df}ls gLltdfkm{t d'f lj:tf/ tyf clws t/ntfdf lgoGq0f ug'{sf
;fy} d"Nodf c;/ gkg]{ u/L ljQ tyf ljb]zL ljlgdo b/;DaGwL gLlt th{'df ul/Psf] lyof] .
tyflk cf=j= @)&)&! df (=! k|ltzt, cf=j= @)&!&@ df &=@ k|ltzt / cf=j= @)&@&#
df (=( k|ltzt u/L of]hgf cjlwdf jflif{s ;/b/ d'b|fl:kmlt *=& k|ltzt /xg k'Uof] .
%= zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt
t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf d'n'ssf] zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt ;'ljwfhgs /x\of] . cf=j= @)&)&! df
zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt ?= !@&=!# ca{n] artdf /x]sf]df cf=j= @)&!&@ df ;f] art ?= !$%=)$
ca{ / cf=j= @)&@&# df ?= !(!=@$ ca{ k'Uof] .
^= a}+ls\u tyf shf{
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTjsf] nflu cfly{s, df}ls tyf ljQLo gLltdfkm{t
d"No, zf]wgfGt/ / ljQLo If]qsf] :yfloTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ tyf e'QmfgL k|0ffnLdf hgljZjf;
clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] . of]hgf cjlwdf ljQLo If]q ljsf; /0fgLlt tof/ ePsf] 5 eg]
a}l If]qdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ yk gLltut Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . a} tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx
ufEg]ufleg] sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fO{ ljQLo :yfloTj sfod ul/Psf] 5 . df}ls gLltdfkm{t
s[lifnufotsf pTkfbgzLn If]qdf a} shf{ a9fpg] Joj:yf tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf a}+ls\u kx'Fr
k'ofpg] sfo{ ePsf] 5 . n3'ljQ ;+:yfx lj:tf/ u/L ljQLo ;]jfdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr j[l4 ul/Psf]
5 . o;}u/L ljkGg ju{sf] shf{sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] kfg{'sf] ;fy} b'u{d If]qdf zfvf vf]Ng] n3'ljQ
;+:yfnfO{ g]kfn /fi6 a}n] lgAof{hL ;fk6L k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . oL ;a} k|of;sf afah'b
;j{;'ne a}+ls\u ;]jfdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr x'g] / cfly{s j[l4nfO{ 6]jf lbg] ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g
afFsL g} 5 .
&= ladf
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs lqmofsnfksf ;fy} k|fs[lts k|sf]k tyf cGo
r'gf}tLxaf6 pTkGg hf]lvdlj4 ;'/Iff k|bfg ub}{ g]kfnL ladf If]qnfO{ cGt/f{li6o
dfkb08cg';f/ :t/f]Gglt ug]{ Pjd\ b'u{d u|fdL0fnufot ;a} ju{, If]q / tx;Dd k'ofpg] k|of;
u/]sf] lyof] . of]hgfsf] klxnf] b'O{ jif{df ?= % ca{sf] r'Qmf k'FhLdf k'gla{df sDkgLsf] :yfkgf u/L
;~rfngdf NofOPsf] 5 . ladf bfaL k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f, gofF ladf P]gsf] th{'df tyf n3'ladf

kl/ro | 9
;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5 eg] s[lif ladfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg'sf ;fy} # lhNnfdf :jf:Yo ladf
;]jf;d]t k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk ladfsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] agfO{ clwstd JolQm /
sf/f]af/nfO{ ladfsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg cem} afFsL 5 .
*= k'hLahf/
5l/P/ /x]sf ;;fgf artnfO{ PsLs[t u/L nufgLsf nflu cfjZos k'FhL pTkfbgd"ns
If]qdf k'ofpg t]x|f}F of]hgfn] ;Ifd tyf ultzLn k'FhLahf/sf] ljsf;, nufgLstf{sf] kx'Fr /
ljZj;gLotf clej[l4 tyf nufgL ljljwLs/0fdfkm{t k'FhLahf/nfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 .
o; cjlwdf lwtf]kqdf nufgL ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . o; of]hgfdf
;"rLs[t ;+:yfxsf] ;+:yfut ;'zf;g, ;"rgfsf] k|jfxsf] :t/df j[l4, ;]o/sf] cef}ltsLs/0f /
sf/f]af/df ;/nLs/0f u/L k'FhLahf/df nufgL cfsif{0f / ljZj;gLotf j[l4 ug{] k|of; ul/Psf]
5 . To:t} j:t' ahf/;DaGwL P]g th{'df, lwtf]kq Joj;foLxsf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/ tyf
k'FhLahf/sf] ljs]GLs/0f / lj:tf/df ;xof]u k'ofpg ljQLo ;fIf/tf gLlt sfof{Gjog ul/Psf]
5 . t/ lwtf]kq ahf/nfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls[t Pjd\ ljljwLs/0f ug]{ / k'FhL ahf/dfkm{t bL3{sfnLg k'FhL
kl/rfng ug]{ sfo{ cem cl3 a9fpg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
t]x|f}F of]hgfdf ePsf] nufgL / o;af6 cy{tGqsf] ljleGg If]qdf kg{ uPsf] k|efj
tflnsf g+= !=$ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf !=$ M s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf ljleGg ;"rsxsf] nIo Pjd\ k|ult
qm=;+= ljj/0f cf=j= @)^(&) t]x|f} of]hgfsf] cf=j= @)&@&#
sf] l:ylt nIo ;Ddsf] k|ult
1 s'n nufgL -df}Hbft kl/jt{g;d]t_ #^=( $)=*$ #$=)
2 s'n l:y/ k'FhL nufgL @@=^ @&=*( @%=)
;fj{hlgs If]q $=@ *=&# 5.9
lghL If]q !*=$ !(=!^ 19.1
3 df}Hbftdf kl/jt{g !$=# !@=($ *=(
4 s'n /fli6o art $)=# $!=) $@=(
5 j}b]lzs ;xfotf @=* %=(! 3.8
cg'bfg @=! #=#& 1.9
C0f )=& @=%$ 1.9
6 s'n /fh:j !&=^ @!=! 21.5
7 s'n vr{ !&=* @%=)^ 22.0
rfn' vr{ !$=^ !*=^# 16.5
k'FhLut vr{ #=@ ^=$$ 5.5
8 ah]6 art/3f6f !=* )=%( -1.4_
9 ljQLo Joj:yf !=% )=%( 1.7
10 v'b C0f nufgL )=& !=$@ 0.5
11 v'b ;]o/ nufgL )=%# )=&! 0.6

10 | rf}wf} of]hgf
 cf=j= @)^(&) t]x|f} of]hgfsf] cf=j= @)&@&#
qm=;+= ljj/0f
sf] l:ylt nIo ;Ddsf] k|ult
12 v'b j}b]lzs C0f )=!# !=$& 1.2
13 v'b cfGtl/s C0f 0.11 1.25 1.7

!=@=@ cGo ljifout If]q

s[lif, l;rfO tyf jg
s[lif
t]x|f}F of]hgfdf s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbg $=% k|ltztn] j[l4 x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf]df of]hgf
cjlwdf cf};t j[l4b/ @=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . vfBfGg pTkfbgtkm{ jflif{s ! s/f]8 *
nfv *! xhf/ d]l6s 6g pTkfbg k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df @)&@&# df
wfg $@ nfv (( xhf/ d]l6s 6g, ds} @@ nfv #! xhf/ d]l6s 6g / ux'F !% nfv &) xhf/
d]=6g pTkfbg ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . kmnkm"n / t/sf/Ltkm{ qmdzM !@ nfv ^) xhf/ / #^ nfv
#% xhf/ d]l6s 6g pTkfbgsf] nIo /x]sf]df qmdzM !) nfv (^ xhf/ / #% nfv *) xhf/
d]l6s 6g pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 . df5f, b"w tyf df;'sf] pTkfbgdf qmdzM && d]l6s 6g, !&
nfv %( xhf/ d]l6s 6g, # nfv @$ xhf/ d]l6s 6g k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df qmdzM &* xhf/
d]l6s 6g, !* nfv %$ xhf/ d]l6s 6g / # nfv !* xhf/ d]l6s 6g pTkfbg ePsf] 5 .
To;}u/L c08f pTkfbg (@ s/f]8 @& nfv uf]6f k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df !@) s/f]8 uf]6f pTkfbg
ePsf] 5 . s[lif pTkfbgsf] nflu df};ddf e/ kg{'kg]{ cj:yf, ;dodf g} lap tyf dnvfb
pknAw gx'g', s[lifof]Uo hldg afFemf] /x]sf] cj:yf / e"sDksf] k|efjsf] sf/0fn] s[lif If]qsf]
;du| pTkfbgdf ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;s]g . t/ df5f, b'w, df;' tyf c08f pTkfbgsf]
If]qdf eg] ;Gtf]ifhgs k|ult ePsf] 5 .
l;rfO
l;FrfOtkm{ !)( xhf/ x]S6/ If]qkmndf yk l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'ofpg] of]hgfsf] nIo /x]sf]df
;dLIff cjlwdf yk *! xhf/ x]S6/ If]qkmndf dfq l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf]] 5 . 7"nf l;FrfO of]hgf
sfof{Gjogdf l9nfO tyf af9Lklx/f]h:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]k g} l;FrfO ;'ljwf lj:tf/df k|d'v ;d:of
sf kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ .
jg
t]x|f}F of]hgfdf jgn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn #(=^ k|ltztaf6 a9fO{ $) k|ltzt k'ofpg] nIo lyof]
. o; cjlwdf jg If]qdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 eO{ $$=% k|ltzt k'u]sf] cg'dfg 5 . jg gLlt,
j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw, jg ;'/Iff of]hgf cflbh:tf gLltut Joj:yf nfu" ePsf 5g\
eg] of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df #,^)) x]S6/ If]qdf j[Iff/f]k0f ul/g'sf ;fy} (## x]S6/ jgIf]qdf
ePsf] cltqmd0f x6fOPsf] 5 .

kl/ro | 11
pBf]u tyf ko{6g
pBf]u
t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf pBf]u If]qdf ! nfv %) xhf/ /f]huf/L yk x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf]df
sl/a () xhf/ hgfnfO{ /f]huf/L yk ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf lgdf{0f pBf]u
If]qsf] of]ubfg ^=@ k|ltztaf6 a9fO{ &=% k|ltzt k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df %=% k|ltzt k'u]sf]
k|f/lDes cg'dfg 5 . pBf]uxsf] :yfkgfdf lj:tf/ ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df 7"nf pBf]ux pNn]vgLo
;\Vofdf :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvP tfklg ;fgf tyf n3' pBf]ux ck]lIft ;\Vofdf lj:tf/ x'g
;s]sf 5}gg\ .
ko{6g
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] g]kfnnfO{ cfsif{s / ;'/lIft ko{6g uGtJo:yn agfO{ ;\VofTds / u'0ffTds
kdf ko{6s cfudgdf j[l4 u/L cy{tGqdf of]ubfg k'ofpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] lyof] . of]hgf
cjlwdf jflif{s ko{6s cfudg ;\Vof !! nfv k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df ;dLIff cjlwsf] klxnf]
jif{df ko{6s cfudg ;\Vof & nfv (& xhf/ /x]sf] lyof]] . t/ bf];|f] jif{df e"sDksf] sf/0fn]
;f] ;\Vof 36]/ sl/a % nfvdf ;Lldt /xg uof] . t];|f] jif{df ;f] ;\Vof & nfv !) xhf/
/x]sf] cg'dfg 5 .
;fdflhs ;]jf
lzIff
t]x|f}F of]hgfdf egf{b/tkm{ k|fylds tx -!% sIff_ sf] v'b egf{b/ (%=# k|ltztaf6 zt
k|ltzt k'ofpg]] nIo /x]sf]df @)&@ sf] cGTodf (^=^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . s'n ;fIf/tfb/ ^%=(
k|ltztaf6 *% k|ltzt k'ofpg] nIo lnOPsf]df &* k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . !% b]lv @$ jif{
pd]/sf] ;fIf/tf *&=% k|ltztaf6 (% k|ltzt k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df **=^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
:jf:Yo
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Fr lj:tf/ u/L u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf
pknAw u/fO{ pTkfbgzLn / :t/Lo hLjgofkgsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] lyof] .
of]hgfn] dft[ d[To'b/ -k|ltnfv hLljt hGddf_ @*! Aff6 !#$ df emfg]{ nIo lnPsf]df @%* df
em/]sf] 5 . kfFr jif{d'lgsf] afn d[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf_ %$ af6 #* df emfg]{ nIo
eg] k"/f ePsf] 5 . g]kfnLsf] ;/b/ cfo' ^*=* jif{af6 j[l4 eO{ &! k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf]df ^(
jif{ k'u]sf] cg'dfg 5 . s'n k|hggb/ -!% b]lv $( jif{sf k|ltdlxnf_ @=^ af6 @=$ df emfg]{
nIo /x]sf]df @=# df em/]sf] cg'dfg 5 .
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO
;g\ @)!& leq zt k|ltzt hgtfnfO{ cfwf/e"t :t/sf] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;]jf
pknAw u/fpg] /fli6o nIocg';f/ t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgL ;]jfsf] kx'Fr (^=#

12 | rf}wf} of]hgf
k|ltzt k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df *#=^ k|ltzt hgtfdf vfg]kfgLsf] ;+/rgf k'u]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf]
5 . pRr / dWod:t/sf] vfg]kfgL ;]jf !% k|ltzt gful/sdf k'Ug] cg'dfg /x]sf]df !%=*
k|ltztdf k'uL nIo xfl;n ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L Go"gtd ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfsf] kx'Fr ()=% k|ltzt k'
ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df *! k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] ul/aL, c;dfgtf, ;LdfGts[t, czQm / ;fdflhs cfly{s hf]lvddf /x]sf
gful/ssf] pTyfg / ;zQmLs/0f u/L ;dGoflos Pjd\ ;Ddfghgs hLjgofkgsf] jftfj/0f
agfpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] nflu hgr]tgf, ;zQmLs/0f, :j/f]huf/h:tf sfo{qmdsf ;fy}
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]if, j[4 tyf czQm eQf, j[4f>d lgdf{0f, :jf:Yo tyf s[lif ladf, ;Lkd"ns
tflnd cflb ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx If]qut sfo{qmdcGtu{t ljleGg lgsfoxaf6
;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . sltko sfo{qmdx nlIft sfo{qmdsf kdf Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L /f]huf/L
l;h{gf ug]{ k|sf/sf 5g\ eg] s]xL sfo{qmdxn] hLjg lgjf{xsf] nflu eQf tyf cg'bfgsf] kdf
lg/Gt/tf kfPsf 5g\ . xfn !) nfv $( xhf/ *!( hgf Ho]i7 gful/sn] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf
k|fKt ul//x]sf 5g\ . kfFrcf]6f Ho]i7 gful/s gd'gf u|fdsf] lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 . Ho]i7
gful/snfO{ c:ktfndf 5'} sIfsf] Joj:yf tyf ;fj{hlgs oftfoftdf dlxnf, ckftf ePsf
JolQm tyf Ho]i7 gful/sxsf nflu l;6 cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf nfu' ePsf] 5 . tLg lhNnfdf
:jf:Yo ladf of]hgf ;'? ePsf] 5 .
o;}u/L lk5l8Psf] hfthflt, ju{, If]q tyf ;d'bfosf nflu ;dfj]lztfsf] cfwf/df /fHosf
ljleGg c\uxdf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] Joj:yfcg'k Joj:yflksf ;+;b\df @(=( k|ltzt,
lghfdtL k|zf;gdf !&=% k|ltzt / Gofokflnsfdf #=) k|ltzt dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5 .
cf/If0f Joj:yfcg'k s'n l;6 ;\Vofsf] lgwf{l/t k|ltztsf cfwf/df cGo ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf
k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt x'g] k|lqmofsf] sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] 5 .
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
pmhf{
t]x|f}F of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf ljB't\sf] kx'Fr x'g] hg;\Vof *& k|ltzt k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df
xfn;Dd &$ k|ltzt hg;\Vofdf ljB't\ kx'Fr k'u]sf] 5 . o;dWo] /fli6o ljB't\ k|0ffnLdf kx'Fr
k|fKt ug]{ hg;\Vof %* k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . s'n hl8t ljB't\ Ifdtf *%! d]ufjf6 k'u]sf] 5 eg]
^^ s]=eL= jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOg Ifdtf @,(&) lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . of]hgfsf]
cGt;Dd gjLs/0fLo pmhf{tkm{ !*=^ d]ufjf6 3/fo;L ;f}o{ ljB't\ pTkfbg, # nfv ^$ xhf/
afof]Uof; KnfG6 / & nfv @$ xhf/ ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf] h8fg ul/Psf] 5 . gjLs/0fLo pmhf{af6
nfeflGjt x'g] ;du| hg;\Vof !# k|ltztaf6 j[l4 eO{ !* k|ltzt k'u]sf] cg'dfg 5 .

kl/ro | 13
oftfoft tyf ;~rf/
rfn' of]hgfsf] k|yd b'O{ jif{df /0fgLlts / If]qLo:t/sf ;8s lgdf{0f @%,@^%
lsnf]ld6/af6 j[l4 eO{ @(,)#! lsnf]ld6/, k'nsf] ;\Vof !,^)( af6 yk eO{ !,(%@ k'u]sf] 5 .
cem} klg b'O{ lhNnf ;8s ;~hfndf hf]l8g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . xjfO{ oftfofttkm{ #^ d'n'sx;Fu
xjfO{ ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 eg] ljleGg d'n'ssf @^ cGt/f{li6o xjfO{ sDkgLxn] g]kfndf p8fg
ul//x]sf 5g\ . uf}td a'4 If]qLo ljdfg:yn / kf]v/f If]qLo ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De
ePsf] 5 . /]n oftfofttkm{ l;d/falb{jf; v08 / cGo ljleGg v08 u/L hDdf #&@
lsnf]ld6/;Ddsf]] lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg tof/ ePsf] 5 .
;~rf/tkm{ ;dLIff cjlwdf 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj *!=& k|ltztaf6 j[l4 eO{ !!)=# k|ltzt
k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} /]l8of]sf] /fli6o k|;f/0fsf] kx'Fr () k|ltzt k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df **
k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6 u|fxssf] ;\Vof sl/a ! s/f]8 @! Nffv / u|fxs 3gTj @^=(
k|ltztaf6 j[l4 eO{ $^=% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
ejg, cfjf; tyf ;x/L ljsf;
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] lghL If]q;d]tsf] ;lqmotfdf ;a}sf nflu Ifdtfcg';f/sf] ;'/lIft cfjf;sf]
Joj:yf ug{ lskmfotL, jftfj/0fd}qL tyf e"sDk hf]lvdd'Qm ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL ejgxsf]
lgdf{0f / ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf]] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf u|fdL0f If]qsf nlIft ju{sf nflu
^,!(@ hgtf cfjf; PsfO / ;x/L Go"g cfo ePsfxsf nflu !#) cfjf; PsfOsf] lgdf{0f
sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L ;'/lIft, :jR5, Jojl:yt / ;d[4 ;x/ ljsf;sf] nflu !^ cf]6f
gu/kflnsfdf PsLs[t ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 eg] !) cf]6f ;x/L sf]l/8f]/df k"jf{wf/
ljsf;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 . of]hgf cjlwdf k|:tfljt !) cf]6f gofF ;x/xsf] lgdf{0fsf
nflu hUuf vl/b sfo{ cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 .
cGt/;DalGwt If]qx
>d tyf /f]huf/L
t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf /fli6o /f]huf/ gLlt sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 eg] /f]huf/L k|Tofe"lt
sfg'gsf] d:of}bf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . !* cf]6f lhNnfxdf /f]huf/ ;"rgf tyf k/fdz{ s]Gdfkm{t
a]/f]huf/xsf] nut tyf l/Qm kbsf] clen]v cBfjlws ul/Psf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu
clGtd :jLs[lt lnPsf] ;\Vof cf=j= @)&)&!, @)&!&@ / cf=j= @)&@&# df qmdzM
%,@&,*!$ hgf, %,!@,**& hgf / $,!*,&!# hgf /x]sf] 5 .
jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g
t]x|f}F of]hgfdf jftfj/0fLo k|efj tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu xl/t
ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff NofOPsf]df jgn] 9fs]sf] If]qsf] lj:tf/;Fu} of] cjwf/0ff klg sfof{Gjog x'Fb}
uPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;fy}, jftfj/0f P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg, hf]lvd kbfy{ lgodfjnL,
/f;folgs dfqf lgwf{/0f;DaGwL dfkb08h:tf sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo

14 | rf}wf} of]hgf
cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfdfkm{t ! nfv %) xhf/ gful/s k|ToIf nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ . OF6fefdf
;'wfl/Psf] k|ljlw, jftfj/0fLo gd'gf k|of]uzfnf, jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof\sg k/LIf0f / w'Fjfw'nf]
k/LIf0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] lyof] .
n}ls ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f
;a} ;fdflhs ;d"x, ju{ / If]qsf dlxnfxsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts ;zQmLs/0f
;'lglZrt ub}{ dlxnf lx+;f, lje]b / alxis/0fsf] cGTo ug]{ p2]Zon] of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ -lgjf/0f_
P]g, af]S;L;DaGwL -s;'/ / ;hfo_ P]g th{'df ePsf] 5 . Psn dlxnf ;'/Iff sf]if lgodfjnL /
;~rfng dfkb08 sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . /fHosf ;a} c\uxnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg] k|of;sf]
kmn:jk dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj pNn]Vo kdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . cf=j= @)&@&# df k|ToIf n}ls
pQ/bfoL ah]6 @@=# k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf nlIft ;d"x ;b:o ;\Vof !)
nfv $# xhf/ gf3]sf] 5 .
zflGt tyf ;'zf;g
zflGt, k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf
t]x|f}F of]hgfdf hgcfGbf]ng / ;z:q Gsf] qmddf hLjg pT;u{ u/]sf ;lxbsf] ;Ddfg,
a]kQfsf] vf]hL, G kLl8tsf] nflu /fxt tyf k'g:yf{kgf, k'gP{sLs/0f / ;\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo
k|bfg ug{ tyf Iflt ePsf ;+/rgf lgdf{0f Pjd\ dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{sf] nflu sfo{qmdx
;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmxsf] 5fglag cfof]u / ;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfk
cfof]u u7g ePsf 5g\ . t]x|fF} of]hgf cjlwdf Gdf Hofg u'dfPsf !!,#)@ kl/jf/nfO{
clwstd ?= % nfv / !$,$!* hgfnfO{ clwstd ?= Ps nfv /fxt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}
!,!^@ a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmsf xsbf/nfO{ clwstd ?= % nfv k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 / $,^$( hgf
G k|efljt ljwjf tyf Psn dlxnfnfO{ /fxt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . hgcfGbf]ngsf 3fOt] #)
hgfnfO{ dfl;s j[lQ, #* hgfnfO{ 5fqj[lQ / #,@!^ hgfnfO{ /fxt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy},
#,*(# cf]6f Gaf6 Ifltu|:t ePsf ef}lts ;+/rgfxsf] k'glg{df{0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
;'zf;g
t]xf}F of]hgfdf sfg'gL /fHosf] d"NodfGotfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ /fHo ;+oGqsf ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf
;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / e|i6frf/df z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf u/L ;'zf;g
sfod ug]{ p2]Zocg'k Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] gful/s a8fkqsf] Joj:yf, ;]jfk|jfx / sfof{nodf
ljB'tLo zf;g, c6f]d];g, g]6jls{, ;/sf/L vr{nfO{ j]e;fO6dfkm{t ;fj{hlgsLs/0f,
;"rs;lxtsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tfh:tf k|fjwfgxsf] k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g /
lgodfjnLnfO{ ;fdlos agfpg ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] 5 .
sfg'gL zf;gsf] clgjfo{ ;t{sf] kdf :jtGq / ;Ifd Gofok|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ug{ ljBdfg
sfg'gsf] ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{gsf] nflu cWoog cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf] 5 . b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L
sfg'gsf] ;+lxtf ljw]os k]; ePsf] 5 . cfdgful/ssf] Gofodf ;dfg / ;xh kx'Frsf] nflu

kl/ro | 15
;+:yfut, sfg'gL / k|lqmofut ;'wf/ ul/Psf] 5 . afn Gofok|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ tyf dlxnf
;+j]bgzLn d'2fdf zL3| Gofo k|bfg ug]{ k|of; ePsf 5g\ .
e|i6rf/sf] cg';Gwfgsf nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf ph'/L Joj:yfkg
k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . ;+:yfut Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug{ cfof]usf
If]qLo tyf ;Dks{ sfof{nox vf]lnPsf 5g\ .

!=@=# ul/aL, /f]huf/L / dfgj ljsf;

ljut b'O{ bzsb]lv ljleGg cfjlws ljsf; of]hgfxn] ul/aL Go"gLs/0fnfO{ k|d'v p2]Zosf]
kdf /fVb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . tL of]hgfxn] ;~rfng u/]sf ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{qmd, nlIft
sfo{qmdx, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd / j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt ljk|]if0fsf] pkof]usf] sf/0fn]
ul/aL Go"gLs/0f tyf dfgj ljsf; ;"rsxdf pNn]Vo kdf ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 .
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;\VofnfO{ @#=* k|ltztaf6 !* k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo lnO{ ;'?
ePsf] t]x|f}F of]hgfdf ljleGg lgsfoxdfkm{t nlIft sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/Psf lyP . of]hgf
cjlwdf ;Lkd"ns tyf /f]huf/d"ns tflnd, Ifdtf clej[l4, ljleGg ;fwg ;|f]tdf lk5l8Psf /
;LdfGts[t ju{ / ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr, :j/f]huf/sf] nflu shf{ / ;dfj]lztfsf] cfwf/df
;xeflutfsf] cj;/h:tf sfo{qmdx d'Vo kdf ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . a]/f]huf/ o'jfxnfO{
:j/f]huf/ sf]if / k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\af6 ;Lkd"ns tyf :j/f]huf/
tflnd k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ul/asf] klxrfg / juL{s/0f u/L kl/rokqsf] cfwf/df nlIft
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 . Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{, k|f]T;fxg:jk
cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{ tyf /f]huf/sf nflu shf{ k|jfx ug]{ sfo{qmdx k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf] eP
tfklg If]qLo ;Gt'ng, lg/Gt/tf / kof{Kttftkm{ Wofg k'Ug' h?/L 5 .
d'n'sdf JofKt ul/aL ljsf; k|of;sf] Ps k|d'v r'gf}tL aGb} cfPsf] 5 . ul/aLsf] ;3gtf
ljz]if u/L b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf a9L 5 . pj{/ e"ldnufot cGo k|fs[lts ;fwg ;|f]t,
pTkfbgd"ns Joj;fo / /f]huf/Ldf ul/asf] kx'Fr cToGt Go"g /x]sf] 5 . ljsf; ;x/s]lGb|t
ePsf] 5 eg] b'u{d tyf kxf8L If]qdf 5l/P/ /x]sf a:tLxdf k"jf{wf/ ;'ljwf k'ofpg sl7g
ePsf] 5 .
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] plNnlvt nIo xfl;n ug{ pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/Lsf cj;/xsf] ljsf; ug]{,
pTkfbsTj j[l4, Gofof]lrt ljt/0f, >dd"ns k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg], Go"gtd /f]huf/L
k|Tofe"t of]hgf nfu' ug]{, u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L ul/aLnfO{ nlIft sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug]{ cflb
gLlt lnPsf] lyof] . ;fy}, ul/a klxrfg / juL{s/0f u/L ul/a 3/kl/jf/nfO{ ;zQmLs/0f /
Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, vfB ;'/Iff, sfg'gL ;r]tgf tyf ljk|]if0faf6 k|fKt cfonfO{
pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/Ldf kl/rfng ug]{ gLlt / sfo{qmdx ljleGg ljifo If]qut sfo{qmdxleq}
;dfj]z u/L sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}, of]hgf cjlwdf gofF /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf ug]{,
cgf}krfl/s If]qdf s]lGb|t cb[Zo a]/f]huf/L 36fpg], s[lifdf cfl>t cfjZostfeGbf a9L

16 | rf}wf} of]hgf
hg;\VofnfO{ u}/s[lif If]qdf :yfgfGt/0f u/fpg], :j/f]huf/nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ / ;xsfl/tfnfO{
ul/aL Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmd;Fu cfa4 ug]{ k|of;x ePsf 5g\ .
t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt ljk|]if0f, s[lif tyf u}/s[lif If]qdf ePsf]
Hofnf j[l4, ljkGg, k5fl8 k/]sf Pjd\ ;LdfGts[t ju{ / If]qsf hgtfsf] nflu ;~rflnt
;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f;DaGwL sfo{qmdnufotsf cGo nlIft sfo{qmdxsf] kmn:jk
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;\Vof @#=* k|ltztaf6 @!=^ k|ltztdf em/]sf] cg'dfg 5 .
ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{df >d ahf/df l;h{gf ePsf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/xsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf
/xG5 . t/ s'n hg;\Vofsf] sl/a %& k|ltzt cfly{s kn] ;lqmo hgzlQmdWo] Go"g ;\Vofn]
dfq k"0f{ / pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . s'n hg;\Vofsf] sl/a #)
k|ltzt cw{a]/f]huf/ / @=# k|ltzt k"0f{ a]/f]huf/ /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . d'n'sdf nufgL ug]{ pko'Qm
jftfj/0fsf] cefjsf sf/0f pBf]u / ;]jfsf] If]qdf cfzftLt ljsf; x'g g;Sbf ;lqmo
hgzlQmsf] 7"nf] lx:;f s[lifdf cfl>t /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . s[lif If]qdf klg kof{Kt l;FrfO /
cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L cfw'lgsLs/0f / Joj;foLs/0f x'g g;Sbf s[lifdf cfl>t hgzlQm
klg cw{a]/f]huf/Lsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ul/asf] 7"nf] lx:;f s[lifdf cfl>t x'g' t/
s[lif If]qsf] j[l4b/ Go"g ePaf6 ul/aLdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] jflif{s cf};t #=@ k|ltztsf b/n] /f]huf/L j[l4 ug]{ nIo lnPsf]df @=(
k|ltztn] dfq j[l4 ePsf] 5 . jflif{s sl/a $ nfv %) xhf/ JolQm >d ahf/df k|j]z u/L/x]sf]
xfnsf] cj:yfdf d'n'sleq kof{Kt /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x ;[hgf x'g g;Sbf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf]
vf]hL ug{ pNn]Vo ;\Vofdf g]kfnsf] o'jfzlQm ljb]lzg] u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;/L d'n'ssf]
o'jfzlQm ljb]zdf uO{ >d a]r]/ ljk]|if0fsf] dfWodaf6 d'n'sdf ljb]zL d'b|f k7fpg] u/]sf] b]lvP
tfklg d'n'sleq} ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df o'jfzlQmsf] pkof]uaf6 d'n'snfO{ bL3{sfnLg kdf
cfTdlge{/ agfpg] cj;/ u'd]sf] 5 .
dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf of]hgfsf] k|f/Dedf )=$^# /x]sf]df To;af6 j[l4 eO{ )=%$) k'u]sf]
5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgLh:tf If]qxdf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .
t]x|f+} of]hgf cjlwdf ck]lIft cfo' &! jif{ k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df ^( jif{ k'u]sf] cg'dfg 5 .
;fIf/tf b/ -!%@$ jif{ pd]/df_ (% k|ltzt k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df **=^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
k|fylds txdf v'b egf{b/ (^=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . t]x|f}F of]hgfn] lj=;+= @)&( leq g]kfnnfO{
cltsd ljsl;t /fi6af6 ljsf;ZfLn /fi6df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fv]sf] lyof] .
o;sf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;\3n] k|ltJolQm /fli6o cfo, dfgj ;DklQ ;"rsf / cfly{s hf]lvd
;"rsf u/L tLgcf]6f dfkb08 to u/L dfgj ;DklQ ;"rsf ^^ eGbfdfly x'g'kg]{, cfly{s
hf]lvd ;"rsf #@ eGbf tn x'g'kg]{ / k|ltJolQm /fli6o cfo !,@$@ cd]l/sL 8n/ k'u]sf] x'g'kg]{
u/L ;Ldf tf]s]sf] 5 . t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf klxnf] b'O{cf]6f ;"rsfxdf ;sf/fTds k|j[lQ
b]lvPsf] 5 . of]hgfsf] ;'?df ^@=@ /x]sf] dfgj ;DklQ ;"rsfdf j[l4 eO{ ^( k'u]sf] 5 .
cfly{s hf]lvd ;"rsf @&=*% af6 @& df em/]sf] 5 . of]hgf cjlwdf k|ltJolQm /fli6o cfo

kl/ro | 17
&@! cd]l/sL 8n/Aff6 j[l4 u/L ()@ 8n/ k'ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df cf=j= @)&@&# df &^*
8n/ k'u]sf] 5 . ljsf;ZfLn /fi6df :t/f]Gglt x'gsf nflu tf]lsPsf pQm ;"rsfxdWo] dfgj
;DklQ ;"rsf / cfly{s hf]lvd ;"rsfsf xsdf lgwf{l/t nIo xfl;n ePsf] b]lvG5 eg]
k|ltJolQm /fli6o cfosf] nIo k"/f x'g;s]sf] 5}g . ctM tLg cf]6f ;"rsfxdWo] cl3Nnf b'O{
cf]6f ;"rsfxdf ;sf/fTds k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] ePtfklg k|ltJolQm /fli6o cfo dxjk"0f{ x'g] x'Fbf
;f] nIo;d]t xfl;n u/L ljsf;zLn /fi6df :t/f]Gglt x'gsf] nflu cem lgs} k|of; ug'{kg]{
b]lvG5 .

!=# ;x;|fAbL ljsf; NfIosf] k|ult ;dLIff

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIonfO{ g]kfnn] bzf}F of]hgfb]lv g} cfjlws of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ub}{ cfPsf]
5 . ;f]cg';f/ ;fdflhs ljsf;sf If]qdf pNn]Vo ;fwg ljlgof]hg, cfjZostfsf] klxrfg /
rf/ k6s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L] k|ultsf] ;dLIff / ;Dk|]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . ctM bzjif]{ cfGtl/s G
/ To;kl5sf] ;\qmd0fsfnsf afjh'b clwsf+z ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox xfl;n ePsf 5g\ .
nIo ! cg';f/sf] ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf pNn]vgLo k|ult xfl;n ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !((% df $@
k|ltzt hg;\Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf]df ;g\ @)!^ df @!=^ k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 . o;/L
x]bf{ g]kfnn] ul/aLnfO{ cfwf 36fpg] nIo xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . To;f] eP tfklg If]qLo lx;fan]
;'b"/klZrdf~rn tyf s0ff{nL If]q / blnt Pjd\ lk5l8Psf] hghflt ;d"xdf tyf ;x/L If]qsf]
t'ngfdf u|fdL0f If]qdf ul/aLsf] cj:yf bogLo 5 .
nIo @ cg';f/ k|fylds txdf v'b egf{b/ (^=^ k|ltzt, !% b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf]
;fIf/tfb/ **=^ k|ltzt / k|fylds txdf l6sfpb/ *^=* k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 eg] n}ls ;dtf
;"rs ;db/df k'u]sf] l:ylt 5 . lzIff If]qdf nufgL pNNf]vgLo Kfdf j[l4 x'g', ljBfno txsf]
lzIffdf ljsf; ;fem]bf/;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf ljifo If]qut sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g', 5fqj[lQ, lbjf
vfhf sfo{qmd, 5fqfxsf nflu k[ys\ zf}rfno cflb sfo{qmdsf] sf/0f egf{b/sf] nIo xfl;n
x'g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ ckf\utf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ljBfnodf ;xh kxF'r gx'g', ljBfno
5f]8\g]b/ cem} klg pRr x'g', ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf] u'0f:t/ sdhf]/ /xg' / e"sDkn] ljBfno
ejgnufotsf k"jf{wf/ Ifltu|:t x'g'h:tf sf/0fn] k|fKt pknlAwxnfO{ l6sfO/fVg' k|d'v r'gf}tL
aGg uPsf] 5 .
nIo # cg';f/ Kf|fylds / dfWolds ljBfno txdf n}ls ;dtfb/ qmdzM )=(( / !=)
k'u]sf] 5 . o;}u/L !% b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnf tyf k'?ifaLrsf] ;fIf/tfb/sf] cGt/
sd ePsf], lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt Ps bzscl3sf] t'ngfdf bf]Aa/ k'u]sf] /
Joj:yflksf ;+;b\df dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt sl/a Ps t[tLof+z k'u]sfn] n}ls ;dfgtf;DaGwL of]
nIo xfl;n ePsf] 5 .
nIo $ cg';f/sf ljleGg ;"rsxdf pNn]vgLo pknlAw xfl;n ePsf] 5 . afn d[To'b/,
lzz' d[To'b/ / bfb'/f lj?4sf] vf]k u/L # cf]6} ;"rsxdf pNNf]Vo k|ult ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !(()

18 | rf}wf} of]hgf
df lzz' d[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf_ !)* /x]sf]df of] ;\Vof ;g\ @)!$ df ## df em/]sf]
5 . o;}u/L ;g\ !(() df afn d[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf_ !^@ /x]sf]df ;g\ @)!$ df
#* df em/]sf] 5 . bfb'/flj?4sf] vf]k (@ k|ltztdf k'u]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf ;g\ !(() df *%) /x]sf] dft[ d[To'b/ ;g\ @)!# df @%* df em/]sf] 5 . nIo %
adf]lhd dft[ d[To'b/ Go"gLs/0f ug{df pNn]vgLo k|ult u/]sfn] ;+o'Qm /fi6;\3sf]] dxf;efaf6
g]kfn k'/:s[t klg ePsf] 5 . dft[ :jf:Yodf ;sf/fTds ;'wf/ ug{ lgMz'Ns k|;"lt ;]jf, oftfoft
vr{, b'u{d If]qdf sfd ug]{ :jf:YosdL{xnfO{ pTk|]/0ff lbg] tyf :yfgLo :jf:YosdL{ tyf
;'8]gLnfO{ tflnd lbg]nufot ue{ktgnfO{ sfg'gL dfGotf k|bfg ug]{ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] k|an
e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . s'n k|hggb/ 36\g', kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgxsf] k|of]u a9\g', tflnd k|fKt
:jf:YosdL{sf] ;xof]udf ;'Ts]/L x'g]sf] ;\Vof a9\g' / ue{jtLsf] ;dodf :jf:YosdL{sf] ;]jf
;Nnfx lng]sf] ;\Vof a9\g'n] ;d]t dft[ d[To'b/ 36fpg ;3fPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
nIo ^ df PrcfO{eL, Ifo/f]u / cf}nf] /f]u;DaGwL ;"rsx /x]sf 5g\ . o; nIoadf]lhd
!%-$( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnf tyf k'?ifxdf PrcfO{eL ;\qmd0fb/ ;g\ @))) df )=@(
k|ltzt /x]sf]df @)!% df )=)# k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L !% b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xdf
;\qmd0fb/ *) k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . Ifo/f]u;DaGwL w]/}h;f] nIo klg xfl;n ePsf] 5 . cf}nf]
/f]usf xsdf d[To'b/ z"Go k'u]sfn] of] /f]u pGd"ng x'g] l:yltdf k'u]sf] 5 .
g]kfnn] nIo & df /x]sf] lbuf] ljsf;;DaGwL nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu jftfj/0fLo ;|f]t
;fwgxsf] Ifo x'g glbg gLlt tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog u/L/x]sf] 5 . kmn:jk sltko
;"rsxdf ;sf/fTds ;'wf/ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))) df 3/fo;L OGwgsf nflu bfp/fsf] k|of]u
ug]{ kl/jf/ ^* k|ltzt /x]sf]df ;g\ @)!% df %( df em/]sf] 5 . o; cjlwdf PnkLhL Uof;
k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ &=& k|ltztaf6 a9]/ @*=& k|ltztdf k'u]sf] 5 . o;}u/L jgn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn
$$=% / ;+/lIft If]q @#=% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . ;'wfl/Psf] vfg]kfgL ;+/rgfdf *#=^ k|ltzt
3/kl/jf/sf] kxF'r k'u]sf] 5 eg] *! k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/df ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 .
;du|df, ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n;DaGwL k|ult pT;fxhgs /x]sf] 5 . ul/aL 36\g',
ljBfno egf{b/ tyf ljBfnotxdf n}\lUfs ;dtfb/ pNNf]Vo kdf ;'wf/ x'g', lzz'afndft[
d[To'b/ 36\g', vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf If]qdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ x'g' ;sf/fTds ;\s]t x'g\ . t/,
/fli6o cf};tdf xfl;n ePsf sltko nIonfO{ v08Ls[t ubf{ ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]q tyf
;fdflhs ;d"xaLr ljleGgtf /x]sf] / kl/df0ffTds kdf nIo xfl;n eP klg u'0ffTds
lx;fadf sdhf]/L /x]sfn] o; l:yltdf ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 . o;}u/L a9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6f, hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf gsf/fTds c;/x, pmhf{ ;\s6nufot k"jf{wf/xsf] sdL /xg' / ;du| cfly{s
;fdflhs ;"rsx psf:gsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfly{s j[l4b/ Go"g /xg'h:tf r'gf}tLx /x]sf
5g\ . o;df ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] yk r'gf}tL yk]sf] 5 . o;}n] xfl;n ePsf pknlAwnfO{ vl:sg
glbg] / xfl;n x'g afFsL NfIox xfl;n ug]{ Pjd\ plNnlvt r'gf}tLxnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ u/L
lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo;DaGwL sfo{qmdnfO{ cfufdL of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdxdf ;d]6\g'kg]{ l:ylt 5 .

kl/ro | 19
 kl/R5]b M @
rf}wf} of]hgf
-cfly{s jif{ @)&#&$ @)&%&^_
@=! k[i7e"ld
rf}wf}+ of]hgf ;\3Lo :jksf] zf;sLo Joj:yf;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eO{ To;df
cGtlg{lxt cfly{s;fdflhs l;4fGt sfof{Gjog ug]{ klxnf] of]hgf xf] . @)&@ ;fnsf] ljgfzsf/L
e"sDkn] k'ofPsf] Ifltsf] k'glg{df{0f ub}{ pTyfgzLn g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ / blIf0fL ;Ldf If]qdf
ePsf] cj/f]waf6 /fli6o cfk"lt{ Joj:yf c:tJo:t eO{ cy{tGqsf ljleGg kIfxdf kg{ uPsf]
c;/af6 kf7 l;Sb} cfufdL lbgxdf :jfwLg / cfTdlge{/ cy{tGq lgdf{0f ug]{tkm{ of] of]hgf
d'vl/t 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;g\ @)!% sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;\3sf] dxf;efaf6 ;g\ @)#) ;Dd
xfl;n ul/;Sg] k|lta4tf;lxt :jLsf/ ul/Psf lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox / g]kfnsf] To; a]nf;Dd
dWod cfoju{sf] d'n'sxsf] :t/df k'Ug] nIo;d]t xfl;n x'g] u/L of]hgf / jflif{s sfo{qmd
to ug]{ klg of] klxnf] cj;/ xf] . gofF ;ljwfg lgdf{0f;Fu} ljsf;k|lt hgcf\sfIff pRr kdf
a9]sf] ;Gbe{df ;d]t of]hgfn] tL ck]IffxnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ hfg'kg]{ l:ylt 5 . rf}wf}+ of]hgf
tof/ ubf{ log} s'/fxnfO{ Wofgdf /flvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgaf6 kl/nlIft /fli6o
cy{tGqnfO{ ;dfhjfb pGd'v, cfTdlge{/, :jtGq tyf pGgltzLn agfpg] ;f]rnfO{ sfof{Gjog
ub}{ lbuf]kg;lxtsf] ;d[l4sf] dfu{ /fi6nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg]tkm{ of] of]hgf pGd'v 5 .
lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox xfl;n ub}{ @)*& ;Dd dWod cfDbfgL ePsf] d'n'ssf] kdf
:t/f]Gglt ug]{u/L of] of]hgf th'{df ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L /f]huf/d'vL / Gofof]lrt ljt/0f;lxtsf]
cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;/sf/L ;fy} lghL tyf ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ kl/k"/s kdf kl/rfng ug{'
cfjZos 5 . oL tLgcf]6} If]qaf6 yk nufgL / nufgLsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4sf] dfWodaf6 pRr
cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{, k|ltJolQm cfonfO{ l5} dWod cfDbfgL ePsf] d'n'sdf :t/f]Gglt x'g]
:t/df k'ofpg] / cGttM lbuf] cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n ug]{tkm{ rf}wf}+ of]hgfnfO{ s]lGt ul/Psf] 5 .

@=@ r'gf}tL tyf cj;/

r'gf}tL
'tt/ cfly{s j[l4 / To;sf] Gofok"0f{ ljt/0fdfkm{t zL3| ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{, dfgj
ljsf;sf kIfdf pNn]Vo j[l4 ug]{ / ;du| cy{tGqnfO{ ;d[l4 / lbuf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf]
kydf n}hfg] sfo{ lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . cfly{s j[l4;Fu;Fu} cfosf] ljt/0fdf cfpg;Sg] c;dfgtf
36fO{ g]kfnnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t ;dtfd"ns tyf nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] kdf
:yflkt ug{ klg Tolts} h?/L 5 . cfly{s If]qsf] ;3g lj:tf/dfkm{t /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf
u/L hg;f\lVos nfef+zsf] clwstd pkof]u ug]{ / :jb]zdf g} kof{Kt sfdsf cj;/x l;h{gf

20 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
ug]{ sfo{ klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . To:t}, lgjf{xd'vL s[lifnfO{ kfGt/0f u/L k|lt:kwf{ Pjd\
Joj;fod'vL agfpFb} o;nfO{ d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df cfa4 ug]{ sfo{ emg} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
pmhf{;6 x6fpg], k|sf]k;DaGwL ;DefJo hf]lvdxsf] Go"gLs/0f ub}{ cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf;sf
;a} k|of;xnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"n agfpg] sfo{ cem 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf] 5 .
k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f tyf ljsf; / cfa4tf;Fu} u|fdL0f / ;x/L ljsf;nfO{ cGt/;DalGwt t'NofO{
o;nfO{ cfly{s j[l4sf] ;|f]tsf] kdf :yflkt ug{'kg]{5 .
ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ sfo{;Fu;Fu} lgIf]k0f;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{
hgtfsf] clt glhssf] zf;sLo tx;Dd ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfx / ljt/0fnfO{ lglZrttf k|bfg
ug{ ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkgnufot cGo zf;sLo ;'wf/sf] sfo{ cl3 a9fpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo tx;Dd ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtf a9fpFb} ;a} txdf hjfkmb]xL, :jR5 /
k|efjsf/L ljsf; k|zf;g sfod ug]{ sfo{ klg r'gf}tLs} kdf /x]sf] 5 . /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf]
sfo{ l56f] ;DkGg ub}{ k|fb]lzs Pjd\ :yfgLo ljsf;sf] g]t[Tj oyf;Dej l56f] lgjf{lrt
hgk|ltlglwxaf6 g} u/fpg] r'gf}tL;Fu} s]GLo of]hgf sfof{Gjog k|0ffnLnfO{ klg ;'b[9
t'Nofpg'kg]{5 .

cj;/
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eP;Fu} d"ne"t kdf /fhg}lts ;d:ofxsf] ;dfwfg x'g uO{ d'n's
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . pj{/ hldg, hn:f|f]t, jg, vfgL, h}ljs
ljljwtf Pjd\ ef}uf]lns ;'Gb/tfh:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]txsf] a'l4dtfk"0f{ pkof]uaf6 ;d[l4 xfl;n
ug{;Sg] k|Zf:t ;Defjgf 5g\ . s'n hg;\Vofdf cfly{s kn] ;lqmo x'g] hg;\Vofsf] cg'kft
a9\b} hfg'sf ;fy} cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ 'ttf k|bfg ug{ :j:y / qmdzM lzlIft x'Fb}
uO/x]sf] ;Ifd hgzlQm ljsf; x'Fb}5 ., ljZj cg'ejaf6 k|dfl0ft a9Ldf tLgrf/ bzs;Dd
pknAw x'g] hg;f\lVos nfef+z g]kfnnfO{ xfn pknAw 5 . pkof]u x'g} g;s]sf tyf sd
pkof]u eO/x]sf ef}lts tyf cGo k"jf{wf/ pkof]u ug]{ cj;/ klg 5 .
xfn;Ddsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s If]qdf ePsf] nufgLsf] pRrtd k|ltkmn lng;Sg] cj:yf
5 . cfly{s kn] ;lqmo hg;\Vofsf] cfwfcfwL hg;\Vof ;xsf/L tyf ;fd'bflos k|0ffnLdf
cfa4 5g\ . o;af6 ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf;sf nflu cfwf/lznf alg;s]sf] 5 . lghL tyf
;xsf/L b'j} If]q k|j4{g ug]{ ;/sf/L gLltaf6 k|fKt cj;/sf] pkof]u ub}{ d'n'snfO{ cfly{s kn]
;d[4 agfpg ;/sf/;Fu kl/k"/ssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ pQm If]qx tTk/ 5g\ . e"sDkaf6 ePsf]
ljgfz / blIf0fL ;Ldf If]qdf ePsf] cj/f]wsf] sf/0faf6 ef]Ug' k/]sf] kL8f / Ifltn] ;Gt'lnt
cGt/lge{/tfsf] cfwf/df cfTdlge{/tf / lbuf] ljsf; cufl8 a9fpg cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ .
cGt/;/sf/L d~r, cGt/f{li6o tyf If]qLo ;\3;+:yfdfkm{t ljsf;df ;fem]bf/L / pRr j}b]lzs
;xfotf k|lta4tf k|fKt 5 . u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnufotaf6 d'n'sdf j}b]lzs nufgL qmdzM
cfslif{t eO/x]sf] 5 . l5d]sL d'n'sdf 't lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] dWod juL{o hglx:;faf6 g]kfnsf]
ko{6g, j}b]lzs nufgL, lgof{t Pjd\ sltko ;]jf If]qsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt 5 . j}b]lzs
rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 21
/f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt ;Lk, k'FhL / pBdzLntfsf] pkof]udfkm{t g]kfndf afXo hut\af6 1fg, k|ljlw
/ k'FhL kl/rfng ug{ yk cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
@=# ;f]r
:jfwLg, ;d'Ggt tyf ;dfhjfb pGd'v /fli6o cy{tGq Pjd\ ;d[4 g]kfnL .
@=$ nIo
;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo x'Fb} dWod cfo ePsf d'n'ssf] :t/df k'Ug] .
@=% p2]Zo
pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L pGd'v / Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f;lxtsf] pRr cfly{s j[l4f/f 't ul/aL
Go"gLs/0f ub}{ cfly{s ;fdflhs kfGt/0f ug'{ .
@=^ kl/df0ffTds nIo
rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf k|d'v cfly{s;fdflhs nIo tflnsf g+= @=! df pNn]v u/]adf]lhd sfod
ul/Psf 5g\ M
tflnsf @=! M k|d'v cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ef}lts nIox
cf=j= @)&@&# rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] nIo
qm=;+= ;"rsnIo
sf] l:ylt -@)&%&^ df_
!= jflif{s cf};t cfly{s j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ )=* &=@
@= s[lif If]qsf] jflif{s cf};t j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ !=# $=&
#= u}/s[lif If]qsf] jflif{s cf};t j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ )=^ *=$
$= d'b|f:kmLlt (=% &=%
%= k|ltJolQm s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -?= xhf/df_ &(=$ !!^=%
^= ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;\Vof -k|ltzt_ @!=^ !&=)
&= dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf )=%$ )=%&
*= n}ls ;zQmLs/0f ;"rsf )=%^ )=%*
(= ck]lIft cfo' -hGd]sf] ;dodf, jif{_ ^( &@
!)= vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'u]sf] hg;\Vofsf] -k|ltzt_ *#=^ ()=)
!!= dfWolds txdf v'b egf{b/ -k|ltzt_ #&=& $%=)
!@= !%@$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] ;fIf/tfb/ **=^ (@=)
!#= ljB't\ pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf, d]ufjf6_ *%! @,#)!
!$= ljB't\df kx'Fr k|fKt hg;\Vof -k|ltzt_ &$=) *&=)
!%= l;FrfO -x]S6/ nfvdf_ !#=( !%=@
!^= OG6/g]6 ;]jfdf kx'Fr k|fKt hg;\Vof -k|ltzt_ $$=$ ^%=)

22 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
@=& /0fgLlt
plNnlvt ;f]r, nIo / p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ lgDgfg';f/ kfFr k|d'v /0fgLltx cl3 ;fl/Psf
5g\ M
1. s[lif If]qsf] kfGt/0f, ko{6g, cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ ;fgf tyf demf}nf Joj;fosf]
lj:tf/dfkm{t pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ .
2. pmhf{, ;8s tyf xjfO{ oftfoft, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ / u|fdL0f;x/L tyf lqb]zLo
cfa4tf ljsf;sf nflu k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ .
3. ;fdflhs ljsf; / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbFb} dfgj ljsf;df
pRr tyf lbuf] ;'wf/ ug]{ .
4. cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ zf;sLo ;'wf/, s'zn Pjd\ hjfkmb]xL ;fj{hlgs ljQ, :jR5,
kf/bzL{ / hgd}qL ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Pjd\ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ub}{ ;du|
;'zf;g k|j4{g ug]{ .
5. n}ls ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u
tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf a9fpg] .
@=* cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf;df ljleGg If]qsf] e"ldsf
;/sf/L If]q
;/sf/L If]qn]] /0fgLlts dxjsf k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf;f/f pRr / lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/
lgdf{0f ug]{, ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug]{, gLltut, sfg'gL, lgofds / k|lqmofut ;'wf/
u/L cfGtl/s tyf afXo nufgLsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f ;'b[9 ug]{
Pjd\ lghL, ;xsf/L / u}/;/sf/L tyf ;fd'bflos If]qnfO{ ljsf; k|lqmofdf cl3 a9fpg
;xhLs/0f ug{]h:tf sfo{ ug]{5 . nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ffcg'k ;/sf/ cfwf/e"t
If]qdf cfly{s;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{, ;'zf;g sfod ug]{, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; ug]{ /
;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] cfly{s k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df s]lGt /xg]5 .
lghL If]q
;/sf/af6 l;lh{t Jofj;flos jftfj/0f / pknAw k|f]T;fxgsf] pkof]u ub}{ gjLgtd ;f]r /
k|ljlw;lxtsf] nufgL j[l4 u/L cfo / /f]huf/L a9fpg] tyf k|lt:kwf{sf] dfWodaf6 bIftf /
pTkfbsTj j[l4 u/L lghL If]qn] ;du| cfly{s j[l4sf] jfxssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 . s[lif,
cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ ;]jf If]q;Fu cGt/;DaGw a9fpFb} cfly{s kfGt/0fdf dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] 5 .
;xsf/L If]q
;d'bfodf /x]sf] ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;l7t ;+:yfdfkm{t kl/rfng u/L ;fdflhs kfGt/0f,
;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4 / ;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0f ug{] sfo{df ;xsf/Lsf] e"ldsf /xg]5 . ;/sf/

rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 23
pkl:yt x'g g;Sg] / lghL If]q cfslif{t gx'g] If]qdf cfwf/e"t j:t' / ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;'lglZrt
ug{ ;xsf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf dxjk"0f{ /xg]5 . vf;u/L u|fdL0f tyf :yfgLo:t/df hg;d'bfonfO{
;\ul7t u/L pgLxsf] cfly{s;fdflhs kfGt/0f ug{ / ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4df ;xsf/L
If]qn] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 . ;xsf/Lsf] cleofg, ;~hfn / zlQmnfO{ pBd ljsf;,
;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4, ul/aL lgjf/0f, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;d'bfosf] ljsf;df ;lqmo u/fOg]5 .

;fd'bflos / cGo If]q

;/sf/sf] /fli6o gLlt / k|fyldstfleq /x]/ ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] dfWodaf6 :yfgLo
;fwg, ;|f]t / ;Lkd"ns Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/L cfo cfh{g, /f]huf/L, n}ls tyf ;fdflhs
;zQmLs/0f Pjd\ /fli6o gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;fd'bflos tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ kl/rfng
ul/g]5 . To:t}, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] :j:y lgu/fgL, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] k}/aL tyf
;'zf;g sfod ug{df u}/;/sf/L / ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx;d]tsf] e"ldsfnfO{ o; of]hgfn] dxj
lbPsf] 5 .
@=( cfly{s j[l4b/ / ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf
@=(=! cfly{s j[l4b/
xfn;Dd l;h{gf ePsf ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/, k'glg{df{0f tyf gjlgdf{0fsf] cj;/,
To:t} 7"nf k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgfsf] ;dflKt / cfly{s d'2fdf s]lGt /fHok|0ffnLsf sf/0f rf}wf}+ of]hgf
sfof{Gjog cjlwleq} pRrb/sf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ub}{ d'n'snfO{ cfly{s ;d[l4sf] kydf cl3
a9fpg ;lsG5 . To;}n] of]hgf cjlwdf s[lif If]qsf] cf};t j[l4b/ $=& k|ltzt / u}/s[lif If]qsf]
cf};t j[l4b/ *=$ k|ltzt x'g] nIo /flvPsf] 5 . ;du|df, of]hgfsf] cf};t cfly{s j[l4b/ &=@
k|ltzt x'g] nIo lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . of]hgfsf] klxnf] jif{ sl/a ^=% k|ltzt, bf];|f] jif{ &=@
k|ltzt / t];|f] tyf clGtd jif{ &=( k|ltztsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ x'g] nIo sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] If]qut d"No clej[l4;lxtsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg tflnsf g+= @=@ df
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
tflnsf @=@ M If]qut d"No clej[l4 / s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg
-cf=j= @)&@&# sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_
-?= s/f]8df_
rf}wf} of]hgf
cfwf/ jif{
qm= ;+= If]qx @)&@&# cf};t cf=j= cf=j= cf=j=
j[l4b/ @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
!= s[lif 66196 4.7 69167 72429 75939
!=! s[lif tyf jg 65147 4.6 68013 71142 74486
!=@ dT:okfng 1049 11.4 1154 1287 1453
@= u}/s[lif 142673 8.4 153447 166181 181511

24 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
 rf}wf} of]hgf
qm= ;+= If]qx cfwf/ jif{
@)&@&# cf};t cf=j= cf=j= cf=j=
j[l4b/ @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
@=! pBf]u 29281 10.6 32247 35447 39461
@=!=@ vfgL tyf e"ue{ 1226 6.5 1330 1403 1487
@=!=@ pBf]u 11557 6.1 12481 13074 13858
@=!=# ljB't\, Uof; tyf kfgL 2122 12.2 2334 2614 3006
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 14377 13.6 16102 18357 21110
@=@ ;]jf 113392 7.8 121200 130734 142050
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 29713 7.8 31792 34336 37254
@=@=@ xf]6]n tyf /]i6'/]G6 4349 9.0 4696 5119 5631
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / ;~rf/ 17592 11.9 19351 21673 24707
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 10356 7.0 10978 11746 12686
@=@=% 3/hUuf, axfn tyf
19133 5.8 20089 21294 22679
Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf /Iff 5440 5.0 5712 5997 6297
@=@=& lzIff 14115 7.0 15033 16085 17291
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ 3700 9.0 4014 4375 4791
@=@=( cGo ;fd'bflos, ;fdflhs tyf
8996 6.0 9536 10108 10714
JolQmut ;]jfsf lqmofsnfk
s'n d"No clej[l4
208869 7.3 222614 238610 257450
-FISIM ;d]t_
ljQLo dWo:ytf ;]jf ck|ToIf
8141 7.5 8751 9408 10113
kdf
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg
200728
200728 7.2 213863 229202 247337
-cfwf/e"t d"Nodf_
v'b j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg s/ 24142 7.8 25832 27795 30296
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg
224870 7.3 239694 256997 277633
-pTkfbssf] d"Nodf_

rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 25
@=(=@ ;LdfGt k'hL pTkfbg cg'kft / nufgL
ljutsf jif{xdf cfly{s tyf u}/cfly{s sf/0fxn] ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL nufgLsf]
pTkfbsTj pT;fxk|b x'g;s]sf] 5}g . To;}u/L pko'Qm ;Lk / bIftf Pjd\ cg's"n cf}Bf]lus
jftfj/0fsf] cefjdf >dsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 x'g;s]sf] 5}g . cem cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;df d'n's
;'xfpFbf] k|ljlwsf] tTsfn k|of]upkof]udf klg ;d:of /x]sfn] ;du| cy{tGqsf] sfo{s'zntf
a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . hn;|f]t tyf j}slNks pmhf{df cfwfl/t pmhf{ If]qsf] ljsf;, /fhdfu{ tyf
/0fg}lts dxjsf Pjd\ bL3{sfnLg cfa4tf ;xh kfg]{ ;8ssf] ;~hfn ljsf; ug{ >d /
k|ljlweGbf a9L k'FhLsf] kl/rfng / nufgL ug{'kg]{ afWotf 5 . To:t} cfly{s lqmofsnfkxnfO{
oflGqsLs/0f ub{} hfg'kg{] b]lvG5 . tTsfnsf nflu d"ntM lgdf{0f / ljB't\df ;LdfGt k'FhL pTkfbg
cg'kft s]xL pRr /xg] cj:yf 5 . vf;u/L 7"nf k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgfxsf] ;'?jft x'g] t/ k|ltkmn
cfpg ;do nfUg] ePsf]n] cfufdL of]hgfdf ;LdfGt k'FhL pTkfbg cg'kft ut of]hgfeGbf s]xL
pRr x'g] cg'dfg 5 . tbg'k cfufdL of]hgfdf ;LdfGt k'FhL pTkfbgsf] cg'kft %=@ x'g]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;LdfGt k'FhL pTkfbg cg'kftsf] cfwf/df of]hgf cjlwdf xfl;n ug]{
u/L nlIft cf};t &=@ k|ltztsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ k|fKt ug{ s'n l:y/ nufgL ?= @$ va{ @$ ca{
(^ s/f]8 cfjZos kg]{ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;dWo] ;fj{hlgs If]qaf6 ?= ( va{ %$ ca{ $@
s/f]8, lghL If]qaf6 ?= !# va{ @& ca{ #) s/f]8 / ;xsf/L If]qaf6 ?= ! va{ $# ca{ @$
s/f]8 nufgL x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . s'n nufgLdf oL tLg If]qsf] qmdzM #(=$ k|ltzt, %$=&
k|ltzt / %=( k|ltzt x'g]5 . cg'dflgt nufgLsf] ljifout afF8kmfF8 ubf{ s[lif, ljB't\, lzIff
tyf lgdf{0fdf ;/sf/L nufgL pNn]Vo j[l4 x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 .
If]qut ;LdfGt k'FhL pTkfbg cg'kft / nufgL;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf g+=@=# df lbOPsf] 5 M
tflnsf @=# M ;LdfGt k'hL pTkfbg cg'kft / s'n nufgL
-cf=j= @)&@&# sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_
-?= s/f]8df_
cg'dflgt rf}wf+f}+ of]hgfdf k|If]lkt nufgL
;LdfGt k'hL
FhL cf=j= @)&#&$ cf=j= @)&$&% cf=j= @)&%&^ hDdf
qm=;+= nufgLsf If]qx
pTkfbg
cg'kft /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt
!= s[lif 2.9 8617 12.9 9461 12.0 10178 10.5 28256 11.7
!=! s[lif tyf jg 2.9 8313 12.4 9073 11.5 9696 10.0 27082 11.2
!=@ dT:okfng 2.9 304 0.5 388 0.5 482 0.5 1174 0.5
@= u}/s[lif 5.5 58333 87.1 69489 88.0 86418 89.5 214240 88.3
@=! pBf]u 6.2 18176 27.1 19552 24.8 25667 26.6 63395 26.1
@=!=! vfgL tyf e"ue{ 7.4 771 1.2 541 0.7 623 0.6 1935 0.8
@=!=@ pBf]u 6.2 5732 8.6 3676 4.7 4864 5.0 14271 5.9
@=!=# ljB't\, Uof; tyf kfgL 29.0 6152 9.2 8121 10.3 11370 11.8 25643 10.6
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 3.2 5521 8.2 7214 9.1 8811 9.1 21546 8.9
@=@ ;]jf 5.3 40157 60.0 49937 63.3 60751 62.9 150845 62.2
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 2.8 5824 8.7 7122 9.0 8172 8.5 21117 8.7
@=@=@ xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6 6.5 2261 3.4 2747 3.5 3327 3.4 8336 3.4
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / ;~rf/ 9.0 15832 23.6 20899 26.5 27308 28.3 64039 26.4

26 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 3.5 2175 3.2 2690 3.4 3289 3.4 8153 3.4
3/hUuf, axfn tyf
@=@=% 5.5 5261 7.9 6629 8.4 7613 7.9 19504 8.0
Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf /Iff 4.2 1142 1.7 1199 1.5 1259 1.3 3601 1.5
@=@=& lzIff 3.5 3211 4.8 3683 4.7 4222 4.4 11116 4.6
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ 9.0 2830 4.2 3251 4.1 3741 3.9 9822 4.1
cGo ;fd'bflos, ;fdflhs
@=@=( tyf JolQmut ;]jfsf 3.0 1619 2.4 1716 2.2 1819 1.9 5155 2.1
lqmofsnfk
s'n nufgL 5.2 66950 100 78950 100 96596 100 242496 100

plNnlvt s'n nufgLdWo] ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qaf6 x'g] nufgL;DaGwL

ljj/0f tflnsf g+ @=# -s_ df lbOPsf] 5 M
tflnsf @=# -s_ M ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qaf6 x'g] nufgL
-cf=j= @)&@&# sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_
-?= s/f]8df_
;fj{hlgs lghL ;xsf/L hDdf
qm=;+ nufgLsf If]qx
/sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt
!= s[lif 14024 14.7 10336 7.8 3897 27.2 28257 11.7
!=! s[lif tyf jg 13812 14.5 9479 7.1 3791 26.5 27082 11.2
!=@ dT:okfng 212 0.2 857 0.6 106 0.7 1175 0.5
@= u}/s[lif 81418 85.3 122394 92.2 10427 72.8 214239 88.3
@=! pBf]u 29885 31.3 30844 23.2 2666 18.6 63395 26.1
@=!=! vfgL tyf e"ue{ 194 0.2 1703 1.3 39 0.3 1935 0.8
@=!=@ pBf]u 856 0.9 11988 9.0 1427 10.0 14271 5.9
@=!=# ljB't\, Uof; tyf kfgL 20002 21.0 4872 3.7 769 5.4 25643 10.6
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 8834 9.3 12281 9.3 431 3.0 21546 8.9
@=@ ;]jf 51533 54.0 91550 69.0 7761 54.2 150844 62.2
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 1267 1.3 17527 13.2 2323 16.2 21117 8.7
@=@=@ xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6 834 0.9 7336 5.5 167 1.2 8336 3.4
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / 25616 26.8 36502 27.5 1921 13.4 64039 26.4
;~rf/
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 978 1.0 5789 4.4 1386 9.7 8153 3.4
@=@=% 3/hUuf, axfn tyf 975 1.0 17553 13.2 975 6.8 19504 8.0
Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf 3601 3.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 3601 1.5
/Iff
@=@=& lzIff 7226 7.6 3557 2.7 333 2.3 11116 4.6
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs 7170 7.5 2357 1.8 295 2.1 9822 4.1
sfo{
@=@=( cGo ;fd'bflos,
;fdflhs tyf JolQmut 3866 4.1 928 0.7 361 2.5 5155 2.1
;]jfsf lqmofsnfk
s'n nufgL 95442 100.0
100.0 132730 100.0
100.0 14324 100.0 242496 100.0
100.0

rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 27
 To;}u/L s'n nufgLdWo] ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/Ldfkm{t of]hgf cjlwdf x'g] nufgLsf]
If]qut k|ltzt tflnsf g+ @=# -v_ df lbOPsf] 5 M
tflnsf @=# -v_ M ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/Lsf] If]qut nufgL
-cf=j= @)&@&# sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_
-k|ltzt_
qm=;+= nufgLsf If]qx ;fj{hlgs lghL ;xsf/L
!= s[lif 49.6 36.6 13.8
!=! s[lif tyf jg 51.0 35.0 14.0
!=@ dT:okfng 18.0 73.0 9.0
@= u}/s[lif 39.4 55.8 4.8
@=! pBf]u 52.4 43.6 4.0
@=!=@ vfgL tyf e"ue{ 10.0 88.0 2.0
@=!=@ pBf]u 6.0 84.0 10.0
@=!=# ljB't\, Uof; tyf kfgL 78.0 19.0 3.0
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 41.0 57.0 2.0
@=@ ;]jf 34.2 60.7 5.1
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 6.0 83.0 11.0
@=@=@ xf]6]n tyf /]i6'/]G6 10.0 88.0 2.0
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / ;~rf/ 40.0 57.0 3.0
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 12.0 71.0 17.0
@=@=% 3/hUuf, axfn tyf Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk 5.0 90.0 5.0
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf /Iff 100.0 0.0 0.0
@=@=& lzIff 65.0 32.0 3.0
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ 73.0 24.0 3.0
@=@=( cGo ;fd'bflos, ;fdflhs tyf JolQmut ;]jfsf lqmofsnfk 75.0 18.0 7.0
hDdf 39.4 54.7 5.9

@=(=# ;fj{hlgs vr{ / vr{ Aoxf]g]{ ;|f]t

lghL tyf ;xsf/L b'j} If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ tyf cfwf/e"t ;]jf k|jfx ug{
;/sf/L nufgL cyf{t\ ah]6sf] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf of]hgf cjlwdf ?= #@
va{ # ca{ $@ s/f]8sf] ;/sf/L vr{ x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; cg'dflgt vr{dWo] ?= !& va{
() ca{ @ s/f]8 rfn' vr{ / ?= ( va{ %$ ca{ $@ s/f]8 k'FhLut vr{ x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df k'FhLut vr{ / s'n vr{ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf qmdzM !#=^
k|ltzt / @@ k|ltzt x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 .
plNnlvt ;/sf/L vr{ Aoxf]g]{ k|d'v ;|f]tsf] kdf /xg] /fh:j s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf]
@@=* k|ltzt cyf{t\ ?= !& va{ ^# ca{ %& s/f]8 kl/rfng x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . eg] of]hgf
cjlwdf ?= # va{ @# ca{ @$ s/f]8 a/fa/ cg'bfgsf] -j}b]lzs_ k|fKt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
/fh:j tyf cGo cfGtl/s cfDbfgL / j}b]lzs cg'bfg kl/rfng ubf{ Go"g x'g] of]hgfsf]
cg'dflgt vr{ ?= !! va{ ( ca{ (! s/f]8dWo] ?= ^ va{ %^ ca{ ^ s/f]8 j}b]lzs C0f / afFsL

28 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
Go"g x'g] ?= $ va{ !( ca{ % s/f]8 cfGtl/s C0faf6 Aoxf]g{'kg]{ k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 . of]hgfsf]
clGtd jif{df j}b]lzs ;xfotf -cg'bfg / C0f_, j}b]lzs cg'bfg, v'b j}b]lzs C0f / v'b
cfGtl/s C0fsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fusf] cg'kft qmdzM !@=% k|ltzt, $=@ k|ltzt, %=*
k|ltzt / #=^ k|ltzt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
;/sf/L ah]6 -vr{_ tyf Aoxf]g]{ ;|f]txsf] ljj/0f tflnsf g+= @=$ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
tflnsf @=$ M ;/sf/L ah]6 -vr{_ / Aoxf]g]{ ;|f]tx
-cf=j= @)&@&# sf] d"Nodf_
-?= s/f]8df_
cf=j= rf}wf}+ of]hgf
qm=;+= ljj/0f @)&@&# cf=j= cf=j= cf=j=
-cfwf/ jif{_ @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ hDdf
!= s'n ah]6 60019 97810 105728 116804 320342
@= s'n /fh:j 48275 51429 58413 66515 176357
#= j}b]lzs cg'bfg 4305 9905 10848 11571 32324
$= s'n vr{ 49455 84401 91069 98974 274444
rfn' vr{ 37129 57828 59835 61339 179002
k'FhLut vr{ 12325 26573 31234 37635 95442
%= ah]6 art -_ Go"g -+__ -3125_ 23067 21808 20888 65763
^= ljQLo Joj:yf -3960_
3960_ -19588_ -21808_ -20888_ -62283_
&= v'b C0f nufgL 1110
1110 2969 3164 3417 9550
cfGtl/s C0f nufgL 2479 3179 3391 3650 10220
cfGtl/s C0f lkmtf{ k|flKt 1369 210 227 233 670
*= v'b ;]o/ nufgL 1273 1425 1507 1593 4525
cfGtl/s ;]o/ nufgL 1255 1405 1485 1570 4460
j}b]lzs ;]o/ nufgL 18 20 22 23 65
(= v'b j}b]lzs C0f -2598_ -17998_
17998_ -18451_ -16036_ -52485_
j}b]lzs C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 1780 2945 3277 6899 13121
j}b]lzs C0f 4377 20943 21728 22935 65606
!)= v'b cfGtl/s C0f -3744_ -5984_ -8028_ -9862_ -23873_
cfGtl/s C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 5033 5860 6484 5688 18032
cfGtl/s C0f 8777 11844 14512 15550 41905
!!= 6]h/L art*
art 11964
1964 - - - -
*cf=j= @)&!&@ sf] 6]h/L art tyf z]o/ nufgL lkmtf{ ;d]t .

@=(=$ ;fwg;|f]tsf] af8kmf8 tyf kl/rfngsf cfwf/x

;|f]t;fwg cGtu{t vf;u/L nufgLsf] afF8kmfF8 tyf kl/rfng;DaGwL k|If]k0f ubf{
;+ljwfgcg'k ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ Ps csf{sf] kl/k"/s /
;xof]uLsf] kdf lnOPsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs nufgLnfO{ ;+j}wflgs bfloTj k"/f ug]{, cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{] tyf k'glg{df{0f
ug]{tkm{ pGd'v t'NofOPsf] 5 . o;}u/L lghL If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ug{sf nflu Jofj;flos

rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 29
jftfj/0f tof/ u/L / nufgLnfO{ cfly{s j[l4, cf}Bf]uLs/0f / /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug]{tkm{ s]lGb|t
ul/g]5 . ;xsf/L If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ s[lif, kz', ljB't\, pBf]u / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf If]qtkm{ nlIft
ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ljz]iftM ;/sf/L nufgL afF8kmfF8sf cfwf/x lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
s= gful/sn] ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf cfwf/e"t tyf df}lns xssf] pkof]u ug{ kfpg]
jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ .
v= pmhf{ ;6 ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]uL x'g] gLltut / sfo{qmdut Joj:yf ug]{ .
u= cfGtl/s tyf l5d]sL d'n'sx;Fusf] cfa4tf ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos ;8snufotsf
k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
3= s[lif If]qsf] Jofj;foLs/0f ug'{sf ;fy} cGo If]q;d]tdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x l;h{gf u/L
k|To]s jif{ cfly{s kn] ;lqmo / >d ahf/df k|j]z ug]{ >dzlQmnfO{ /f]huf/L pknAw
u/fpg] .
= cfly{s j[l4nfO{ tTsfn} d2t k'ofpg] If]qdf nufgL a9fpg] .
r= ;fdflhs -lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO_ If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
5= e"sDkkl5sf] k'glg{df{0f / gjlgdf{0fnfO{ tLj|tf lbg] .
h= ;\3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;Gt'ng, ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ng / ;dfj]zLs/0f sfod ug]{ .
@=(=% k|:tfljt nufgLaf6 ;dli6ut cy{tGqdf kg]{ k|efj
;/sf/L, lghL / ;xsf/L If]q;d]tsf] ;+o'Qm kdf x'g] nufgL / cGo k|of;xn] ubf{
b]zsf] cy{tGqsf k|d'v tyf ;dli6ut ;"rsxdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{ uO{ qmdzM If]qLo tyf
cGt/f{li6o cGt/lge{/tfsf] pkof]u eO{ :j:y / cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] ljsf; x'g]5 . vf;u/L
lghL / ;xsf/L If]qdfkm{t kl/rfng x'g] nufgLn] pBf]upBf]uaLrsf] ;DaGw :yflkt x'g uO{
d"No clej[l4 / k|To]s jif{ sl/a $ nfv yk /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x pknAw x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5
. oL /f]huf/Lx d"ntM s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0f, ko{6gsf] ljsf;, k'glg{df{0f tyf gjlgdf{0f /
Jofkf/ Pjd\ oftfoft If]qdf x'g] ljsf; / lj:tf/af6 l;h{gf x'g]5g\ .
;fj{hlgs vr{cGtu{t rfn' vr{df ldtJolotf sfod ug{] / k'FhLut vr{ k'FhLlgdf{0f /
cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{tkm{ s]lGt x'g]5 . /fh:j k|zf;gdf ul/g] k|0ffnLut / ;+/rgfut ;'wf/
;fy} vr{ ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; j}b]lzs ;xfotfdflysf] lge{/tfdf sdL cfpg]5 .
;\If]kdf, rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] k|If]lkt nufgL, ;fj{hlgs vr{ / vr{ Aoxf]g]{ ;|f]txsf] s'n
ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fusf] cg'kft tflnsf g+= @=% df pNn]v ePadf]lhd x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 M

30 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
 tflnsf @=% M k|If]lkt art, nufgL / ;fj{hlgs ljQ
-s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf_
cf=j= @)&@&# rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] nIo
qm=;+= ljj/0f
sf] l:ylt -cf=j= @)&%&^ df_
!= s'n ufx{:Yo art 5.3 10.5
@= s'n /fli6o art 42.9 45.0
#= s'n l:y/ k'hL nufgL 25.0 34.8
;fj{hlgs If]q 5.9 13.8
lghL If]q 19.1 19.0
;xsf/L If]q 2.0
$= s'n ah]6 26.7 42.1
%= s'n /fh:j 21.5 24.0
^= j}b]lzs cg'bfg 1.9 4.2
&= s'n vr{ 22.0 35.6
rfn' vr{ 16.5 22.0
k'FhLut vr{ 5.5 13.6
*= ah]6 art -_ 3f6f -+_ 1.4 7.5
(= ljQLo Joj:yf 1.7 7.5
!)= v'b C0f nufgL 0.5 1.2
cfGtl/s C0f nufgL 1.1 1.3
cfGtl/s C0f lkmtf{ k|flKt 0.6 0.1
!!= v'b ;]o/ nufgL 0.6 0.6
cfGtl/s ;]o/ nufgL 0.6 0.6
j}b]lzs ;]o/ nufgL 0.0 0.0
!@= v'b j}b]lzs C0f 1.1 5.8
j}b]lzs C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 0.8 2.5
j}b]lzs C0f 1.9 8.3
!#= v'b cfGtl/s C0f 1.7 3.6
cfGtl/s C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 2.2 2.0
cfGtl/s C0f 3.9 5.6
lgjf{xd'vL / df};ddf cfwfl/t s[lif If]q qmdzM Jofj;flos aGb} kof{Kt /f]huf/Lsf
cj;/x pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] / cf}Bf]lus sRrf kbfy{ cfk"lt{ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'Ug] ePsf]n]
j}b]lzs nufgL yk cfslif{t eO{ d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]uLs/0fdf;d]t j[l4 eO{ pRr, lbuf], km/flsnf]
cfly{s j[l4;lxt d'n's ;d[l4tkm{ nDsg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 31
 kl/R5]b M #
;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx
#=! s'n ufx{:Yo tyf /fli6o art
!= k[i7e"ld
s'n ufx{:Yo art j[l4 x'Fbf k'FhL lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos nufgLsf] 7"nf] lx:;f ufx{:Yo
;|f]taf6 kl/k"lt{ eO{ :jfwLg Pjd\ cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug{ d2t k'Ub5 . t/ ljut #
jif{sf] cf};t s'n ufx{:Yo art s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] sl/a *=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . tyflk,
d'n'saflx/sf] art ljk|]if0f, j}b]lzs cg'bfg / cGo 6fG;km/sf sf/0fn] ljut # jif{sf] s'n
/fli6o art eg] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] sl/a $@=( k'u]sf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL / cj;/
r'gf}tL
Go"g cfly{s j[l4, pRr pkef]u k|j[lQ, ljQLo ;fIf/tfdf sdL, kof{Kt ljQLo pks/0fxsf]
cefj, a}+ls\u tyf ljQLo k|0ffnLdf kx'Fr tyf ljk|]if0f cfonfO{ pTkfbgzLn nufgLdf kfGt/0f
ug]{ sfo{x r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
artsf gofFgofF pks/0fxsf] k|of]u / art kl/rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx tyf k"jf{wf/xsf]
ljsf;, ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf ePsf] j[l4 / gful/ssf] vr{of]Uo cfodf cfPsf] ;'wf/n] art
kl/rfngdf cg's"n k|efj kfb{5g\ . o;}u/L k'FhL ahf/df gofF sDkgLxsf] k|j]z tyf ;"rLs[t
a}+ls\u tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] r'Stf k'FhLdf clgjfo{ kdf ug{'kg]{ j[l4, u|fdL0f tyf lk5l8Psf]
If]qdf a}+ls\u k|0ffnLsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ / art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfxsf] ;\Vofdf j[l4 art
kl/rfngsf cj;/ x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
/fli6o art kl/rfngaf6 nufgL j[l4 / ;an cy{tGq lgdf{0f .
#=@ nIo
pRr art kl/rfng u/L ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qdfkm{t /fli6o k'FhL lgdf{0f ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
cfo j[l4 / pkef]u Joj:yfkgaf6 ;a} If]qdf art ug]{ Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug{' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= artsf ljleGg cj;/ l;h{gf u/L ;a} ;+:yf tyf hgtfnfO{ arttkm{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ .
32 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
 @= ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ u/L art kl/rfngdf j[l4 ug]{ .
#= ljQLo cf}hf/ tyf k'FhL ahf/sf] kx'Frdf clej[l4 u/L art tyf nufgL ug{ k|f]T;flxt
ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= ;fj{hlgs, lghL, ;xsf/L Pjd\ ufx{:Yo If]qdf pkef]unfO{ Jojl:yt u/L art
clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
@= a}+ls\u If]qdfkm{t art ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ug{ a}+ls\u lzIff / ljQLo ;fIf/tf
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
#= ;fgf artstf{ vf;u/L s[ifs, ;fgf pBdL / dhb'/xnfO{ art Pjd\ nufgLk|lt
cfsif{0f ug{ ljleGg pTk|]/0ff / k|j4{gsf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
$= j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] JolQm tyf ltgsf kl/jf/nfO{ nlIft u/L ljQLo
;fIf/tf;DaGwL sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
%= a}, ljQLo tyf n3'ljQ ;+:yfnfO{ b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf] If]q;Dd kx'Frdf clej[l4 u/L
art / nufgLdf cfsif{0f ul/g]5 . -@_
^= art ;d"x tyf ;xsf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ k|j4{g u/L ;fgf artstf{sf] art clej[l4
ul/g]5 . -@_
&= ljQLo ahf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu ;]o/, C0fkq tyf cGo ahf/of]Uo pks/0fxsf]
sf/f]af/ tyf ;fd"lxs sf]ifnfO{ ljs]lGt u/L u|fdL0f If]qsf hgtfn] o:tf
pks/0fxdf ug]{ sf/f]af/nfO{ ;xh agfOg]5 . -#_
*= ;/sf/L C0fkq tyf artkqxsf] sf/f]af/df u|fdL0f tyf ;fgf ;x/xdf kx'Fr;d]t
lj:tf/ ug{ a} tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf zfvfx / ;xsf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ kl/rfng
ul/g]5 . -#_
(= ;Demf}ltt art kl/rfng ug]{, sd{rf/L ;~ro sf]if / gful/s nufgL sf]ifsf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 u/L yk nufgLof]Uo sf]if kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
!)= ;l7t lghL If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lxsf] art kl/rfng ug{ lghL If]qcGtu{t
lgj[lQe/0f Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
!!= ljk|]if0f cfosf] lglZrt lx:;f pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL ug{ art clej[l4 ug{
k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -#_

;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx | 33

$= ck]lIft pknlAw
plNnlvt /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{;Dddf s'n ufx{:Yo
art s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] !)=% k|ltzt / s'n /fli6o art s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] $%=)
k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
#=@ ;/sf/L ljQ
#=@=! ;fj{hlgs vr{
!= k[i7e"ld
;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xLk"0f{, ljZj;gLo / k"jf{g'dfgof]Uo agfpFb} n}hfg'
cfjZos 5 . lg/Gt/ j[l4 ePsf] rfn' vr{nfO{ Jojl:yt ub}{ k'FhLut vr{df j[l4 ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{
cufl8 a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . To:t} ljQLo pQ/bfloTj sfg'g lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . ah]6nfO{
glthfd"ns agfpg dGqfnout ah]6 ;"rgf k|0ffnL ;'?jft ul/Psf] / Psn sf]if vftf
k|efjsf/L kdf nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfdfkm{t lqjifL{o rqmLo vr{
;+/rgfsf] sfof{GjognfO{ Jojl:yt / ;+:yfut ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ljsf; cfof]hgfxsf]
k|fyldsLs/0f ug'{sf ;fy} o;af6 ul/aL lgjf/0f, n}ls ;dfgtf, hnjfo' cg's"ng / lbuf]
ljsf;sf nIox xfl;n ug{ k'Ug] of]ubfgsf] cfFsng ul/Psf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
;fj{hlgs ;|f]t;fwgsf] glthfd'vL t'Nofpg', bIftfk"j{s kl/rfng ug'{, a9\bf] rfn' vr{sf]
lgoGq0f ug'{, k'FhLut vr{df j[l4 ug'{, cfGtl/s ;fwgn] ah]6sf] 7"nf] c+z wfGg ;Sg] t'Nofpg' /
ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgsf r'gf}tLx x'g\ .
cj;/
e"sDkkl5sf] k'glg{df{0fdf b]lvPsf] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|lta4tf, ;fj{hlgs ljQdf ul/Psf]
;'wf/, /fh:jsf cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfng / k'FhL ahf/af6 ah]6 3f6f k"/f ug{ ;fwg kl/rfng
ug{;Sg] cj:yf ;fj{hlgs vr{sf cj;/sf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;fj{hlgs ljQsf] ljj]sk"0f{ kl/rfngdfkm{t ;+ljwfgf/f lgb]{lzt nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo
:yfkgf .
#=@ nIo
s'zn / ;dGoflos tyf bL3{sfnLg kdf wfGg ;lsg] u/L ;fj{hlgs vr{ kl/rfng u/L
Gofof]lrt ljt/0f pGd'v cfly{s j[l4nfO{ 6]jf lbg] .

34 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
#=# p2]Zo
;fj{hlgs vr{sf] Gofof]lrt / pTkfbgd"ns ljlgof]hg tyf sfof{Gjogdf bIftf clej[l4
ug{' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= ;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ cfly{s;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf ljlgof]hg ug]{ .
@= ljsf; cfof]hgfxsf] 5gf]6sf cfwf/x k'g/fjnf]sg u/L vfB, :jf:Yo tyf pmhf{
;'/Iff;lxt cfTdlge{/tftkm{ pGd'v / k|ltkmno'Qm If]qdf nufgL ug]{ .
#= ;|f]t ;fwg ljlgof]hg k|lqmofnfO{ s'zn / k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
$= ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfnfO{ hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{ / pknlAwd"ns agfpFb} ;~rfng
s'zntf xfl;n ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= vfB, :jf:Yo tyf pmhf{ ;'/Iff sfod ub]{ cfTdlge{/ x'g cfjZos cfwf/e"t
;fj{hlgs nufgL a9fOg]5 . -!_
@= ef}lts k"jf{wf/, s[lif, lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffnufotsf cfjZosLo If]qdf
;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ a9L s]Gb|Ls[t ul/g]5 . -!_
#= /fli6o dxj / uf}/jsf ljsf; cfof]hgfxsf] 5gf]6sf cfwf/x tof/ u/L
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
$= cfly{s Pjd\ k|fljlws ljZn]if0fkZrft\ sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;DefJo kl/of]hgfxsf]
;"rL (Project Bank) tof/ ul/g]5 . -@_
%= k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df pRr k|ltkmno'Qm 7"nf Pjd\ cfly{s;fdflhs b[li6sf]0fn]
dxjk"0f{ /x]sf k"jf{wf/df nufgL s]lGt ul/g]5 . -@_
^= ljQLo pQ/bfloTj;DaGwL P]g th{'df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -#_
&= ljlgof]lht ah]6 clgjfo{ kdf ;dodf g} lgsf;f x'g] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
*= ;\3Lo k|0ffnLdf x'g] cGt/;/sf/L ljQLo x:tfGt/0f, ;fdflhs cg'bfg tyf
;xfotfnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L ljQ tyf ;|f]t x:tfGt/0f gLlt th'{df ul/g]5 . -$_
(= cg'bfg ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ pTkfbgzLn / kf/bzL{ kdf pkof]u ug{ /fli6o cg'bfg
gLlt th{'df ul/g]5 . -$_
!)= ;fj{hlgs vr{;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L vr{ ug]{ lgsfonfO{ clwsf/
;DkGg Pjd\ hjfkmb]xL t'NofOg]5 . -$_
!!= of]ubfgd"ns lgj[lQe/0f;DaGwL sfg'g th{'df u/L nfu' ul/g]5 . -$_

;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx | 35

#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= gLltut tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf
1. ljQ tyf ;|f]t x:tfGt/0f gLlt / /fli6o cg'bfg gLlt th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog .
2. ;fj{hlgs vr{;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gxsf] k'g/fjnf]sg .
v= cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg
1. ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf k|fyldsLs/0f Pjd\ lbuf] ljsf; nIo, n}ls, ul/aL
/ hnjfo' ;]t;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ub}}{ dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf
;+:yfut ug]{ Joj:yf .
2. /fli6o dxj / uf}/jsf sfo{qmdcfof]hgfxsf] 5gf]6sf cfwf/x ljsf; .
3. cy{tGqsf k|d'v If]qxdf kl/of]hgf a} (Project Bank) sf] ljsf; .
u= dGqfnout ah]6 ;"rgf k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f
1. k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf th'{df;lxt ;6j]o/ cBfjlws ug{] Joj:yf .
2. dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf] ljQLo Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL;Fu cfa4tf sfod
u/L oyfy{ ;do (Real Time) df vr{sf] ;"rgf tyf tYof k|jfx Joj:yf .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
ah]6 k|0ffnL j}1flgs / ;'b[9 x'g], ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L x'g] / pknAw ;|f]t
tTsfn pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfsf cfof]hgfx sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg ;lsg]5 . To;}u/L
;fj{hlgs vr{sf] k|fljlws / ljlgof]hg bIftf sfod x'g uO{ cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ck]lIft
pknlAw xfl;n x'g'sf ;fy} ;du| ;fj{hlgs vr{ k|0ffnL Pjd\ k|lqmofdf ;sf/fTds k|efj k/]sf]
x'g]5 .
#=@=@ /fh:j
!= k[i7e"ld
/fli6o ljsf;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs ljsf; vr{ / k|zf;lgs vr{sf] ;d]t cfjZostf k"/f
ug{, ;\3Lo ljQLo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;anLs/0f ug{, ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] a9\bf] cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{
/ j}b]lzs ;xfotfdflysf] lge{/tf sd ug{ cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfngnfO{ hf]8 lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .
cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] dxjk"0f{ lx:;f cf]u6]sf] /fh:jsf] kl/rfngnfO{ lbuf] agfO{ ljQ ;+/rgfnfO{
;'b[9 agfpg]tkm{ /fh:j gLlt s]lGt x'g'kb{5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
cgf}krfl/s cfly{s ultljlwnfO{ cf}krfl/s agfpFb} s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg], s/
;xeflutfdf u'0ffTds clej[l4 Nofpg], s/ ;ng nfut / s/bftfsf] s/ kl/kfng nfut

36 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
36fpg], /fh:j r'xfj6nfO{ s'zntfk"j{s lgoGq0f ug]{, sf/f]af/ d"NonfO{ eG;f/ hfFrkf;
k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/ agfpg], ahf/df lan lbg]lng] k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ tyf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ug]{
sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5g\ .
cj;/
;\3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf ;\3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/x u7g eO{ cfGtl/s
;|f]tsf] clwstd kl/rfng x'g] cj:yf 5 . ;\3Lo ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf] nflu nufgL a9fpg'kg]{
cj:yf 5 . cy{tGqdf c;xh cj:yf l;h{gf x'Fbf;d]t ljQLo ;+/rgf cg's"n /x]sf] 5 . s'n
ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf /fh:j ;ng ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] 5 . k'glg{df{0f / gjlgdf{0fsf]
sfdn] ult lng yfn]sf] 5 . Jofj;flos jftfj/0f ;xh x'Fb} uPsf] sf/0f cfly{s lqmofsnfkx
a9\g] cj:yfdf 5g\ . s/ ;xeflutf a9\bf] 5 / s/sf] bfo/f lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . sfg'gsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog Pjd\ s/bftfsf] :j}lR5s kl/kfngfaf6 /fli6o s/fwf/sf] ;+/If0f ePsf] 5
. s/ k|0ffnLn] nufgLd}qL jftfj/0fnfO{ k|j4{g ul//x]sf] 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngaf6 ljQLo ;anLs/0f / cfly{s :yfloTj .
#=@ nIo
;fj{hlgs ljQ ;+/rgfdf d"No clej[l4 s/, cfos/ / cGtM z'Nsnufotsf cfGtl/s
/fh:jsf] of]ubfg a9fO ;fj{hlgs ljsf; vr{sf] 7"nf] lx:;f /fh:j artaf6 k"lt{ ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
:jR5, t6:y Pjd\ kf/bzL{ s/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / :j]lR5s s/ ;xeflutfaf6 s'n ufx{:Yo
pTkfbg;Fu s/ /fh:jsf] cg'kft a9fpFb} ;\3Lo ;+/rgfcg';f/ /fh:j ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= ;\3Lo ljQnfO{ cfly{s ;d[l4sf] d"n cfwf/ agfpg] .
@= /fli6o s/fwf/sf] ;+/If0f u/L s/sf cfwf/ / bfo/f lj:tf/ ug]{ .
#= s/sf b/xnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ Pjd\ ;dGoflos agfpg] .
$= ;\3Lo ;+/rgf cg's"n s/ tyf u}/s/sf If]qxsf] k'g/fjnf]sg tyf afF8kmfF8 ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= /fh:jsf] cfwf/ km/flsnf] t'Nofpg ;a} k|sf/sf cfly{s sf/f]af/nfO{ n]vfl\st
ul/g]5 . -!_
@= cfGtl/s /fh:jnfO{ /fli6o cy{tGq lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ agfOg]5 . -!_
#= s/ k|0ffnLnfO{ nufgL tyf Joj;fod}qL agfOg]5 . -@_

;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx | 37

 $= cfly{s kf/blz{tf Nofpg] u/L s/ k|0ffnLnfO{ :jR5 / t6:y agfOg]5 . -#_
%= s/sf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ug{ s/ k|zf;gsf] ;anLs/0f ul/g]5 . -#_
^= s/ ljjfbsf] lgk0fsf nflu :yfoL ;+:yfut ;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -#_
&= ;+:yfut s/sf] b/ / eG;f/ dxz"n b/nfO{ qmdzM 36fpFb} nlug]5 . -#_
*= ;a} lsl;dsf s/;DaGwL ljj/0fx ljB'tLo k|0ffnLdfkm{t k]z ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 . -#_
(= eG;f/ hfF+rkf; k|0ffnLnfO{ :t/Lo / cfw'lgs agfOg]5 . -#_
!)= eG;f/ ;'wf/ / cfw'lgsLs/0f sfo{of]hgf -@)!& @)@!_ sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .
!!= /fh:j r'xfj6 tyf ljb]zL d'f ckrngsf] lgoGq0fsf nflu hf]lvd kl/;"rsx
lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -#_
!@= /fh:j ;ngsf t'ngfTds Ifdtf, s'zntf / s/fwf/;d]tsf] dfkb08sf cfwf/df
/fh:j ;ngsf] lhDd]jf/L ;\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfoaLr afF8kmfF8 ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= gLltut tyf
tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf
1. s/ / u}/s/ /fh:jsf If]q tyf b/xsf] k'g/fjnf]sg .
2. PsLs[t s/ ;+lxtf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog .
3. ;\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] gd'gf s/ sfg'gsf] 9fFrf ljsf; .
4. /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f P]g tyf sfo{ljlw th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog .
5. eG;f/ hfFrkf;df k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;lGw cg's"n x'g] u/L
sfg'gL ;'wf/ .
v= ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f
1. s]Gb|Lo /fh:j af]8{ u7g u/L /fh:jsf] ;7g ;+/rgf lgdf{0f .
2. eG;f/ sfof{noxsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; .
3. /fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb|sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f .
u= /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f
1. /fh:j r'xfj6sf hf]lvd If]qxsf] klxrfg u/L hf]lvd ;"rsx kl/dfh{g .
2. ljb]zL d'b|f ckrng;DaGwL hf]lvd ;"rs lgdf{0f .
3. /fli6o s/fwf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu pRr s/ lgof]hg / s/5nL lgoGq0f .
4. eG;f/ d"Nofg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ .
5. s/bftf lzIff tyf s/ r]tgfsf sfo{qmd .

38 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
 3= ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
jlwsf] pkof]u
1. s/ k|0ffnLsf] ;/nLs/0f / kf/blz{tfsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ .
2. /fh:j ;ngdf ljB'tLo e'QmfgL k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf .
3. /fh:j k|zf;g cGtu{tsf ljB'tLo ;"rgf k|0ffnLxaLr cGt/ cfa4tf ljsf; .
4. cflzs'8f k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/ .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
/fh:j k|zf;g s/bftfd}qL ePsf] x'g], PsLs[t s/;+lxtf tof/ ePsf] x'g], /fh:j
k|zf;gdf PsLs[t ljB'tLo k|0ffnL nfu' ePsf] x'g] / s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf /fh:jsf] cg'kft
@$=) k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
#=@=# j}b]lzs ;xfotf
!= k[i7e"ld
/fh:j art ;Lldt x'g] t/ ljsf; sfo{df 7"nf] nufgL ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf cfly{s;fdflhs
ljsf;df cGt/f{li6o cfly{s ;xfotfsf] e"ldsf dxjk"0f{ /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljutdf ljsf; vr{sf]
clwsf+z ;|f]t j}b]lzs ;xfotf /xg] u/]sf]df xfn o;n] s'n /fli6o ah]6sf] ;fnfvfnf @)
k|ltzt c+z cf]u6\g] u/]sf] 5 . ;xfotfk|ltsf] lge{/tf qmdzM 36fpFb} hfg] /fli6o ;f]r /x]
tfklg e"sDkkl5sf] k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgfsf] cfjZostfn] cfufdL jif{xdf of] cem} a9\b} hfg]
b]lvG5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] Go"g oyfy{ vr{, /fli6o k|0ffnL aflx/af6 ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng, 5l/P/
/x]sf v08Ls[t cfof]hgfxsf] afx'No, sfof{Gjogsf] sdhf]/ Ifdtf, sdhf]/ cg'udg /
emGeml6nf] vl/b k|lqmof, ;xfotf ;Demf}tfk"j{sf] ckof{Kt tof/L, ljsf; ;xfotf gLltsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog, lbuf] ljsf; nIo / /fli6o k|ltkmnsf] k|flKt;Fu ;xfotf kl/rfngsf]
tfbfTDotf, g]kfn;d]t ;xefuL /x]sf cGt/f{li6o ;Dd]ng tyf ;xdltsf] cfGtl/sLs/0f, /fli6o
cfjZostf / k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgfsf] tof/L Pjd\ k|:t'lth:tf r'gf}tLx j}b]lzs ;xfotf
kl/rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
;fdflhs, k|fs[lts, ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts, /fhg}lts Pjd\ /0fgLlts ljz]iftfn] ubf{
cGt/f{li6o ;xfotf kl/rfngsf] pRr cj;/ k|fKt 5 . nufgL / art tyf cfoft /
lgof{taLrsf] vf8nn] ;[hgf u/]sf] ljsf; ljQsf] Go"gtfsf] k"lt{ ug{, b]zdf gofF 1fg tyf
k|ljlw leofpg / cGt/f{li6o s"6gLlts, ;f+:s[lts, Jofkfl/s Pjd\ /0fgLlts ;DaGwnfO{ /fli6o

;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx | 39

:jfy{ cg's"n x'g]u/L ;~rfng ug{sf nflu g]kfnn] cem} s]xL jif{ kof{Kt ;xfotf kl/rfng
ug{;Sg] cj:yf 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] /fli6o lxt / k|fyldstfsf If]qdf pkof]udfkm{t cfly{s ljsf;sf]
Ifdtf j[l4 .
#=@ nIo
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug{] / ljsf; ljQsf nflu cGt/f{li6o cfly{s
;xfotfk|ltsf] lge{/tfnfO{ qmdzM sd ub}{ n}hfg] .
#=# p2]Zo
!= /fli6o k|fyldstfcg'k cfjZos kg]{ j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng ug'{ .
@= d'n'snfO{ ljsf; ljQsf nflu cfTdlge{/ agfpFb} lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo / /fli6o nIo
k|flKtdf ;xof]u ug'{ .
#= ;xfotfsf] ;xL d"No k|fKt x'g] u/L ljsf;sf] k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ /fli6o ah]6 k|0ffnLdfkm{t kl/rfng ug]{ .
@= ;xfotfnfO{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, /f]huf/L ;[hgf / pTkfbgzLn
If]qdf pkof]u ug]{ .
#= cfGtl/s Ifdtf j[l4 ub}{ j}b]lzs ;xfotfdflysf] k/lge{/tf 36fpFb} n}hfg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= g]kfnnfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf ;xfotfsf] ljj/0f ;xfotf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdfkm{t
Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . -!_
@= cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxdfkm{t kl/rfng x'g] ;xfotfnfO{ ;xfotf Joj:yfkg
k|0ffnLdf Jojl:yt u/L kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL agfOg]5 . -!_
#= ;a} k|sf/sf j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ /fli6o ah]6 k|0ffnLdfkm{t kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
$= j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]uaf6 /fli6o k'FhL lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -#_
%= j}b]lzs C0fnfO{ pRr k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g] If]qdf kl/rfng u/L /fli6o Ifdtf
a9fOg]5 . -#_
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
/fli6o k|0ffnL ;'b[9 ePsf], ;a} k|sf/sf] j}b]lzs ;xfotf /fli6o k|0ffnLcg';f/ kl/rfng
ePsf] Pjd\ cfGtl/s ;fwg kl/rfng Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'g uO{ j}blzs ;xfotfdflysf] lge{/tf
qmdzM sd x'Fb} uPsf] x'g]5 .

40 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
#=@=$ ;fj{hlgs C0f
!= k[i7e"ld
;fdflhs ljsf;sf ;a} nIo xfl;n ug{ vr{sf] dfqf / vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf b'j} a9fpg'kg]{
cfjZostf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ah]6 3f6f k"lt{ ug{ ;fj{hlgs C0f kl/rfng ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf
kb{5 . t/, ljut w]/} jif{b]lv Psflt/ ;/sf/L vr{ -k'FhLut_ nIocg';f/ x'g g;Sbf ah]6df
k|:tfljt afXo tyf cfGtl/s b'j} C0fsf] pkof]u sd ePsf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ /fh:j kl/rfng
;Gtf]ifhgs / pT;fxk|b /x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L k'FhLut vr{df j[l4 x'g g;s]sf]n] ah]6 3f6f k"lt{
ug{ Tolt w]/} cfGtl/s C0f kl/rfng ug{' kl//x]sf] 5}g . To;}n,] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf]
cg'kftdf afXo / cfGtl/s C0fef/ 36\b} uP klg 7"nf cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf yk C0f
kl/rfng ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt /x]sf] 5 . t/, ;fj{hlgs C0f kl/rfng ubf{ cfGtl/s / afXo b'j}
C0faLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug{'sf cltl/Qm lghL If]qdf nufgL clej[l4sf] cj;/nfO{ s'l07t kfg'{
gx'g] kIf klg Tolts} dxjk"0f{ x'G5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
;fj{hlgs C0f Joj:yfkg;DaGwL gLltut / ;+:yfut :ki6tf sfod ug{' tyf ;fj{hlgs
C0fsf] pRrtd / pTkfbgzLn pkof]u u/L /fh:j / ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;Gt'lnt Joj:yfkgf/f
C0fef/ axg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{'kg]{ r'gf}tL 5 .
cj;/
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fu t'ngf ubf{ ;fj{hlgs C0fsf] c+z blIf0f Pl;ofd} sd 5 . ljsf;
k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{, lghL If]q tyf afXo nufgL k|j4{g
ub}{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] j[l4b/ a9fpgsf cltl/Qm j[l4nfO{ lbuf] agfpg ;fj{hlgs C0f kl/rfng
ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;fj{hlgs C0fsf] pTkfbgzLn If]qdf pkof]uf/f ;an /fi6 lgdf{0f .
#=@ nIo
cfly{s;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos C0f kl/rfng ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
cfly{s j[l4, /f]huf/L l;h{gf / /fli6o k'FhL lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'ofpg] u/L ;fj{hlgs -
cfGtl/s tyf afXo_ C0fsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ .

;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx | 41

#=$ /0fgLlt
!= C0f ltg{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ If]qdf dfq C0f lng] .
@= ;fj{hlgs C0fnfO{ lglZrt ;Ldfleq /fVg vr{ / /fh:jsf] s'zn Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= ;fj{hlgs C0f axg ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] lgoldt ljZn]if0f u/L cfGtl/s tyf afXo
C0fsf] lx:;f tyf k|flKtsf] ;|f]t lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . -!_
@= dWodsfnLg C0f /0fgLlt th'{df k|lqmof yfngL u/L ;+:yfut ub}{ nlug]5 . -!_
#= ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug{ cfGtl/s C0fnfO{ plrt ;Ldfleq /flvg]5 . -@_
$= pRr k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g] cfof]hgfdf dfq ;fj{hlgs C0f pkof]u ul/g]5 . -!_
%= ;fj{hlgs C0f Joj:yfkg;DaGwL gLltut, sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_
^= 6]h/L lannfO{ ;/sf/sf] gub k|jfxsf] cj:yfadf]lhd cNksfnLg ;fj{hlgs C0f
kl/rfngsf nflu dfq k|of]u ul/g]5 . -@_
&= ;/sf/afx]ssf s'g}klg lgsfon] lng] j}b]lzs C0fdf ;/sf/ hdfgt a:g] 5}g . -@_
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
;fj{hlgs C0fsf] pkof]u pRr k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g] If]qdf ljlgof]hg ePsf], C0fsf] kl/df0f
d'n'sn] wfGg ;Sg] :t/df sfod ePsf] / ;fj{hlgs C0f Joj:yfkg ;'b[9 ePsf] x'g]5 .
#=# df}lb|s tyf ljQLo gLlt
!= k[i7e"ld
d"No l:y/tf, zf]wgfGt/ art tyf ljQLo If]q :yfloTj sfod ug{] tyf pknAw ljQLo
;fwgsf] plrt kl/rfngdfkm{t lgIf]k / shf{sf] dfu tyf cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg u/L cfly{s j[l4df
of]ubfg k'ofpg] df}ls tyf ljQLo gLltsf] d"ne"t p2]Zo /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . df}ls tyf ljQLo
gLltdfkm{t cy{tGqdf dfu Joj:yfkg u/L cfly{s j[l4, /f]huf/L l;h{gf / cfly{s :yfloTj
sfod ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . s[lif, pmhf{, cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg, k"jf{wf/h:tf pTkfbgzLn If]qtkm{ ;fwg ;|f]t
k|jfx ug{ ljQLo Pjd\ df}ls gLltnfO{ kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;}u/L shf{ pkof]usf] nflu
k"/f ug{'kg]{ k|lqmofut Pjd\ lwtf];DaGwL ;fgf tyf dWod ju{sf pBdL shf{sf] pkof]udf
cfslif{t ug]{ sfo{x;d]t df}lb|s tyf ljQLo gLltn] ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . pko'Qm df}ls Pjd\ ljQLo
If]q Joj:yfkgsf dfWodaf6 ;+:yfut Pjd\ ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ u/L cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds k|efj
kfg{ df}lb|s tyf ljQLo gLlt s]lGb|t ug'{kg]{5 .

42 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
ljBdfg ;+/rgfut, gLltut Pjd\ cfk"lt{hGo ;d:ofsf] sf/0fn] cy{tGqdf dfu /
cfk"lt{aLrsf] c;Gt'ngaf6 cfly{s :yfloTjdf b]lvg] c;/ r'gf}tLsf] kdf /x]sf] 5 . df}ls
pks/0faf6 ljQLo ;+:yfxdf /x]sf] artnfO{ s'zn nufgLdf kl/0ft ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
cj;/
ljQLo ;+:yfxsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, cy{tGqdf b]lvPsf] If]qut
Pjd\ ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{g cflbn] cfly{s j[l4 / ;dli6ut cfly{s :jfloTj xfl;n x'g] u/L
df}ls tyf ljQLo gLltsf] th{'df / sfof{Gjog ug{] cj;/ pknAw 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
k|efjsf/L df}lb|s tyf ljQLo gLltdfk{mt lbuf] Pjd\ ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4 .
#=@ nIo
ljQLo ;]jfdf kx'Fr a9fpFb} ;dli6ut cfly{s l:y/tf / pRr cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
!= df}lb|s gLltdfk{mt\ d"ntM d"No tyf afXo If]qdf :yfloTj sfod ub}{ cfly{s j[l4sf]
nIo xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u ug'{ .
@= cfly{s kn] lk5l8Psf gful/s;Dd a}\ls tyf ljQLo kx'Fr lj:tf/ Pjd\ ljQLo
k|0ffnLdflysf] hgljZjf; clej[l4 ug'{ .
#= ljQLo If]qdf /x]sf] ;|f]t;fwgnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf pkof]u ug{ k|]l/t ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= df}lb|s gLltnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df ljBdfg
gLltut ;+/rgfdf kl/dfh{g u/L cfly{s j[l4nfO{ ;3fp k'Ug] k|sf/n] sfof{Gjog ub}{
n}hfg] .
@= ljQLo If]qsf] ;dfj]zL tyf lbuf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ Pjd\ :yfloTj sfod ug{
gLltut / ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ ug]{ .
#= pTkfbgzLn If]q tyf b'u{d / lk5l8Psf] If]qdf ljQLo ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ k|f]T;fxg
ug{'sf ;fy} ljQLo ;fwgsf] pkof]udfkm{t cfly{s lqmofsnfk lj:tf/sf] jftfj/0f
tof/ ug]{ .

;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx | 43

#=% sfo{gLlt
!= df}ls gLltsf] k|d'v cf}hf/sf kdf /x]sf] v'nf ahf/ sf/f]af/nfO{ yk lqmofzLn
t'Nofpg cfjZos ;+:yfut ;+/rgf tof/ ug{'sf ;fy} pko'Qm pks/0fx k|of]udf
NofOg]5 . -!_
@= df}ls lj:tf/nfO{ jfl~5t ;Ldfleq /fVg'sf] ;fy} ljQLo t/ntfnfO{ pTkfbg If]qlt/
k|jflxt ul/g]5 . -!_
#= ljQLo If]q ljsf; /0fgLlt tyf o; If]q;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'g lgdf{0f / kl/dfh{g u/L
sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -!_
$= ljQLo If]qdf k|lt:kwf{, kx'Fr / ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ tyf bL3{sfnLg shf{
k|jfx ug]{ Pjd\ ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]u Joj;fosf] nflu shf{ k|jfx ug]{ ljlzi6Ls[t
ljQLo ;+:yf :yfkgfdf lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ a} tyf ljQLo ;+:yfxsf]
Ohfhtkq;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yfdf cfjZos kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 . -@_
%= ljQLo ;]6L g]6sf] cfjZos Joj:yf u/L cfw'lgs, ;'/lIft Pjd\ :j:y e'QmfgL
k|0ffnLdfkm{t ljQLo If]qnfO{ ;'b[9, k|lt:kwL{ / ljZj;gLo agfOg]5 . -@_
^= a} tyf ljQLo ;+:yfxsf] Pscfk;df ufEg]ufleg] tyf k|flKt ug]{ sfo{nfO{
k|f]T;fxg ug'{sf ;fy} k'FhL j[l4;DaGwL gLltsf] k|efjsf/L kdf sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -@_
&= ;xsf/L ;+:yfnufot n3'ljQ ;+:yfxsf] lgodg, ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udgsf] nflu Ps
5'} lgsfosf] :yfkgf u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -@_
*= a}sljQLo ;+:yfxsf] jf:tljs ljQLo l:ylt;lxt qm]l86 /]l6 ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 . -@_
(= b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qdf a} zfvf Pjd\ df]afOn a}\ls ;]jf lj:tf/ tyf
;fdflhs a}\ls cjwf/0ffcg'k ljQLo ;+:yf :yfkgf ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -#_
!)= n3'ljQ ;+:yfnfO{ ;an / k|efjsf/L agfpg ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd, s[lif tyf kz' k|rf/
;]jf sfo{qmd, ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{qmd, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf ;Lk ljsf; tyf
Jofj;flos tflndsf sfo{qmd;d]t ;dGjo u/L cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -#_
!!= n3'ljQ ;+:yfxsf] ;+:yfut Pjd\ ljQLo Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L pQm ;+:yfxnfO{
u|fdL0f tyf 3/]n' Joj;fodf cem a9L lqmofzLn u/fpFb} nlug]5 . -#_
!@= ;x'lnot Joj:yf tyf lwtf] k4ltdf ;'wf/ u/L s[lif, pBf]u, pmhf{, ko{6g,
k"jf{wf/nufotdf shf{ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= gLltut tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf
1. df}lb|s gLltsf] sfof{Gjog 9fFrf tyf pks/0f;DaGwdf k|rlnt /fli6o tyf
cGt/f{li6o gjLgtd cEof;sf] cWoog u/L df}lb|s Joj:yfkgsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f .
44 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
 2. ljQLo If]q ljsf; /0fgLltsf] r/0fj4 kdf sfof{Gjog .
3. a} tyf ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt P]g sfg'gxdf cfjZostfg';f/ kl/dfh{g .
4. 8]l/e]l6e ahf/nufot d'f ahf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg cfjZos lgodgsf]
Joj:yf .
v= ljQLo If]qsf] lj:tf/ tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f
1. cfw'lgs tyf ;'/lIft e'QmfgL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf nflu jf:tljs ;dodf sf/f]af/
/fkm;fkm (Real Time Gross Settlement - RTGS) k|0ffnLnufotsf cfjZos
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f u/L /fli6o e'QmfgL :jLr (National Payment Switch) :yfkgf .
2. a} tyf ljQLo ;+:yfxnfO{ u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qdf zfvf tyf df]afOn a}\ls
;]jf lj:tf/ tyf ;fdflhs a}+ls cjwf/0ffcg'k ljQLo ;+:yf :yfkgf ug{
k|f]T;fxg .
3. a} tyf ljQLo ;+:yfxsf] k'FhLut cfwf/sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f .
4. dh{/ tyf PSjLlhzgsf] ;/nLs/0f .
5. lgodg Pjd\ ;'kl/j]If0f k|0ffnLnfO{ cGt/f{li6o dfkb08 cg'k kl/dfh{g .
6. ljQLo ;fIf/tf, r]tgf clej[l4 Pjd\ ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL sfo{qmd th'{df tyf
sfof{Gjog .
7. ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ -k'gs{hf{ ;'ljwf, Aofh cg'bfg, ljkGg ju{ shf{, cflb_ sf]
Joj:yf .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
jflif{s cf};t d'f:kmLlt b/ &=% k|ltztdf ;Lldt /x]sf], lj:t[t d'fk|bfosf] cf};t j[l4b/
!*=!) k|ltzt sfod /x]sf], sDtLdf cf7 dlxgfsf] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft wfGg ;Sg] ljb]zL
d'f ;l~rlt sfod /x]sf], lghL If]qtkm{sf] shf{ cf};tdf @) k|ltztn] a9]sf]], a} tyf ljQLo
;+:yfxsf] s'n shf{df tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgzLn If]qtkm{sf] shf{sf] cg'kft @) k|ltzteGbf dfly
/x]sf], ljQLo ;fIf/tf Pjd\ ;dfj]zLs/0f a9]sf] / ljQLo ;]jfsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ eO{ k|lt a}
zfvfhg;\Vof cg'kft pNn]Vo kdf 36]sf] x'g]5 .
#=$ ladf tyf k'hL ahf/
#=$=! ladf
!= k[i7e"ld
hf]lvdlj?4 ckgfOg] ;fdflhs Pjd\ cfly{s ;'/Iff /0fgLltsf] k|efjsf/L cf}hf/sf] kdf
ladfIf]q lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . o;n] ;Demf}ltt artsf] j[l4 u/L nufgL a9fpg] / k|ToIf tyf
ck|ToIf /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{ sfo{dfkm{t cy{tGqdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'ofPsf] 5 . ladf
lgodg lgsfosf] kdf ladf ;ldltsf] e"ldsf ;an ePsf] / b'u{d If]qdf ladf sDkgLsf
;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx | 45
zfvfxsf] qmdzM lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . :jf:Yo, s[lif, kz' / afnL ladfh:tf gofF ladf ;]jfx
;'? ePsf 5g\ .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
cGt/f{li6o dfkb08cg'k ladf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug{', hLjg ladfnfO{ cfly{s ;'/Iffsf
;fy} bL3{sfnLg art / nufgLsf] pQd dfWodsf] kdf :yflkt ug{', lghL{jg ladfnfO{
;fdflhs tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 pTkGg x'g;Sg] cfly{s Iflt Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;zQm ;+oGqsf]
kdf :yflkt ug{' / b'u{d If]q tyf ;dfhsf Go"g cfo ePsf ju{nufot ;a} tx;Dd ladf ;]jf
k'ofpg' o; If]qsf] r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ladfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'ofpg]
sfg'gL / ;+:yfut ;+/rgf tof/ ug{', afnL tyf kz' ladf cem tLj| kdf lj:tf/ ub{} s[lifdf
hg;fwf/0fsf] nufgL ;'/lIft u/L s[lif cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'ofpg', n3' ladfsf] ljsf;
ug{ / hLjg ladf ;]jf lj:tf/ u/L cfd gful/ssf] kx'Frdf k'ofpg' klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
cj;/
ladfk|lt gful/sdf a9\b} uPsf] ;r]tgf, e"sDknufot k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf sf/0f ladfsf]
cfjZostf dx;';, nufgLsf] jftfj/0f cg's"n l;h{gf x'Fbf ladf Joj;fo;d]t lj:tf/ x'g]
;Defjgf ;fy} s[lif Pjd\ :jf:Yo If]qdf ePsf] ladfsf] lj:tf/ ladf If]qsf cj;/sf kdf
/x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
ladf ;]jfsf] ljZj;gLotf tyf kx'Fr clej[l4af6 cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ k|fs[lts
sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdx lj4 k"0f{ ljQLo ;'/Iff .
#=@ nIo
cGt/f{li6o dfkb08 tyf /fli6o cfjZostfcg'k ladf ;]jfsf] ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/ ug]{ /
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] hf]lvdnfO{ ladfsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
lads tyf lgofds lgsfosf] Ifdtf a9fpFb} b'u{d tyf Go"g cfo ePsf ju{nufot
;dfhsf ;a} tx;Dd ladf ;]jfsf] kx'r
F k'ofpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= ladf;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o dfkb08sf] cfwf/df laldtsf] lxt ;'lglZrt ug{ gLltut
Pjd\ ;+:yfut ;'wf/ ug]{ .

46 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
 @= b'u{d If]q tyf Go"g cfo ePsf ju{;Dd ladf ;]jf k'ofpg ljZj;gLo ;+oGqxsf]
ljsf; ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yfxdf cfjZostfcg';f/ kl/dfh{g ul/g'sf ;fy} ladf;Fu
;DalGwt cfjZos gLltut tyf sfg'gL cfwf/x th{'df ul/g]5 . -!_
@= ladf If]qnfO{ lgoldt Pjd\ Jojl:yt ug{ ;Ifd x'g] u/L lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
#= ladsxsf] cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ cGt/f{li6o:t/sf] ladf ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -!_
$= ladssf] nufgLof]Uo /sdnfO{ cem ;'/lIft tyf k|ltkmnd'vL If]qdf nufgL ug]{
jftfj/0f tof/ ul/g]5 . -!_
%= ladf bfaL k|lqmof ;/nLs/0fsf nflu k|efjsf/L j}slNks ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -
!_
^= :jb]zdf :yfkgf ePsf] g]kfn k'gla{df sDkgLnfO{ ;'b[9 / ;Ifd agfOg]5 . -!_
&= ladssf] c;kmntfaf6 laldtnfO{ kg{;Sg] gf]S;fgLnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ laldt lxt
;+/If0f sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
*= ladf If]qsf] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgsf] nflu ladf k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf u/L ;~rfngdf
NofOg]5 . -!_
(= ladsxnfO{ ladf kx'Fr k'Ug g;s]sf b'u{d lhNnfxdf zfvf sfof{nox :yfkgf
ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -@_
!)= ladf;DaGwL hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f If]q ;d]l6g] u/L hfgsf/Ld"ns
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
!!= b'u{d u|fdL0f If]q tyf Go"g cfo ePsf] ju{sf] cfjZostfcg'k n3'ladf ;]jfsf]
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
!@= ladfsf] bfo/f a9fO{ s[lif Pjd\ :jf:Yo If]qdf ladf sfo{qmdnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L
agfOg]5 . -@_
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
gofF ladfn]vsf] ;\Vof sl/a #% nfv k'u]sf], ladsxsf] ladfz'Ns cfh{g ?= %) ca{
%) s/f]8 tyf nufgLof]Uo /sd ?= ! va{ ^@ ca{ k'u]sf]], ladfIf]qn] sd{rf/L, ladf clestf{ /
;e]{o/sf] kdf sl/a !,!%,))) hgfnfO{ k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf]
x'g]5 . To;}u/L b'u{d u|fdL0f If]q tyf ;dfhsf Go"g cfo ePsf ju{nufot ;a} txsf] kx'Frdf

;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx | 47

ladf ;]jf k'u]sf], laldtsf] lxt ;+/If0f;DaGwL cfwf/x tof/ eO{ ladf Joj;fok|lt
ljZj;gLotf clej[l4 ePsf] / cGt/f{li6o dfkb08 tyf /fli6o cfjZostfcg'k ladf ;]jfsf]
:t/ clej[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .
#=$=@ k'hL ahf/
!= k[i7e"ld
b]zdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] artnfO{ bL3{sfnLg artsf pks/0fxdfkm{t kl/rfng u/L
pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL a9fpg k'FhL ahf/n] dxjk"0f{ ;+oGqsf] kdf sfo{ ub{5 . bIf Pjd\
k|efjsf/L ahf/ tyf lgodg Joj:yfn] k'FhL ahf/ cem ulx/f], l:y/ / k|efjsf/L x'G5 . lj=;+=
@)## df k'FhL ahf/sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; k|f/De ePsf] eP tfklg xfn;Dd o;n] ck]lIft lj:tf/
/ ulx/fO k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . lwtf]kq tyf bL3{sfnLg C0fsf] ;]jf lj:tf/ ub}{ pbLodfg k'FhL
ahf/sf] :t/df k'ofpg] u/L ljsf; ug{ cfjZos 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
cfly{s j[l4nfO{ k|ToIf ;3fp k'Ug] u/L k'FhL ahf/ kl/rfng, ;+:yfut ;'zf;gsf]
cfrf/;+lxtf nfu' u/L ;+:yfut ;'zf;gdf ;'wf/, lwtf]kq ahf/sf] ;'b[9 lgodg Joj:yf,
lwtf]kq lgisfzg tyf sf/f]af/ nfutdf sdL, lwtf]kqsf] lgisfzgdf :jtGq d"No lgwf{/0fsf]
Joj:yf / k'FhL ahf/dfkm{t k'FhL kl/rfng ug]{ jf:tljs If]qsf ;\ul7t ;+:yfxnfO{ ljQLo
k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf u/L k'FhL ahf/df k|j]z u/fpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . lwtf]kq
Joj;fonfO{ yk Jofj;flos tyf dof{lbt agfO{ lwtf]kq Joj;foL ;]jfnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ Pjd\
ljZj;gLo agfpg cfjZos ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug]{ sfo{ klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
cj;/
b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] Joj;foLs/0f tyf cf}Bf]lusLs/0f ug{ cfjZos bL3{sfnLg k'FhL 7"nf]
kl/df0f / Go"g nfutdf pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] cj:yf, ;du| ljQLo ahf/sf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;df
of]ubfg ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf, cfd nufgLstf{ gful/ssf] k'FhL ahf/k|ltsf] a9\bf] ;r]tgf /
cfsif{0f, k'FhL ahf/df lgisfzgstf{, ;"rLs[t ;\ul7t ;+:yf / lwtf]kq Joj;foLxsf] ljsf;
tyf lj:tf/ Pjd\ a9\bf] ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx / u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLn] ;d]t g]kfndf nufgL ug{ ;Sg]
;+j}wflgs Joj:yfnfO{ k'FhL ahf/sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ ;Sg] cj;/sf] kdf lng ;lsG5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;'b[9 k'FhL ahf/dfkm{t lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 .

48 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
#=@ nIo
/fli6o art tyf nufgL Pjd\ cGt/f{li6o nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ / cy{tGqsf] k'FhL
nfutdf sdL Nofpg ;Ifd, ultzLn / ljZj;gLo k'FhL ahf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
k'FhL ahf/nfO{ kf/bzL{ / k|lt:kwL{ Pjd\ k'FhL kl/rfngstf{ tyf nufgLstf{xsf] kx'Frof]Uo
/ ljZj;gLo agfpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= k'FhL ahf/ ;~rfng tyf lgodg;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o:t/sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ .
@= k'hF L ahf/df jf:tljs If]qsf ;\ul7t ;+:yf, ;fgf nufgLstf{ / /fli6o tyf
cGt/f{li6o ;+:yfut nufgLstf{xsf] cfsif{0f a9fpg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{df cfjZos bIf Pjd\ k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] k"lt{ ug'{sf ;fy}
;~rfng :jfoQtf k|bfg u/L o;nfO{ ;an lgodg lgsfosf] kdf ljsf;
ul/g]5 . -!_
@= k'FhL ahf/;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yfxsf] k'g/fjnf]sg tyf gofF sfg'g th{'df
ul/g]5 . -!_
#= g]kfn :6s PS;r]Gh lnld6]8 tyf l;l8P; PG8 lSnol/ lnld6]8df cGt/f{li6o
:t/sf] sf/f]af/ k|0ffnL, sf/f]af/sf] /fkm;fkm tyf km5\of}{6 / gfd;f/L k|0ffnL ljsf;
ul/g]5 . -!_
$= ljQLo ;fIf/tf tyf nufgLstf{ lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ;fgf artstf{ /
nufgLstf{xsf] lwtf]kq ahf/df cfsif{0f clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
%= lwtf]kq sf/f]af/ / Joj;foL ;]jfsf] :t/ clej[l4 tyf ljs]lGt u/L lwtf]kq
sf/f]af/nfO{ ;xh, kx'Frof]Uo / ;j{;'ne agfOg]5 . -@_
^= lwtf]kqsf] k|fylds lgisfzgdf :jtGq d"No lgwf{/0f, 7"nf] k'FhL cfwf/ x'g] ;\ul7t
;+:yfx klAns lnld6]8 x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg tyf s/ 5'6nufotsf sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L
jf:tljs If]qsf ;\ul7t ;+:yfnfO{ cfslif{t ul/g]5 . -@_
&= cfjZos sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L lwtf]kqsf] bf];|f] ahf/ u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL tyf ljb]zL
;+:yfut nufgLstf{xsf] nufgLsf nflu v'Nnf ul/g]5 . -@_
*= lgisfzgstf{ tyf ;"rLs[t sDkgLxf/f g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{df k]; ul/Psf ;"rgf,
hfgsf/L tyf k|ltj]bgxsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ k4lt nfu' ul/g]5 . -@_
(= k'FhL ahf/df ;+nUg ;+:yf tyf lgsfoxsf] Jofj;flostf tyf ;+:yfut ;'zf;g
clej[l4 ul/g]5 .

;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx | 49

#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= k'FhLahf/;DaGwL k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
1. lwtf]kq;DaGwL P]g, @)^# df ;'wf/ tyf ;f]cg';f/ lgod, ljlgod /
lgb]{lzsfxsf] Joj:yf .
2. j:t' 8]l/e]l6e (Commodity Derivatives) ahf/;DaGwL sfg'g th'{df tyf
sfof{Gjog .
3. g]kfn :6s PS;r]Gh tyf s]Gb|Lo lgIf]k k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ .
4. hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL sf]if tyf af]nsaf]n ahf/ (Auction Market) :yfkgf .
5. g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{f/f lwtf]kq ahf/ lgodg lgsfoxsf] cGt/f{li6o ;7g
(International Organization of Securities Commission) sf] ;b:otf k|flKt .
v= k'FhLahf/df nufgL cfsif{0f
1. g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{sf] lgodg Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f .
2. cGt/f{li6o ljlQo ;+:yfxnfO{ :yfgLo d'b|fdf C0fkq hf/L ug{;Sg] Joj:yf .
3. lwtf]kqsf] bf];|f] ahf/ sf/f]af/, /fkm;fkm tyf km5of}{6nfO{ cgnfOg sf/f]af/df
kfGt/0f .
4. lgisfzgstf{, ;"rLs[t ;\ul7t ;+:yf / lwtf]kq Joj;foLxsf] nflu ;+:yfut
;'zf;g;DaGwL cfrf/;+lxtf / Jofj;flostf ljsf;;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf ljsf; .
5. k'FhL ahf/;DaGwL hgr]tgf clej[l4 tyf nufgLstf{ k|lzIf0f .
6. k'FhL ahf/;DaGwL tYof a}sf] :yfkgf .

$= ck]lIft pknlAw
k'FhL ahf/;DaGwL ;'b[9 lgodg Joj:yf ePsf], cGt/f{li6o :t/sf] sf/f]af/ k|0ffnL,
sf/f]af/sf] /fkm;fkm tyf km5\of}{6 / gfd;f/L k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ePsf]], ;fj{hlgs lgisfzgdf
:jtGq d"No lgwf{/0fsf] Joj:yf eO{ lwtf]kq ahf/df u}/ljQLo If]qsf ;\ul7t ;+:yfxsf] j[l4
ePsf], ;"rLs[t sDkgLxsf] ;"rgf k|jfx tyf ;'zf;g cEof;df ;'wf/ cfPsf], nufgLstf{sf]
;r]tgf tyf lwtf]kq Joj;foLxsf] Jofj;flostf clej[l4 ePsf] tyf k'FhL ahf/df jf:tljs
If]qsf ;l7t ;+:yfx, u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL tyf :jb]zL / ljb]zL ;+:yfut nufgLstf{xsf]
;xeflutf ePsf] x'g]5 .

50 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
#=% ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg
!= k[i7e"ld
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ cfwf/e"t j:t' tyf ;]jf ;j{;'ne / ;'ky
d"Nodf laqmL ljt/0f ug]{, ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{, j:t';]jf pTkfbg tyf
laqmLdf Jofj;flos l;4fGt cjnDag u/L sfo{bIftf Pjd\ k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 u/L gfkmf;d]t
cfh{g ub{} cfly{s kn] cfTdlge{/ /xg], k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f Pjd\ cfly{s j[l4df of]ubfg k'ofpg] /
;fdflhs Gofo k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] :yflkt ePsf x'g\ . t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlw;Dd cfOk'Ubf cfgf
3f]lift p2]Zo k|flKtdf oL ;+:yfgx k|foM c;kmn g} /x] . ;Lldt ;:yfgafx]s cGo ;a}
Jofj;flos kdf ;~rfng x'g g;Sbf aGb x'g], lghLs/0f ug'{kg]{ jf 7"nf] cg'bfg lbP/
rnfpg'kg]{ cj:yfdf k'u]sf 5g\ .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
hgtfsf cfwf/e"t txsf ;]jf ljt/0fdf h?/L ePsf Pjd\ ahf/nfO{ ;Gt'lnt /fVgsf
nflu geO{ gx'g] ;+:yfgxdf dfq ;/sf/ ;+nUg /xL cGonfO{ lghL If]q;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf
Jofj;flos of]hgf;lxt ;~rfng ug]{, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] sf/0f ;/sf/dfly k/]sf] ljQLo ef/
Go"gLs/0f ug]{, sd{rf/Lxdf k]zfut Jofj;flostf clej[l4 u/fO{ hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfloTjsf]
efjgf ljsf; ug]{, ;+:yfgxsf] Jofj;flos lqmofsnfkdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf Go"gLs/0f ub}{
cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08sf] kdf ;+:yfgxnfO{ ;~rfng ug]{h:tf sfo{x cem} r'gf}tLsf
kdf /x]sf] 5g\ .
cj;/
lghL If]q Jofj;flos kdf cfslif{t g/x]sfn] ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt ;flat ePsf], ;/sf/L
gLltx Joj;fod}qL /x]sf], o; If]qsf] ;'wf/df ljsf; ;fem]bf/xsf] rf;f] /x]sf] / hgtfsf
cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf] If]qdf cem} klg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] cfjZostf dx;';
ul/Psf] cj:yf cj;/sf kdf /x]sf 5g\ . :ki6 ;/sf/L gLlt, Jofj;flos sfo{of]hgf,
pQ/bfoL sd{rf/L ;+oGq tyf /fhgLlts x:tIf]kd'Qm jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg]
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx cfgf p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'g] b]lvG5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
k"0f{ Jofj;flos ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgxsf dfWodaf6 j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ;'ne, ;xh /
u'0f:t/Lo kdf cfk"lt{ tyf ljt/0fdfkm{t hglxt .
#=@ nIo
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgxsf] Joj:yfksLo k|efjsfl/tf / ljQLo sfo{s'zntfdf hf]8 lbO{
Jofj;flostf clej[l4 ug]{ .

;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx | 51

#=# p2]Zo
!= hgtfsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfx ;xh kdf pknAw
u/fpg] u/L Jofj;flos cjwf/0ffg';f/ ;+:yfgxsf] ;~rfng ug{' .
@= lghL If]q ;Ifd ;flat ePsf tyf k|lt:kwL{ ahf/sf] ;Defjgf /x]sf If]qxdf lghL
If]qsf] nufgL;d]t cfsif{0f ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u/L ;+:yfg ;~rfngdf ;/sf/,
lghL If]q / ;xsf/L If]qsf] lqkIfLo ;+nUgtf ;'lglZrt ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= hgtfsf] b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jf ljt/0f Pjd\ ;+j]bgzLn ;fdflhs If]qsf
;+:yfgxdf dfq ;/sf/L nufgL s]lGt ug]{ .
@= ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf Pjd\ ljQLo ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj clej[l4
ug]{ .
#= ;fj{hlgslghL;xsf/L ;fem]bf/Ldfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;~rfng ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= ;+:yfgsf] p2]Zo, ;Dkflbt sfdsf] glthf, cfly{s l:ylt, Jofj;flos bIftf /
;/sf/sf] gLlt;d]t ljZn]if0f u/L ;/sf/L nufgL cfjZos kg]{gkg]{ ;+:yfgxsf]
5gf]6 ul/g]5 . -!_
@= /fHon] ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos g/x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgxsf] k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf
a9fpg ;/sf/L nufgL ljlgj]z ul/g]5 . -!_
#= lghLIf]q cfslif{t gx'g] If]qsf ;+:yfgxnfO{ ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lx;fa ldnfg u/L
vf/]hL ul/g]5 . -!_
$= ;dfg p2]Zo ePsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgxnfO{ Pscfk;df ufeL Joj;flos
sfo{bIftfdf ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
%= ;/sf/ ;+nUg /xg'kg]{ ;+:yfgxsf] Joj;flos Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ ;~rfns /
sfo{sf/L k|d'v v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{af6 5gf]6 u/L sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rssf] cfwf/df
sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf ul/g]5 . -@_
^= ;+:yfgaf6 k|bfg ul/g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, d"No lgwf{/0f, ljt/0f tyf cfly{s /
k|zf;lgs lg0f{odf Joj:yfksLo :jfoQtf lbOg]5 . -@_
&= ;/sf/n] nufgL ljlgj]z ug]{ ;+:yfgxdf lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
lbOg]5 . -#_
*= ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf /xg'kg]{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgxsf] Joj;flos tyf k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf
ljsf;sf] nflu /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/Ldf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_

52 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
 (= Go"g Ifdtfdf ;~rflnt ;+:yfgxnfO{ ;/sf/L :jfldTj /xg] u/L lghL If]qnfO{ s/f/
u/]/ Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg u/fOg]5 . -#_
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
;/sf/L ;+:yfgxn] k|bfg ug]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{df j[l4 x'g'sf cltl/Qm ;+:yfgx
Jofj;flos s'zntfk"j{s ;~rfng ePsf x'g]5g\ . ;+:yfgxsf] pTkfbg nfut 36\g uO{
pTkfbsTj j[l4 tyf cfly{s pQ/bfloTj k|j4{g ePsf] x'g]5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] sfo{s'zntf
j[l4;Fu} lghLIf]qsf] ;+nUgtf a9\g uPsf] x'g]5 .

#=^ j}b]lzs Jofkf/, ljb]zL ljlgdo tyf zf]wgfGt/

!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt / ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rltsf] :t/ d'Vo kdf cfoftdf x'g]
e'QmfgL / ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . j:t' tyf ;]jf lgof{tsf] t'ngfdf cfoftsf]
cfsf/ km/flsnf] / 7"nf] /x]sf] tyf lgof{tsf] lj:tf/ sdhf]/ ePsfn] Jofkf/ 3f6f lg/Gt/
al9/x]sf] eP tfklg ljk|]if0f cfosf sf/0f g]kfnsf] zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt clwsf+z jif{xdf artdf
/x]sf] 5 . lgof{tof]Uo j:t'xsf] pTkfbg / ltgLxsf] lgof{t k|j4{g x'g g;Sbf g]kfnn]
cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/af6 cem;Dd klg ck]lIft kmfObf lng ;s]sf] 5}g . cfoftsf] a9\bf] cfsf/ /
ef/t;Fusf] a9\bf] Jofkf/sf sf/0f d'n'sn] nfdf] ;do;Dd klg ljb]zL d'fsf] e'QmfgLdf ef/tLo
d'fsf] vl/b ul//xg' k/]sf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL / cj;/
r'gf}tL
ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx / cfoftsf] k|j[lQdf lge{/ /x]sf] afXo If]qsf] :yfloTj lbuf] agfpg',
cf}Bf]lus If]qdf pT;fx hufpg', gjk|jt{g tyf To;sf] cu|k[i7 ;DaGw sfod ug'{, pTkfbgzLn
If]qdf nufgL clej[l4 tyf k'FhL / >dsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug'{, Jofj;flos jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/
u/L ko{6g cfo j[l4 ug{', cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ tyf pmhf{sf] kof{Kt Joj:yf u/L lghL nufgL
cfslif{t ug{' / ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] sf/0f a9\bf] qmddf /x]sf] s'n /fli6o art pTkfbgzLn
If]qdf pkof]u ug{'h:tf r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
ljsl;t Pjd\ pbLodfg cy{tGqdf t'ngfTds nfesf j:t'xsf] lgof{t ug{ ;lsg], pRr
;Defjgf ePsf wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, b[Zofjnf]sg / ;fxl;s ko{6gsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsg], pmhf{,
ko{6g, vlghhGo / pTkfbgd"ns Joj;fodf j}blzs nufgL leofpg ;lsg], j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Lsf nflu bIf hgzlQm ljsf; u/L ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf pRr j[l4 ug{ ;lsg] / l5d]sL

;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx | 53

b]zxdf ePsf] pRr cfly{s j[l4af6 b]zsf] ko{6g, Jofkf/ / nufgLsf If]qdf kmfObf lng
;lsg]h:tf cj;/ /x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
afXo If]qsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fdfkm{t cfly{s ;fdflhs ;d[l4 .
#=@ nIo
lgof{t k|j4{g, cfoft k|lt:yfkg, ko{6g k|j4{g, pmhf{ ljsf;, j}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f tyf
ljk|]if0f kl/rfngdfkm{t zf]wgfGt/ art / kof{Kt ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rlt sfod ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
!= ;Defljt j:t'sf] cfGtl/s pTkfbg / b]zut tyf j:t'ut lgof{t ljljwLs/0f u/L
Jofkf/ 3f6f tLj|b/df Go"gLs/0f ug'{ .
@= ko{6gsf] lbuf] ljsf;, ljk|]if0fsf] s'zn Joj:yfkg / j}b]lzs nufgLsf] jftfj/0f
l;h{gf u/L zf]wgfGt/ artdfkm{t ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rltsf] kof{Kttf ;'lglZrt
ug{' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= t'ngfTds / k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe ePsf s[lif, ko{6g, hnljB't\ tyf h8La'6Lh:tf
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u u/L j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg clej[l4 ub}{ j:t'ut / b]zut
ljljwLs/0fdfkm{t lgof{tsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] agfpg] .
@= cfk"lt{hGo Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L b]zdf g} pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] / eljiodf lgof{tdf
k|lt:kwL{ x'g;Sg] xfn cfofltt j:t' tyf ;]jfxsf] :jb]zdf g} pTkfbg
clej[l4dfkm{t cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug]{ .
#= k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, ko{6s ;'/Iff tyf ko{6s cfudgdf ;x'lnotdfkm{t ko{6g pBf]unfO{
;an agfO{ ljb]zL ljlgdo cfh{gsf] e/kbf]{ cfwf/ agfpg] .
$= ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] nfutnfO{ sd u/fO{ cf}krfl/s cfk|jfx a9fpFb} pTkfbgzLn If]qdf
nufgL ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
%= b]zsf] k"jf{wf/nufot hnljB't\, ko{6g, pTkfbgzLn pBf]usf] ljsf;sf nflu ljb]zL
nufgL;DaGwL gLltdf ;d;fdlos kl/dfh{g u/L yk nufgLd}qL agfpg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= t'ngfTds tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg a9fpg :jb]zL tyf
ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t ul/g]5 . -!_

54 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
 @= bnxg, t]nxg, t/sf/L, kmnkm"n, 5fnfh'Qf, l;d]G6, sk8fh:tf j:t'xsf] cfGtl/s
pTkfbg clej[l4 u/L d'n'ssf] a9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ul/g]5 . -@_
#= lgof{t Jofkf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ d"No clej[l4 ePsf k|zf]lwt tyf tof/L j:t'xsf]
lgof{tdf hf]8 lbFb} Sjf/]G6fOg hfFr k|0ffnLnfO{ ;d]t Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . -@_
$= wfld{s, z}lIfs, :jf:Yo / v]n ko{6g, gofF kbdfu{xsf] ljsf;, kj{tf/f]x0f tyf
b[Zofjnf]sgsf nflu yk ko{6sLo :ynxsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -#_
%= lk5l8Psf If]q tyf cGo If]qdf /x]sf ;Defjgfo'Qm ko{6g:yn;Dd df]6/af6f] / cGo
k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf u/L oL If]qsf] ko{6g ljsf; ul/g]5 . -#_
^= lqe'jg cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynsf] :t/f]Gglt, If]qLo ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngdf
/x]sf ljdfg:yn km/flsnf] / cfw'lgs agfO{ xjfO{ ;'/Iff / ljZj;gLotf clej[l4
ul/g]5 . -#_
&= ljk|]if0fnfO{ a}\ls dfWodaf6 cfk|jfx ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -$_
*= cGt/f{li6o:t/df j}blzs nufgL cfslif{t ug{ u/]sf k|of;x ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ u/L
ljb]zL nufgL gLltnfO{ nufgLd}qL agfpFb} nlug]5 . -%_
(= lzIff tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf If]qdf ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yf :yfkgf ug{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{ pQm
;]jfsf nflu aflxl/g] /sd Go"g ub}{ nlug]5 . -%_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= :jb]zL pTkfbg clej[l4 tyf ahf/ lj:tf/
1. s[lifhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg clej[l4 tyf ;'/Iffsf nflu /f;folgs dnsf] cfk"lt{,
e08f/0f Joj:yf, Sjf/]G6fOg tyf ahf/ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf Pjd\ ljsf; .
2. bnxg, t]nxg, t/sf/L, kmnkm"n cflbsf] pTkfbg a9fpg oL j:t'xsf]
pTkfbgsf] ks]6 If]q 3f]if0ff u/L pTkfbg clej[l4 .
3. g]kfnL pTkfbgxnfO{ ljz]if k|f]8S6sf] kdf n]aln tyf a|flG8 u/L lgof{t
k|j4{g .
v= nufgL k|j4{g tyf ;+:yfut ljsf;
1. j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ s[lifhGo j:t'xsf] k|zf]wg / ahf/Ls/0fdf klg lj:tf/ ug]{ .
2. ljb]zL nufgL gLltn]] cf}FNofPsf If]qxdf nufgL clej[l4 ug{ k|lqmofut
;/nLs/0f .
3. u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL tyf cGo ljb]zL nufgLstf{sf] nflu nufgL ;xhLs/0f tyf
nufgLstf{ ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf .
u= ko{6g k|j4{g
1. ljdfg:ynxsf] lgdf{0f, :t/f]Gglt / lj:tf/ .

;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx | 55

 2. ;Defjgfo'Qm ko{6g :yn;Dd lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf cfjZos k"jf{wf/
ljsf; .
3. lxdfn cf/f]xLsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu PsLs[t p4f/ s]Gb| lgdf{0f .
4. ljleGg ko{6sLo If]qxnfO{ hf]8L ko{6g ;ls{6sf] :yfkgf .
5. g]kfndf cGt/f{li6o tyf ;fxl;s v]nx cfof]hgf ug{ ;lsg] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; .
6. u'0f:t/Lo ko{6s cfsif{0f tyf a;fO cjlw a9fpg dgf]/~hg k"jf{wf/ tyf
ko{6gsf] ef}uf]lns ljljwLs/0f .
7. z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yo ko{6g ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ .
3= ljk|]if0f Joj:yfkg
1. a}dfkm{t ljk|]if0f k|fKt ePsf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df ljleGg ;]jfxdf k|f]T;fxg
Joj:yf .
2. ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL a9fpg kl/of]hgfd'vL lwtf]kq
hf/L .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
Jofkf/ 3f6f qmdzM sd x'Fb} uPsf], ko{6s cfjfudg / ko{6g cfodf j[l4 ePsf]], j}b]lzs
nufgL j[l4 ePsf], cf}krfl/s dfWodaf6 ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf yk j[l4 ePsf], zf]wgfGt/ art
wgfTds /x]sf] / ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rlt sDtLdf cf7 dlxgfsf] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft
wfGg;Sg] :t/df sfod /x]sf] x'g]5 .
#=& lghL If]q
!= k[i7e"ld
lghL If]qdf Jofj;flostf, gjLgtd ;f]r / pBdzLntfsf] ljsf;af6 o;nfO{ b]zsf]
cfly{s j[l4sf] k|d'v ;+jfxssf kdf cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
nufgLd}qL jftfj/0fsf] cefj, k"jf{wf/sf] sdL, c;'/Iff cflbsf] sf/0fn] lghL If]q k5fl8 k/]sf]
cj:yf 5 . lghL If]qsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] ljsf;af6 l5d]sL d'n'sxsf] cfly{s j[l4 /
pknAw ;DefJotfnfO{ cj;/sf] kdf lnO{ ljZjahf/df kx'Fr / lx:;f j[l4 ug'{ ckl/xfo{ 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
cf}Bf]lus >d ;DaGw ;'dw'/ agfpg', cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff k|Tofe"lt ug{', nufgLsf] jftfj/0f
l;h{gf ug{', gLltut lg/Gt/tf / sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug{', nufgLsf] If]qLo
c;Gt'ng sd ug{', u}/s[lif If]qdf lghL If]qsf] kl/kSjtf xfl;n ug{', /fhg}lts l:y/tf sfod
ug{' tyf Jofkf/ / nufgLsf] :jR5 / Jofj;flos jftfj/0f sfod ug{' r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf
5g\ .

56 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
cj;/
lghL If]q;Fu /x]sf] ;Lk / nufgLsf] ;|f]t pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufO{ /f]huf/d"ns pTkfbg /
cfodf j[l4 ug{', ;/sf/lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Laf6 k"jf{wf/sf] If]qdf nufgL a9fpg' / cGt/f{li6o
Jofkf/sf] dfqf a9fO{ lgsf;L k|j4{g ug'{ lghL If]qsf] ljsf;sf] cj;/sf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
cfly{s ;d[l4sf] ;zQm ;fem]bf/sf] kdf lghL If]q .
#=@ nIo
d'n'ssf] cfly{s j[l4, /fh:j kl/rfng / pBdzLntf j[l4df of]ubfg ub}{ pTkfbgzLn
/f]huf/L a9fpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
!= lghL If]qsf] nufgL lj:tf/ tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L yk pTkfbg,
pTkfbsTj tyf /f]huf/L j[l4 ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds, pTkfbgzLn Pjd\ k|fyldstfk|fKt
k"jf{wf/ If]qdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg] .
@= ahf/ c;kmntf tyf gsf/fTds afXo k|efj (Externalities) nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
k|efjsf/L lgodg ug]{ .
#= cfly{s tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df ;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/L clej[l4 ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff / pmhf{ pknAwtf a9fpg'sf ;fy} cfjZos
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
@= lghL If]qsf] nufgL clej[l4 ug{ df}lb|s tyf u}/df}lb|s ;'ljwf tyf k|f]T;fxgsf]
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
#= >d ;'/IffnfO{ Wofg lbO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;lxtsf] nlrnf] >d gLlt ckgfOg]5 . -!_
$= lghL If]qsf] k|efjsf/L lgodg ug{ sfg'gL Pjd\ ;+:yfut ;'wf/df hf]8 lbOg]5 . -@_
%= sfnf] ahf/L, Psflwsf/, cgf}krfl/s Jofkf/h:tf ultljlwxnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_

;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx | 57

 ^= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo tyf ;kmfO, lzIff, jftfj/0f k|j4{g / k|sf]k
Joj:yfkgh:tf If]qdf ;+:yfut ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -@_
&= ;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/L gLlt, @)&@ n] cLsf/ u/]sf Joj:yfxsf] qmdzM
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= lghL If]qsf] ;xhLs/0f
1. ;8s kx'Fr, k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0f nfOg nufotsf cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f /
lj:tf/ .
2. cf}Bf]lus If]q, ljz]if cfly{s If]q tyf cfly{s sf]l/8f]/ :yfkgf .
3. pBf]u tyf cf}Bf]lus If]qnfO{ pmhf{ pknAwtfsf] ;'lglZrtf .
4. cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofj;flos ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ .
5. df}lb|s tyf u}/df}lb|s ;'ljwf tyf k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf .
v= lghL If]qsf] lgodg
1. lghL If]q lgodg;DaGwL sfg'gL tyf k|lqmofut ;'wf/ tyf ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f .
2. ;+:yfut ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf] s8fOsf ;fy sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg .
u= ;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/L
1. ;8s oftfoft, ljB't\ pTkfbg, ;"rgf ;~rf/, ;x/L tyf u|fdL0f jftfj/0f, ;x/L
k"jf{wf/, lzIff tyf :jf:Yoh:tf k"jf{wf/sf k|fyldstf If]qdf ;fem]bf/L .
2. ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L s]Gb| :yfkgf / ;~rfng .
3. ;fem]bf/L ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfxsf] Ifdtf ljsf; .
4. ;fem]bf/L ;DaGwdf lghL ;+:yfxsf] ;r]tgf tyf Ifdtf ljsf; .
5. ;fem]bf/L;DaGwL cfof]hgf a} ljsf; .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/, cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] :yfkgf / lghL If]qsf] nufgL
clej[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 . ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf / ;fem]bf/Lsf] If]q lj:tf/
ePsf] x'g]5 . ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qsf] ;+o'Qm nufgLn] yk /f]huf/L l;h{gf / k|lt:kwf{Tds
Ifdtf ljsf; Pjd\ pQ/bfloTj clej[l4 eO{ cy{tGqdf lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf a9]sf] x'g]5 .
#=* j}b]lzs nufgL
!= k[i7e"ld
art / nufgLsf] cfjZostfaLrsf] cGt/ k"/f ug{, cfw'lgs k|ljlw, Joj:yfksLo tyf
k|fljlws sf}zn leofO{ pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{, b]zdf g} pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] t/ xfn

58 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
cfoft e}/x]sf j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg u/L cfGtl/s dfu k"lt{ ug{ tyf lgof{t lj:tf/ ug{
j}b]lzs nufgLsf] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . xfn;Dd d'n'sn] cfly{s ljsf;df o;sf] oy]i6 kdf
pkof]u ug{ g;s] klg cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u, ;]jf / ko{6gsf If]qdf k|z:t nufgL a9fpg ;Sg]
b]lvG5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
Joj;fo ;~rfng tyf kf/jxg nfutdf s6f}tL ug{', ljB't\sf] lgoldt cfk"lt{ tyf
cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/sf] ;xh, e/kbf]{ / kof{Kt Joj:yf ug'{, j}b]lzs nufgLdf Go"gtd /fli6o ljsf;
ug{', o'jf knfognfO{ lg?T;flxt ub}{ cw{bIf tyf bIf hgzlQmsf] kof{Kttf ;'lglZrt ug{' /
>dgLlt tyf sfg'gnfO{ a9L nlrnf] Pjd\ nufgLd}qL agfpg' k|d'v r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
gofF ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog ;'? ePkl5 aGb} uPsf] nufgLsf] jftfj/0f, k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf]
k|r'/tf Pjd\ h}ljs tyf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf, t'ngfTds kdf Go"g Hofnfb/, g]kfnL ;d'bfosf]
ljb]zdf a9\bf] pkl:ylt / pgLxsf] ;Lk, Ifdtf / cg'ejsf] clwstd kl/rfng ug{;Sg]
;Defjgf, j}b]lzs nufgL, Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;xsfo{;DaGwL ax'kIfLo, If]qLo / lkIfLo
;Demf}tfxaf6 cGt/f{li6o ahf/ k|j]zdf kfpg] ;xhtf / l5d]sL d'n'sxdf ePsf] pRr
cfly{s j[l4 Pjd\ a9\bf] dWodjuL{o hg;\Vofaf6 Jofkf/ / nufgLsf If]qdf kmfObf lng
;lsg]h:tf cj;/ /x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
j}b]lzs nufgLsf] kl/rfngdfkm{t gjk|jt{gzLn, k|lt:kwL{ / ultzLn /fli6o cy{tGq .
#=@ nIo
j}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f tyf clej[l4 u/L pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4, k|lt:kwf{Tds
Ifdtf ljsf; / Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t u/L k'FhL Pjd\ goFf k|ljlw tyf ;Lk leqfP/ Jofkf/ 3f6f sd
ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L t'ngfTds tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe, k|fyldstfsf If]q
/ vf;u/L lgof{td"ns j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg / /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg] If]qdf
ljb]zL k'FhL cfsif{0f ug]{ .

;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx | 59

 @= :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwg / ;Lksf] pkof]u tyf ;Gt'lnt k|fb]lzs ljsf; x'g] u/L
k|fyldstfsf If]qdf j}b]lzs nufgL kl/rfng ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t tyf k|f]T;flxt ug{ cfly{s tyf u}/cfly{s ;x'lnot /
;'ljwfx tyf k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
@= hn;|f]t, pBf]u, ef}lts k"jf{wf/, ko{6gnufotsf j}b]lzs nufgLsf] k|fyldstfsf
If]qdf cfof]hgf a} :yfkgf u/L nufgL k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -!_
#= j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ j}b]lzs Jofkf/ j[l4;Fu cfa4tf sfod ul/g]5 . -!_
$= s"6gLlts ;+oGq tyf u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;d'bfosf] kl/rfng u/L j}b]lzs nufgL
cfslif{t ul/g]5 . -!_
%= g]kfndf a9L nufgL ub}{ cfPsf t/ lkIfLo nufgL k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0f ;Demf}tf /
bf]xf]/f] s/ pGd'lQm;DaGwL ;Demf}tf gePsf d'n'sx;Fu To:tf ;Demf}tfx qmdzM
ul/g]5 . -!_
^= j}b]lzs nufgL kl/rfng;DaGwL sfg'gL, ;+:yfut / k|lqmofut ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
&= ljb]zL nufgL gLltn] cLsf/ u/]sf Joj:yfxsf] qmdzM sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
*= ljb]zL nufgLdf :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwg tyf ;Lksf] clwstd pkof]unfO{ k|fyldstf
lbOg]5 . -@_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= ljb]zL nufgL cfsif{0f
1. ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f;DaGwL gofF P]g th'{df .
2. df}lb|s tyf u}/df}lb|s ;'ljwf tyf k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf .
3. ;8s kx'Fr, ljB't\ k|;f/0f / ljt/0f nfOgnufotsf cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f
tyf lj:tf/ .
4. cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff tyf pmhf{ pknAwtfsf] ;'lglZrttf .
5. j}b]lzs nufgL;DaGwL pBf]u btf{, hUuf k|flKtnufotsf nufgL ;]jfdf ;'wf/ .
6. lkIfLo nufgL k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0f ;Demf}tf / bf]xf]/f] s/ pGd'lQm;DaGwL
;Demf}tf .
v= ljb]zL nufgL kl/rfng
1. ljb]zL nufgL;DaGwL sfg'gL Pjd\ k|lqmofut ;'wf/ tyf ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f .
2. j}b]lzs nufgLsf] k|fyldstfsf If]qdf cfof]hgf a} :yfkgf .
3. l5d]sL d'ns;Fusf] Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbgdf ljb]zL nufgL
kl/rfng .

60 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
 4. ljb]zL nufgLdf :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwg tyf ;Lksf] clwstd pkof]u .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
j}b]lzs nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, ljz]if cfly{s If]q tyf lgof{t k|j4{g If]q;DaGwL P]g
th{'df / ;+zf]wg ePsf]], ljb]zL nufgL k|j4{gdf s"6gLlts lgof]u tyf ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnL
kl/rfng ePsf]], j}b]lzs nufgLdf pNn]Vo j[l4 ePsf],] yk /f]huf/L l;h{gf ePsf] / Jofkf/
3f6fdf sdL cfPsf] x'g]5 .
#=( ;xsf/L If]q
!= k[i7e"ld
;/sf/L / lghL If]q k'Ug g;s]sf If]qsf] cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf;df ;xsf/L If]qsf]
of]ubfg /xG5 . ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ n3'ljQ sf/f]af/;Fu} pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f / ;]jf k|jfxdf ;+nUg
u/fO{ pTkfbgd"ns sfo{df ;+nUg u/fpg'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] 5l/P/ /x]sf >d, ;Lk,
k|ljlw / k'FhLnfO{ Pslqt u/L pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj / /f]huf/L j[l4af6 /fli6o cy{tGqdf of]ubfg
lbg ;Sb5 . vf;u/L s[lif If]qdf ;xsf/Ln] u/]sf] of]ubfg k|z+;gLo 5 . ;xsf/L If]qn] yk
;Defljt If]qxdf cfgf] pkl:ylt gb]vfO;s]sf] x'gfn] o;sf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / k|j4{g
cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .
;xsf/L If]qdf #@,^^# ljleGg k|s[ltsf k|f/lDes ;xsf/L ;+:yfx / ^( cf]6f lhNnf
;xsf/L ;\3, @%@ ljifout ;xsf/L ;\3x, @) cf]6f ljifout s]Gb|Lo ;\3, Pp6f /fli6o
;xsf/L a} / zLif{:y lgsfosf kdf /fli6o ;xsf/L ;\3 lnld6]8 lqmofzLn 5g\ .
;xsf/L;+:yfdf %@ nfveGbf a9L ;b:ox cfa4 /x]sf 5g\ . ;xsf/L If]qdf dlxnf ;b:osf]
;xeflutf sl/a $^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] g]t[Tjdf dlxnfsf] kx'Fr #$ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
dlxnfdfq ;b:o /xL ;~rflnt ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;\Vof $,)!! k'u]sf] 5 . o; If]qn] emG8} ^!
xhf/ gful/sxnfO{ k|ToIf / !) nfveGbf a9LnfO{ ck|ToIf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf]
cg'dfg 5 . cf=j= @)&@&# sf] cGTodf ;xsf/L ;\3 ;+:yfxsf] ;]o/ k'FhL ?= ^% ca{, art
?= @ va{ !) ca{ / nufgL ?= ! va{ *% ca{ /x]sf] 5 . ;a} lhNnfdf ;~hfn lj:tf/ ePsf]
o; If]qn] ljkGg ju{, b'u{d If]q, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L, blnt, ckf\tf ePsf JolQm,
cNk;\Vos ;a} ju{, If]q / ;d'bfonfO{ ;d]6\g ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
;xsf/L;DaGwL P]glgoddf ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g ug]{, pTkfbgzLn If]qdf ;xsf/Lsf]
of]ubfg a9fpg], 7"nf] ;\Vofdf /x]sf ;xsf/L ;+:yfxdf ljQLo ;'zf;g sfod ug]{, ;xsf/L
;+:yfxdf ljkGg ju{nfO{ ;d]6\g] / art tyf C0fsf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;xsf/L ;+:yfxsf] lgodg
ug]{ r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .

;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx | 61

cj;/
;xsfl/tfsf dfWodaf6 pTkfbg tyf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] nIo xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg],
;xsf/Ldf ;xefuLxsf] lzIff tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{, ;;fgf artnfO{ kl/rfng u/L k'FhL
lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'ofpg], hgtfdf ;fd'bflos tyf ;xof]uL efjgfsf] ljsf; ug]{ /
:yfgLo:t/df ljQLo cGt/;DaGw sfod ug]{ cj;/ /x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
:yfgLo ;|f]t, >d, ;Lk / k'FhLsf] clwstd kl/rfngdfkm{t cfly{s;fdflhs kfGt/0f .
#=@ nIo
pknAw :yfgLo ;|f]t, >d, ;Lk / k'FhLsf] ;fd"lxs kdf kl/rfng u/L pTkfbgdf u'0fs
k|efj l;h{gf ug]{ / ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
!= ;xsf/Ldf cfwfl/t pTkfbg, pBd / ;]jf Joj;fosf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L d'n'ssf]
lbuf] / ;dtfd"ns cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf;df of]ubfg k'ofpg' .
@= ;xsf/Lsf] l;4fGt / d"Noxsf] k|j4{g ub}{ ;xsf/Lsf] Joj:yfkgsf ljlw / k|lqmofdf
;'wf/ u/L ;'zf;g sfod ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= ;xsf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ pTkfbgzLn tyf ;fdflhs Joj;fosf If]qdf lqmofzLn
u/fpg] .
@= ;xsf/Lsf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f k|j4{g ug]{ .
#= cg'udg tyf lgodgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;xsf/L If]qdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ s[lif, ko{6g, pBf]u, pmhf{h:tf k|ToIf pTkfbgzLn If]qdf kl/rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
@= ;xsf/L ;+:yfxsf] Joj:yfkgdf bIftf clej[l4 ug{ tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
#= s[lif tyf u|fdL0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfxsf] pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/Ls/0f ug{sf nflu ;3fp
k'ofpg ljleGg ahf/ tyf ahf/ ;"rgf s]Gsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
$ ;xsf/Ld}qL s/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
%= :yfgLo lgsfo, ljsf; ;fem]bf/ / ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx ;d]taf6 ;xsf/L If]qdf
ljQLo tyf k|fljlws ;xfotf kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -!_

62 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
 ^= ;xsf/Ldf cfa4 ljkGg dlxnf, ;LdfGts[t ul/a, ckftf ePsf JolQm, e"ldxLg tyf
lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo / >ldsnfO{ :j/f]huf/d"ns pBf]u tyf Joj;fo :yfkgf ug{
cfjZos kg]{ k'FhL / ;Lkd"ns tflnd pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -@_
&= dlxnf, ul/a, ;LdfGts[t, ckftf ePsf JolQm, e"ldxLg tyf lk5l8Psf ju{ /
>ldssf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;xsf/L k4ltsf] Joj;fodf kx'Fr a9fOg]]5 . -@_
*= ;xsf/Ldf cfa4 s[ifsnfO{ ;x'lnot shf{sf nflu s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yfxsf] :jfldTj
/x]sf] ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; a}dfkm{t kF'hL kl/rfngdf ;xof]u k'ofOg]5 . -@_
(= o'jfxnfO{ :jb]zd} sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;xsf/Ldfkm{t /f]huf/L l;h{gf
tyf o'jf :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
!)= ;xsf/L ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L ;f]sf] k|of]uaf6 cg'udg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfOg]5 . -#_
!!= ;xsf/Lsf artstf{xsf] artsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ art ;'/If0f -ladf_ sf]
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
!@= ljQLo cj:yf / sf/f]af/ cfsf/sf] cfwf/df ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] juL{s/0f ul/g]5 . -#_
!#= ;xsf/L If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos sfg'gL Joj:yf, bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlts
of]hgfsf] th{'df Pjd\ pko'Qm ;7g ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -#_
!$= ;x/s]lGt art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfxsf] lgodgsf nflu 5'} ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf
ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= ;xsf/L If]qsf] k|j4{g sfo{qmd
1. s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jfsf] If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf tyf pTkfbg j[l4 .
2. /fli6o k|fyldstfsf If]qxsf] ljsf;sf nflu k|f]T;fxg tyf ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t
k'FhLut cg'bfg .
3. nlIft ;d"x ;xsf/L k|j4{g / kx'Fr clej[l4 sfo{qmdM ;xsf/L ;r]tgf, ;+:yf
u7g, ljsf;, lzIff / tflnd tyf cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu Ifdtf ljsf;, lap
k'FhL, k|fljlws ;xof]u jf ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t k'FhLut cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] .
v= pBdzLntf tyf Ifdtf ljsf;
1. ;xsf/L ;\3;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/LxnfO{ ;xsf/L Joj:yfkg tyf
pBdzLntf / g]t[Tj ljsf;sf tflnd .
2. k|lzIfs tyf k|lzIf0f ljlw, kf7\ok':ts kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o ;fdu|Lxsf]
:t/f]Gglt / ;'wf/ .
3. ;xsf/L ljefu / dftxt tflnd s]Gb|x, l8lehg ;xsf/L sfof{noxdfkm{t
;xsf/L;DaGwL ljQLo ;fIf/tf sfo{s|d ;~rfng .

;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx | 63

 u= ;xsf/L;DaGwL ;~rf/
1. ;xsf/L ;~rf/ /0fgLlt th'{df .
2. ;xsf/Lsf] ljsf; tyf k|j4{gsf] nflu ;xsf/Lsf ;j{dfGo l;4fGt, d"No / :yflkt
dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;xsf/L ljlwx;DaGwL ;|f]t ;fdfu|Lx lgdf{0f, ;'wf/ tyf
k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ .
3= cg'udg, cg';Gwfg tyf d"Nofg
1. ;xsf/L ;\3 ;+:yfxsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, ljsf; / k|j4{gsf] nflu lgoldt cg'udg,
lgodg / lg/LIf0f .
2. ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf .
3. ;xsf/L If]q;DaGwL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;\Vof #%,^## k'u]sf] / ;xsf/L ;b:o ;\Vof j[l4 eO{ %% nfv k'u]sf]]
x'g]5 . ;xsf/L ;\3;+:yfxsf] s'n ;]o/ kF'hL ?=*) ca{, art ;ng ?=@@% ca{ / nufgL
?=@$% ca{ k'u]sf] x'g]5 . ;xsf/L ;\3;+:yfdf dlxnf ;b:osf] k|ltlglwTj %) k|ltzt /
;xsf/L If]qaf6 k|ToIf /f]huf/L kfpg]sf] ;\Vof ^@=% xhf/ k'u]sf] x'g]5 . tflnd k|fKt
;xsf/LsdL{xsf] ;\Vof !,@*,))) k'uL g]t[Tj ljsf; Joj:yfkg ;Lk ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 .
s'n ;xsf/L ;+:yfxdWo] lgl:qmo ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] cg''kft !@ k|ltztaf6 36]/ ( k|ltzt
sfod ePsf]], ;d:ofu|:t ;xsf/L ;+:yfxsf] ;\Vof !#) af6 36]/ !)) sfod ePsf] x'g]5 .
art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ljZj;gLotf a9]sf] x'g'sf ;fy} ;xsf/Lsf] dfWodaf6 ;DefJo
cfly{s If]qdf nufgL clej[l4 eO{ b]zsf] ;du| cy{ Joj:yfdf 6]jf k'Uf]sf] x'g]5 .

64 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
 kl/R5]b M $
If]qut ljsf; gLltx
$=! s[lif, e"ld;'wf/ tyf jg
$=!=! s[lif
!= k[i7e"ld
sl/a ^# k|ltzt hg;\Vof /f]huf/L tyf hLljsfsf] nflu lge{/ /x]sf] Pjd\ s'n ufx{:Yo
pTkfbgdf sl/a #@ k|ltzt of]ubfg /x]sf] g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qdf ;fgf / demf}nf ls;fgxsf]
a9L ;+nUgtf /x]sf] 5 . d"NftM s[lif k|0ffnL lgjf{xd'vL x'g' / o;df ;+nUg >ldsxsf]
pTkfbsTj lgs} sd /xFbf o; If]qaf6 >dzlQmsf] knfog a9\bf] 5 . @)&@ ;fn j}zfvsf]
ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] s[lif If]qdf 7"nf] Iflt k'ofPsf] 5 . sltko :yfgdf ;'Vvf v8]/Ln] vfBfGg
pTkfbgdf k|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] vfB;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf
kdf k|Tofe"t u/]sf] ;Gbe{df k|fs[lts tyf cGo ;6sf sf/0f pTkGg x'g;Sg] vfB ;6sf]
cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ k|d'v vfBfGgsf] cfTdlge{/tfsf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ug{'k/]sf] 5 .
b]zsf] ef}uf]lns kl/j]z, pknAw s[lif lzIff, cg';Gwfg, pGgt laplahg / k|ljlw, ;|f]t
;fwg, s[lif pBdL, o'jf tyf ;LdfGt s[ifs ju{sf] rfxgf, t'ngfTds nfe / /fli6o cfjZostf
tyf g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6o:t/df u/]sf ;lGw, ;Demf}tf, k|lta4tf, lbuf] ljsf; nIo, /fli6o
gLltxdf u/]sf k|lta4tfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} s[lifhGo pTkfbg Pjd\ Jofkf/df k|lt:kwf{,
Jofj;foLs/0f, oflGqsLs/0f / ljljwLs/0f u/L s[lif If]qsf] kfGt/0f ug{' h?/L 5 . ;fy}
;/sf/L, ;xsf/L / lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff cLsf/ ub}{ s[lif k]zfnfO{ pRr ;Ddfghgs
agfO{ cfocfh{g tyf /f]huf/L l;h{gf, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng, lbuf] / ;Gt'lnt
ljsf;, vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 .
a9\bf] hg;\Vofsf] rfknfO{ wfGg ;Sg] u/L vfB tyf cGo cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{
s[lif pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fpg'kg]{ l:ylt /x]sf] 5 . tyflk g]kfndf x/]s jif{ s[lifhGo
j:t'xsf] cfoftnfO{ ck]lIft dfqfdf Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu
o'jf hgzlQmsf] knfog, s[lif ;fdu|L cfk"lt{sf] sdhf]/ l:ylt, df6f]sf] pTkfbsTjdf x|f;, s[lifdf
oflGqsLs/0fsf] cefj / a9\bf] nfut, cfofltt s[lifhGo j:t'x;Fusf] k|lt:kwf{, s[life"ldsf]
cTolws v08Ls/0f, cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fn] e"pkof]udf eO/x]sf] kl/jt{g / hnjfo'
kl/jt{gh:tf sf/0fn] s[lif If]qdf cfzftLt pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
clwsf+z s[ifsx ;fgf / demf}nf :t/sf ePsf] x'Fbf hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ljleGg k|fs[lts
k|sf]k;Fu h'Wg] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{' / jif]{gL o'jf hgzlQmsf] ljb]z knfogn] ubf{ s[lif If]qdf k/]sf]

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 65

gsf/fTds c;/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{'sf ;fy} cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f, hUufsf] v08Ls/0f, 38]/Ls/0f,
bf]xf]/f] e":jfldTjsf] l:ylt / hUuf afFemf] /fVg] k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ub}{ s[life"ldnfO{ pkof]udf
Nofpg'kg]{ r'gf}tL 5 . :yfgLo afnLgfnLdf sdL / :yfgLo vfg]s'/fsf] pkof]udf ;f]r]cg';f/
k|ult x'g g;Sg' csf]{ r'gf}tL xf] . To:t} s[lif If]qdf ePsf] nufgL, s[lif C0fsf] ;xh pknAwtf,
s[lif k|;f/ ;]jfdf s[ifsxsf] kx'Frdf j[l4 / s[lifhGo j:t'xsf] pTkfbg, ljt/0f, cfoft Pjd\
lgof{tnfO{ nfutk|efjL agfpg', u'0f:t/ Pjd\ :jR5tf lgodg sfo{ k|efjsf/L t'NofpFb}
s[lifhGo j:t'xsf] k|lt:wf{Tds Ifdtf j[l4 ug{', u'0f:t/Lo lap, dnvfb, sL6gfzs tyf ;fgf /
demf}nf:t/sf s[lifoGqsf] ;'netf, s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] ;dofg's"n cfk"lt{ a9fpg' / s[lif k]zfnfO{
k|lt:kwL{, gfkmfd"ns, ;Ddfghgs / Jofj;flos kdf :yflkt ug{' klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5g\ .
cj;/
b]zsf] ef}uf]lns tyf h}ljs ljljwtfn] pknAw u/fPsf ljleGg ;DefJotfx x'g', s[lif
ljsf;sf] :ki6 dfu{bz{gsf kdf /x]sf] s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt@)&@ sfof{Gjog x'g', :jb]zL
nufgLd} k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgfsf] ;'?jft x'g', ljb]zaf6 kmls{Psf o'jfx
;Lk, 1fg, k'FhL / pGgt k|ljlw;lxt s[lif If]qdf cfslif{t x'Fb} hfg', h}ljs s[lif / s[lif jgk|lt
ls;fgxsf] cfsif{0f a9\g', ljZj Jofkf/sf] kx'Fr Pjd\ 7"nf ;+:yfut / cGo lghL
If]qx;d]tsf] o; If]qdf cfsif{0f a9\b} hfg' s[lif If]qsf cj;/ x'g\ . kxf8 / b'u{d If]qdf
oftfoftsf ;'ljwf a9\b} hfg'sf cltl/Qm kl5Nnf jif{xdf s[lif C0f, s[lif ladf, gofF
k|ljlwxsf] pkof]u / l;FrfO ;'ljwfdf lj:tf/n] ;d]t o; If]qdf yk cj;/x l;h{gf x'Fb}5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
b]zdf vfB ;Dk|e'tf / vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt .
#=@ nIo
lbuf] / Jofj;flos ljsf;f/f s[lif If]qnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ / cfTdlge{/ pGd'v agfpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
1. s[lif pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 u/L s[lif pkhdf cfTdlge{/ pGd'v x'g' .
2. lgjf{xd'vL s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ gfkmfd"ns, lbuf] Pjd\ Jofj;flos k|0ffnLdf kfGt/0f ug{' .
3. s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBf]usf] ljsf; u/L /f]huf/L / cfDbfgL j[l4 ug{' .
4. s[lif If]qsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf j[l4 u/L /fli6o cy{tGqdf 6]jf k'ofpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTj / k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ .
2. t'ngfTds nfe x'g;Sg] :yfgLo afnLgfnL / cfwf/e"t vfB j:t'sf] pTkfbgdf
cfTdlge{/tf xfl;n ug]{ .

66 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
 3. s[lif If]qsf] cltl/Qm >dzlQmnfO{ s[lif tyf u}/s[lifdf cfwfl/t ;]jf / pBf]u If]qtkm{
cfslif{t u/L o; If]qdflysf] lge{/tf sd ug]{ .
4. hnjfo' kl/jt{g / k|sf]kaf6 kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ jftfj/0fd}qL s[lif
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos gLlt P]g / lgodx th{'df ;+zf]wg u/L k|efjsf/L
kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . s[ifs s]lGt tyf s[ifsd}qL gLlt lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .
sfo{qmd ;~rfng lgb{]lzsf tyf gD;{x ;do;fk]If kdf kl/dfh{g ub}{ nlug]5 . -!_
2. u|fdL0f If]qdf s[lif j:t' pTkfbg clej[l4 ug{ s[lifhGo j:t'xsf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg
If]qdf pko'Qm / lbuf] l;FrfO ;'ljwfnufotsf cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] kx'Fr a9fOg]5 .
lgof{tof]Uo afnL j:t'xsf] pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg clej[l4 u/L cGt/f{li6o ahf/df
k|lt:kwL{ agfOg]5 . -!_
3. u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbg ;fdu|Lx / s[lifsf] oflGqsLs/0fsf nflu s[ifsd}qL cf}hf/, pGgt
k|ljlw Pjd\ ;'ne s[lif shf{sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
4. s[lif lzIff / cg';Gwfgaf6 ljsf; ePsf k|ljlwxsf] lj:tf/sf nflu s[lif If]qdf
sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxaLr ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ub}{ sfof{Gjog
kIfnfO{ glthf pGd'v agfOg]5 . -!_
5. v]tLof]Uo hUufnfO{ afFemf] /fVg] k|j[lQ lg?T;flxt ub}{ afFemf] /x]sf s[lif e"ldsf] lbuf]
pkof]usf nflu pko'Qm of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
6. vfB tyf cGo s[lif pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/tfsf nflu pTkfbgsf ks]6, Ans, hf]g tyf
;'k/hf]gsf] ljsf; u/L ;3g Joj;flos v]tL k|0ffnL cl3 a9fOg]5 . -@_
7. s[lif pkh pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, e08f/0f Pjd\ ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf;,
cg';/0f, cjnDag / cfw'lgsLs/0f ul/g]5 . pTkfbg / e08f/0fsf qmddf x'g] xfgLnfO{
Go"gLs/0f ul/g]5 . -@_
8. lghL tyf ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;+nUgtf a9fpFb} s/f/ ;Demf}tfdf cfwfl/t tyf ;xsf/L
v]tLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ d"No >[\vnf k4lt cg';f/ pTkfbgb]lv ahf/Ls/0f;Ddsf
sfo{qmdx PsLs[t kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
9. vfBfGg pTkfbg Go"g x'g] tyf vfBkf]if0f c;'/lIft If]qdf :yfgLo :t/d} pTkfbg ug{
;lsg] s[lifhGo pTkfbg k|j{4g tyf pkof]udf hf]8 lbO{ ;'/lIft vfgkfg / kf}li6s
tTjsf ;|f]t tyf pkof]uaf/] ;r]tgfTds sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
10. s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux, ;]jf tyf u|fdL0f s[lif ko{6gsf] ljsf;df o'jf tyf s[ifs
pBdLxnfO{ cfslif{t ul/g]5 . -#_
11. s[lifhGo pBf]usf nflu cfjZos u'0f:t/Lo sRrf kbfy{xsf] kof{Kt pTkfbg
ul/g]5 . -#_

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 67

 12. k|ffl/s v]tLsf ;Defljt j:t' / If]qxsf] klxrfg Pjd\ pTkfbg j[l4 u/L pTkflbt
k|ffl/s j:t'sf] a|fG8 k|j4{g ub}{ /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o :t/df ahf/Ls/0f
ul/g]5 . -$_
13. nf]kf]Gd'v laplahg / afnLhGo h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf]
cu|;/tfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ug{'sf ;fy} pgLxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{ cfjZos
k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -@, $_
14. s[lifhGo h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g tyf ;b'kof]u ub}{ df6f] ;'xfpFbf] Pjd\
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug{ cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t jftfj/0fd}qL / SnfOd]6
:df6{ s[lif k|ljlwsf] ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ s[lifdf cg's"ng
ub}{ s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g tyf pkof]udf j[l4 ul/g]5 . -$_
15. s[lif pkhsf] clwstd pTkfbg Pjd\ pTkfbsTj j[l4sf nflu :yfgLo ;fwg;|f]t /
h}ljs k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ul/g]5 . -$_
16. s[lif pkhsf] :jR5tf / u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg ljljw sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L cfoft
k|lt:yfkg / lgof{t k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbOg]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= s[lif pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4
1. d"No >\[vnfsf ;a} r/0fx lapb]lv clGtd pTkfbg, pTkfbgb]lv k|zf]wg, ahf/
k"jf{wf/b]lv ;8s kx'Fr / ;~hfnLs/0f tyf k|ljlwb]lv u'0f:t/sf] cfZj:ttf /
lgof{t;Ddsf] ljsf; .
2. pTkfbg ;fdu|Lx, /f;folgs dn, k|ffl/s dn, pGgt lap lahg, l;FrfO,
d]l;g/L cf}hf/, h}ljs tyf /f;folgs ljiffbL tyf ladf lk|ldoddf nfut
;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf .
3. ;d"xdf cfwfl/t ;fgf l;FrfO lgdf{0f tyf dd{t ;Def/, ;xsf/Ldf cfwfl/t ;fgf
l;FrfO k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, dWo kxf8L lhNnfxdf Knfl:6s kf]v/L tyf dWo t/fO{sf
lhNnfxdf :ofnf] 6\o'j]n h8fg u/L l;l~rt If]q lj:tf/ .
4. dlxnfs/0f x'F+b} uPsf] s[lif / >dsf] cefjnfO{ ;Daf]wg tyf s[lif Joj;foLs/0f
ug{ oflGqsLs/0fdf k|f]T;fxg .
5. s[lif oGq cf}hf/ pks/0fdf cg'bfg lbg] / s[lif ;xsf/L;Fusf] ;xsfo{df
;fd'bflos laplahg k|zf]wg tyf ljt/0f sfo{nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;fd'bflos
;]jfs]G :yfkgf . s[ifs ;d"x tyf ;xsf/LxnfO{ lap e08f/0f 3/, pks/0f
vl/b ;xof]u, y|]l; nf]/ lgdf{0f / laplahg cfTdlge{/ sf]if :yfkgfdf ;xof]u .
6. dWo kxf8L lhNnfxdf ds} tyf e6df; afnL pTkfbg, lap, 9'jfgL cg'bfg tyf
pks/0f vl/b ;xof]u . dl;gf tyf af:gfbf/ wfg pTkfbg k|j4{g sfo{qmd

68 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
 ;~rfng . r}t] wfg k|j4{gsf nflu a[xQ/ wfg pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng . h'6,
pv', /a/h:tf cf}Bf]lus afnLxsf] v]tL k|j4{g sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
7. df}/Lkfng / Rofp v]tL k|j4{gsf sfo{qmdsf] nflu cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u /
/]zd v]tLsf] ;DefJotf / dfuadf]lhd lsDa' If]q lj:tf/ .
8. lap cfn' pTkfbs s[ifs tyf s[ifs ;d"xnfO{ ljz]if ;xof]uL sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
9. :ofp pTkfbg /fd|f] x'g] dgf, d':tf, h'Dnf, x'Dnf, 8f]Nkf, d'u', sfnLsf]6, afh'/f /
?s'd lhNnfxdf :ofp cfTdlge{/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L :ofpsf af]6 x'sf{pg
cg'bfg tyf ahf/Ls/0fdf ;xof]u .
10. cfufdL !) jif{leq kmnkm"ndf cfTdlge{/tfsf nflu kmnkm"n bzs 3f]if0ff u/L
cfjZos sfo{qmdx ;~rfng . x|f; ePsf :ofp tyf ;'Gtnf auF}rfxsf]
;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu Kofs]h sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
11. t/sf/L v]tL, dT:okfng, k'ik Joj;fo, df}/Lkfng tyf Rofp v]tLdf o'jfxnfO{
cfslif{t ug{ o'jf nlIft sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L Joj;fo ;~rfngdf nfut
;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df cg'bfgsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
12. s[ifs, s[lif pBdL, ;d"x / s[lif ;xsf/LnfO{ k|ltkmndf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg cg'bfg .
13. dWo kxf8sf ;DefJo If]qnufot t/fO{sf lhNnfdf dT:o pTkfbg ljz]if sfo{qmd
;~rfng . ;xeflutfTds a[xQ 6fp6 ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfngaf6 gofF /]:j]x
lgdf{0f . dT:o AfLh cfk"lt{ Joj:yfsf nflu Ps lnlo l6nflkof, kf\ufl;o;, sfk{
/ /]Gjf] 6fp6 Xofr/L lgdf{0f Pjd\ Joj:yfkg tyf lghL If]qdf g;{/L kf]v/L lgdf{0f
ug{ ;xof]u .
14. lrof tyf skmL If]q lj:tf/, lrof tyf skmL k|zf]wg pBf]u :yfkgf / a|flG8sf
nflu k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]u .
15. h}t'g g;{/L :yfkgf, au}Frf Joj:yfkg / k|zf]wgdf ;xof]uL sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
16. cnF}rL, a];f/, cb'jf, k'iknufotsf If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ tyf k|zf]wg pBf]u
:yfkgf .
17. s[lif k];fnfO{ dof{lbt agfpg x/]s jif{ /fli6o :t/df /fi6klt pTs[i7 s[ifs
k'/:sf/ tyf If]qLo:t/ / lhNnf:t/df pTs[i6 s[ifs k'/:sf/ ljt/0f . pTs[i6
k'/:s[t s[ifsxnfO{ cGt/f{li6o s[lif d]nf tyf sfo{qmdxdf ;xefuL u/fpg] .
18. afnL, kz'wg tyf dT:o ladf;DaGwL ;r]tgfsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
19. g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLltn] tf]s]sf lgof{tof]Uo afnL tyf j:t'xsf] u'0f:t/Lo
pTkfbgdf ;xof]u .
v= s[lifhGo j:t'xsf] Joj;foLs/0f / ahf/Ls/0f
1. zLte08f/ / zLt3/ lgdf{0fdf afnL j:t'sf] lsl;d, ef}uf]lns If]q, ;Defljt
hf]lvd / nfut ;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df cg'bfg lbg] .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 69

 2. ljleGg s[lif pkhsf] d"No >[\vnfdf cfwfl/t eO{ s[ifs ;d"x / ;xsf/L, pBdL
tyf lghL Joj;foLxsf Jofj;flos of]hgfxnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ cg'bfg .
3. ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Ldf Ps ufFp Ps pTkfbg tyf Ps lhNnf Ps pTkfbg
sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
4. s[lif pkh ;ng s]Gx, xf6 ahf/, yf]s ahf/, k|fb]lzs Pjd\ s]GLo s[lif pkh
ahf/ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; . sfnLdf6L kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L yf]s ahf/sf] k'glg{df{0f /
rf]ef/df kmnkm"n tyf k'iif ahf/sf] lgdf{0f .
5. ahf/sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u / s[lif pkh d"No
;ng tyf nfe nfut cWoog .
6. s[lif e"ldsf] pj{/f zlQm / afnL pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ljlzi6Ls[t s[lif
pTkfbg If]qnfO{ ks]6, Ans, hf]g / ;'k/ hf]gdf juL{s/0f u/L pQm If]qxdf
pGgt / u'0f:t/Lo lap, a]gf{, la?jf / df5fsf e'/fsf cltl/Qm s[lif oGq pks/0f
/ cf}hf/sf] ;]6, ;|f]t s]G :yfkgf, s[lif pkh ;ng s]G, s[lif xf6 ahf/ s]G,
k|zf]wg s]G, zLte08f/, uf]bfd 3/ / Jofj;flos tflnd s]G, k|ffl/s dn
sf/vfgf, h}ljs ljiffbL pTkfbg s]G, nf]/ ldn, cfw'lgs s[lif cf}hf/ sf/vfgf,
7"nf s[lif ahf/ -Plu|df6{_ sf] lgdf0f{sf nflu k'FhLut cg'bfg .
u= s[lif ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/, k|;f/ / tflnd
1. s[lif;DaGwL ljljw ljifodf cg';Gwfg, s[lif lzIff / k|;f/ aLrsf] ;dGjonfO{
a9fjf lbFb} k|;f/ / cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLnfO{ ljs]lGt ug{sf nflu ljs]lGt s[lif
lj1fg k|ljlw tyf lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
2. PsLs[t ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]G :yfkgf / s[ifssf] 3/b}nf]df cfw'lgs s[lif
k|ljlw k'ofpg x/]s uf=lj=;=df s[lif k|fljlwssf] Joj:yf .
3. lgoldt k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0fsf dfWodf/f s[lif k|ljlwaf/] cfd s[ifs tyf
;/f]sf/jfnfxnfO{ hfgsf/L .
4. ;fdflhs pBdzLntfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ klg Jofks pkof]u ug{] u/L s[ifs tyf
k|fljlwsxsf] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos Ifdtf clej[l4 .
5. s[lif tyf u|fdL0f ljsf;df :gfts cWog/t ljBfyL{xnfO{ kmfd{ P6\ofrd]G6
sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog .
6. j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 kms]{sf o'jfxnfO{ Jofj;flos s[lif tyf kz'kfng;DaGwL
cfwf/e"t 1fg / ;Lk clej[l4 u/fpg tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
3= s[lif If]qsf] cg';Gwfg tyf ;j]{If0f
1. ljs]lGt cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLsf nflu g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\sf] ljs]GLs/0f /
gofF /fli6o cg';Gwfg ;+:yfxsf] :yfkgf .

70 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
 2. s/ ;'ljwf, s[lif Joj;fo OGSo'a]6/ / k"/s cg'bfgdfkm{t s[lifdf gjk|jt{g / s[lif
pBdzLntfsf] ljsf; / k|j4{g ug{ gjk|jt{g tyf s[lif pBdzLntf sfo{qmd
;~rfng .
3. /fli6o s[lif cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; sf]ifdfkm{t s[lif k|ljlw;DaGwL cg';Gwfg /
ljsf;sf] nflu k|lt:kwL{ k"/s cg'bfg .
4. s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg;DaGwL :gftsf]Q/ / ljBfjfl/lwsf] zf]wsfo{sf nflu
zf]wfyL{xnfO{ cg'bfg .
5. s[lif tyf kz'kG5L;DaGwL cfwf/e"t tYof lgoldt kdf ;ng tyf k|sfzg .
6. ls;fg cfof]usf] u7g, s[ifsxsf] ju{L{s/0f u/L ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf nflu
;xeflutfd"ns s[ifs ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if :yfkgf / ;~rfng .
= u'0f:t/ lgodg, dfgj tyf kz' /f]u Joj:yfkg Pjd\ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf ;r]tgf
1. /fhdfu{l:yt xf]6n /]:6'/]G6df vfB :jR5tf :t/Ls/0f nf]uf] ljt/0f sfo{qmd tyf
d]rL dxfsfnL cleofg ;~rfng .
2. lgof{t tyf cfofltt s[lifhGo vfB kbfy{sf] u'0f:t/ lgodg, k/LIf0f tyf
k|df0fLs/0f .
3. ljiffbL Go"gLs/0f cleofg sfo{qmd tyf t/sf/L afnLdf ljiffbLsf] cjz]if tyf
hf]lvd ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs tyf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
4. s[lif Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL :yfkgf u/L s[lif If]qdf x'g] ljleGg ljkb\ tyf
hf]lvd ;DaGwdf k"j{ hfgsf/Lsf] Joj:yf .
5. cGt/f{li6o dfGotf k|fKt k|of]uzfnf Pjd\ /fli6o :t/, d'Vo ahf/ s]Gx / a[xt\
Joj;flos pTkfbg If]qdf ljiffbL 't k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnf / 3'DtL k|of]uzfnf
:yfkgf tyf k|of]u .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
cfwf/ jif{ @)&@&# df wfg $@ nfv (( xhf/ d]= 6g, ds} @@ nfv #! xhf/ d]= 6g,
ux'F !% nfv &) xhf/ d]= 6g, bnxg # nfv ^) xhf/ d]= 6g, t/sf/L #% nfv *) xhf/ d]=
6g, kmnkm"n !) nfv (^ xhf/ d]= 6g, cfn' @* nfv %) xhf/ d]= 6g / df5f &* xhf/ d]=
6g jflif{s pTkfbg /x]sf]df of]hgf cjlwsf] clGtd jif{ @)&%&^ df wfg %% nfv ^! xhf/
d]= 6g, ds} @^ nfv (^ xhf/ d]= 6g, / ux'F @@ nfv !( xhf/ d]= 6g, bnxg $ nfv #*
xhf/ d]= 6g, t/sf/L $) nfv d]= 6g, kmnkm"n !$ nfv *) xhf/ d]= 6g, cfn' #@ nfv %)
xhf/ d]= 6g / df5f !)# xhf/ d]= 6g jflif{s pTkfbg k'u]sf] x'g]5 . g]kfne/ #)) hf]g / !)
cf]6f ;'k/hf]gsf] ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 . ef}uf]lns cj:yf ;'xfpFbf] s[lif oflGqsLs/0f tyf s[lif
k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, k|;f/ / cg';/0f ePsf] Pjd\ s[lifhGo pBf]usf nflu cfjZos sRrfkbfy{
pTkfbg, k|ffl/s s[lif j:t'xsf] pTkfbg / s[lif j:t'xsf] e08f/0f Ifdtf, ;ng
s]Gxnufot ahf/ k"jf{wf/ j[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 71

$=!=@ kz'kG5L
!= k[i7e"ld
kz'kG5Lkfng If]qn] b]zsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf sl/a !! k|ltzt / s'n s[lif ufx{:Yo
pTkfbgdf @^=* k|ltzt of]ubfg ub}{ cfPsf] ;Gbe{df o; If]qsf] ljz]if cfly{s dxj /xL
cfPsf] 5 . /fli6o ;d:ofsf] kdf b]lvPsf] dft[ tyf afnaflnsf s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of
Go"gLs/0fdf b"w, cG8f / df;'n] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . ljsf;zLn b]zxdf xfnsf]
t'ngfdf ;g\ @)@) ;Dd kz'hGo k|f]l6gsf] dfu bf]Aa/n] j[l4 x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 eg]
kz'hGo kbfy{sf] pknAwtfdf cfTdlge{/ aGg kz'kfng If]qnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /fvL
pNn]vgLo k|ult xfl;n ug{sf nflu pGgt g:n, kz' cfxf/, kz' :jf:Yo / Joj;foLs/0fsf
If]qdf yk cg';Gwfg / ljsf; ug{ cfjZos 5 . g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g tyf ljZj kz'
:jf:Yo ;7gsf] ;b:o /fi6 ePkZrft\ To:tf] /fi6sf x}l;otn] kz' ljsf; If]qdf k"/f ug{'kg]{
bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ ljsf;sf ljleGg ;fem]bf/x;Fu ;dGjo ub}{ kz'kG5L ljsf;sf sfo{x
ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . To:t} lbuf] ljsf; nIodf plNnlvt ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo, vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iffh:tf
nIo k|fKt ug{ kz'kG5L ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /xG5 .
b]zdf xfn k|ltjif{ b"w !* nfv %$ xhf/ d]l6s 6g, df;' # nfv !* xhf/ d]l6s 6g /
cG8f !@) s/f]8 cf]6f pTkfbg eO{ k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{ b"w, df;' / cG8fsf] pknAwtf qmdzM
^^=& ln6/, !!=& lsnf]u|fd / $$=$ cf]6f /x]sf] 5 . kz'hGo kbfy{xsf] pkef]uaf6 Go"gtd
kf}li6s tTjxsf] cfk"lt{sf nflu k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{ b"w (! ln6/, df;' !$ lsnf]u|fd / cG8f
$* cf]6f x'g'kg{]df xfn b"w pTkfbg #) k|ltztn], df;' pTkfbg !& k|ltztn] / cG8f pTkfbg
& k|ltztn] Go"g /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
dfudf cfwfl/t cg';Gwfgaf6 k|ljlwx ljsf; u/L k|;f/ sfo{qmddfkm{t s[ifssf] ynf]df
k'ofpg', s[ifs ;d"x;ldltsf] ;Vofdf j[l4 eP cg'k ;+:yfut ljsf;, Jofj;flos bIftf,
;|f]t kl/rfng / sf/f]af/ cflbdf u'0ffTds ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg', r/g tyf vs{ If]qsf] ljsf; Pjd\
Joj:yfkg u/L pkof]u;DaGwL pko'Qm gLlt sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg', s[lif tyf kz' ljsf;
sfo{qmdx sfof{Gjogdf ljleGg ;]jfu|fxLxaLr ;dGjo sfod ug{', k|ljlwsf] ljsf;,
cg';Gwfg / ahf/ k"jf{wf/ Pjd\ ahf/ ;+/rgf ljsf;df lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg', :yfgLo
:t/df u'0f:t/Lo kz'hGo pTkfbg Pjd\ pkef]uk|lt hgr]tgf j[l4 ug{' / kz' ;]jfdf ;+nUg
k|fljlwsxnfO{ pko'Qm jftfj/0f tof/ u/L :jb]zd} sfd ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{' o; If]qsf r'gf}tL
/x]sf 5g\ . tLj| ;x/Ls/0f, g]kfnLsf] cfo cfh{gdf ePsf] j[l4, vfB Jojxf/ kl/jt{g cflbn]
ubf{ b"w, df;' tyf cG8fsf] dfu al9/x]sf] ;Gbe{df ljBdfg pTkfbg j[l4n] wfGg ;s]sf] 5}g .

72 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
kz'hGo pTkfbgsf] :jR5tf tyf u'0f:t/ sfod u/fpg r'gf}tL 5 . kz'kG5L pTkfbg k|0ffnLnfO{
k|lt:kwL{ agfpg pRr pTkfbg nfutn] ;d:of k/]sf] 5 .
cj;/
kz'kG5L;DaGwL 5'} dGqfno :yfkgf eO{ o; If]qdf ljz]if Wofg k'Ug] l:ylt l;h{gf x'g',
/fli6o :t/df kz';]jf k|;f/ ;+oGq / kz' ;]jf k|fljlwsxsf] a9\bf] pknAwtfaf6 kz' ljsf;sf]
Jofks ;Defjgf x'g', kz'kG5L ljsf; If]qdf lghL If]qsf] a9\bf] cfsif{0f x'g', kz'kG5L ljsf;
ultljlwk|lt s[ifs tyf ;j{;fwf/0f hfus x'g' / k|f]l6ghGo j:t'sf] dfu a9\b} hfg' o; If]qsf
cj;/ x'g\ . ;fy} ljleGg sf/0fxn] ubf{ g]kfnLxsf] qmozlQm a9\g' vfgkfgsf] Jojxf/df
ePsf] kl/jt{gn] kz'hGo pTkfbgsf] dfu tLj| ultdf a9\g' / ljZj Jofkf/ ;\u7gsf] ;b:o
ePkZrft g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6o ahf/df kx'Fr kfpg'n] o; If]qsf] ljsf;df cj;/x k|bfg u/]sf]
5 . Jofj;flos kz'kfngdf kz' ladfsf] cfsif{0f a9\b} hfg', ;8s, ljB't, ;~rf/h:tf
k"jf{wf/sf] lj:tf/n] kz'kG5L kfngdf oflGqsLs/0f, k|ljlwsf] cjnDag, cfw'lgsLs/0f /
Joj;foLs/0fdf nfUg] jftfj/0f aGb} hfg'nfO{ cj;/sf] kdf lng ;lsG5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
cfTdlge{/ Pjd\ kf]if0f ;'/Iff;lxtsf] vfB ;Dk|e'tf pGd'v d'n's .
#=@ nIo
:jR5 Pjd\ u'0f:t/Lo kz'kG5LhGo pTkfbgsf dfWodaf6 d'n'snfO{ vfB tyf kf]if0fdf
cfTdlge{/ agfpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
1. d'n'snfO{ kz'kG5LhGo pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/ agfO{ s'kf]if0f x6fpg' / vfB tyf kf]if0f
;'/Iffdf 6]jf k'ofpg' .
2. kz'kG5L kfngnfO{ k|ljlwo'Qm, kl/0ffdd'vL, Jofj;flos / k|lt:kwL{ agfO{ kz'kG5LhGo
kbfy{sf] cfoft 36fpFb} lgof{t k|j4{g ug{' .
3. kz'kG5L kfngnfO{ dlxnf, o'jf tyf ;a} cfly{s, ef}uf]lns / ;fdflhs ju{sf]
:j/f]huf/sf] dfWodsf kdf ljsl;t ub}{ cfocfh{gsf] lbuf] ;|f]tsf] kdf ljsf;
ug{' .
4. kz'hGo kbfy{jf6 dfgj :jf:Yodf kg{;Sg] gsf/fTds c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug{ :j:y
kz'kG5L pTkfbg ug{' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. kz'kG5L pTkfbs s[ifs, ;d'bfo, ;xsf/L ;+:yf Pjd\ lghL pBdLxsf] k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf
j[l4 ub}{ kz'kG5Lsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ PsLs[t kdf k|fljlws, ljQLo tyf
cGo ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 73

 2. kz'kG5LhGo Joj;fodf cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns kdf kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, o'jf
tyf ljleGg sf/0fn] hf]lvddf /x]sf nlIft ju{sf] :j/f]huf/ tyf cfocfh{gsf] lbuf]
;|f]tsf] kdf ljsf; ug]{ .
3. kz'kG5LhGo d"No >[\vnf ;'wf/, ahf/ ;+/rgf, ;"rgf k|0ffnL / cGo k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;
tyf ;'wf/sf ;fy} kz'kG5LhGo pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/df clej[l4 ub}{ :yfgLo, If]qLo,
/fli6o / cGt/f{li6o ahf/d'vL kz'kG5L kfng k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
4. jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' cg's"ngd}qL kz'kG5L Joj;fosf] k|j4{g ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. kz'kG5L If]qsf] nIo / p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfxsf] ;xsfo{df g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg / s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] efjgf cg'k kz'kG5L kfng;DaGwL ljBdfg
gLltut, sfg'gL / k|lqmofut Joj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
2. g]kfnnfO{ cG8f, df;' / b"wdf qmdzM Ps, b'O{ / tLg jif{leqdf cfTdlge{/ agfpg b"w,
df;' / cG8f ljz]if ld;g sfo{qmdx ;~rfngdf NofOg]5 . -!_
3. kz'kG5Lsf] g:n;'wf/, kf}li6s bfgf cfxf/fsf] Joj:yf, kz'kG5L :jf:Yo ;]jf Pjd\
pTkflbt kz'hGo kbfy{sf] ahf/Ls/0fsf rf/} kIf kIfnfO{ ;dfgfGt/ kdf cufl8
a9fO{ PsLs[t kdf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ u/L sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
4. ufO{, e}F;L, a\u'/ / afv|fsf] s[lqd uef{wfg sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ tyf s[lqd
uef{wfg ;]jf k'Ug g;Sg] :yfgdf k|fs[lts uef{wfg ;]jf lj:tf/ u/L pGgt g:nsf
kz'xsf] ;\Vofdf j[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
5. xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;/sf/L kz'kG5L kmfd{sf] Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ u/L :t/f]Gglt
ub}{ kz'kG5Lsf] hft ljz]ifsf] gd'gf pTkfbg, tflnd, k|zf]wg / k|bz{g ;|f]t s]Gsf
kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . lghL tyf ;xsf/L If]qf/f ;~rfng ug]{ u/L If]qLo ;Gt'ngnfO{
;d]t Vofn /fVb} cfjZostfsf cfwf/df kz'kG5Lsf yk ;|f]t s]Gsf] ljsf; ub}{
nlug]5 . -!_
6. u'0f:t/Lo kz'cfxf/fsf] pknAwtf a9fpg r/g ljsf;, 8fn]3fF;, e'O{3fF; pTkfbg, lap
j[l4, bfgf, cf}ifwL / 3fF; ;lDd>0f, ldg/n Ans cflb pTkfbg / k|of]usf ;fy}
s[lifhGo pkkbfy{xsf] ;b'kof]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . Ps lhNnf Ps 3fF;]jfnL ;|f]t
s]G :yfkgfnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/g]5 . o;sf nflu jg, e";+/If0f tyf s[lif ljsf;
sfof{nox;Fusf] ;dGjodf ;fd'bflos jg, sa'lnotL jg tyf s[lif kmfd{xdf
3fF;]afnL k|j4{gsf nflu kxn ul/g]5 . -!_
7. kz'kG5Lsf /f]usf] /f]syfdsf nflu :jb]zd} EoflS;g pTkfbg, e08f/0f, ljt/0f /
k|of]usf If]qdf yk nufgL u/L kz':jf:Yosf] ;'/If0f ul/g]5 . kz'/f]u cGj]if0f
k|of]uzfnfxsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . kz' Sjf/]G6fOg ;]jfnfO{ cem a9L
k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -!_

74 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
8. k|To]s uflj;df Pshgf kz';]jf k|fljlwssf] Joj:yf u/L kz'kG5L ;]jfdf s[ifssf] kx'Fr
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
9. d'n'ssf] ljljw ef}uf]lns tyf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL / cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ult
x]/L ;DefJotf / hgrfxgf adf]lhd kz'kG5L ljz]if pTkfbg If]q tf]sL To:tf If]qdf
cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; u/L pGgt g:n, kz' cfxf/f, kz' ;]jf, kz' :jf:Yo, ;'ne
C[0f, ladf;lxtsf] k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfg ul/g]5 . -!_
10. kz'kG5L kfns ;fgf s[ifs, sdn/L, d'Qm sd}of, xlnof tyf e"ldxLg ljkGg ls;fgnfO{
kz'kG5L kfng tyf kz'kG5LhGo Joj;fodf k|]l/t u/L cfTdlge{/ x'g] sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 . o'jfsf] a9\bf] ljb]z knfog /f]Sg tyf ljb]zaf6 kmls{Psf /
a]/f]huf/ o'jfnfO{ kz'kG5L kfngdf cfslif{t ug]{ u/L o'jfnlIft sfo{qmdnfO{
k|fyldstfsf ;fy k|efjsf/L kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . kz'kG5L kfngdf a9\bf] dlxnf
;xeflutf / dlxnf ls;fg ;zQmLs/0fnfO{ s]lGt ub}{ ;fgf tyf Jofj;flos
dlxnfd'vL sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf NofOg]5 . -@_
11. e"sDkn] ubf{ eTs]sf, lau|]sf kz'kG5L uf]7 / ;/sf/L ;+/rgfxsf] k'glgdf{0f jf dd{t
;'wf/ u/L k'gM;~rfngdf NofOg]5 . e"sDk k|efljt lhNnfxdf kz'wg Iflt ePsf
s[ifs kl/jf/xnfO{ kz'kG5L k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ sfo{qmd NofOg]5 . -@_
12. b'Uw kbfy{ Pjd\ df;'sf] u'0f:t/ / :jR5tfnfO{ sfod /fVg awzfnfb]lv efG5f;Dd
:jR5 / :j:y df;' tyf uf]7b]lv cf]7;Dd :jR5 / :j:y b"w sfo{qmdnfO{ cleofgsf
kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
13. df;' pTkfbg / lgof{tdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfo kQf nufO{ l5d]sL d'n's
/ cGt/f{li6o ahf/ kx'Frsf nflu cfjZos gLltut Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . df;', lrh,
pmg, 5fnf, 5'kL{h:tf pRr d"Nosf lgof{td"ns kz'kG5LhGo kbfy{ klxrfg u/L
d"No>[\vnfdf cfwfl/t pBf]u k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -#_
14. lbuf], jftfj/0fd}qL / hnjfo' cg's"ng x'g] u/L kz'kG5L ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{
k|ljlw ljsf;, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f / k|of]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf
lgsfox;Fusf] ;xsfo{df gLltut, ;+:yfut / sfof{Gjog txdf ;femf cjwf/0ff agfO{
;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . -$_
15. g]kfnsf /}yfg] 3/kfn'jf kz'kG5L tyf ltgsf h\unL hftsf] cfg'jf+lzs ;|f]t ;+/If0f
sfo{nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbFb} kz' cfg'jf+lzs ;|f]t ;+/If0f ;+j4{g tyf pkof]u;DaGwL
!) jif]{ sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu' ul/g]5 . -$_
16. kz'kG5Laf6 ;g{ ;Sg] /f]uxsf] /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg Jofks
hgr]tgf clej[l4sf ;fy} Ps :jf:Yo cjwf/0ffg';f/ hg:jf:Yo ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u
k'ofOg]5 . -#_

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 75

#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug]{ cfwf/ tof/ tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f
pGgt g:nsf kz'sf] pknAwtfdf j[l4
1. ufO{, e}F;L, afv|f / a\u'/sf] s[lqd uef{wfgaf6 pGgt g:nsf kz'xsf] ;\Vof
j[l4 / g:n ;'wf/ /fli6o cleofg sfo{qmd .
2. s[lqd uef{wfg ;]jf gk'u]sf] If]qdf k|fs[lts uef{wfgsf] nflu /fFuf], ;fF9], af]sf,
y'df tyf jL/ ljt/0f .
3. pGgt g:nsf ufO{e}F;Lsf] ;|f]t s]G :yfkgf sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/ .
kz' cfxf/fsf] pknAwtfdf j[l4
4. 3fF;df cfwfl/t kz'kfng k|j4{g ug{ cleofgsf] kdf km/]h ld;g sfo{qmd
;~rfng .
5. Ps lhNnf Ps 3fF; ;|f]t s]G :yfkgf u/L 3fF;sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ .
6. r/g ljsf;, 8fn] 3fF;, eF'O 3fF; pTkfbg, lap j[l4, bfgf, cf}ifwL / 3fF;
;lDd>0f, ldg/n Ans cflb pTkfbg / k|of]usf ;fy} s[lifhGo pkkbfy{xsf]
;b'kof]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg .
7. jg, e";+/If0f tyf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox;Fusf] ;dGjodf ;fd'bflos jg,
sa'lnotL jg tyf s[lif kmfd{xdf 3fF;]afnL k|j4{g .
8. v]/ uO/x]sf ;fj{hlgs jf cg'Tkfbs jg If]qsf] hUuf sa'lnot u/L s/f/df
pknAw u/fpg cfjZos ;dGjo .
kz' :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0f
9. vf]/]t, kL=kL=cf/, /]lah, :jfOg lkma/, /fgLv]th:tf /f]usf] /f]syfdsf nflu
:jb]zd} EoflS;g pTkfbg, e08f/0f, ljt/0f / k|of]usf If]qdf yk nufgL,
k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; tyf :t/f]Gglt .
10. kz'/f]u cGj]if0f k|of]uzfnfxsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / :t/f]Gglt tyf lhNnf kz';]jf
sfof{noxsf k|fylds k|of]uzfnfxsf] qmdzM cfwf/e"t k|of]uzfnfdf
:t/f]Gglt .
11. kz' Sjf/]G6fOg ;]jfnfO{ cem Jojl:yt / ;'b[9 agfpg] sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
12. kz' :jf:Yo k|bfg ubf{ lghL If]qsf k|fljlwsnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ kz' :jf:Yo 3'DtL
sf]if ;'b[9Ls/0f .

76 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
 13. kz'kG5Laf6 dfgjdf ;g{ ;Sg] /f]uxsf ;DaGwdf hgr]tgf clej[l4 /
hg:jf:Yo ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug] sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
k|fljlws ;]jfsf] lj:tf/, Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/
14. Ps uflj; Ps k|fljlwssf] Joj:yf / gd'gf ;fd'bflos kz' ;]jf s]Gxsf]
:yfkgf tyf ;~rfng .
15. s[ifs Joj;foL pBdL / k|fljlwsxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmd .
16. b'Uw ;xsf/L tyf kz'kG5LhGo ahf/Ls/0fdf ;+nUg s[ifs ;xsf/Lxsf] ;+:yfut
Ifdtf clej[l4 .
17. ;/sf/L kz'kG5L kmfd{sf] e":jfldTj sfod u/L Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf cfwf/df
:t/f]Gglt ub}{ kz'kG5L ljz]ifsf] gd'gf pTkfbg, tflnd, k|zf]wg / k|bz{g ;|f]t
s]Gsf kdf ljsf; .
18. kz'kG5L kmfd{xsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; Pjd\ ;'wf/ tyf gofF kmfd{ :yfkgf /
;~rfng .
19. kz'kG5L;DaGwL hgzlQm ljsf; of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog .
20. kz'kG5L;DaGwL dxjk"0f{ ;"rgf / tYof ;ng / ljZn]if0f .
21. kz'kG5L If]qsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ gLltut / k|fljlws If]qdf
;'emfj lbgsf nflu ;Nnfxsf/ ;d"xx u7g .
v= lghL Joj;fo tyf ;xsf/L k|j4{g dfkm{t pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4
1. b"w pTkfbg j[l4 ug{ dWo kxf8L nf]sdfu{ tyf t/fO{ x'nfsL dfu{ nlIft u/L b"w
pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
2. e}F;L ;+/If0f tyf kf8f kfng ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
3. ;DefJo lhNnfxdf afv|f ;|f]t s]G tyf Jofj;flos kmd{ ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] nflu
;xof]u .
4. e]F8f ;|f]t s]G :yfkgf, ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug{ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, vf]/ lgdf{0f ;'wf/
tyf vs{ ;'wf/df ;xof]u .
5. ;fgf 8]/L pBf]u k|j4{g lrln Eof6df ;xof]u .
6. ;DefJotfsf] cfwf/df qmdzM b"w, df;' tyf cG8f pTkfbgdf cg'bfg .
7. o'jfnlIft ufO{, e}F;L, afv|f, a\u'/ ljsf; sfo{qmd .
8. ldNs xf]ln8] cGTo ug{ s[ifs ;d'bfo jf ;xsf/Laf6 pTkflbt b"wnfO{ plrt
d"Nodf vl/b u/L pkof]u x'g] Joj:yf, w'nf] b"w agfO{ ;'Vvf l;hgdf ljt/0fsf]

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 77

 Joj:yf, b'UwhGo kbfy{ ljljwLs/0f, b"Uw ljsf; ;+:yfgsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 / lghL
b"w k|zf]wg pBf]usf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ tyf Joj;fo k|j4{g .
9. df;' pTkfbg / l5d]sL d'n's tyf cGt/f{li6o ahf/df lgof{t k|j4{gsf nflu
gLltut Joj:yf / pRr d"Nosf lgof{td"ns kz'kG5LhGo kbfy{ klxrfg u/L d"No
>[\vnfdf cfwfl/t pBf]u k|j4{g .
10. ;fem]bf/Ldf gu/kflnsf / gu/ pGd'v ahf/ If]qxdf Jojl:yt awzfnf tyf
aw:yn lgdf{0f, df;'hGo pBf]u k|j4{g, ljb]zaf6 kms]{sf Pjd\ lzlIft a]/f]huf/
o'jfnlIft sfo{qmd ;~rfng / Jojl:yt ld6 df6{xsf]] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng .
11. pmgLhGo Joj;fodf ;+nUg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf Pjd\ s[ifsaLr ;dGjo
u/fO{ pmg ;ng s]G ;~rfng .
12. d"No >[\vnfdf cfwfl/t a\u'/ Joj;fo ;'wf/ cleofg sfo{qmd / a\u'/ Joj;fo
cf}Bf]lus kfs{ :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng .
13. ;fj{hlgslghL;xsf/L ;fem]bf/Ldf kz'kG5L ahf/ k|j4{g / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf
sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
14. ljleGg Sn:6/df afv|fkfng ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
15. lgof{td"ns pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg ljljwLs/0f -pmg, df;', kl:dgf, lrh, 5'kL{,
5fnf cflb_ sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
u= nlIft ju{ tyf If]qdf hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / kf]if0f ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd
1. ;fgf s[ifsxnfO{ ;xsf/Ldf cfa4 ub}{ kz'kG5L Joj;fodfkm{t cfocfh{gdf
clej[l4 .
2. dWo tyf ;'b"/ klZrdf~rndf e]F8f afv|f pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
3. pRr kxf8L If]qdf k|lt:kwf{Tds s[lif Joj;fo ljsf; ;xof]u pknAw u/fO{
kz'hGo Joj;fo k|j4{g .
4. cfly{s, ;fdflhs / n}+ls kdf kl5 k/]sf ;d'bfo, Psn tyf ljkGg dlxnf,
;fgf ls;fg nlIft ;dfj]zL kz'kG5L kfng sfo{qmd ;~rfng Pjd\ kz' ;]jfs]G
/ lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{noxaf6 Psf/ k|0ffnLdfkm{t ;'ne C0f tyf kz'ladfsf
nflu ;xhLs/0f Joj:yf .
5. s0ff{nL c~rn ljz]if kz'kfng sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
6. u|fdL0f dlxnfnlIft 3/fof;L :t/ kf]if0f ;'/Iff tyf cfo cfh{gsf nflu u|fdL0f
s'v'/f k|j4{g sfo{qmd .

78 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
 7. s[lifdf a9\bf] dlxnf ;xeflutf / dlxnf ls;fg ;zQmLs/0fnfO{ s]lGt ub}{ ;fgf
tyf Jofj;flos dlxnfd'vL sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
8. g]kfnsf /}yfg] 3/kfn'jf kz'kG5L tyf ltgsf h\unL hftsf] cfg'jf+lzs ;|f]t
;+/If0fsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng / o;sf nflu !) jif]{ sfo{ of]hgf tof/ tyf
sfof{Gjog .
9. hnjfo' cg's"ng tyf jftfj/0fd}qL k|ljlw ljsf; ug{ ljZjljBfno / g]kfn s[lif
cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\;Fu ;xsfo{df sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
3= lgodg / u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkg
1. b'Uw pBf]uxdf Jofj;flos ;+lxtf nfu' .
2. pTkfbs ;xsf/L ;+:yfdfkm{t s[ifsxnfO{ ldNs PgfnfOh/, cNd'lgod / l:6n
Sofg tyf ldlNs d]l;gsf] vl/bdf cg'bfg .
3. ;a} lhNnfdf kz' :jf:Yo lgodg sfo{qmd / kz' cf}ifwL vf]k, lkm8 ;lKnd]G6sf]
u'0f:t/ lgodg .
= Ifltsf] /fxt / kz'kG5L ladf ;]jf
1. a8{ n' /f]u b]vfk/]sf] cj:yfdf /f]u lgoGq0f tyf cfsl:ds Joj:yfkg /
/fxtsf] Joj:yf .
2. kz' ladfsf] lj:tf/ tyf lk|ldoddf cg'bfg .
3. k|fs[lts k|sf]k, /f]uJoflw, dxfdf/Lsf] sf/0faf6 s[ifsxsf] kz'wg / ;f];Dj4
ef}lts ;+/rgf Iflt ePsf] cj:yfdf lhNnf b}jLk|sf]k p4f/ ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/zdf /fxt k|bfg .
4. e"sDkn] eTs]sf, lau|]sf kz'kG5L uf]7, esf/f, kz' ljsf; kmfd{xsf ;+/rgf tyf
kz';]jf sfof{no / ;]jfs]G ejgsf] k"glg{df{0f jf dd{t ;'wf/ u/L k'gM ;~rfng .
5. e"sDk k|efljt lhNnfxdf kz'wg Iflt ePsf s[ifs kl/jf/xn] Psn jf
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t eO{ kz'kG5L kfng u/L hLljsf]kfh{g ug{ rfx]df /fxt :jk
pko'Qmtf x]/L lglZrt dfkb08sf cfwf/df ufO{, e}F;L, e]8f, afv|f, a\u'/, s'v'/f
cflb kfngsf nflu cg'bfg .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
b"wsf] pTkfbg xfnsf] jflif{s !* nfv %$ xhf/ d]= 6gaf6 @% nfv ($ xhf/ d]= 6g,
df;'sf] pTkfbg jflif{s # nfv !* xhf/ d]= 6gaf6 $ nfv !& xhf/ d]= 6g / cG8fsf] pTkfbg
jflif{s !@) s/f]8af6 !%& s/f]8 k'uL b"w, df;' / cG8fsf] pTkfbgdf d'n's cfTdlge{/ ePsf]

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 79

x'g]5 . kz'kG5L If]qaf6 of]hgf cjlwsf tLg jif{df cg'dflgt yk @ nfv #) xhf/ k|ToIf
/f]huf/L l;h{gf ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=!=# l;rfO tyf k|sf]k Joj:yfkg
$=!=#=! l;rfO
!= k[i7e"ld
;Lldt If]q / a9\bf] hg;\Vofsf sf/0f s[lif pTkfbsTj a9fpg l;FrfOsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf x'g'
ckl/xfo{ ePsf]n] l;FrfO k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;sf] ;fy} ;DkGg l;FrfO k|0ffnLxsf] Joj:yfkg ;'b[9
Pjd\ k|efjsf/L agfpg of]hgfa4 9\uaf6 k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 . sl/a @^ nfv x]S6/ s[lifof]Uo
hldgdWo] k/Dk/fut k|ljlw / cfly{s b[li6sf]0faf6 sl/a !* nfv x]S6/df dfq ;tx / e"ldut
hn;|f]taf6 l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'ofpg ;lsg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cf=j= @)&@&# sf] cGTo;Dddf
!# nfv (@ xhf/ x]S6/df l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 . o;cg';f/ cem} klg sl/a rf/ nfv x]S6/
s[lifof]Uo hldgdf l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'ofpg afFsL /x]sf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ s[lifof]Uo e"lddf pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] 5gf]6 u/L jif}{el/ e/kbf]{ l;FrfO ;'ljwf
pknAw u/fpg] l;FrfO k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug{', lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf k|0ffnLxsf] dd{t;Def/sf
nflu k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug{', afx|} dlxgf l;FrfO ;]jf pknAw u/fpgsf nflu ;fgf / demf}nf
vfnsf gbLxsf] hn tyf e"ldut hn pkof]u ug{ bL3{sfnLg kdf 7"nf gbLxsf] hn
:yfgfGt/0ff/f hnfzoo'Qm of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{', l;FrfO ;'ljwf pknAw ePsf Pjd\ x'g] hldg
s[lifsf nflu ;'/lIft /fVg' / hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 l;lh{t c;/sf sf/0f kfgLsf] pknAwtfdf
cfPsf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ug{' l;FrfO If]qsf r'gf}tL x'g\ .
cj;/
;tx / e"ldut hn;|f]tsf] 7"nf] e08f/ pknAw x'g', l;FrfO ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu
pko'Qm k|ljlw / hgzlQm :jb]zd} pknAw x'g', l;FrfO ljsf; / Joj:yfkgdf s[ifs pkef]Qmfsf]
kx'Fr a9\b} hfg', gofF ;7gfTds kl/jt{gaf6 ;a} lhNnfdf l;FrfO sfof{nosf] :yfkgf eO{ ;]jf
k|jfxdf ;'wf/ x'g', s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbg / pkfbsTj a9fO{ s[lif pkhdf cfTdlge{/ agfpg
l;FrfOsf] e/kbf]{ / lbuf] Joj:yf ug}{kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf x'g' o; If]qsf cj;/sf kdf /x]sf
5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;Dk"0f{ s[lifof]Uo e"lddf afx}| dlxgf l;FrfO ;'ljwf .

80 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
#=@ nIo
s[lifof]Uo e"lddf e/kbf]{ / lbuf] l;FrfO ;]jfdfkm{t s[lif pTkfbsTj tyf pTkfbg j[l4df
;xof]u ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. l;l~rt If]q j[l4 ug{'sf ;fy} hn;|f]tsf] ax'p2]ZoLo pkof]udf hf]8 lbg' .
2. ljsl;t l;FrfO k|0ffnLdf Joj:yfkg ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L lbuf]kg a9fpg' .
3. l;FrfOsf] cfjZostf ePsf] :yfg / ;dodf lgjf{w kdf kfgLsf] pknAwtf a9fpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. afx|} dlxgf l;FrfO ;]jf pknAw u/fpgsf nflu ;tx l;FrfO, ax'p2]ZoLo, cGt/hnfwf/
/ hnfzoo'Qm tyf e"ldut l;FrfO cfof]hgfxnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] .
2. pRr Ifdtfdf ;~rfng ug{ k|fljlws Pjd\ cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] pko'Qm Pjd\ gofF
k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t l;FrfOsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
3. lgdf{0f ;DkGg eO;s]sf l;FrfO k|0ffnLxsf] dd{t;Def/ Pjd\ lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu
pkef]Qmfxsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
4. l;FrfO ljsf;sf] u'?of]hgf, s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf nIoxsf] kl/k"lt{ / hnjfo'
kl/jt{g cg's"ng x'g] u/L l;FrfO k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/ ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. afx|} dlxgf l;FrfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg k|fljlws, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf jftfj/0f
kIfaf6 ;DefJo demf}nf, 7"nf ;tx l;FrfO Pjd\ cGt/hnfwf/ / hnfzoo'Qm
ax'p2]ZoLo cfof]hgfsf sfo{qmdx k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
2. e"ldut l;FrfO ;DefJo ePsf :yfgxdf :ofnf] tyf l8k 6\o'j]nsf sfo{qmdx
k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 / ;tx l;FrfOaf6 jif}{el/ l;FrfO x'g g;Sg]
If]qdf e"ldut l;FrfOsf] pkof]u ul/g]5 . -!_
3. lgdf{0ffwLg ax'p2]ZoLo 8fOe;{g cfof]hgfnfO{ ;dodf ;DkGg ug{ / cGo k|fyldstfdf
k/]sf cfof]hgfxsf] lj:t[t ;DefJotf cWoog ;DkGg u/L ;Dej b]lvPsf
cfof]hgfx sfof{Gjogdf nlug]5 . -!_
4. kxf8L e"efudf cjl:yt 6f/xdf Jofj;flos s[lifnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{sf nflu ;f}o{
pmhf{ Pjd\ cGo k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ln6 l;FrfO k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lbOg]5 . -@_
5. cfsfz] kfgL ;ng, e08f/0f tyf k|efjsf/L pkof]u k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/ ub}{ ;LdfGt
s[life"ld, r/g If]q Pjd\ kfgLsf] Go"g ;|f]t ePsf If]qdf yf]kf, kmf]xf]/fh:tf k|ljlw
pkof]u ul/g]5 . -@_

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 81

 6. hn;|f]tsf] cefj ePsf / ;'Vvf v8]/Lsf] k|sf]k a9L x'g] :yfgdf cfsfz] kfgL
;ngnufot v'nf / Knfl:6s kf]v/L Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} t/fO{dw];df /x]sf
tfntn}ofsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L pko'Qm l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'ofOg]5 . -@_
7. l;FrfO k|0ffnLsf] bIftfk"0f{ pkof]u Pjd\ hg;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbFb}
l;FrfO k|0ffnLsf] ;Dk"0f{ sdfG8 If]qdf l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'ofOg]5 . -#_
8. l;FrfO k|0ffnLxsf] dd{t;Def/ Pjd\ k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu cfjZos cfly{s ;|f]t
kl/rfng ug{ l;FrfO ljsf; sf]ifsf] :yfkgf u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -#_
9. ;fgf tyf demf}nf k|0ffnLxdf s[ifs pkef]Qmfsf] PsLs[t cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu
l;FrfO ;xsf/Lsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . To;}u/L 7"nf tyf a[xt\ l;FrfO
k|0ffnLxdf :jzfl;t l;FrfO Joj:yfkg ;ldltdfkm{t l;FrfO k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfkg
ul/g]5 . -$_
10. s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf nIox k"/f ug]{ p2]Zon] ;tx l;FrfOsf] lgdf{0f, k'g:yf{kgf,
e"ldut l;FrfOsf] ljsf;, k'g:yf{kgf Pjd\ cfw'lgsLs/0f cflb sfo{qmdx ;~rfng
u/L l;FrfO ;]jf k'ofOg]5 . -$_
11. g]kfnsf] clwsf+z s[lifof]Uo e"lddf afx|} dlxgf l;FrfO ;]jfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ u/L
gofF l;FrfO u'?of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu' ul/g]5 . -$_
12. l;FrfO of]hgfxsf] 5gf]6 Pjd\ sfof{Gjog ;dGoflos 9\un] ;LdfGts[t ju{nfO{
k|ToIf nfe k'Ug] u/L ul/g]5 . -$_
13. l;FrfOdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 x'g;Sg] k|efjsf] cWoog u/L ;f]xLcg'k k|0ffnLxsf]
l8hfOg Pjd\ ;~rfngdf cfjZos ;'wf/ ub}{ nlug]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= /fli6o uf}/jsf tyf cGo a[xt\ l;rfO sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx
1. l;S6f l;FrfO cfof]hgfsf] Aof/]h tyf d"n gx/ lgdf{0f ;DkGg eO{ d"n
gx/cGtu{tsf zfvf / k|zfvf gx/xsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f tyf sdfG8 If]q ljsf; .
2. /flghd/f s'nl/of l;FrfO cfof]hgfsf] d"n gx/sf] # ls=ld= tyf lkm8/ gx/sf] &
ls=ld= gx/ nfOlg sfo{ / nDsL lj:tf/tkm{ !$ ls=ld= gx/ lgdf{0f, %@ ls=ld=
s[lif ;8s :t/f]Gglt, % ls=ld= t6aGw lgdf{0f .
3. e]/LaaO{ 8fOe;{g ax'p2]ZoLo cfof]hgfsf] ( ls=ld= ;'? lgdf{0f u/L x]8jS;{ /
kfj/ xfp;sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De .
4. aaO{ l;FrfO cfof]hgf k"jL{ d"n gx/sf] !) ls=ld= l/df]8ln tyf klZrd d"n
gx/sf] @* ls=ld= lgdf{0f ;DkGg, afFsL !% ls=ld= lgdf{0f k|f/De, zfvf gx/xsf]
lgdf{0f ;DkGg u/L sl/a !!,))) x]S6/ hldgdf Jojl:yt l;FrfO ;'ljwf .

82 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
 5. ;'g;/L df]/ l;FrfO cfof]hgf -t];|f] r/0f_ sf] ;'g;/L / df]/ lhNnfsf] sl/a ^*
xhf/ x]S6/ hldgdf l;FrfO ;'lawf k'ofpg ;+/rgfxsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f
sl/a #* xhf/ x]S6/df zfvf gx/ k|0ffnL Joj:yfkg / sl/a #) xhf/ x]S6/
cljsl;t If]qdf l;FrfO k|0ffnL / clt cfjZos dd{t;+ef/ Pjd\ ;~rfngsf] sfd
;DkGg .
6. jfudtL l;FrfO cfof]hgf ;nf{xL / /f}tx6 lhNnfsf] sl/a $% xhf/ x]S6/
s[lifof]Uo hldgdf Jojl:yt l;FrfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg sdfG8 If]qsf] gx/
;~rfng;DaGwL Joj:yf, klZrdL d'n gx/ k|0ffnLnfO{ af/f lhNnfsf] k;fxf
gbL;Dd / k'jL{ gx/ k|0ffnLnfO{ lemd gbLb]lv dxf]Q/L lhNnf / wg'iff lhNnfsf]
blIf0ftkm{sf] s]xL efudf l;FrfO k|0ffnL ljsf;sf] nflu lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg
tof/ u/L bf];|f] r/0fsf] k|f/lDes sfo{ ;DkGg .
7. ;'gsf]zL dl/g 8fOe;{g ax'p2]ZoLo cfof]hgfcGtu{t ;'gsf]zL gbLsf] &@ So'd]s
kfgL dl/g vf]nf x'Fb} jfudtL gbLdf ld;fO{ !@@,))) x]S6/ hldgdf l;FrfO / $)
d]ufjf6 hnljB't\ pTkfbg ug]{ nIo /fvL jftfj/0fLo k|efj cWoog / lgdf{0f
k|f/De .
8. ;d[4 t/fO{ dw]z l;FrfO ljsf; ljz]if sfo{qmdcGtu{t t/fO{dw]zsf @@
lhNnfxdf #,))) Ogf/, @),))) 6\o'j]nsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/L ^#,!))
x]S6/df e"ldut l;FrfO, sl/a ^)) kf]v/L tyf %) cf]6f demf}nf k|s[ltsf l;FrfO
k|0ffnLxsf] k'glg{df{0f u/L yk !%,!$% x]S6/df ;tx l;FrfO ;'ljwf Pjd\ gofF
k|ljlwaf6 yk !),^%) x]S6/df l;FrfO ;'ljwf .
v= demf}nf l;FrfO sfo{qmd
1. sl/a !%) demf}nf l;FrfO cfof]hgfxaf6 yk #,!)) x]S6/df / !@,()) x]S6/df
Jojl:yt l;FrfO ;'ljwf .
u= ;d'bfo Jojl:yt, gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t / cGo l;FrfO sfo{qmd
1. l;FrfO hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfcGtu{t ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn, dWoklZrdf~rn
/ klZrdf~rn If]qsf $) lhNnfdf ljleGg pkcfof]hgfxaf6 sl/a $,)))
x]S6/ If]qkmndf l;FrfO ;'ljwf pknAwtf .
2. ;d'bfo Jojl:yt l;l~rt s[lif If]q cfof]hgfcGtu{t k"jf{~rn tyf dWodf~rn
If]qsf #% lhNnfdf ljleGg pkcfof]hgfxaf6 sl/a #,%)) x]S6/ If]qkmndf
l;FrfO ;'ljwf .
3. gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t l;FrfO cfof]hgfcGtu{t lxdfn / kxf8df 6f/ ln6 /
t/fO{df Ogf/ / kf]v/Laf6 l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'ofpg j}slNks pmhf{ ;dGjo tyf

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 83

 ;xsfo{sf ;fy} ;f]nf/ ln6 ;d]taf6 sl/a @))) x]S6/ e"lddf yk l;FrfO
;'ljwf .
4. e"ldut :ofnf] tyf l8k 6\o'j]n l;FrfO cfof]hgfcGtu{t of]hgf cjlwdf #,^))
:ofnf] 6\o'j]n / Ogf/af6 %^,$)) x]S6/ tyf !)) l8k 6\o'j]naf6 @,^))
x]S6/;d]t u/L hDdf sl/a %(,))) x]S6/ hldgdf yk l;FrfO ;'ljwf .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
;tx, e"ldut tyf cGt/hnfwf/ :yfgfGt/0f of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjgaf6 ;tx l;FrfOtkm{
@%,&$% x]S6/, e"ldut l;FrfOtkm{ !,@@,!)) x]S6/ / gofF k|ljlw l;FrfOtkm{ !@,^%) x]S6/ u/L
hDdf !,^),$(% x]S6/ hldgdf yk l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'ofOg]5 . dd{t;Def/tkm{ s[ifsaf6
;~rflnt %$,()) x]S6/ / ;/sf/ Jojl:yt #,@$,^)) x]S6/ u/L s'n #,&(,%)) x]S6/ l;FrfO
k|0ffnLsf] dd{t ;'wf/ ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=!=#=@ hn pTkGg k|sf]k Joj:yfkg
!= k[i7e"ld
dg;'gL jiff{, clt le/fnf] e""agf}6 tyf sdhf]/ ef}ule{s l:yltn] hn pTkGg k|sf]kx x'g]
u/]sf 5g\ . cj}1flgs e"pkof]u tyf hnjfo' kl/j{tg;Fu} e"Ifo, af9L, klx/f], u]u|fg axfa,
gbLwf/ kl/j{tg, gbL lsgf/f s6fg tyf 8'afgh:tf k|sf]kxaf6 dfgj a:tL, v]tLof]Uo hldg
/ lgld{t k"jf{wf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|sf]ksf] Go"gLs/0f ug{ gjLgtd k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug'{ h?/L 5 .
;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] plrt k|of]uaf6 o:tf k|sf]kx ;Daf]wg ug{ Hofb} sl7g x'g] x'Fbf :yn ljz]if
tyf of]hgfa4 9n] o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
j}1flgs e"pkof]u gLlt cg'k hldgsf] plrt pkof]u ug]{u/fpg] sfo{, hn pTkGg
k|sf]k Joj:yfkg gLlt, @)&@ cg';f/ gbL lsgf/fnfO{ /]vfg u/L hf]lg ug'{, hf]lvdo'Qm If]qsf]
hldgsf] pkof]udf /f]s nufpg', cfkt\sfnLg p4f/ tyf /fxt sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf
;~rfng ug'{u/fpg', e"Ifo /f]syfd tyf hnfwf/ If]qsf] a9\bf] IfoLs/0fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ /
;Lldt ;|f]t;fwgnfO{ k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg u/L k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ug'{h:tf r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
af9L, klx/f] tyf 8'afg Go"gLs/0f eO{ k|efljt If]qdf a:tL ljsf;, cfly{s lqmofsnfk /
s[lif ljsf;sf sfo{x lj:tf/sf ;fy} /f]huf/sf] cj;/ ;[hgf, gbL Joj:yfkg sfo{af6 psf;
ePsf] hldgsf] plrt ;b'kof]u u/L To; If]qsf ;d'bfosf] cfocfh{gdf 6]jf / gbL lsgf/fdf

84 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] t6aGwnfO{ ;8ssf] kdf k|of]u u/L ufpFa:tLdf oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf cj;/sf
kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
hn pTkGg hf]lvd k|lt/f]wL Pjd\ Jojl:yt gbL tyf e"k|0ffnLsf] ;'lglZrttf .
#=@ nIo
ljleGg lsl;dsf hnpTkGg k|sf]kxnfO{ Go"gLs/0f Pjd\ Joj:yfkg u/L ;f] k|sf]kaf6 x'g]
hgwg tyf ef}lts ;+/rgfxsf] IfltnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug'{sf ;fy} /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L ul/aL
lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
1. af9L, klx/f]h:tf hn pTkGg k|sf]kx x'g'cl3 g} /f]syfd ug'{ / o:tf hf]lvd /
hf]lvdaf6 x'g;Sg] hgwgsf] Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug'{ .
2. af9L tyf 8'afgsf] Joj:yfkg psf;af6 k|fKt hf]lvd/lxt hUufsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u
ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. gLltut Pjd\ ;+:yfut Joj:yf ;'wf/ u/L hnpTkGg k|sf]k Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg] .
2. k|efjsf/L k|sf]k lgoGq0fsf] nflu cfjZos k|ljlwsf] klxrfg, ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. hn pTkGg k|sf]k Joj:yfkg gLlt, @)&@ sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
2. k|efljt If]q Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;+:yfut ljsf; Pjd\ ;fd'bflos ;r]tgf lzIff
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
3. gbL ljz]if lgoGq0f tyf Joj:yfkg u'?of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
4. ;LdfjtL{ tyf xf]rf] If]qdf x'g] 8'afg ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ cfjZos sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
5. psf; hldgsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u;d]t u/L gbL lgoGq0f sfo{df /f]huf/L l;h{gfnfO{
k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -!_
6. hf]lvd gS;f / If]q lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . -!_
7. l/df]6 ;]lG;, ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL / hf]lvd gS;f tyf af9L ljZn]if0fh:tf
ljlwxsf] k|of]u u/L k|sf]k lgoGq0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -@_

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 85

 8. :yfgLo :t/df pknAw ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|of]u u/L k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f tyf /fxt ljt/0f
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
9. gbLxdf x'g] 8'afg tyf s6fgsf] ;d:of Go"gLs/0f ul/g]5 . -@_
10. hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0fsf nflu lgld{t ;+/rgfxsf] plrt dd{t;Def/ u/L lbuf] /
e/kbf]{ agfOg]5 . -@_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. t/fO{ If]qsf gbLxaf6 x'g] s6fg 8'afg ;d:ofnfO{ ;'Jojl:yt / of]hgfa4 9\un]
;dfwfg ug{ hgtfsf] t6aGw sfo{qmdcGtu{t 7"nf tyf demf}nf gbLxdf kxf8sf]
km]bLb]lv ef/tsf] l;dfgf;Dd t6aGw lgdf{0f .
2. kxf8 tyf pRr kxf8L If]qsf 7"nf tyf demf}nf gbLxaf6 x'g] s6fg 8'afg
;d:ofnfO{ ;'Jojl:yt / of]hgfa4 9\un], u'?of]hgf tof/ u/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;f]cg'k
:yfoL ;dfwfgsf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
3. ;fgf tyf demf}nf k|s[ltsf gbLxaf6 ;[lht k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f tyf cfkt\sfnLg k|sf]k
lgoGq0f sfo{sf] nflu lhNnf :t/df lgd{f0f ;fdu|Lx vl/b, e08f/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL k|sf]k lgoGq0f ;xof]u sfo{qmd / demf}nf gbL lgoGq0f sfo{qmd
;~rfng .
4. Gff/fo0fL, s0f{fnL / dxfsfnL gbLdf s]Gb|Lo :t/sf] gbL lgoGq0f cfof]hgf ;~rfng .
5. cTolws aiff{sf sf/0f t/fO{ If]qsf gbLxaf6 x'g] s6fg 8'afg ;d:ofnfO{ ;'Jojl:yt
/ of]hgfa4 k|lqmofaf6 ;Daf]wg ug{sf] nflu t/fO{ dw]z af9L lgoGq0f Pjd\ a:tL
;+/If0f ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
6. hnfwf/Lo kl/k|]Iodf k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf hn pTkGg k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ;xof]u
sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
7. hnhGo k|sf]kaf6 hf]lvdo'Qm lhNnf ;b/d'sfdxsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/;+/rgf, a:tL
tyf v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] ;+/If0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
8. gbL lsgf/df cjl:yt a:tL, v]tLof]Uo 6f/, ;fj{hlgs dxjsf :yfg / /fli6o
dxjsf k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfxsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu a:tL, 6f/ tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f .
9. OGb|fjtL au/ sl/8f]/ cfof]hgf ;~rfng .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
gbL lgoGq0f sfo{qmdcGtu{t qmdfut tyf gofF sfo{qmd;d]t u/L sl/a () ls=ld= gbL
lsgf/ ;+/If0f, t/fO{sf rf/ cf]6f gbLxaf6 x'g] 8'afg s6fgsf] ;d:of Go"gLs/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg / @) cf]6f hnfwf/ If]qxsf] Joj:yfkg ePsf] x'g]5 . s'n !# lhNnf
;b/d'sfdxsf] ;+/If0f ePsf] / cd{nf tyf ;':tf If]q ;+/If0f sfo{{ ;DkGg ePsf] x'g]5 .

86 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
$=!=$ e"ld;'wf/
!= k[i7e"ld
/fi6sf] ;fdflhs cfly{s kfGt/0f Pjd\ ;jf{L0f ljsf;sf nflu ul/g] ;a} lsl;dsf
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{xdf k|ToIf kdf e"ld jf e"ld;|f]tsf] kl/rfng x'g] ePsf]n]
o:tf ;|f]tsf] ;b'kof]u u/L lbuf] kdf Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos 5 . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;du|
e"ldsf] ;b'kof]u u/L lbuf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .
e"lddf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;flGgWotfsf] ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L e"lddf ;a}sf]
Goflos kx'Fr :yflkt ug{, ;fdflhs cfly{s sf/0fn] k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf] e"lddf kx'Fr a9fpg /
e":jfldTjsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ ug{'sf ;fy} j}1flgs e"ld gLlt th{'df
u/L nfu' ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . o;}u/L e"ld tyf e"ld;|f]tsf] lbuf] ;b'kof]u ug{ kl/dflh{t
e"pkof]u gLlt, @)&@ cg'k e"ldsf] juL{s/0f / e"pkof]u;DaGwL sfg'g th{'df u/L
sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy} ljgfzsf/L e"sDkaf6 lgoGq0f ljGb'xsf] /fli6o
;~hfndf k'ofPsf] Ifltn] ubf{ gfkgS;fsf] z'4tfdf uDeL/ c;/ k/]sf] x'Fbf o;sf] k'g:yf{kgfsf
nflu gfkgS;fsf] k"jf{wf/ v8f ug{' cTofjZos 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ sfof{Gjog u/L s[ifssf] e"lddflysf] kx'Fr clej[l4 ug{', ;'s'Djf;L
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{', e"pkof]u gLlt sfof{Gjog u/L e"ldsf] pko'Qm 9\un] pkof]u ug{', e"ld
k|zf;gnfO{ dfgj ;+zfwg ;dofg's"n / k|ljlwo'Qm agfO{ :t/Lo ;]jf k|jfx / sfo{;Dkfbg ug{',
e"ld;DaGwL clen]vxnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{' / d'Qm sd}of tyf xlnofsf] zL3| k'g:yf{kgf ug{'
e"ld;'wf/ / Joj:yf If]qsf d'Vo r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
e"pkof]u gLlt th{'df x'g', e"ld Joj:yfkgnfO{ j}1flgs / k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu bf];|f]
k':tf ;'wf/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg', Jojl:yt a;f]jf; u/fpg] k|of; x'g' o; If]qsf
cj;/ x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
e"ldsf] j}1flgs Joj:yfkg / ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t e":jfldTj .
#=@ nIo
e"ld / e"pkof]u k|0ffnLnfO{ d'n'ssf] bL3{sfnLg lxtcg'k ;d[l4sf] cfwf/sf kdf
ljsf; ug]{ .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 87

#=# p2]Zo
1. e"ld tyf e"ld;|f]tsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f / ljj]szLn k|of]usf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug'{ .
2. ljsf; lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos gfkgS;f tyf ef}uf]lns ;"rgf ;j{;'ne agfpg' .
3. e"ld Joj:yfkg ;]jfnfO{ ;/n, ;xh, kf/bzL{ / k|efjsf/L agfpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ Jojl:yt, k|efjsf/L / ;dGjofTds tj/af6 ;~rfng
u/L cfly{s;fdflhs kn] k5fl8 k/]sf ul/a e"ldxLg ju{sf] e"lddf kx'Fr a9fpg] .
2. /fli6o e"ld gLlt, e"pkof]u gLlt tyf of]hgfsf] cfwf/df pknAw e"ldsf] ;d'lrt
pkof]u u/L vfB ;'/Iff, ;'/lIft cfjf; tyf ;x/Ls/0f, lbuf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; /
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf ljkb\ hf]lvd ;+j]bgzLntf lglZrt ug]{ .
3. cfw'lgs k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t e"clen]vsf] cfwf/df kf/bzL{ e"ld Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL
:yfkgf u/L ;/n / ;xh ;]jf k|jfx ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. hldgsf] xbaGbL k'g/fjnf]sg, df]xL Joj:yfkg, hldgsf] :jfldTjsf] Joj:yfkg /
hldgdf ljkGg e"ldxLgxsf] kx'Fr k'ofOg]5 . -!_
2. d'Qm sd}of tyf d'Qm xlnof k'g:yf{kgf sfo{ ;DkGg ul/g]5 . -!_
3. cglws[t, clgolGqt tyf cJol:yt a:tL ljsf;df /f]s nufOg]5 / c;'/lIft a:tLnfO{
;'/lIft a;f]jf; x'g] u/L a:tL ljsf;nfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . -@_
4. e"ld gLlt / e"pkof]u P]g th{'df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
5. k|sf]k hf]lvd ;+j]bgzLn e"pkof]u gS;f, tYof / e"pkof]u of]hgf tof/ ul/g]5 . -
@_
6. dfnkf]t / gfkL sfof{noxsf] ;~hfnLs/0f u/L PsLs[t s]GLo e";"rgf k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf; ul/g]5 . -#_
7. gjLgtd k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L gS;f tyf ef}uf]lns ;"rgfx tof/ tyf cBfjlws
ul/g]5 . -#_
8. cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm bIf hgzlQm ljsf; u/L e"ld Joj:yfkg ;]jf If]qnfO{ j}1flgs
k]zfsf] kdf :yflkt tyf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -#_
9. e"ld k|zf;g;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ;]jfx ;/nLs[t, ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t, ljs]lGt /
Psf/ k|0ffnLaf6 k|bfg ul/g]5 . -#_
10. e"ldsf] clen]vnfO{ ;do ;fk]If, Jojl:yt / j}1flgs agfpFb} nlug]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= e";"rgf tyf dfnkf]t clen]v ;'b[9Ls/0f sfo{qmd
1. sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t e";"rgf k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf .

88 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
 2. dfnkf]t tyf gfkL k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tyf ;'wf/ .
3. Psf/ k|0ffnLaf6 l56f], 5l/tf], ;/n / k|efjsf/L hUuf k|zf;g;DaGwL ;]jf tyf
;"rgf pknAwtf .
4. dfnkf]t sfof{nodf /x]sf ;|]:tf tyf gfkL sfof{nodf /x]sf lsQf gfkL gS;f /
lkmN8a's :Soflg sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tf .
5. e"ld nut l8lh6fOh];g tyf e";"rgf clen]v Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
hUuf k|zf;g ;]jfsf] Joj:yf .
6. gfkL sfof{noxdf /x]sf gS;fsf ljj/0fxsf] 8f6fa]; tof/L .
v= /fli6o e"pkof]u gLltsf] sfof{Gjog
1. ef}uf]lns ljz]iftf, hldgsf] u'0f, pj{/fzlQm / Ifdtf cg'k pkof]usf] cfwf/df
hldgsf] juL{s/0f u/L :jfldTj k|df0fkq ljt/0f .
u= e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd, d'Qm sd}of, d'Qm xlnof tyf xjf, r?jf k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd
1. d'Qm sd}of / xlnofxnfO{ k'g:yf{kgf / tL kl/jf/xnfO{ ;Lkd"ns Pjd\
Jofj;flos tflnd k|bfg .
2. aFw'jf dhb'/ lgif]w;DaGwL sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog / x?jf r?jfxsf] k'g:yf{kgf .
3= lsQfgfkL;DaGwL sfo{
1. gfkgS;f x'g afFsL /x]sf ufpFAns If]qsf] gfkhfFr u/L hUufwgL k|df0f k'hf{
ljt/0f .
2. c5fd, c3f{vfFrL, kfNkf / l;/xf lhNnfdf Gaf6 Iflt ePsf] e"ldnut
k'g:yf{kgf .
3. cfw'lgs k|ljlw cjnDag u/L gu/ tyf gu/f]Gd'v If]qdf dfu cg'k k'gM gfkL .
4. gfkL sfof{noxsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; .
5. k|To]s k|b]zdf sDtLdf Pp6f gfkL uf]:jf/fsf] :yfkgf .
= :ynk gfkL sfo{qmd
1. b""/ ;+j]bg k|ljlw cjnDag u/L :ynk cfwf/ gS;f8f6fx cBfjlws .
2. k|zf;lgs tyf ljifout gS;fx tyf ljleGg k|sf/sf ef}uf]lns ;"rgfxsf]
pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f .
3. gu/ tyf gu/f]Gd'v If]qsf] !M%))) dfg gfkdf :ynut 8f6f / /fli6o P6n;
tof/ .
4. /fli6o ef}uf]lns ;"rgf gLlt th{'df .
5. gfkgS;fsf] nflu d'n"s ;'xfpFbf] l/km/]G; k|0ffnL, k|If]k0f k|0ffnL / lgofds
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; .
5= vuf]n tyf e"dfkg sfo{qmd
1. gfkgS;f, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf cWoog cg';Gwfgsf nflu cfjZos
kg]{ cfwf/e"t lgoGq0f ljGb'xsf] b]ze/ :yflkt /fli6o ;~hfnnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 89

 2. hldgdf :yfkgf ul/Psf pRr bhf{sf lgoGq0f ljGb':tDexsf] dd{t;Def/ Pjd\
;+/If0f .
3. lhof]8]l6s 8f6fxsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg .
4. ;u/dfyfsf] prfO dfkg;DaGwL cWoog .
h= e"ld Joj:yfkg;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l4
1. hgzlQmxsf] bIftf clej[l4 tyf Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu l;lgo/, h'lgo/ gfkL
tflnd tyf cGo ljz]if k|sf/sf 5f]6f] tyf nfdf] cjlwsf tflnd tyf cWoog
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
;a} dfnkf]t / e"ld;'wf/ sfof{noxdf ;|]:tf, lnvt afOlG8 ;DkGg ePsf] x'g]5 eg] ;a}
:yfgLo lgsfoxdf e"pkof]u gS;f / 8f6f tof/ ePsf] x'g], pkof]usf] cfwf/df e"ldsf]
juL{s/0f ePsf] / ufpF Ans If]qsf] lsQf gfkL sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] x'g]5 . b"/;+j]bg ljlwaf6 ()
cf]6f l;6df :yn?k gS;f / 8f6fj]; cBfjlws ePsf]], g]6js{ ;'b[9Ls/0f Pjd\ gi6 ePsf
lgoGq0f laGb'xsf] k'g:yf{kgf / dd{t;Def/ ePsf]] / d'Qm sd}of tyf xlnofxsf] k'g:yf{kgf
;DkGg ePsf] x'g]5 . e"sDk h:tf] ljklQ cfpg'eGbf @) ;]s]G8 klxn] g} ;"lrt ug]{ Joj:yf eO{
hgwgsf] ;'/Iffdf of]ubfg k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
$=!=% vfB ;'/Iff tyf vfB kf]if0f
!= k[i7e"ld
vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostfnfO{ dx;'; u/L g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] vfB ;Dk|e'tfsf]
k|Tofe"lt x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . b]zsf] s'n vfBfGg pTkfbg / pkef]usf] l:ylt;DaGwL
tYofcg';f/ vfBfGg jf;nftdf s'n vfBfGg artsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] eP tfklg ljz]iftM
s0ff{nL c~rnnufot b'u{d If]qsf @^ lhNnfx cem} klg vfB c;'/Iffdf /x]sf 5g\ . ljZj
vfB ;Dd]ng !((^ n] k|To]s JolQmsf] :j:y / ;lqmo hLjgofkgsf] nflu cfjZostf /
rfxgfcg'k ;w}F kof{Kt, :jR5 / kf]if0fo'Qm vfgfdflysf] ef}lts / cfly{s kx'Fr k'u]sf]
cj:yfnfO{ vfB ;'/Iff eg]/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfg k|bQ vfB;DaGwL xscg';f/ k|To]s gful/snfO{ vfB j:t'sf] cefjdf hLjg
hf]lvddf kg]{ cj:yfaf6 ;'/lIft /fVg'sf ;fy} s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] cleGg c\usf] kdf
/x]sf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{of]hgf Pjd\ ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgfnufot If]qut gLlt /
of]hgfxn] lnPsf nIo / p2]Zocg';f/ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff xfl;n ug{ pko{'Qm /0fgLlt /
sfo{gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{' ckl/xfo{ 5 . To:t} lbuf] ljsf; nIocGtu{t ef]sd/Lsf]
cGToh:tf nIo k|fKt ug{ ljz]if kxn ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

90 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] vfB ;Dk|e'tfnfO{ df}lns xssf] kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] ;Gbe{df vfB
;'/Iffsf d'Vo rf/ :tDex vfB pknAwtf, kx'Fr, pkof]u / l:y/tfdf ;dofg's'n ;'wf/ ug{',
emG8} $! k|ltzt hg;\Vofn] b}lgs lgwf{l/t Sofnf]/Lsf] Go"gtd dfqf pkef]u ug{af6 jl~rt
/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg', vfB ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] hf]lvddf /x]sf ;d"x / If]qsf] klxrfg u/L
pQm ;d"x / If]qsf] cfo:t/ a9fO{ vfBj:t'df cfTdlge{/ agfpg'sf ;fy} :j:ys/ vfgkfg /
Jojxf/ kl/jt{g s]lGt sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{', clgolGqt kdf a9]sf] hLjgfzs ljiffbL tyf
PlG6afof]l6ssf] k|of]u 36fO{ vfB u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{' tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] vfB
;'/Iffdf b]lvPsf] hf]lvd Go"g ug{' o; If]qdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx x'g\ .
cj;/
cfdhgtfsf] qmozlQm / hgr]tgfsf] :t/df qmlds kdf j[l4;Fu} vfgkfgdf cfO/x]sf]
kl/jt{g, oftfoft / ;~rf/df eO/x]sf] ljsf;n] kx'Frdf j[l4 x'g', ahf/nufot s[lif k"jf{wf/df
;'wf/ x'Fb} hfg' Pjd\ lbuf] ljsf; nIodf ljZjaf6 g} ef]sd/L cGTo ug]{ nIo lng', g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] vfB;DaGwL xs / s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltnufot cGo gLlt tyf
sfo{qmddf vfB ;'/IffnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg' / vfg] afgLdf kl/jt{g cfpg' o; If]qsf
cj;/sf kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;w}F / kof{Kt, :jR5 tyf kf]if0fo'Qm vfB pknAwtfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf .
#=@ nIo
lbuf] kdf vfBj:t'df kx'Fr / pkof]u j[l4 dfkm{t vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff xfl;n ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug{ s[lif tyf kz'hGo pTkfbg j[l4 u/L
cfwf/e"t vfBj:t'sf] cfk"lt{ a9fO{ vfB tyf kf]if0f pkef]u l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' .
2. vfB ;'/Iffsf] b[li6n] hf]lvddf /x]sf If]q / ;d"xxsf] klxrfg u/L u'0f:t/o'Qm vfB
j:t'df kx'Fr a9fpFb} vfB ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{ .
3. ;dfg'kflts tyf ;dGoflos vfB tyf kf]if0fsf] ljt/0f k|0ffnL :yflkt ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. vfB tyf kf]if0f c;'/lIft If]q / ;d"xdf cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg kdf vfB ;6
;dfwfg ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 91

 2. s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / ;b'kof]u, hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng
k|ljlwxsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L vfB j:t'sf] pknAwtf, pkof]udf l:y/tf /
lg/Gt/tf sfod u/L vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
3. vfB pknAwtf j[l4sf nflu s[lifdf ljljwLs/0f / ljlzi6Ls/0f ub}{ hfg] .
4. k|zf]wg tyf pkof]u k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/ ub}{ vfBfGgdf cfwfl/t kf]if0f / vfg] Jojxf/
kl/jt{gdf hf]8 lbg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. vfB tyf kz'hGo pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ ljz]if ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{ kf]lifnf]
vfB j:t'df kx'Fr a9fOg]5 . -!_
2. g]kfn vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0fl:yltsf] cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf
;+:yfut ul/g]5 . -!_
3. :yfgLo vfBfGg cfjZostfsf] cg'kftdf vfBfGg e08f/ ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 . k|To]s
lhNnf vfBfGgdf cfTdlge{/ aGg] of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ;'jft ul/g]5 . vfB /
kf]if0f hf]lvd If]qxdf :yfgLo:t/df ;DefJo s[lif j:t'xsf] pTkfbg / pkof]udf
hf]8 lbOg]5 . -!_
4. vfB j:t'sf] :jR5tf tyf u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ lgodg sfo{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -@_
5. ;LdfGts[t tyf vfB c;'/Iffsf] hf]lvddf /x]sf 3/kl/jf/nfO{ ;d"x, ;xsf/Ldf cfa4
u/fO{ s/f/ v]tL ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . vfB kx'Fr lj:tf/sf nflu :yfgLo txdf /f]huf/L
j[l4, gub] afnLsf] laqmL, wfgnufot k|d'v vfBafnLsf] d"No lgwf{/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt
ul/g]5 . -@_
6. vfB hf]lvd If]qdf pTkfbg x'g] :yfgLo afnLgfnLsf k|hfltsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+j4{g u/L
pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4sf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . s0ff{nLnufot lxdfnL
If]qdf s[lif tyf kmnkm"n v]tL, kz'kfng, h8La'6L v]tLh:tf sfo{x Jofj;flos kdf
;~rfng u/L o:tf pTkfbgnfO{ k|zf]wg / d"No clej[l4 ug{ vf]lng] s[lifhGo
pBf]uxnfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/g]5 . -@_
7. vfBfGg pTkfbgdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kf/]sf] k|efj cWoog u/L vfB c;'/lIft If]qdf
df};d cg's'n x'g] lsl;dsf afnLgfnLsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f
tyf jftfj/0fLo cg's"ntfcg'k s[lif tyf kz'kG5Lsf] ljsf;df Wofg lbOg]5 . o;sf
nflu lzIf0f tyf cg';Gwfg;DaGwL ;+:yfx;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . -@_
8. u|fdL0f If]qdf s[lifd}qL k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; / ;x/L If]q Pjd\ ;x/ glhssf u|fdL0f If]qdf
kf}li6s tTjo'Qm t/sf/L tyf pRr d"Nosf s[lif j:t' pTkfbg ug{ k|f]T;fxg
ul/g]5 . -@_
9. vfB j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f, k|df0fLs/0f tyf lgodgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg pkef]Qmf
xslxt;Fu ;DalGwt ;\3 ;+:yfsf] ;xsfo{df k|of]uzfnf ;]jfnfO{ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_

92 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
 10. vfBfGgdf ;dfhsf ul/a / ljkGg kl/jf/sf] kx'Fr a9fpg k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs ljt/0f
k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -@_
11. vfBfGg pTkfbg a9fpg / :jR5 vfBfGg pknAw u/fpg ;x/L s[lifnfO{ k|j4{g
ul/g]5 . -#_
12. vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf ljk/Lt lqmofsnfkx s[life"ld v08Ls/0f, afFemf] /fVg] k|j[lQ
/ 38]/Ls/0f nufotsf e"pkof]u kl/jt{g sfo{nfO{ lgT;flxt ul/g]5 . -#_
13. :yfgLo :t/df pTkfbg x'g] vfB pkef]udf hf]8 lbFb} cg';Gwfg / glthfdf cfwfl/t
;'/lIft / ;Gt'lnt vfB Jojxf/ k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. /fli6o vfB tyf kf]if0f pkef]u l:ylt / vfB cfjZostf Pjd\ pknAwtfaf/] cWoog
;j{]If0f .
2. vfB ahf/, vfB j:t' tyf vfB pBf]usf] cg'udg u/L :j:y / :jR5 vfB j:t'sf]
pknAwtfsf] ;'lglZrttf tyf k|To]s lhNnfdf s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff ;dGjo ;ldlt /
lhNnf vfB ;'/Iff ;~hfndfkm{t vfB tyf kf]if0fl:yltsf] cg'udg .
3. gLlt ljZn]if0f Pjd\ cg';Gwfg, gLlt sfof{Gjog tyf k|efjsfl/tf;DaGwL cWoog, vfB
tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ pko'Qm ;'/Iff sjrsf] klxrfg;DaGwdf cWoog .
4. kf]lifnf] cfxf/sf] pknAwtf a9fpg kf]if0f au}Frfsf] gd'gf kmfd{ :yfkgf u/L cfdf
;d"xdfkm{t 3/af/L kf]if0f auF}rf ;~rfng .
5. u|fdL0f s[ifsxnfO{ vfBfGg, t/sf/L, cG8f / df;'sf] :yfgLo :t/df pkef]u a9fO{
kf]if0fdf ;'wf/ .
6. ;x/L s[lif sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
7. cNk k|rngdf /x]sf sfu'gf], lrgf], h'g]nf], kmfk/, sf]bf] nufotsf kf}li6s tTjo'Qm vfB
j:t'df cfwfl/t kl/sf/xsf] ljsf; u/L :yfgLo :t/sf] vfB Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
of]hgfsf] cGTodf k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{ vfBfGg pknAwtf #@# s]=hL=af6 #&^ s]=hL= k'u]sf]
x'g]5 . k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{ t/sf/Lsf] pknAwtf !)(=^ s]=hL=af6 !!@=% s]=hL=, kmnkm"n #^=!
s]=hL=af6 $@ s]=hL=, df5f @=&% s]=hL=af6 #=@^ s]=hL=, cfn' *@=! s]=hL=af6 *(=@ s]=hL=,
bnxg !@=#* s]=hL=af6 !#=!% s]=hL=, df;' !!=&) s]=hL=af6 !$=^^ s]=hL=, t]n @=($
ln6/af6 #=#^ ln6/, b"w ^^=&) ln6/af6 (!=!& ln6/ tyf cG8f $$=$) uf]6faf6 %%=!*
uf]6fsf b/n] pknAw ePsf] x'g'sf cltl/Qm vfB cg';Gwfgsf cfw'lgs k|of]uzfnfx :yflkt
eO{ vfB j:t'sf] cfoftlgof{tdf lglZrt dfkb08 nfu' ePsf] / d'n'sleqsf] u'0f:t/Lo vfB
ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ePsf] x'g]5 .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 93

$=!=^ jg tyf e";+/If0f
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] lbuf] ljsf;df jg If]qsf] dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg /lxcfPsf] 5 . b]zdf /f]huf/Lsf]
l;h{gf, cfo j[l4, :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf h:t} sf7, bfp/f, 3f;kft, u}/sfi7
jg k}bfjf/xsf] cfk"lt{sf ;fy} s[lif, kz'kfng, ko{6g / l;FrfOdf ;d]t jg If]qsf] pNn]vgLo
e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . hg;xeflutfd"ns jg Joj:yfkgsf dfWodaf6 :yfgLo cfly{s;fdflhs
ljsf; tyf :yfgLo g]t[Tj ljsf;df klg jg If]qsf] k|ToIf of]ubfg /x]sf] x'Fbf jg If]q /fli6o
k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qsf] kdf /xg uPsf] 5 .
;g\ @)!% sf] jg;|f]t ;j{]If0fcg';f/ jgn] 9fs]sf] If]q s'n e"efusf] #(=^ k|ltztaf6
a9]/ $$=% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . ljz]if u/L kxf8L If]qdf jg If]qn] 9fs]sf] e"efudf j[l4 ePsf] 5
eg] emf8L a'6\ofgn] 9fs]sf If]qx jg If]qdf kfGtl/t x'g'sf ;fy} jg If]qaflx/sf] e"efudf
;d]t jgsf] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] s'Nf e"efusf] #$,!*^ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]q ;+/lIft If]q
/lxcfPsf] 5 . o;n] d'n'ssf] @#=# k|ltzt -!$ cf]6f lgs'~h Pjd\ cf/If / ^ cf]6f ;+/If0f If]q_
e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . o;}u/L !!* cf]6f kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL If]qdWo] *) cf]6f ;+/lIft If]qleq
kb{5g\ . ;fy} u}F8f, af3, cgf{, s[i0f;f/, lxFplrt'jf, s:t'/L, /ftf] xfa|], uf]xL cflbsf] ;+/If0fsf
nflu ljz]if kxn / k|of;x eO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn h:tf] clwsf+z kxf8L e"efu ePsf] d'n'sdf
df6f] / kfgLsf] ;+/If0f u/L lbuf] ljsf; tyf hLljsf]kfh{gdf 6]jf k'ofpg PsLs[t hnfwf/
Joj:yfkg tyf gbL k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t e"hnfwf/ ;+/If0f Pjd\ Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{If]q tyf
sfo{ef/nfO{ lj:tfl/t ul/bF}5 eg] jg:klt ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg / k|;f/sf nflu ;d]t gofF
;f]r cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnn] cjnDag u/]sf] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg ;+/lIft If]q Joj:yfkg -;fd'bflos
jg, ;fem]bf/L jg, dWojtL{ ;fd'bflos jg, ;+/If0f If]q, sa'lnotL jg cflb_ ljZjd} pbfx/0fLo
/x]sf] 5 . ;d'bfof/f Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] jg If]qsf] xsdf lgs'~h tyf cf/Ifxsf] yk
Joj:yfkgsf] nflu 6]jf k'ofpg !@ cf]6f ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t dWojtL{ If]qxsf] Joj:yfkg
eO/x]sf] 5 . gLltut kdf jg gLlt, @)&! / g]kfn jg If]q /0fgLlt, @)&@ sfof{Gjogsf
qmddf 5g\ . To:t} lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu k|s[lt ;+/If0fsf] /fli6o /0fgLlts k|fk, @)&@ hf/L
eO{ logLxsf] sfof{Gjogsf] r/0f ;'? ePsf] 5 . ;fy} ;+jt\ @)&!@)*) nfO{ ;d[l4sf nflu
jg eGg] gf/f to u/L jg bzs 3f]if0ff u/L ljz]if sfo{qmdx ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
cGt/f{li6o ;lGw;Demf}tfdf g]kfnsf] k|ltj4tfcg';f/ sfo{ ug{sf nflu gLlt, sfg'g /
sfo{qmdx :ki6 kfg'{, o;sf ;fy} ;\3Lo /fhgLlts Joj:yfadf]lhd ;\u7gfTds ;+/rgf

94 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
tof/ kfg'{ / sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg', jg If]qsf] n}ls tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f, d"nk|jfxLs/0f
/0fgLlt, @)^% sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{, jg If]qaf6 pTkfbg x'g] nfe tyf ;]jfnfO{
Gofof]lrt cfwf/df afF8kmfF8 ug{ zf;sLo ;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfx -sf7, bfp/f, 3fF;, :ofpnf_sf] cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;d'bfo:t/b]lv
/fli6o:t/;Dd Joj:yfkg ug'{sf ;fy} ;/f]sf/jfnfx;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L jgsf] lbuf] / j}1flgs
Joj:yfkgnfO{ cem ;'b[9 ug'{ jg If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\ .
e"sDkaf6 kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfdf ePsf] ljgfz / gf]S;fgLsf] k"lt{ ug{ tyf e"sDk
kLl8txsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;xh / ;/n tl/sfn] kl/k"lt{ ug{sf nflu j}slNks of]hgf th'{df
u/]/ yk ;|f]t h'6fpg', lxdfnL If]qsf] plrt ;+/If0f x'g g;Sbf tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf k/]sf]
gsf/fTds k|efj / ;\qmd0fsfnLg /fhg}lts cj:yfdf jg If]qsf] ;+/If0fdf kg]{ k|efjsf ;fy}
r'/] If]qsf] sdhf]/ e"ue{ / cJojl:yt bf]xgaf6 efj/ / t/fO{ If]qsf] hLjgfwf/df k/]sf] hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f ug'{, d'n'ssf] blIf0fjtL{ e"efudf a;f]jf; ug]{ jgIf]qaf6 6f9f /x]sf 3/w'/Lxsf]
jgaf6 k|fKt x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfxdf kx'Fr k'ofpg', jg clts|d0f lgoGq0f tyf jg 89]nf]
lgoGq0f ug{' / o;sf nflu :yfgLo Ifdtf / lhDd]jf/L j[l4 ug'{ tyf d'n'ssf] ef}lts Pjd\
cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf; / jg ;+/If0f sfo{sf aLr pTkGg x'g] G Joj:yfkg ug{' o; If]qsf
r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm jg kmF8fgLaf6 x'g] hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f, ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f / jg tyf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfosf nflu lbuf] cg's"ngsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ yk
r'gf}tLx x'g\ .
cj;/
jgn] cf]u6]sf] e"efu j[l4 x'Fb} hfg', jgsf] lbuf] / j}1flgs Joj:yfkgaf6 sfi7 tyf
u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg / ljt/0f x'g] cj:yf aGg', ljZj pi0fLs/0f /
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] b/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ jgsf] cxd\ e"ldsf x'g] ePsf]n] jg ;+/If0f /
ljsf;af6 sfa{g ;+/If0f / ;l~rltsf] kmfObf k'Ug], jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0faf6
kof{ko{6gnfO{ ;+:yfut / ljsf; ug]{ tyf hnfwf/ If]qsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgf/f e"Ifo lgoGq0f ub}{
hn;|f]t clej[l4 / s[lif ljsf;df 6]jf k'ofpg] cj;/x jg If]qdf /x]sf 5g\ . h}ljs tyf
xl/t j:t'xsf] :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf dfu a9\b} uPsfn] jGo;|f]tdf cfwfl/t Joj;foxaf6
xl/t /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf x'g;Sg] / kfl/l:ylts ;]jfsf] dfu a9\g] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . ;fy}
jg;|f]tsf] 3gTj, ljljwtf / jg pBdzLntf l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] u/L jg;|f]tsf] plrt / lbuf]
Joj:yfkg ug'{ o; If]qsf] cj;/ xf] .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;3g tyf ljljwtfo'Qm jg;|f]t, ljlzi6Ls[t h}ljs ljljwtf, ;d[4 hnfwf/ /
pBdzLntfo'Qm jg If]q .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 95

#=@ nIo
jg, jg:klt, h8La'6L, jGohGt', h}ljs ljljwtf / hnfwf/sf] ;d'lrt ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g,
Joj;foLs/0f / ;b'kof]uf/f /f]huf/L] l;h{gf tyf hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ u/L kfl/l:yltsLo
k|0ffnLaLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. lbuf] jg Joj:yfkgf/f jg If]qsf] pTkfbsTj / jg k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg j[l4 ug'{ .
2. h}ljs ljljwtf / ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0fnufot jftfj/0fLo ;]jfaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfe j[l4 ub}{
Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ;'lglZrt ug'{ .
3. hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf gsf/fTds k|efj Go"gLs/0f tyf cg's"ng / ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo cjnDag ub}{ hn, hn;|f]t tyf e"ldsf] ;+/If0faf6 e"ldsf]
pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ hnfwf/ If]qsf] PsLs[t ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. ljBdfg jg If]q sfod /fvL jgsf] 3gTj, pTkfbsTj / pTkfbg j[l4sf] nflu jgsf]
;xeflutfd"ns lbuf] Pjd\ j}1flgs Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
2. h}ljs ljljwtf / hnfwf/sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg / pkof]udf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr j[l4
ug]{ Pjd\ kof{ko{6gsf cfwf/ If]qxnfO{ k'g:yf{kg tyf k'glg{df{0f ug]{ .
3. lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg / ;+/If0fdfkm{t jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod /fvL hnjfo' kl/jt{g
Go"gLs/0fsf ;Defljt cGt/f{li6o nfexnfO{ :yfgLo :t/;Dd k'ofpg] .
4. jg k}bfjf/df cfTdlge{/tf xfl;n ub}{ o;df cfwfl/t pBdzLntf / /f]huf/L j[l4
ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. jg If]qsf] ;f7lgs tyf gLlt lgodxsf] ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ljljwtfk"0f{ jg k}bfjf/sf] ;xh cfk"lt{, /f]huf/L l;h{gf / :yfgLo tyf /fli6o
cy{tGqdf pNNf]Vo of]ubfg k'ofpg jg ;+j4{g k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t jgsf] lbuf] /
j}1flgs Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . -!_
3. jg 89]nf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf k"j{ tof/L, 89]nf]
lgoGq0f / 89]nf] k|lt/f]wL Ifdtf lj:tf/sf nflu clUg/]vf Joj:yfkg / cfsfz] kfgL
;ng sfo{qmddf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
4. lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs hUufxdf j[Iff/f]k0f u/L jg If]qsf] lj:tf/ / jgk}bfjf/sf]
cfk"lt{df ;xh x'g] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
5. ;+/lIft jg, dxjk"0f{ h}ljs dfu{ tyf ;+/If0f If]qxsf] sfo{of]hgf tof/L, kl/dfh{g
tyf sfof{GjognfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -@_

96 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
6. ;a}vfn] jgxdf cfGtl/s kof{ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ h}ljs ljljwtf / l;d;f/ -kfgLsf]
d'xfg, s'jf, Ogf/_ If]qsf] ;+/If0f sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -@_
7. ;du| hnfwf/xsf] PsLs[t Joj:yfkgnfO{ g]kfnsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] d'Vo sfo{gLltsf]
kdf cjnDag ub}{ hnfwf/ ;]jfsf] ;d'bfo:t/df jftfj/0fLo ;]jf;DaGwL gd'gf
k/LIf0f cfof]hgf klxrfg / gd'gf k/LIf0f u/L qmdzM lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug]5 . -@_
8. gu/ / gu/ jl/kl/ /x]sf jg, xl/ofnL, l;d;f/, kfgLsf d'xfg, vfnL If]q, gbLt6sf]
plrt Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . -@_
9. jg, jg:klt, jftfj/0f / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] af/]df k|rf/k|;f/ u/L :yfgLo
afl;Gbfxsf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u a9fpg 7"nf ;x/df lghL If]q, ;fdflhs
;+:yf cflbsf] ;xsfo{df jftfj/0f lzIff tyf k|rf/k|;f/ s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -@_
10. r'/] If]qsf] plrt ;+/If0fsf] sfo{nfO{ kl/is[t / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg dflyNnf] / tNnf]
t6Lo ;d'bfo Pjd\ ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr cGt;{DaGw x'g] u/L gbL k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
PsLs[t ;+/If0fsf] sfo{nfO{ ;dGjofTds kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
11. l;d;f/ If]qxsf] clen]vLs/0f, juL{s/0f tyf k|fyldsLs/0f u/L of]hgf th'{df tyf
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo cg's"ng k|of;xdf l;d;f/
If]qsf] pkof]u;DaGwL :yfgLo sfo{of]hgf tof/ kf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
12. /fli6o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If, l;sf/ cf/If, ;+/lIft If]q, t/fO{ tyf kxf8L
e"kl/lw:t/Lo sfo{, h}ljs dfu{, l;d;f/ If]qxsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ub}{ lghL If]qsf]
;d]t ;xeflutfdf ko{6g k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -#_
13. dxjk"0f{ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL, hf]lvdo'Qm jGohGt'xsf] jf;:yfg ;+/If0f, k|hgg Pjd\
hg;\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -#_
14. e"pkof]u ljsf; tyf PsLs[t hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'{df u/L hn pTkGg k|sf]k
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug{] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -#_
15. hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;dfg's"ngkfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t cg's"ngnfO{
d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug'{sf ;fy} /]8 sfof{Gjogsf] cfjZos tof/L k"/f u/L sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -#_
16. hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kfl/l:yltsLo tyf hnfwf/Lo k|0ffnLdf kfg{] gsf/fTds k|efj
Go"gLs/0f, cg's"ng / ;dfg's"ng ug{ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -#_
17. :yfgLo cg's"ng of]hgfnfO{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgfxdf
d"nk|jfxLs/0f / ;]jf k|bfosxsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -$_
18. jg Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ pBf]usf] kdf ljsf; ug{ jg tyf jgk}bfjf/df cfwfl/t
pBdzLntf ljsf; tyf pBf]u Joj;fo ;~rfng u/L xl/t /f]huf/L j[l4 ul/g]5 . -$_
19. t'ngfTds nfe ePsf pRr d"Nosf h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] ;+/If0f,
;+j4{g, v]tL lj:tf/ Pjd\ lgof{tsf nflu a|flG8;lxtsf] ahf/ k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -$_

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 97

 20. ;fd'bflos jgsf] k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg / pkof]usf] ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg
u/L pTkfbg / ahf/sf] ljljwLs/0f / k|ljlw ljsf; Pjd\ x:tfGt/0f ul/g]5 . -$_
21. ljkGgd'vL cfod"ns, /f]huf/d"ns tyf hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/;DaGwL sfo{qmdx ;a} jg
Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -$_
22. ;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos tyf lghL If]qaf6 pTkfbg x'g] jg k}bfjf/xsf] laqmL ljt/0f tyf
jGf;|f]tdf cfwfl/t Joj;fonfO{ ;xh agfpg sfg'gL / gLltut ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -$_
23. pRr cfly{s dxjsf] jGohGt'sf] kfng, k|hgg / Joj;foLs/0f ug{ gLltut Joj:yf
u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= /fli6o jg ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd
1. /fli6o dxjsf jg If]qsf] klxrfg u/L rSnfaGbL jgsf] kdf Joj:yfkg .
2. t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]zdf lbuf]j}1flgs Joj:yfkg k4lt cjnDag u/L pTkfbg /
pTkfbsTj j[l4 .
3. ljBdfg 9nfk8f ;ngdf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg ljlwnfO{ jg ;+j4{g k|0ffnLdf
kfGt/0f .
4. jg 89]nf] lgoGq0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;fwg;|f]t / Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfsf]
clej[l4 . jg 89]nf] nufpg] ck/fwLxnfO{ sfg'gL sf/afxLsf] bfo/fdf NofOg] u/L
;+:yfut ljsf; / 89]nf] lgoGq0fdf x'g] dfgjLo Ifltsf] plrt /fxt / ;Ddfg .
5. k|fs[lts tfntn}ofxsf] ;+/If0f, hnfwf/ ;+/If0f, ;'Svf If]qxdf kf]v/Lxsf]
lgdf{0f ;fy} ;'/fsL kl/rfng Pjd\ jg clts|d0f lgoGq0f .
6. /f]Nkf, ?s'd, hfh/sf]6, sfnLsf]6, d'u', x'Dnf, h'Dnf, 8f]Nkf, aemf, afh'/f, c5fd,
b}n]v / ;Nofgdf klZrd kxf8L e"kl/lw sfo{qmd k/LIf0fsf] kdf ;~rfng .
7. s0ff{nLdxfsfnL gbLaLrsf] lzjflns / tNnf] dxfef/t If]qdf h}ljs ljljwtf /
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ug{ s0ff{nLdxfsfnL e"kl/lw ;+/If0f sfo{qmd .
v= ;fd'bflos jg tyf sa'lnotL ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg ljsf; sfo{qmd
;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmd
1. ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xxsf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf ;'zf;gsf] nflu jg
sfo{of]hgf .
2. jg pBd tyf jg k}bfj/sf] Joj;foLs/0f .
3. jgxsf] lbuf] / j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf] nflu Ifdtf j[l4 sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
4. dWojtL{ If]qsf] ;fd'bflos jgxsf] ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
sa'lnotL jg ljsf; sfo{qmd
5. ul/a tyf ljkGg kl/jf/nfO{ k|ToIf nfe / cfo j[l4df of]ubfg x'g] u/L sa'lnotL
jg ul/asf] wg sfo{qmd #( lhNnfdf lj:tf/ .

98 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
 6. jg ljsf;, kz' ljsf;, art j[l4 sfo{qmd, hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{of]hgf
sfof{Gjog ;xof]u tyf ;fdflhs tyf k|fljlws ;]jf ;xhLs/0f .
;fem]bf/L jg Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd
7. t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]zsf rSnf jgxdf ;/sf/ tyf :yfgLo glhs tyf 6f9fsf
pkef]Qmfxsf] ;xeflutfdf ;fem]bf/L jg ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
8. jgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg u/L jgk}bfjf/sf] ;xh cfk"lt{ Pjd\ :yfgLo /f]huf/L tyf
/fh:jdf of]ubfg .
;fj{hlgs hUufdf s[lif jg Joj:yfkg
9. t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]zdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs hUUffxdf :yfgLo hgtfsf]
;xeflutfdf s[lif jg sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
10. jg k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg u/L jg If]qdf x'g] rfknfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub{} s[lif tyf kz'
ljsf;df 6]jf k'ofpg / :yfgLo jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
wfld{s jg ljsf; sfo{qmd
11. wfld{s :ynxdf /x]sf jg If]qxsf] lbuf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ :yfgLo
hgtf tyf wfld{s ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf jg ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
u= j[If/f]k0f, j[If;'wf/ tyf lghL jg ljsf; sfo{qmd
1. jg bzs sfo{qmd -@)&!@)*)_ sf] lg/Gt/tf ub}{ ;x/ tyf gu/ pGd'v
a:tLxdf jg pBfgxsf] :yfkgfsf nflu Ps gu/ cg]s pBfg sfo{qmddfk{mt
@)) cf]6f gu/ pBfgx :yfkgf .
2. :yfgLo lgsfoxsf] ;xsfo{df yk gu/ tyf ufpF jgxsf] :yfkgfsf nflu
;xof]u .
3. lghL jg, :yfgLo :t/df ;~rfng eO/x]sf] kfl/jfl/s jg, ;fj{hlgs :yfgxdf
j[If/f]k0f, g;{/L / jghGo pBd :yfkgfsf nflu k|j4{g / ;xof]ufTds sfo{qmd .
4. jg k}bfjf/xsf] pTkfbgb]lv pkef]u;Ddsf] >[\Vfnfdf cfOkg]{ afwfxnfO{
;/nLs/0f ug{ sfg'gL Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ .
3= xl/t pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd
1. lghL g;{/Laf6 la?jf vl/b, h8La'6L pBdL tyf lghL g;{/LnfO{{ ;xof]u, h8La'6L
tyf xl/t pBdL, pTkfbs ;d"x / ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ kl/rfng u/L pTkfbg,
e08f/0f tyf k|zf]wg u/fpg ks]6 If]qdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
2. h8La'6L k|zf]wg s]Gx :yfkgf ug{ ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f, a|flG8df k|fljlws
;xof]u .
3. pRr kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qxdf h8La'6L ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg If]q :yfkgf .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 99

 4.
;'b"/klZrd tyf k"j{df Ps Pscf]6f xl/t /f]huf/ cg';Gwfg tyf tflnd s]Gb|
:yfkgf .
5. jg Joj:yfkgnfO{ pBf]usf] kdf ljsf; ug{ tyf lghL If]qnfO{ cfslif{t ug{
cfjZos gLltut ;'wf/ .
6. ljleGg jg Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLaf6 pTkfbg x'g] sf7 bfp/fhGo jg k}bfjf/xdf
cfwfl/t jg pBd ljsf; ug{ lghL If]q tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ k|f]T;fxg x'g]
vfnsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
7. jg;|f]tsf] k|of]u jf laqmLaf6 k|fKt cfDbfgLsf] s]xL c+z ;f]xL If]qdf nufgL ug]{
Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog ;'lglZrttf tyf cg'udg .
8. kof{ko{6g, s[lif jg tyf jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBf]uxnfO{ rflxg] sRrf
kbfy{sf] ;tt cfk"lt{sf nflu lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg Jofj;flos
sa'lnotL jg sfo{qmd lj:tf/ .
= h}ljs ljljwtf, jGohGt' ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd
1. ;+/If0f If]qxsf] Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf;nfO{ lbuf] jftfj/0fLo ;]jf k|fKt ug]{
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] kdf pkof]u ug]{ u/L sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
2. /fli6o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f sfo{qmd, jGohGt' ;+/If0fsf] nflu ljz]if
sfo{qmdx 3fF;] d}bfg Joj:yfkg, rf]/L l;sf/ lgoGq0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb}F
kof{ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ ko{6s ky, ;"rgf s]Gb|, e"sDkaf6 k|efljt If]qsf]
k'g:y{fkgfsf sfo{qmdx sfof{Gjog .
3. jGohGt'' / jf;:yfgsf] ;+/If0f / ;+/If0f If]qxdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0fsf
sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
4. a9\bf] jGohGt' ck/fwnfO{ z"Go ;xgzLntf cjwf/0ff ckgfO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
5. e"sDkkZrft\ vl:sPsf] ko{6g If]qnfO{ kof{ko{6gd'vL ko{6g clej[l4sf
sfo{qmdf/f k'g:yf{kgf .
6. :yfgLonfO{ k|ToIf nfe k|fKt x'g] u/L s[lif / kz'kG5L If]q;Fusf] ;dGjodf
lrtjgsf] df8L / alb{ofdf ljz]if cfocfh{gsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
7. ;a} k|b]zxdf !! cf]6f k|f0fL pBfg :yfkgf ul/g] gLlt cjnDag .
8. eQmk'/sf] ;"o{ ljgfosdf /fli6o k|f0fL pBfgsf] u'?of]hgf lgdf{0f .
9. d'Vo ;x/ glhssf k|fs[lts If]qxdf lghL tyf jg jftfj/0f ;DalGwt
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] ;xsfo{df jftfj/0f lzIff tyf k|rf/k|;f/ s]Gb| :yfkgf .
10. ;+/If0fnfO{ ;'/If0fsf] kdf lnO{ ;+/If0fk|lt gsf/fTds ;f]r 36fpg r]tgf
clej[l4 sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
11. /f/f / vKt8 ;+/lIft If]qxdf lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf ;du| kof{ko{6gsf]
ljsf;sf] nflu k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tyf cGo sfo{qmd ;~rfng .

100 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 12. h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fdf hf]lvd cf+sng u/L jGohGt'xsf] jf;:yfg
Joj:yfkgnfO{ cWoog u/L plrt sfof{Gjog, afx|l;\3f, cgf{, /ftf] xfa|], ;fns,
u}F8f, s[i0f;f/nufotsf] h}ljs ;'/IffnfO{ dxjsf;fy sfo{qmd;lxt sfof{Gjog .
13. jGohGt'xsf] Jofj:fflos kfng u/L plrt ;b'kof]usf] nflu cfjZos sfg'gL
;'wf/ .
14. e"kl/lw :t/ sfo{qmdnfO{ yk Jojl:yt u/L h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt tyf
sfof{Gjog of]hgfnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog .
15. h}ljs ljljwtfsf] nflu dxjk"0f{ /x]sf] cWoog x'g afFsL If]qxsf] yk
cWoog;lxt /0fgLlts kdf ;+/If0f sfo{sf] lj:tf/ .
16. cGt/f{li6o dxjsf] ;Ldf If]q / e"kl/lw If]qxsf] PsLs[t Joj:yfkgsf nflu
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
17. ldrfxf k|hflt /f]syfd tyf dfgj jGohGt' Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd
k|f/De .
r= e";+/If0f, hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]k / hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f ;xof]uL
sfo{qmd
1. PsLs[t hnfwf/ Joj:yfkgdfkm{t df6f] / kfgLsf] ;+/If0f tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]k /
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x Go"gLs/0f u/L hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf 6]jf k'ofpg]
sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
2. t/fO{, dw]z tyf r'/] If]qdf jg If]qsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgnufotsf] PsLs[t
ljsf; cjwf/0ffg';f/ /fi6klt r'/]t/fO{dw]z ;+/If0f ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/ .
3. gbL k|0ffnLxdf sfo{ ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} lgdf{0f x'g] u'?of]hgf
cg'ksf] sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
4. lhNnf e";+/If0f sfo{qmd / ;fd'bflos ljsf; tyf jg hnfwf/ ;+/If0f
cfof]hgfnfO{ cfjZostfsf cfwf/df pkhnfwf/xsf] k|fyldsLs/0f .
5. pkhnfwf/ of]hgf th{'df, ax'k|sf]k cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f;lxt k|fyldsLs/0f / e"
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ;]jf k|jfx .
6. klx/f] k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} /fli6o klx/f] Joj:yfkg s]Gb|sf]
:yfkgf .
7. tfntn}of tyf e"";+/If0fsf] nflu l;d;f/ / ltgdf ePsf h}ljs ljljwtfsf]
;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg .
8. e""sDkaf6 k|efljt If]qsf a:tL glhssf] klx/f], Ifltu|:t e""ldxsf] k'g?Tyfgsf]
nflu sd vlr{nf] e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f, h}ljs k|ljlw, afF; /f]k0fh:tf
lqmofsnfkx / s[lif jg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f .
9. gLltut ;'wf/sf] nflu s[lif jg gLlt th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 101

 10. ;\3Lo;+/rgfadf]lhd hnfwf/ If]qxsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu cWoog u/L a[xt\
hnfwf/ Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff (Basin approach) cg'ksf] sfo{k|0ffnLnfO{
k|fyldstfsf;fy sfof{Gjog .
11. sfa{g ;+/If0f / ;f]af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] kmfObfsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ /0fgLlt tyf
sfo{of]hgfsf] th'{df .
5= jg:klt ;Dkbf ;j]{If0f tyf cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd
1. g]kfndf kfOg] /}yfg] jg:kltnufot pkof]uL h8La'6Lxsf] plrt pkof]u tyf
lgof{tdf ;xof]uL x'g] k|sf/sf] cg';Gwfg tyf k|of]uzfnfxsf] ljsf; .
2. jg:klt pBfgxsf] ;DefJotf cWoog u/L pBfgxsf] :yfkgf tyf Joj:yfkg .
3. ljZj zflGt h}ljs ljljwtf pBfg ;+/rgfxsf] lgdf{0f .
4. jg:klt ljefucGtu{tsf k|of]uzfnfxsf] cGt/f{li6o :t/sf] k|df0fLs/0f .
5. g]kfndf kfOg] jg:kltxsf] ;j]{If0f / clen]vLs/0f .
h= jg cg';Gwfg, hgzlQm Joj:yfkg tyf Ifdtf ljsf;
1. jg cg';Gwfgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ 1fgsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu k"jf{wf/ ljsf; .
2. jg cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] sfa{g / kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfsf] cg';Gwfg Ifdtfsf] ljsf; .
3. j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg, h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, k|sf]k lgoGq0f
tyf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL Ifdtf ljsf; / jg >ldsxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 .
4. jg If]qsf l;sfOxsf] k|rf/k|;f/ tyf jg;DaGwL sfo{qmdxdf d"n k|jfxLs/0f .
5. jg, jg:klt, hnfwf/ tyf jGohGt';DaGwL cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt glthfxnfO{
gLltut tyf Joj:yfksLo lg0f{osf d'Vo cfwf/sf kdf cjnDag .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
ljBdfg jg If]q sfod /fvL jgsf] 3gTj, ljljwtf / pTkfbsTjdf u'0ffTds j[l4 ePsf],
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLx cem ;'b[9 / ;an ePsf / jgaf6 k|fKt x'g] j:t'
tyf ;]jfxsf] ljljwLs/0f;lxt pQm j:t' tyf ;]jfx ljkGg tyf jl~rt ;d"xx;Dd k'u]sf]
x'g]5 . ;fy} hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f tyf cg's"ngdf jg If]qsf] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf :yflkt
ePsf], ;f];DaGwL nfe :yfgLo ;d'bfo;Dd k'u]sf], jg tyf jGohGt';DaGwL ck/fw / rf]/L
lgsf;L Pjd\ cGo u}/sfg'gL lqmofsnfkdf pNn]Vo sdL cfPsf]], jg k}bfjf/ tyf kfl/l:yltsLo
;]jfdf cfwfl/t Joj;fo, /f]huf/L tyf cfocfh{gdf j[l4 ePsf] / jg If]qsf] ;+:yfut ;'wf/
Pjd\ Ifdtf ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 . PsLs[t hnfwf/ Joj:yfkgdfkm{t ;+j]bgzLn hnfwf/xsf]
cj:yfdf ;'wf/ eO{ lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf 6]jf k'Ug]5 .
b]zsf] s'n e"efusf] sl/a @% k|ltzt If]qdf ;+/If0fsf] cjwf/0ffcg'ksf] Joj:yfkg
k4ltsf] cjnDag ePsf] x'g]5 . lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdaf6 @% cf]6f ;fem]bf/L jg / %
cf]6f rSnf jg u/L Ps nfv x]S6/ jg If]qsf] Joj:yfkg ;'wf/ eO{ lg/Gt/ pTkfbgof]Uo ePsf]

102 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

x'g]5 . o;cg';f/ jflif{s Ps xhf/ x]S6/ If]qdf ;3g jg Joj:yfkg ePsf] x'g] /
;d'bfo:t/af6 @% nfv x]S6/ jg If]qsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ePsf] x'g]5 . ;fem]bf/L tyf
;/sf/f/f Jojl:yt jg If]qaf6 jflif{s ^) nfv So'las lkm6 sf7, !,%)) rf bfp/f pTkfbg
eO{ sf7 bfp/fsf] pTkfbg a9]sf], cfk"lt{ ;xh ePsf] / /fh:j j[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 . ;d'bfo tyf
lghL If]qaf6 jflif{s @ s/f]8 3g lkm6 sf7sf] cfk"lt{ ePsf] x'g]5 .
;fd'bflos jg Joj:yfkgaf6 sl/a @% nfv 3/w'/LnfO{ sf7, bfp/f nufot cGo jg
k}bfjf/sf] cfk"lt{ ;xh ePsf] x'g]5 . sa'lnotL jg sfo{qmdaf6 jg / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] ;fy}
lbuf] u|fdL0f ljQ kl/rfngaf6 & xhf/ ;d"xsf ^) xhf/ 3/w'/Lsf] hLljsf]kfh{g tyf
cfocfh{gdf j[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 . h8La'6L If]q Jojl:yt, Jofj;flos / cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm x'g],
lxdfno a|flG8 u/L h8La'6L lgsf;L k|j4{gdf 6]jf k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
PsLs[t hnfwf/ Joj:yfkgaf6 %)) cf]6f k|fs[lts l;d;f/xsf] ;+/If0f / ;'Svf
7fpFxdf tfn tyf kf]v/Lxsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] tyf @,))) cf]6f klx/f] ;+/If0f / ^)) cf]6f
kfgLsf] d'xfg ;+/If0f ePsf] x'g]5 . r'/] If]qdf #( cf]6f gbL k|0ffnLdf ;3g?kdf Joj:yfkgsf]
sfo{ ePsf] x'g5 eg] jg 89]nf]h:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] lgoGq0fdf 6]jf k'uL hnjfo' kl/jt{g
Go"gLs/0f tyf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ljz]if of]ubfg k'u]sf] x'g]5 . h}ljs ljljwtfsf]
;+/If0fsf If]qdf pRr dxjsf jGohGt'xsf] ;\Vofdf j[l4 / kof{ko{6gaf6 cfDbfgL;d]t j[l4
ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=@ pBf]u, jfl0fHo, cfk"lt{ / ko{6g
$=@=! pBf]u
!= k[i7e"ld
pBf]u If]q cfly{s ljsf;sf] OlGhg xf] . cf}Bf]lus ljsf;n] /f]huf/L l;h{gf, j:t' / ;]jfsf]
d"No clej[l4, cfjZos j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pknAwtf ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpFb5 . ;fj{hlgs, lghL /
;xsf/L If]qsf] ;xeflutff/f lbuf] Pjd\ a[xt\ cfwf/;lxtsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;dfkm{t /f]huf/L
l;h{gf u/L ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{df pBf]u If]qsf] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . cf}Bf]lus nufgLn]
pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4, /f]huf/L l;h{gf, :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwg / k|ljlwsf] pkof]u, cfoft
k|lt:yfkg tyf lgof{t k|j4{gdf of]ubfg ub{5 . To:t} lghL If]qnfO{ nufgLk|lt cfslif{t t'NofpFb}
/ j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ gjLgtd k|ljlwsf ;fy leq\ofpFb} d'n'ssf] pRr, lbuf] / km/flsnf] cfly{s
j[l4b/ xfl;n ug{ dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg] ub{5 .
t/ g]kfndf cf}Bf]lus nufgLd}qL jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ gx'g', ljB't\sf] cfk"lt{df ;'wf/ gx'g',
cf}Bf]lus j:t'xsf] pRr k|lt:kwf{ x'g', cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/xsf] kof{Kt ljsf; gx'g', cfjZos
hgzlQm knfog x'g' cflbn] ubf{ cf}Bf]lus ljsf;n] ult lng / ck]lIft kdf cy{tGqsf]
lj:tf/ x'g g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] j[l4b/eGbf pBf]u If]qsf] j[l4b/ Go"g

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 103

ePsf]n] o; If]qsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf lx:;f Go"g /xL %=% k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf / /fli6o
/f]huf/Ldf sl/a ^=^ k|ltztdfq of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
pBf]u If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, sDkgL P]g, ljz]if cfly{s If]q;DaGwL
P]gx ;d;fdflos aGg] qmddf 5g\ eg] ljb]zL nufgL gLlt, @)&! th'{df ePsf] 5 / ljleGg
/fi6;Fu laKkf ;Demf}tf ePsf 5g\ . To:t} e}/xjfdf ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf] k"jf{wf/ tof/ ul/Psf]
5 . ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ ^$ lhNnfdf lj:tf/ sfo{ ePsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf u'0f:t/Lotf sfod ug{', cf}Bf]lus If]qdf ljB't\ cfk"lt{ rf}la;} 306f
x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{', >d gLlt pBf]ud}qL agfpg', cf}Bf]lus If]qdf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; a9fpFb}
hfg', ;~rflnt pBf]uxnfO{ pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTjsf b[li6n] k|lt:kwL{ agfpg', df}h'bf
pBf]unfO{ U0f x'gaf6 hf]ufpg', U0f pBf]unfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ug{', gofF k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{',
cf}Bf]lus gLltsf k|fjwfgxnfO{ cfly{s P]gn] ;Daf]wg ug{' / ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf cfly{s
pbf/Ls/0fn] ;[hgf ub}{ NofPsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fsf] ;fdgf ug{' o; If]qsf k|d'v
r'gf}tLx x'g\ .
cj;/
:jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLsf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'Fb} hfg', u}/cfjf;Lo
g]kfnLxnfO{ cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df kl/rfng ug]{ ;Defjgf a9\g', >d ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ x'g', k"jf{wf/
lgdf{0fdf ;/sf/sf] nufgL a9\b} hfg', e"d08nLs/0f;Fu} cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf] >[\vnf
ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sxtkm{ lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfg', ;"rgf tyf cfw'lgs ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; /
lj:tf/ x'g' / lzlIft Pjd\ ;Lko'Qm hgzlQm :jb]zd} tof/ x'Fb} uPsf] sf/0fn] pTkfbsTj /
pTkfbgdf j[l4 x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgfx ljBdfg x'g' cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu cj;/x x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
cy{tGqdf pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfgdf j[l4 u/L cfly{s kfGt/0f / ;'b[9 cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f .
#=@ nIo
cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/f/f /f]huf/Ldf j[l4, lgof{t k|j4{g / cfoft k|lt:yfkg
u/L /fli6o cy{tGqsf] clej[l4 ug]{] .
#=# p2]Zo
1. pBf]u If]qsf] pTkfbg j[l4 u/L s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf o; If]qsf] of]ubfg a9fpg' .
2. cf}Bf]lus If]qdf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL j[l4 u/L /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ ;[hgf ug'{ .

104 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 3. cf}Bf]lus j:t'xsf] lgof{t j[l4 u/L Jofkf/ 3f6fdf sdL Nofpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. pBf]uxnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k"jf{wf/ Joj:yf ug{ gLltlgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg] .
2. :yfgLo ;|f]t Pjd\ ;Lksf] pkof]u u/L n3', 3/]n', ;fgf, demf}nf tyf 7"nf pBf]usf]
:yfkgf / ;~rfngnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
3. cGt/k|b]z tyf k|b]z / ;\3aLrsf] cf}Bf]lus cGt/;DaGw ;'b[9 u/L ;Gt'lnt ljsf;df
pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg a9fpg] .
4. ljb]zL nufgLstf{ tyf u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnfO{ cf}Bf]lus nufgLdf k|f]T;fxg ug{ gLltut
Joj:yf ug]{ .
5. nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ cfjZos gLltut, ;+:yfut, sfg'gL tyf k|lqmofut
;'wf/ ug]{ .
6. t'ngfTds nfesf If]qsf] klxrfg u/L u'0f:t/o'Qm Pjd\ k|lt:kwf{Tds cf}Bf]lus j:t'sf]
lgof{tnfO{ a9fjf lbg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] nflu pBf]u btf{b]lv alxu{dg;Ddsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;/nLs/0f ug]{u/L
cf}Bf]lus /0fgLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
2. pBf]unfO{ cfjZos sRrf kbfy{ cfk"lt{ ;'lglZrttf ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ul/g]5 . !_
3. pBf]unfO{ cfjZos ljB't\ / cGo pmhf{sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
4. pBf]uxnfO{ cfjZos bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
5. cf}Bf]lus If]q tyf ljz]if cfly{s If]qxdf cfjZos k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf; tyf
Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ NofOg]5 . -!_
6. l;d]G6 pBf]u kx'Fr ;8s tyf ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOg lj:tf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . -!_
7. k]6f]lnodnufot vfgLhGo j:t'xsf] cg';Gwfg, cGj]if0f / pTvggsf sfo{qmdx
cl3 a9fOg]5 . -!_
8. ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ d'n'se/ lj:tf/ ug{ sfof{Gjog
ug]{ lgsfo tyf ;xof]uL lgsfoxsf] ;dGjo Ifdtf ljsf; ub}{ nlug]5 . -@_
9. Ps lhNnf Ps ljz]if pTkfbg;DaGwL sfo{qmdnfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
10. k|To]s k|b]zdf cf}Bf]lus If]q, cf}Bf]lus sl/8f]/ Pjd\ ljz]if cfly{s If]q qmdzM :yfkgf
ub}{ nlug]5 . -#_
11. >dd"ns, lgof{thGo / cfoft k|lt:yfkg x'g] nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -#_

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 105

 12. af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf nflu 5'} ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -$_
13. j}b]lzs k'FhL tyf k|ljlwnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ cfjZos sfg'gL / cGo Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -$_
14. nlIft ljkGg tyf ul/a ;d"xnfO{ 3/]n', ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]udfkm{t /f]huf/L l;h{gf
ul/g]5 . -%_
15. U0f pBf]unfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ug{ cfjZos ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -^_
16. b]zdf pknAw ax'd"No h8La'6Laf6 clwstd kmfObf lng h8La'6L k|zf]wg tyf
h8La'6Ldf cfwfl/t cf}ifwLhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg / lgsf;Ldf ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 . -^_
17. k|To]s k|b]zdf x:tsnf u|fd :yfkgf u/L k/Dk/fut ;Lk tyf k|ljlwsf] ;+/If0f /
ljsf; ul/g]5 . -^_
18. Jofj;flos nfut 36fpg tyf k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f ug{sf nflu pBf]u tyf sDkgL
k|zf;gdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]unfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -^_
19. cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/df yk ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/ u'0f:Tf/ k/LIf0f
Ifdtf j[l4 ul/g]5 . -^_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= cf}Bf}lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd -ljz]if cfly{s If]q;d]t_
1. ljz]if cfly{s If]q :yfkgf tyf ;~rfngcGtu{t e}/xjf ljz]if cfly{s If]q, l;d/f
ljz]if cfly{s If]qnufot cGo ljz]if cfly{s If]q :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng .
2. l;d]G6 pBf]usf nflu vfgL :yn kxF'r dfu{ Pjd\ ljB't\ k|;f/0f tyf ;a:6];g
lgdf{0f .
3. ;ft} k|b]zdf cf}Bf]lus If]q :yfkgf tyf :yflkt If]qsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ .
4. ;ftcf]6} k|b]zdf ;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/Ldf sDtLdf PsPs cf]6f pBf]u
:yfkgf .
v= 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; sfo{qmd
1. o'jf nlIft sfo{qmd, ;dfj]zL Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmdh:tf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
2. pBdLxsf nflu tflnd k|bfg u/L pko'Qm k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f .
3. dlxnf pBdlzntf ljsf; sf]if dfkm{t dlxnf pBdLxnfO{ shf{df kx'Fr j[l4 .
4. e"sDk k|efljt hgtfnfO{ nlIft u/L ;Lkd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
5. ;ft} k|b]zdf 3/]n' pBdsf nflu ;femf ;'ljwf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf .
u= ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd
1. n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] cfGtl/sLs/0fnfO{ of]hgf cjlwe/ yk !! lhNnfdf
lj:tf/ u/L krxQ/} lhNnfdf nfu' .
2. 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd
ljsf; sfo{qmddfkm{t yk %! xhf/ hgfnfO{ tflnd k|bfg .

106 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

3= e"j}1flgs ;j]{If0f tyf cg';Gwfg;DaGwL sfo{qmd
1. of]hgfsf] klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] jif{df qmdzM %)), &%) / !,))) ju{ ls=ld
If]qkmndf ef}ule{s Doflk .
2. e"sDk dfkg s]Gb|xsf] :t/f]Gglt .
= vlgh cGj]if0f tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd
1. #$^ ju{ ls=ld If]qkmndf vlgh cGj]if0f .
2. s'n !,))) ld6/ vlgh cGj]if0ffTds l8ln .
3. s'n !,)%) x]S6/df vlgh cGj]if0ffTds ;j]{If0f .
4. of]hgf cjlwdf s'n #% vlgh pBf]u k|j4{g .
r= k]6f]lnod cGj]if0f;DaGwL sfo{qmd
1. k]6f]lnod kbfy{;DaGwL lkmN8sfo{ gS;f cBfjlws .
2. k]6f]lnod cWoog tyf cGj]if0fcGtu{t lj:t[t ef}uf]lns ;]S;g d]h/d]G6 .
5= cf}Bf]lus nufgL k|j4{g sfo{qmd
1. ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f .
2. ljb]zL nufgL ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf .
3. lhNnf:t/df cf}Bf]lus ;d:of klxrfg sfo{qmd .
4. cf}Bf]lus ljsf;;DaGwL klqsfsf] k|sfzg tyf cf}Bf]lus tYyfsf] ljZn]if0f .
5. cf}Bf]lus ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cf}Bf]lus ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf .
h= u|fdL0f ljsf; pBd tyf ljk|]if0f sfo{qmd
1. sf]zL, ;u/dfyf / hgsk'/ c~rnsf !^ lhNnfdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 kms]{sf
JolQmxnfO{ pBdL aGg pTk|]l/t ug]{ vfnsf tflnd sfo{qmdx ;~rfng tyf
k|fljlws ;xof]u .
2. ahf/ dfucg';f/sf pBf]u :yfkgf ug{sf lglDt cfwf/ tYof ;ng ug]{ Pjd\
ahf/ gS;fg tof/ .
em= g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt -pBf]u sfof{Gjog_ sfo{qmd
1. g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLltdf ;dflji6 pBf]u;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{xsf]
sfof{Gjog .
2. jfl0fHo dGqfno;Fusf] ;dGjo ug]{ t'ngfTds nfesf j:t'x /TgkTy/nufot
j:t';DaGwL tflnd k|bfg .
3. cw{lsDtL kTy/ (semiprecious stone) pTvgg;DaGwL ;DefJotf cWoog .
~f= jftfj/0fLo If]q ;xof]u sfo{qmd
1. clws jftfj/0f k|b"if0f ug]{ OF6f pBf]udf sf]Onfsf] j}slNks pkof]usf]
;DefJotf;DaGwL cWoog .
2. Knfl:6s emf]nfsf] ljsNk;DaGwL cWoog .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 107

 6= g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n sfo{qmd
1. /f;folgs, ef}lts tyf j}1flgs gfktf}n k|of]uzfnfsf] lj:tf/ / Pls|l86];g .
2. g]kfn u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|df0f lrGx Ohfht k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnf / Soflna];g
k|of]uzfnfsf] Pls|l86];g .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
pBf]uxsf] :yfkgf tyf lj:tf/df j[l4 / ahf/ ;DaGwsf] lj:tf/ ePsf]], cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf]
clwstd k|of]u;Fu} u'0f:t/Lo j:t'xsf] pTkfbgf/f lgof{t a9\g uO{ tyf cfoft k|lt:yfkg eO{
Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ePsf] / cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+j4{g ePsf] x'g]5 .
cfufdL b'O{ jif{leq l;d/f ljz]if cfly{s If]qleq ufd]{G6 k|f];]l; hf]g :yfkgf eO{ $) xhf/
pBdL tyf >ldsxnfO{ tflnd lbOPsf] x'g]5 eg] e}/xjf ljz]if cfly{s If]qdf pBf]ux
:yfkgf ePsf x'g] 5g\ . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g / ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g
th'{df / sfof{Gjog eO{ :jb]zL / ljb]zL nufgLdf pBf]u If]qsf] lj:tf/ ePsf] x'g]5 . yk #
d'n'sx;Fu lkIfLo nufgL ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ;Demf}tfx ePsf], u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f;DaGwL
k|of]uzfnfxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ePsf], yk %& xhf/ n3' pBdLsf] :t/f]Gglt ePsf] / yk #&!
cf]6f ;femf ;'ljwf s]Gb| :yfkgf ePsf] x'g] 5 . To;sf] kmn:jk rf}wfF} of]hgf cjlwdf yk @&%
7"nf, @&% demf}nf, ^) xhf/ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf / ^# xhf/ n3' pBdL ;[hgf eO{ pBf]u If]qdf yk
% nfv @# xhf/ /f]huf/L l;{hgf ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=@=@ jfl0fHo
!= k[i7e"ld
jfl0fHo If]qsf] ljsf;n] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ;xh cfk"lt{ / b]zdf pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
lgof{taf6 cfly{s j[l4 x'g ;Sb5 . j}b]lzs j:t'sf] Jofkf/ ;fy} ;]jfsf] Jofkf/af6 gjf]lbt
cy{tGqn] a9L kmfObf lng ;Sb5 . o;y{ Jofkf/ g} cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08 xf] eGg]
dfGotfsf;fy ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;xeflutf / ;fem]bf/Ldfkm{t cfoft Joj:yfkg
Pjd\ lgof{t k|j4{gsf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . t'ngfTds tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf
If]qsf] klxrfg u/L jfl0fHo If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/f/f lgof{t k|j4{g ub}{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy jfl0fHo gLlt, @)&@ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf;
nIosf] p2]Zo;d]tnfO{ dfu{bz{gsf] kdf lnO{ jfl0fHo gLlt, @)&@ / g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t
/0fgLlt, @)&# sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx To;tkm{ kl/nlIft ul/Psf 5g\ .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;\u7g, blIf0f Pl;ofnL :jtGq Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf -;f6f_ tyf ax'If]qLo
k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xfotf;DaGwL a\ufnsf] vf8Lsf] k|oTg -lad:6]s_ ;d]t;Fusf]
cfa4tfaf6 cGt/f{li6o cfly{s ;DaGw dha't agfpg] cj;/ g]kfnn] k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . t/
g]kfnsf] lgof{t Jofkf/n] ck]lIft ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . cfoft k|lt:yfkg x'g] j:t'sf]
cfGtl/s pTkfbgdf sdL / k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] a9\bf] dfu eO{ cfoftdf j[l4 tyf ;du|

108 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfdf ;'b[9Ls/0f x'g g;sL lgof{t sdhf]/ ePsf]h:tf sf/0fxaf6 Jofkf/
3f6fsf] kl/df0f k|To]s jif{ a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
g]kfnL j:t'n] nfe lng ;Sg] cGt/f{li6o ahf/sf] vf]hL ug'{, lgof{t x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f, k|df0fLs/0f, n]aln / Kofs]lh;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{', ljz]if cfly{s If]q
k"0f{ kdf ;~rfngdf Nofpg', dfucg'k kof{Kt dfqfdf pmhf{ pknAw u/fpg' Pjd\ sdhf]/
cf}Bf]lus >d ;DaGwh:tf ljifox ;Daf]wg ug{', k]6f]lnod kbfy{, cfTdlge{/ x'g;Sg] s[lifhGo
pTkfbgsf ;fy} ljnfl;tfsf j:t'xsf] cfoftdf pRr kdf ePsf] j[l4 lg?T;flxt ug'{ jfl0fHo
If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\ . To:t} yk kf/jxg dfu{ tyf ;fd'ls aGb/ufx k|of]udf Nofpg', cfoft
x'g] j:t'xsf] :jb]zd} pTkfbg a9fpg', k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t ub}{ Jofkf/ a9fpg
kof{Kt k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{', cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ / Jofks agfpg j:t'ut / b]zut
Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f ub}{ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}sf] ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ k|fKt ug{', ljZj Jofkf/ ;\u7g
nufotsf cGt/f{li6o ;\u7gx;Fusf] cfa4tfaf6 kmfObf lnO{ lgof{t Jofkf/ j[l4 ug{', vf]h,
cg';Gwfg, ljsf;dfkm{t Jofkf/sf gofF If]qxsf] klxrfg, ljljwLs/0f / k|j4{g ug{ k|of{Kt
;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug{' / Jofkf/ s"6gLltsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{' klg o; If]qsf r'gf}tL
x'g\ .
cj;/
jfl0fHo If]qsf ;flassf gLlt, P]g, lgodx kl/dfh{g / gofF lgdf{0f u/L cfly{s
pbf/Ls/0f tyf ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 ;[lht cj;/xsf] pkof]u / jfl0fHo gLlt, @)&@,
ljsf; ;xfotf gLlt, @)&!, ljb]zL nufgL gLlt, @)&!, s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt, @)&@ tyf g]kfn
Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)&# sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6 lgof{t k|j4{g / cfGtl/s pTkfbg
j[l4df 7f]; ;xof]u k'Ug] cj;/ jfl0fHo If]qdf k|fKt 5 . To:t} l5d]sL d'n'sxsf] cfly{s
j[l4af6 Jofkf/sf If]qdf g]kfnn] nfe lng ;Sg] cj:yf x'g', ljZj Jofkf/ ;\u7g, lad:6]s,
;f6fh:tf If]qLo Pjd\ cGt/f{li6o ;\u7gx;Fusf] cfa4tfn] If]qLo / cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/df
cGt/;DaGw a9b} hfg', afXo Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu l5d]sL d'n's;Fu ul/Psf] Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf,
lkIfLo nufgL k|j4{g / ;+/If0f ;Demf}tf, bf]xf]/f] s/d'lQm ;Demf}tfaf6 k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgLsf]
;Defjgf a9\g' / cfufdL b'O{jif{leq pmhf{ ;\s6 ;dfwfg ug{ ;/sf/ k|lta4 /xg'n] jfl0fHo
If]qdf yk cj;/ ;[hgf u/]sf] 5=. To:t}, gofF ;~rf/ tyf oftfoft k|ljlwxsf] hudf If]qLo
Pjd\ ljZjJofkL pTkfbg ;~hfndfkm{t Jofkf/ x'g] qmd 3gLe"t x'Fb}5 . o;n] ljsf;zLn
d'n'sxnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ d"No >[\vnf dfq geO{ v08v08sf] pTkfbg / Jofkf/df s]lGb|t eO{
ljsf;sf] km8\sf] dfg]{ cj;/ lbPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ljb]zL nufgL / Jofkf/nfO{ PsLs[t 9\un]

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 109

x]g]{ gLltut Joj:yfsf ;fy} If]qLo sg]lS6le6Ldf Jofks nufgL Pjd\ u'0f:t/ / k|lt:kwf{Tds
Ifdtf j[l4 ug'{ clgjfo{ 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
jfl0fHo If]qsf] lj:tf/ u/L lgsf;L k|j4{gdfkm{t cfly{s ;d[l4 .
#=@ nIo
cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6o lgof{t Jofkf/ k|j4{g u/L s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf lgof{t Jofkf/
/ lgof{tdf cfwfl/t /f]huf/L j[l4 ub}{ n}hfg] .
#=# p2]Zo
1. cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6o lgof{t Jofkf/ k|j4{g ub}{ :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{, ;|f]t, ;fwg /
;Lk a9L k|of]u x'g] j:t'sf] lgsf;L k|j4{gdfkm{t k|fKt x'g] nfenfO{ u|fdL0f tx;Dd lj:tf/
ug'{ .
2. t'ngfTds nfesf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] d"No / u'0f:t/nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfO{ Jofkf/ 3f6f sd
ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. jfl0fHo If]qnfO{ cy{tGqsf] k|d'v ;Defusf] kdf :yflkt ug{ o; If]qnfO{ cy{tGqdf d"n
k|jfxLs/0f / ljb]zL Pjd\ :jb]zL Jofkf/ / nufgLnfO{ PsLs[t b[li6n] ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .
2. jfl0fHo gLlt / g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLltn] klxrfg u/]sf lgof{t x'g] j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ug{ pTkfbgzLn cfoft, d"No clej[l4 / d"No >[\vnf
Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbFb} lgof{t k|j4{g ug]{ .
3. lgof{t Jofkf/sf nflu klxrfg ul/Psf / ul/g] j:t'sf] b]zut Pjd\ j:t'ut Jofkf/
ljljwLs/0f ug]{ .
4. jfl0fHo ;Da4 ljBdfg ;+/rgf, k"jf{wf/ Pjd\ cfwf/xsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf
;'b[9Ls/0fdf hf]8 lbFb} o;sf] clwstd pkof]u ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. lgof{tsf nflu ;DefJo d'Vod'Vo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgof{t /0fgLlt tof/ ul/g]5 . -!_
2. lgof{thGo Ifdtfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L cGt/f{li6o ahf/df pRr d"No / sd cfotg ePsf
j:t' / ;]jfxsf] lgsf;L a9fOg]5 . -!_
3. lgof{tof]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg / ljsf;df :yfgLo >d, ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
ub}{ k[i7 tyf cu| ;DaGwx ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -!_
4. lghL If]qsf] k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu lghL If]q;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf j:t'sf] pTkfbg,
u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ / lgof{t k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -!_

110 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 5. If]qLo / ljZj ahf/df g]kfnL j:t', ;]jf tyf af}l4s ;DklQsf] kx'Fr clej[l4 ul/g]5 .-!_
6. Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf b]lvPsf] a9L ;do / a9\bf] nfutsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{
Jofkf/hGo k|lqmofxnfO{ ;/nLs/0f, kf/jxg k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f / u}x|
eG;f/ cj/f]w x6fpFb} Jofkf/ s"6gLltnfO{ yk ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 . -!_
7. pBf]usf] ljsf; / lj:tf/f/f lgof{t k|j4{g ub}{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ahf/ ljljwLs/0f Pjd\
lj:tf/ ug{ jfl0fHo gLlt, @)&@ / g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)&# sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -@_
8. j}b]lzs k|ToIf nufgLnfO{ Jofkfl/s j:t' pTkfbg / /f]huf/L j[l4df k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -@_
9. ;fgf / 7"nf lgof{thGo pBf]uxaLr cGt/;DaGw x'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/g]5 . -@_
10. k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog Pjd\ cg'udg u/L
cfGtl/s Jofkf/ / cfk"lt{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;xh / k|efjsf/L t'NofOg]5 . -@_
11. pTkflbt j:t'xdf cGt/f{li6o dfkb08cg';f/sf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ u'0f:t/
k|of]uzfnfxsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
12. Jofj;flos of]hgfsf] cfwf/df d"No >[\vnfsf nfeu|fxLx;Fu nfut ;fem]bf/Lsf
cfwf/df cfjZos pks/0f, ef}lts ;fdu|L, ahf/ k|j4{g / ;xhLs/0f ul/g]5 . -@_
13. lgsf;LhGo pBf]uxnfO{ pTkfbgd"ns cGo If]qx -s[lif, jg, ko{6g, ;8s, pmhf{ cflb_
;Fu ;+of]hg u/L lgsf;L k|j4{gsf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
14. nlrnf] >d gLlt / ljz]if ;x'lnotsf] Joj:yf ljz]if cfly{s If]q nufot cGo If]qxdf
nfu' ul/g]5 . -@_
15. ljQLo ;|f]t;fwg, ;"rgf / k|ljlwdf pTkfbs tyf pBdLxsf] kx'Fr a9fOg]5 . -#_
16. :j:y Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] clej[l4sf] nflu sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
17. k/Dk/fut ;Lk / sf}zn ePsf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbgnfO{ ;+/If0f k|j4{g /
Joj;foLs/0f ul/g]5 . -$_
18. cfGtl/s ahf/ tyf j:t' / ;]jfsf] ahf/Ls/0fsf] ;+/rgf / Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -$_
19. e"sDkaf6 Jofkf/ tyf Joj;fodf k'u]sf] Ifltsf] k'gTyfg ug]{ sfo{qmdx k|fyldstfsf
;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -$_
20. l5d]sL d'n'sx;Fu ePsf kf/jxg / Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfaf6 clwstd nfe lng ;+:yfut
Joj:yf tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ul/g]5 . -$_
21. cfoft lgof{t a}sf] cf}lrTo af/] cWoog ul/g]5 . -$_
22. Jofkf/ ;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (TRIPS) sf] bkmf ^^-@_ adf]lhd k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0faf6 nfeflGjt x'g ul/Psf cGt/f{li6o ;dembf/Lxsf] pkof]u ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd
1. ;'Vvf aGb/ufx lgdf{0f, :t/f]Gglt / ljsf; .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 111

 2. Rff]ef/df sG6g]/ k|m]6 :6];g / cGt/f{li6o :t/sf] k|bz{gL s]Gb| :yfkgf .
3. eG;f/ gfsfxdf PsLs[t hfFr rf}sLsf] lgdf{0f u/L Ps} ljGb'af6 ;]jf k|jfx .
4. b]zsf] pQ/L] l;dfgfdf /x]sf Jofkfl/s gfsfxsf] ;'wf/ / lj:tf/ u/L ;~rfng .
5. u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnfxsf] lj:tf/ / ;'b[9Ls/0f .
6. Jofkf/ ;"rgf kf]6{n :yfkgf u/L ;~rfng .
v= j:t' ljsf; sfo{qmd
1. t'ngfTds tyf lgof{tof]Uo j:t'xsf] pTkfbg j[l4, u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ tyf ;du| d"No
>[\nfsf] ljsf; .
2. lghL If]q;Fusf] nfut ;fem]bf/Ldf pRr d"No sd tf}n ePsf j:t'x h:t}M cb'jf,
cnF}rL, kl:dgf, skmL, cNnf]nufotsf pRr lgof{t ;Defjgf ePsf j:t'xsf]
pTkfbg j[l4 / u'0f:t/ ;'wf/df ;xof]u .
3. e08f/0f u[xx / k|zf]wg s]Gb|x lgdf{0f .
4. pGgt s[lif k|0ffnLsf nflu cfly{s Pjd\ k|fljlws ;xof]u .
5. ljb]zdf pRr dfu ePsf j:t'xsf] ;fd"lxs Jofkf/ lrGx Pjd\ ef}uf]lns
;"rsnufot af}l4s ;DklQsf cGo cfofdsf] btf{ k|df0fLs/0f k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; .
6. a|flG8, Kofs]lh / n]jlndf ;xof]u k'Ug] sfo{qmdx k|fyldstfsf ;fy
sfof{Gjog .
u= lgof{t k|j4{g tyf Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f sfo{qmd
1. g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)&# n] klxrfg u/]sf lgof{tof]Uo j:t'xdWo]
k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df b]zut / j:t'ut lgof{t /0fgLlt th'{df .
2. ;/sf/L tyf lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ffdf /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o d]nf,
dxf]T;jxdf cfly{s ;xof]u .
3= ;]jf Jofkf/
1. g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)&# n] klxrfg u/]sf lgof{tof]Uo j:t'xdWo]
k|fyldstfdf /x]sf ;]jfIf]qsf] lgof{t ;Defjgfsf] cWoog .
2. xjfO, a}l, nlhl:6S;, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox;Fu ;dGjo
ub}{ ;]jf lgof{t ljsf;, lj:tf/ / k|j4{g .
3. ;]jf Jofkf/sf] tYof k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog .
= Jofkf/ ;Da4 Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmd
1. lghL If]qsf] Jofkf/hGo Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
2. lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x h:tM} rfFbL, /TgkTy/h:tf j:t'xsf] sl6, a|flG8, n]aln /
Kofs]lhsf tflndx ;~rfng .
3. dlxnf pBdLxnfO{ pko'Qm 3/]n' pBd;DaGwL tflnd ;~rfng .
4. cb'jf, cn}FrL, nK;Lh:tf pRr d"No sd cfotg ePsf j:t'xsf] k|zf]wg ug]{
gofF k|ljlwsf] x:tfGt/0f .

112 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 r= Jofkf/ ;"rgf k|0ffnL ljsf; sfo{qmd
1. sfo{qmdx tyf Jofj;flos kmd{xsf] btf{ / gjLs/0f k|ls|ofnfO{ cgnfOgaf6
;~rfng .
2. PsLs[t ;"rgf k|0ffnL sfof{Gjog ug{ ljB'tLo kf]6{n ;~rfng .
3. Jofkf/ahf/ ;"rgflgu/fgL s]Gb| :yfkgf .
5= Jofkf/ cWoog cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd
1. ljleGg b]zx;Fu u}/s/ cj/f]w / Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf /x]sf ;d:ofx Pjd\
Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf; / lgof{t k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'Ug] vfnsf cWoog cg';Gwfg .
2. ljleGg b]zxdf g]kfnL j:t'sf] lgof{t ;DefJotfsf] cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f .
3. Jofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|j4{g s]Gb|nfO{ ly\s 6\ofsf] kdf ljsf; .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
b]zut Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f ePsf], of]hgf cjlwsf] clGtd jif{ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fu
j:t' lgsf;L cg'kft #=!% k|ltztaf6 $=!% k|ltzt / j:t' tyf ;]jf lgsf;Lsf] cg'kft ^
k|ltztaf6 !@ k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 . To;}u/L Jofkf/ 3f6f s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] ##
k|ltztaf6 #) k|ltztdf em/]sf] / lgof{tcfoft cg'kft !M!) df em/]sf] x'g]5 .
$=@=# cfk"lt{
!= k[i7e"ld
b]zdf gful/sxsf] b}lgs hLjgofkg ug{ cfjZos j:t' Pjd\ ;]jf, vfBfGgsf] Joj:yf,
:jf:Yo pkrf/sf nflu cfjZos cf}ifwL, ;fdu|L / k]6f]lnod kbfy{ cflb ;xh, ;'ne / plrt
d"Nodf pkef]Qmfn] kfpg] Joj:yf ug'{ clt cfjZos x'G5 . /fHon] Psflt/ k|lt:kwL{ / :j:y
ahf/ ;+oGqdfkm{t cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 eg] csf]{lt/ ;fdflhs Gofo / /fHosf] bfloTj k"/f
ug]{ qmddf cfly{s kn] sdhf]/ ju{sf hgtfnfO{ cTofjZos pkef]Uo j:t'df ;xh kx'Frsf]
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} pkef]Qmfsf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ub}{ j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] lgoldt cfk"lt{ ug{' /fHosf] dxjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L xf] . cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg
vfBfGg / g'g 9'jfgLdf cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf, vfBfGgh:tf cTofjZos j:t'xsf] ;~rosf nflu
cfjZos Ifdtfsf] uf]bfdsf] Joj:yf, ;8s ;~hfnsf] lj:tf/, xjfO{ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/, ahf/
cg'udgsf] Joj:yf, lkIfLo / ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf, cfk"lt{ gLlt, @)^( sfof{Gjog,
cfjZos P]g lgod / ;+:yfut Joj:yf, lghL If]q;Fu ;xsfo, / pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu
pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$ sf] sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 5 . o:t} g]kfn cfon lgudn] ?= @ ca{ ^)
s/f]8sf] d"No l:y/Ls/0f sf]ifsf] Joj:yf u/L vl/b d"Nosf cfwf/df :jtM k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf]
d"No ;dfof]hg x'g] k|0ffnL nfu' u/]sf] 5 .
plNnlvt Joj:yfx ul/Psf] eP tfklg ;do;dodf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{df ;d:of
b]vfkg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . vf;u/L aGb, x8\tfn, ;Ldf gfsfdf cj/f]w, Psflwsf/ k|j[lQ / lkmtnf]

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 113

cg'udgh:tf sf/0faf6 cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkgdf ;d:ofx b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . csf]{tkm{ vfBfGgsf]
dfucg'k pTkfbg gx'g', k]6f]lnod kbfy{ tyf Uof;sf] cfGtl/s pTkfbg gx'g', ljB't\sf] dfu
a9\b} hfg' t/ pTkfbg ;f]cg'k gx'g', cfk"lt{;DaGwL 5'} sfg'gL Joj:yf gx'g' / ePsf
sfg'gxsf] s8fOsf ;fy kfngf u/fpg g;lsg' o; If]qsf hl6n ;d:ofx x'g\ .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
ahf/sf] lgoldt / k|efjsf/L cg'udg u/L :jR5, k|lt:kwL{ / ;Ifd ahf/ ;+oGqdfkm{t
cfk"lt{ Joj:yf ;xh agfO{ pkef]Qmfsf] xslxt ;+/If0f ug'{, vfBfGgsf] pTkfbgdf cfPsf] sdL /
pRr d"No j[l4sf ;Gbe{df vfB j:t'sf] ;xh cfk"lt{ agfO/fVg' / /fli6o:t/df vfB ;'/Iffsf]
k|Tofe"lt u/fO/fVg' cfk"lt{sf d'Vo r'gf}tL x'g\ . To:t} ;/sf/L, lghL, ;fd'bflos / cGt/dGqfno
;dGjodf ck]Iffcg'k cfwf/e"t pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{ k|0ffnL ;'b[9 / k|efjsf/L
agfpg', k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] d"Nodf cfpg] ptf/r9fj, d'b|f:kmLltnufotsf sf/0fn] OGwg
cfk"lt{df sl7gfO pTkGg x'g', Jofj;flos / j}1flgs s[lif k|0ffnL ckgfpg g;Sg', nfdf]
;dob]lv s0ff{nLnufotsf b'u{d lhNnfxdf 9'jfgL cg'bfg / ;/sf/dflys} lge{/tf a9\b} hfg'
o; If]qsf cGo r'gf}tL x'g\ .
cj;/
:yfgLo :t/df pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fO{ hgtfnfO{ vfBfGg pknAwtfdf cfTdlge{/
agfpg ;lsg], b'u{d If]qdf :yfgLo pTkfbg pkef]u ug{] afgL a;fnL vfBfGg k/lge{/tfnfO{
qmdzM sd ub{} n}hfg cfxf/ kl/jt{g;DaGwL 7f]; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg], k]6f]lnod
kbfy{sf] cfoftsf] ;|f]t / ljt/0f k|0ffnL ljljwLs[t ug{ ;lsg], hnljB't\ tyf cGo j}slNks
pmhf{sf] pTkfbg j[l4af6 k]6f]lnodsf] cfoft 36fpg ;lsg], j}1flgs s[lif k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag
u/L pTkfbg a9fpg ;lsg] ljBdfg ;Defjgfx o; If]qsf cj;/ x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
u'0f:t/o'Qm pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ;xh / ;j{;'ne cfk"lt{ x'g] jftfj/0fsf]
;'lglZrttf;lxt pkef]Qmfsf] xs / lxtsf] ;+/If0f .
#=@ nIo
u'0f:t/o'Qm pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jf ;j{;'ne 9\un] ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ cfk"lt{
Joj:yf a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
1. pkef]Qmfsf] xslxt ;+/If0f ub}{ b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jf lgoldt / ;xh kdf
cfk"lt{ x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg' .

114 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 2. ahf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ / pkef]Qmfk|lt lhDd]jf/ t'NofpFb} ljkb\sf] ;dodf ;d]t
pkef]Uo j:t'sf] cfk"lt{ x'g] Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ug'{ .
3. cfk"lt{ Joj:yfnfO{ lbuf], ;'lglZrt, u'0f:t/Lo / k|efjsf/L agfpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ;xh Pjd\ ldtJooL cfk"lt{sf] nflu ;/sf/L, lghL, ;fd'bflos /
;xsf/L ;+:yfxaLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo ug]{ .
2. nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ffcg'k gLltut tyf ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ u/L cfwf/e"t
j:t' / ;]jfsf] sd nfutdf cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
3. b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfnfO{ ;'ne agfpg lgoldt kdf ahf/ cg'udg u/L
sfg'gcg';f/ ahf/ lgodg ug]{ .
4. ljkb\sf] ;dodf klg j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{ ;xh agfpg ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; /
lj:tf/ ug]{ tyf e08f/0f Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. vfBfGg, k]6f]lnod kbfy{, cf}ifwLnufotsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf j:t'xsf] pTkfbg,
e08f/0f / ljt/0f Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L cfk"lt{ Joj:yf ;xh Pjd\ ;'ne t'NofOg]5 . -!_
2. :yfgLo :t/df vfBfGg pTkfbg j[l4 tyf vfB cfgLafgLdf kl/jt{g Nofpg cfxf/
kl/jt{g sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
3. k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f / ;+:yfut ;'wf/dfkm{t Jofkf/sf] sf/f]af/ nfut 36fpg ljz]if
hf]8 lbOg]5 . -@_
4. k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g tyf pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog Pjd\ cg'udg u/L cfGtl/s Jofkf/ / cfk"lt{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;xh / k|efjsf/L
t'NofOg]5 . -@_
5. If]qut klxrfgsf ljz]if pTkfbgxnfO{ ahf/ kx'Fr k'ofpgsf nflu ;xhLs/0f
ul/g]5 . -@_
6. s0ff{nLnufot b'u{d If]qxdf vfBfGGgdf cfTdlge{/ agfpgsf] nflu PsLs[t sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
7. ;xh cfoftdfkm{t j:t' / ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{ Joj:yf ug{ Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fdf hf]8
lbOg]5 . -@_
8. cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfoxnfO{ s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo tx;Dd ;an,
k|efjsf/L / pQ/bfoL agfOg]5 . -@_
9. Go"g cfo ju{sf] lxt ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs cfk"lt{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'ne, kf/bzL{ /
k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -@_

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 115

 10. b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jf lgoldt / ;xh kdf cfk"lt{ x'g] Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ug{
cfk"lt{ gLlt, @)^( df kl/dfh{g u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -#_
11. pkef]Qmf hfu/0f tyf ;zQmLs/0f sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
12. ahf/ cg'udg ;3g Pjd\ lgoldt agfpFb} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9fO{ sfnf]ahf/L
lgoGq0fsf nflu cfjZos sfg'gL, ;+:yfut tyf k|ls|ofut ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -#_
13. vfBfGg, cf}ifwL / k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] ;6sfnLg df}Hbft sfod ul/g'sf ;fy} o:tf
j:t'xsf] e08f/0f Ifdtf a9fpFb} nlug]5 . -$_
14. k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] cfk"lt{ / ljt/0f Joj:yfnfO{ ljljwLs/0f ug{ cfjZos sfg'gL /
;+:yfut k|fjwfgxsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= pkef]Qmf hfu/0f tyf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd
1. ;ft} k|b]zxdf pkef]Qmf hfu/0f tyf ;r]tgf tflnd ;~rfng ug]{, kqklqsf
tyf 6]lnlehgdfkm{t pkef]QmfnfO{ ;Gb]zd"ns ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f .
2. k]6f]lnod kbfy{ tyf PnkL Uof; h:tf k|HjngzLn kbfy{sf] ;'/lIft k|of]uaf/]
;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f .
3. ;Da4 sd{rf/Lxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 .
v= cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg tyf ahf/ cg'udg sfo{qmd
1. k|To]s k|b]zdf b'O{cf]6fsf b/n] sDtLdf !$ cf]6f cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg tyf ahf/
cg'udg sfof{no :yfkgf .
2. cTofjZos j:t'xsf] ;ng / e08f/0f .
3. ;3g Pjd\ b|'t cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tf .
4. ;/f]sf/jfnfx;FUfsf] ;dGjodf cfk"lt{ >[\vnf Joj:yfkgsf ljljw kIfxnfO{
PsLs[t u/L sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
5. vfB cfgLafgLdf kl/jt{g Nofpg pTk]|/s sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
6. d"No;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;6j]o/dfkm{t cg'udgsf] k|efjsfl/tf .
u= vfBfGg 9'jfgL sfo{qmd
1. s0ff{nLnufotsf b'u{d lhNnfxdf vfBfGg 9'jfgL sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf tyf
:yfgLo vfB j:t' vl/b ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
2. /fli6o vfB ;'/Iff a} / ;fs{ vfB ;'/Iff a} e08f/ Pjd\ akm/ :6s ;~rfng .
3. g]kfn vfB ;+:yfgcGtu{t @@ lhNnfdf uf]bfdxsf] k'glg{df{0f, dd{t;Def/ u/L
e08f/0f Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f .

116 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 4. ;'ky d"No k;nxsf] >[\vnf lj:tf/ .
3= s07/f]u lgoGq0f sfo{qmd
1. tf]lsPsf b'u{d lhNnfxdf s07/f]u lgoGq0fsf nflu cfof]l8go'Qm g'g 9'jfgL .
= k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] e08f/0f Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmd
1. /S;f}ncdn]vu~h k]6f]lnod kfOknfOg lgdf{0f .
2. Go"gtd () lbg;DdnfO{ k'Ug] u/L e08f/0f Ifdtf j[l4 .
3. sfe|]knf~rf]s, g'jfsf]6, tgx'Fnufot ;ft} k|b]zdf e08f/0f :yn lgdf{0f .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
b'u{d If]qdf sDtLdf ^) xhf/ d]= 6g -k|To]s jif{ Go"gtd @) xhf/ d]= 6g_ vfBfGg /
d'n'se/ @! xhf/ d]= 6g -k|ltjif{ Go"gtd & xhf/ d]= 6g_ cfof]l8go'Qm g'g 9'jfgL ePsf] x'g]5
. vfBfGg 9'jfgL cg'bfg lbg] lhNnfxsf] ;\Vof 36]sf] x'g]5 . /fli6o vfB ;'/Iff e08f/df
@%,))) d]= 6g tyf ;fs{ vfB ;'/Iff a}df *,))) d]= 6g vfBfGg ;'/lIft ePsf], ()
lbg;Ddsf] cfjZostf wfGg ;Sg] u/L k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] e08f/0f Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{ ;'?
ePsf], /S;f}ncdn]vu~h $! ls=ld= nfdf] k]6f]lnod kfOknfOg kl/of]hgfsf] sfd ;DkGg
ePsf] / ul/a tyf Go"g cfo ePsf kl/jf/xsf nflu ;'ky d"Nodf j:t' tyf ;]jf pkef]u ug{
kfpg] Joj:yfsf] lj:tf/ ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=@=$ ko{6g
!= k[i7e"ld
k|fs[lts, ;fF:s[lts, ;fxl;s, P]ltxfl;s tyf wfld{s b[li6af6 g]kfn ljZjs} Ps k|d'v
ko{6sLo uGtJo b]z xf] . ko{6sLo uGtJoxsf] ljljwLs/0f ub}{ gofF ko{6sLo :yn /
pkhxsf] klxrfg, ljsf; tyf ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf; u/L ko{6g pBf]unfO{ /fli6o
cy{tGqsf] Ps k|d'v cfwf/sf] kdf ljsf; ug{ h/L 5 . ko{6g k|j4{gsf] dfWodaf6
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/df j[l4 u/L ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ub}{ hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ug{' cfjZos 5 .
l5d]sL d'n'sxsf] dWod cfo ePsf] 7"nf] hg;\Vof / pRr cfly{s j[l4af6 l;lh{t
cj;/af6 nfe k|fKt u/L g]kfndf ko{6g cfudg 'tt/ kdf j[l4 x'g] /fd|f] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5
. o;af6 pRr /f]huf/L l;h{gf / cfosf] ljt/0fdf klg ;xof]u k'Ug]5 . ko{6g If]qsf] cy{tGqdf
of]ubfg a9\g ;Sg] cj:yf /x] tfklg ko{6gaf6 cfzftLt k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
vf;u/L ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf; gx'g', /fhg}lts ;\qmd0f nlDag', ut ;fn uPsf] e"sDksf sf/0f
;f+:s[lts / ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/df Iflt k'Ug hfg'h:tf sf/0fn] ko{6g cfudg, a;fO / pgLxn]
ug]{ vr{df pNn]vgLo j[l4 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljutdf ;/sf/n] ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 117

u/]sf] k|of; :jk ko{6g cfudg ;\Vof cf=j= @)&@&# df & nfv !) xhf/ / ko{6ssf]
a;fO cjlw sl/a !@=$ lbg / ljb]zL d'f cfh{g jflif{s $(=* s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/ k'u]sf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
ljgfzsf/L e"sDk tyf To;kl5sf k/sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ko{6sLo uGtJo tyf k'/ftflTjs
;DkbfxnfO{ k'glg{df{0f u/L klxn]sf] cj:yfdf k'g:yf{kg ub{} ko{6g If]qnfO{ k"jf{j:yfdf
kmsf{pg' o; If]qsf] k|d'v r'gf}tL xf] . e"sDk tyf cfk"lt{ cj/f]waf6 cGt/f{li6o hut\df g]kfnsf]
ko{6g If]qdf k/]sf] gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ k|j4{g tyf ahf/Ls/0fsf dfWodaf6 lg/fs/0f ub}{ o;
If]qsf] k'gTyfg ug'{, k|frLg ;Dkbfxdf a9\bf] cltqmd0fnfO{ /f]Sg', kof{Kt ko{6sLo ;"rgfsf]
Joj:yf ug'{, xjfO{ ;]jfnfO{ yk e/kbf]{ agfpg', ko{6g If]qaf6 k|fKt nfesf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f
tyf gofF ko{6sLo uGtJo :ynxsf] vf]hL;Fu} k"jf{wf/ ljsf;dfkm{t ko{6sLo pkhsf] ljsf;
u/L ko{6sLo ;]jf tyf uGtJosf] ljljwLs/0f ug{' ;d]t r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
d'n'sdf cltLo ko{6sLo If]q /xg', ko{6sLo If]qdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; x'Fb} hfg', l5d]sL
/fi6xsf] pRr cfly{s j[l4af6 tL /fi6xdf dWod cfoju{sf] j[l4 tLj| x'Fb} hfg', ko{6g
k"jf{wf/ j[l4df ;/sf/sf] hf]8 /xg' / lghL If]qsf] ko{6g If]qdf nufgL j[l4 x'g' o; If]qsf]
ljsf;sf cj;/sf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
cfly{s ;d[l4sf nflu ko{6g ljsf; .
#=@ nIo
ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;dfkm{t cfly{s j[l4 / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ clej[l4 ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. b]znfO{ cfsif{s tyf yk ;'/lIft uGtJosf] kdf ljsf; ub}}{ ko{6g cfudgdf
pNn]vgLo j[l4 u/L hgtfsf] cfo:t/df j[l4 ug'{ .
2. ko{6sLo uGtJo :yn tyf pkhdf ljljwLs/0f / ljsf; ug'{ .
3. g]kfnsf k|d'v ko{6sLo pkhxsf] ahf/Ls/0f tyf k|j4{g ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. ko{6g k|j{4g / ko{6g ljsf; ug{ ;fj{hlgs, lghL, ;xsf/L / ;fd'bflos If]q;Fu
;fem]bf/L Pjd\ ;xsfo{ ug]{ .
2. u|fdL0f ko{6gdfkm{t o; If]qsf nfenfO{ hg:t/;Dd k'ofpg] .

118 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 3. d'n'sdf ;a} df};ddf ko{6sLo lqmofsnfkx ;~rfngsf nflu cfGtl/s ko{6gnfO{
k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
4. :yflkt tyf gofF ko{6sLo uGtJo :ynxsf] PsLs[t / ;dGjofTds kdf k"jf{wf/
ljsf; ug]{ / ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; / ljljwLs/0f ug{ j}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. k|d'v ko{6sLo :ynx;Dd ;xh kx'Fr agfpg ko{6g kbdfu{dfkm{t PsLs[t ko{6sLo
/ dgf]/~hg :yn lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngdf lghL If]qsf] nufgL k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df :yfgLo lgsfo, :yfgLo ;d'bfo tyf lghL If]qsf] g]t[TjbfoL
e"ldsf / ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . -!_
3. kof{ko{6g tyf s[lif ko{6gnfO{ k|j4{g u/L ko{6g If]qnfO{ yk jftfj/0fd}qL
agfOg]5 . -!_
4. k|:tfljt /fli6o ko{6g /0fgLlt of]hgf -@)!^@)@^_ sf] sfof{Gjog k|f/De
ul/g]5 . -!_
5. ;fxl;s ko{6ssf] cfudgdf clej[l4 ug{ kbdfu{sf] pko'Qmtfsf cfwf/df cfjZos
k"jf{wf/;lxt :yfgsf] klxrfg / ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
6. k|To]s k|b]zdf PsPs ko{6s uGtJo tf]sL tL :yfgxdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
ul/g]5 . -@_
7. ko{6g If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfenfO{ Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug{;d]t ko{6sLo uGtJosf]
ljljwLs/0f ul/g]5 . -#_
8. g]kfnnfO{ cfsif{s uGtJosf] kdf :yflkt ug{ ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL s"6gLlts lgof]u
tyf u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;\3;+:yfnfO{ kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
9. k|ltko{6s vr{ j[l4sf nflu ko{6ssf] a;fO cjlw nDAofpg] / o;sf nflu ko{6sLo
;]jf ;'ljwf tyf ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt a9fpg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -#_
10. ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ l5d]sL d'n'sx tyf gofF ko{6g uGtJoxsf] Jofks kdf k|rf/
Pjd\ k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -#_
11. k|d'v ko{6sLo If]qxdf ljkb\ tyf hnjfo'hGo k|sf]ksf 36gfx klxrfg ug]{ tyf
ljkb\ / hnjfo'hGo hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f Pjd\ k"j{ tof/L of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -#_
12. ;fxl;s ko{6gsf] lbuf] ljsf; ug{ kj{tf/f]x0fnfO{ yk Jojl:yt / jftfj/0fd}qL
agfOg]5 . -$_

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 119

 13. ko{6g If]qsf] nfenfO{ u|fdL0f tx;Dd k'ofpg xf]d:6]nfO{ Ps k|d'v dfWodsf] kdf
ljsf; ul/g]5 . -$_
14. wfld{s k|lti7fgxsf] k|j4{g ub{}{ ;a} hfthfltsf] /Lltl/jfh k/Dk/f cflb emNsg] u/L
/fli6o :t/sf] ;f+:s[lts ;\u|xfno lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -$_
15. g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/ ub}{ yk k|d'v cGt/f{li6o ko{6g ahf/;Dd
kx'Fr :yflkt ul/g]5 . -%_
16. xjfO{ ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ :yfgLo df};dsf] ljj/0f kfpg] Joj:yf, xjfO{
;'/Iffsf] cg'udg, ljleGg ljdfg:ynxdf cfkt\sfnLg cjt/0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf
cflb ul/g]5 . -$_
17. lj=;+= @)&# nfO{ cfGtl/s e|d0f jif{ / ;g\ @)!* nfO{ g]kfn e|d0f jif{ sf] kdf
dgfOg]5 . -$_
18. l5d]sL d'n'sxnfO{ s]lGt u/L lghL If]q;Fusf] ;xsfo{df ko{6g k|j4{gfTds
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -$_
19. ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ l5d]sL d'n'sx tyf gofF ko{6g uGtJoxsf] Jofks kdf k|rf/
Pjd\ k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= ko{6g k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf;
1. k|d'v ko{6sLo :ynx;Dd cfjZos k"j{wf/x -lj>fd:yn, rd]gf u[x, zf}rfno,
kf]6{/ ;]N6/, ko{6s ;+/rgf s]Gb| cflb_ ;lxt ;xh kx'Fr x'g] u/L :yfgLo lgsfo,
;d'bfo tyf lghL If]qsf] ;xsfo{ / ;xeflutfdf ko{6g kbdfu{ nufot PsLs[t
ko{6sLo / dgf]/~hg :yn lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng .
2. k|To]s k|b]zdf klxrfg ul/Psf ko{6sLo uGtJo :ynxdf /fli6o ko{6g /0fgLlt
of]hgf, -;g\ @)!^@)@%_ cg'k cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; .
3. kz'klt, n'lDagLnufotsf /fli6o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfxsf] u'?of]hgf cg';f/sf]
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; .
4. Af[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf;nufot dxjk"0f{ wfld{s ;fF:s[lts :ynxsf]
u'?of]hgf cg';f/ ko{6sLo uGtJo :ynsf kdf ljsf; .
v= gLltut tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/
1. ko{6g If]qsf] ;'wf/ / cfGtl/s ko{6g k|j4{gsf nflu ;DalGwt P]g, lgodxdf
;d;fdlos ;'wf/ tyf cfjZos gofF lgodfjnLsf] th{'df .
2. g]kfn ko{6g tyf xf]6n Joj:yfkg k|lti7fgsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f .

120 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 3. kj{tLo k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf ;~rfng .
u= ko{6g k|j4{g
1. ko{6gsf] k|ltkmn u|fdL0f hg:t/;Dd k'ofO{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf ;3fpg kof{
ko{6g, s[lif ko{6g tyf u|fdL0f ko{6g ljsf;sf nflu ;fd'bflos Pjd\ lghL
xf]d:6]sf] :t/j[l4 nufotsf k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmd .
2. lghL If]qsf] ;xsfo{df ko{6sLo pBf]usf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ Pjd\ k|efjsfl/tf
j[l4 ug{ j]j;fO6df cfa4 u/L ko{6g ljefusf] sfo{ ;~rfngdf c6f]d];g k4ltsf]
sfof{Gjog .
3. ko{6g k|j4{gsf nflu b]zleq / aflx/ ;/sf/L, lghL tyf cGo If]q;d]tsf]
;xeflutfdf k|rf/k|;f/ cleofg sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
4. cGt/f{li6o kdf g]kfnnfO{ cfsif{s uGtJosf] kdf :yflkt ug{ s"6gLlts
lgof]uxdfkm{t k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
5. lj=;+= @)&# nfO{ cfGtl/s e|d0f jif{ / ;g\ @)!* nfO{ g]kfn e|d0f jif{sf] kdf
dgfpg ko{6g;DaGwL ljljw sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
6. ;fxl;s ko{6gnfO{ ko{6sLo pkhsf] kdf ljsf; ug{ :sL, /sSnfOld,
Kof/fUnfOl8, aGhL hlDkh:tf lqmofsnfkxnfO{ k|f]T;fxg .
7. kj{tLo ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf nflu lxdfnxsf] ;xh kdf ;"rgf k|fKt x'g] u/L
lxdfnr'nLxsf] lks k|f]kmfOn tof/ .
8. ko{6g k|j4{gsf nflu u'l/Nnf 6]nnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy ljsf; .
$= ck]lIft k|ltkmn
of]hgfsf] cGTodf ljb]zL ko{6g cfudg ;\Vof jflif{s !@ nfv, ljb]zL ko{6sxsf] ;/b/
a;fO cjlw !% lbg / ;/b/ b}lgs vr{ ^) cd]l/sL 8n/ k'u]sf] x'g]5 . ko{6g If]qaf6 klxnf],
bf];|f] / t];|f] jif{ qmdzM @% xhf/, $) xhf/ / $% xhf/ yk /f]huf/L l;h{gf ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=# cfly{s s"6gLlt tyf ljsf;
!= k[i7e"ld
ljsf;sf ;femf r'gf}tLxsf] ;fdgf, Jofkf/ tyf nufgL k|j4{g, ;femf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; /
hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf nflu d'n'sxaLr k/:k/ ;xsfo{ h?/L ePsf] 5 . o; kl/j]zdf
cGt/f{li6o ;DaGwsf] Ps k|d'v cfwf/sf] kdf ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf] cfly{s s"6gLltdf ;/sf/L,
lghL / u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf plQs} dxjk"0f{ /x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfnn] ljsf; s"6gLltsf]
l;nl;nfdf ax'kIfLo / lkIfLo w]/} d'n'sx;Fu Jofkf/, nufgL tyf >d ;Demf}tfx u/]sf] 5
eg] cGt/f{li6o ;+:yfx;Fu ljsf; ;fem]bf/L klg cl3 a9]sf] 5 .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 121

@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
Jofkf/, nufgL, ;xfotf / k|ljlw x:tfGt/0fnfO{ k|j4{g ug'{, k|fyldstfsf If]qdf ljsf;
;xfotfsf] clwstd kl/rfng x'g', k/:k/ lge{/tfsf] cj:yfaf/] a'emfO/fVg', cfGtl/s ;dGjo
tyf ;fwg ;|f]tsf] pRrtd pkof]u ug{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug{' / ljsf;df Go"gtd ;femf
;dembf/L ljsf; ug{' r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkZrft\ aGb} uPsf] cGt/f{li6o ;sf/fTds jftfj/0f, g]kfnk|ltsf]
cGt/f{li6o hut\sf] ;b\efj, g]kfnn] lkIfLo, If]qLo tyf ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tfxaf6 xfl;n u/]sf]
cGt/f{li6o ahf/df ;xh k|j]z, k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgtyf e"cjl:yltaf6 l;lh{t If]qLo ahf/
;Defjgf / ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnL hgzlQmsf] ;Lk, Ifdtf / cg'ej tyf ljk|]if0fsf] ljsf;df
clwstd kl/rfng o; If]qsf cj;/ x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;'b[9 cfly{s s"6gLltsf dfWodaf6 g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s kfGt/0f .
#=@ nIo
cGt/f{li6o ;fem]bf/L, ;xsfo{ tyf s"6gLlts lgof]u kl/rfng u/L cfly{s ljsf;sf nIo
xfl;n ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
Jofkf/, nufgL, ko{6g tyf /f]huf/L k|j4{g ug{ cGt/f{li6o, If]qLo / lkIfLo ;DaGw ;'b[9
ug{' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. s"6gLlts ;+oGq / g]kfnL ;d'bfosf] kl/rfngsf ;fy} cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tfsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdfkm{t lgof{t lj:tf/, j}b]lzs nufgL tyf k|ljlw kl/rfng /
ko{6g ljsf; ug]{ .
2. j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ Jojl:yt, dof{lbt / pTkfbgzLn agfpg] .
3. If]qLo cGtlg{e{/tf ljsf; ub}{ /fli6o k|fyldstfsf If]qdf j}b]lzs nufgL / ljsf;
;xof]u kl/rfng ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. g]kfnL pTkfbgsf] ahf/ lj:tf/ nflu ax'kIfLo tyf lkIfLo ;Demf}tfxaf6 pknAw
eG;f/ / kl/df0f ;Ldf/lxt ;'ljwfsf] pkof]u ub}{ lgof{t ahf/ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!_

122 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 2. hn;|f]t, pBf]u, ef}lts k"jf{wf/, ko{6gnufotsf k|fyldstfsf If]qdf j}b]lzs nufgL
a9fpg s"6gLlts ;DaGw kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
3. l5d]sL ldq /fi6xsf] ;xof]u / ;xsfo{df g]kfndf nufgL, ;|f]t d'n's nlIft ko{6g
clej[l4 tyf g]kfnL pTkfbgsf] ahf/ k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbOg]5 . -!_
4. pNn]Vo ;\Vofdf g]kfnLx /x]sf d'n'sxnfO{ g]kfnL pTkfbgsf] ahf/ lj:tf/sf
nflu k|j]z ljGb'sf] kdf pkof]u ul/g]5 . -!_
5. ljk|]if0fsf] pTkfbgd"ns k|of]u tyf ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnLxsf] ;Lk, Ifdtf /
cg'ejnfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0ftkm{ pTk|]l/t ug{ s"6gLlts lgof]ux kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
6. uGtJo d'n'sx;Fu lkIfLo ;Demf}tf ub}{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ yk ;'/lIft / dof{lbt
agfOg]5 . -@_
7. l5d]sL ldq /fi6x;Fusf] cGt/lg{e{tf clej[l4 x'g] u/L g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt
/ k|fs[lts ;fwg;|f]tsf] ax'cfoflds pkof]u ul/g]5 . -#_
8. s"6gLlts / /0fgLlts kdf pko'Qm ljsf; ;xof]unfO{ Psf/ k|0ffnLcg';f/
;/sf/L ;+oGqdfkm{t /fli6o k|fyldstf If]qdf s]lGt ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= cGt/f{li6o ahf/ ;xhLs/0f
1. t'ngfTds nfesf g]kfnL pTkfbgxsf] cGt/f{li6o ahf/df ;x'lnotk"0f{ kx'Fr /
lj:tf/sf nflu ;xhLs/0f .
2. g]kfnL pTkfbgxnfO{ ljb]zdf g]kfnL 8fo:kf]/fdfkm{t k|j4{g .
3. Jofj;flos k|ltlglw d08nsf] cfbfgk|bfg .
4. g]kfnL lgof]uxdfkm{t ljleGg d'n'sxdf Jofkf/ d]nfsf] cfof]hgf .
5. g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu b]zut Jofkf/ /0fgLlt th{'df Pjd\
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;dGjo, ;xof]u / ;xhLs/0f .
6. ljleGg d'n'sx;Fu lkIfLo Jofkf/ / jfl0fHo ;\3 :yfkgf .
7. k|d'v cfoft / lgof{tstf{sf] ;"rL tof/L .
v= j}b]lzs nufgL k|j4{g tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ;xhLs/0f
1. g]kfnL lgof]uxnfO{ kl/rfng u/L ljleGg d'n'sxdf nufgL ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf .
2. nufgL;DaGwL ;"rgfx cBfjlws u/L g]kfnL lgof]uxsf] j]j;fO6dfkm{t ;"rgf
;Dk|]if0f .
3. j}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f ug{sf nflu b]zut nufgL /0fgLlt th{'df Pjd\ sfof{Gjog
ug{ ;dGjo, ;xof]u / ;xhLs/0f .
4. e/kbf]{, lbuf] / vl/bof]Uo k|ljlw cfsif{0f ug{ ;xof]u / ;dGjo .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 123

 u= ko{6g k|j4{g
1. ko{6g;DaGwL k|bz{gL, d]nf tyf kj{xsf] cfof]hgf .
2. ;DefJo d'n'sxdf g]kfnsf] wfld{s ko{6gaf/] k|rf/k|;f/ .
3. cGt/f{li6o :t/df Voflt k|fKt ofqf j[QfGt n]vsxnfO{ g]kfn e|d0fsf] Joj:yf .
4. k|Voft cGt/f{li6o 6]lnlehg RofgnxnfO{ g]kfn e|d0f u/fP/ g]kfnsf] k|rf/
k|;f/ .
5. b]zut ko{6g /0fgLlt th{'df Pjd\ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;dGjo, ;xof]u / ;xhLs/0f .
6. g]kfnsf ldq tyf ;xof]u ;d"xx;Fusf] ;xsfo{df g]kfnsf] ko{6sLo dxjsf]
k|rf/ k|;f/ .
7. ljb]zL Po/nfOG;xnfO{ g]kfndf jfo';]jf ;~rfng ug{ k|f]T;fxg .
3= j}b]lzs /f]huf/L k|j4{g
1. lkIfLo >d ;Demf}tf x'g afFsL /f]huf/bftf d'n's;Fu >d ;Demf}tf ug{ ;dGjo .
2. cGt/f{li6o >d ahf/df bIf tyf cw{bIf g]kfnLxsf nflu /f]huf/L k|j4{g .
3. g]kfnL dlxnf sfdbf/xsf] kfl/>lds, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff tyf /f]huf/ k|Tofe"t x'g]
u/L lkIfLo >d ;Demf}tf ug{ ;Da4 lgsfoxaLr cfjZos ;xof]u / ;dGjo .
4. g]kfnsf] >d ahf/ lj:tf/sf nflu b]zut j}b]lzs /f]huf/L /0fgLlt th{'df Pjd\
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;dGjo, ;xof]u / ;xhLs/0f .
5. g]kfnL >ldsxaf6 cfpg] ljk|]if0fnfO{ a}+ls k|0ffnLdfkm{t k7fpg k|f]T;fxg .
= ljsf; ;xfotf kl/rfng
1. cNk ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ ljsl;t /fi6xn] pknAw u/fpg k|ltj4tf JoQm u/]sf]
ljsf; ;xfotf /sd a9fpg tyf /fli6o k|0ffnLdfkm{t kl/rfng ug{ cGt/f{li6o
jftf{xdf ;zQm e"ldsf lgjf{x .
2. ljsf; ;fem]bf/xaf6 ljsf; ;xfotf k|fKt ug]{ d'n'sxsf] k|fyldstf ;"rLdf
;dfj]z ug{ kxn .
3. hnjfo' cg's"ng ;xfotf k|fKt ug{ cGt/f{li6o d~rxdf ;zQm e"ldsf lgjf{x .
4. ax'kIfLo d~rxdf g]kfnsf] /fli6o k|fyldstfcg'ksf] ljsf; ;xfotf k|fKt ug{
kxn .
r= g]kfnL 8fo:kf]/fsf] pkof]u
1. ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL lgof]uxaf6 g]kfnL 8fo:kf]/fsf] cBfjlws 8f6fa]; tof/ .
2. g]kfnL lgof]uxaf6 ljsf; s'6gLlt;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ g]kfnL
8fo:kf]/fsf] kl/rfng .

124 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 3. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efjgfcg'k 8fo:kf]/fsf nflu sfg'gL tyf ;+/rgfTds
Joj:yf .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
lgof{tof]Uo j:t'xsf] klxrfg / ahf/Ls/0faf6 g]kfnsf] lgof{t Jofkf/df j[l4, ko{6gdf
u'0ffTds kl/jt{g eO{ g]kfnL cy{tGqdf ko{6g If]qsf] of]ubfgdf j[l4, j}b]lzs nufgLdf j[l4,
g]kfnL >ldsxsf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/L ;'/lIft x'g'sf ;fy} >d uGtJo d'n'ssf] ;\Vofdf
lj:tf/, g]kfnL 8fo:kf]/f;Fu ePsf] ;Lk / k'FhL g]kfnsf] ljsf;df pkof]u / ljsf; ;xfotfdf
j[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} /fli6o k|0ffnLdfkm{t kl/rfng ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=$ ;fdflhs ljsf;
$=$=! hg;\Vof
!= k[i7e"ld
hg;\Vofsf] pRr j[l4b/, lszf]/lszf]/L tyf o'jfsf] afx'No, j[4j[4fsf] ;\Vofdf qmdzM
a9f]Q/L, ef}uf]lns kdf hg;\Vofsf] c;dfg ljt/0f g]kfnsf] hg;\Vofsf d'Vo ljz]iftfx
x'g\ . s'n hg;\Vofdf !% b]lv %( jif{;Ddsf jo:sx %& k|ltzt / ^) jif{dflysf Ho]i7
gful/s *=! k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . hg;\Vof / :jf:Yo If]qdf ljutdf ;~rfng ul/Psf
sfo{qmdxsf] kmn:jk o; If]qdf lgs} k|ult ePsf] 5 . s'n k|hggb/df sdL cfO{ @=#
k|ltzt sfod ePsf] 5 . o:t} ck]lIft cfo' -hGd]sf] ;dodf_ ^( jif{ k'u]sf] 5 .
@= cj;/ tyf r'gf}tL
r'gf}tL
;x/L If]q / ;x/ pGd'v If]qxdf s'n k|hgg b/df sdL cfP tfklg b'u{d u|fdL0f
If]qxdf o:tf] b/ cem} klg pRr /xg', u|fdL0f If]qdf kl/jf/ lgof]hg tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfx
;Gtf]ifhgs gx'g', cfGtl/s tyf afXo a;fOF;/fO pRr x'g', ^) jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf] cfl>t
hg;\Vofsf] cg'kft a9\b} hfg', pRr cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOsf] sf/0f ;x/Ls/0f cJojl:yt aGb}
hfg' cflb sf/0fn] hg;\Vof Joj:yfkg r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
cj;/
s'n hg;\Vofdf !% b]lv %( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf jo:ssf] k|ltzt pRr /xL hg;fl\Vos
nfe k|fKt x'g yfn]sfn] b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df of]ubfg k'ofpg ;lsg] ePsf],
hg;\Vof Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt :jf:Yo ;]jfxdf lj:tf/ ePsf], kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf
;fwgxsf] k|of]ustf{ a9\b} uPsf], dlxnfsf] z}lIfs :t/df pNn]vgLo kdf j[l4 ePsf], ;fgf]
kl/jf/sf] dxjaf/]df hgr]tgf clej[l4 eO/x]sf / hg;\Vof Joj:yfkg;DaGwdf /fli6o

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 125

hg;\Vof gLlt, @)&! th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf]n] hg;\Vofsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{
;3fp k'Ug] cj;/ l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
hg;\Vof, jftfj/0f / ljsf;aLr ;fd~h:o sfod u/L lbuf] ljsf;sf dfWodaf6
hLjg:t/df u'0f:t/Lo ;'wf/ .
#=@ nIo
hg;\Vof Joj:yfkg / k|hgg :jf:Yo sfo{qmdx ;~rfng u/L hg;\Vof / cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs ljsf;aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. hg;\Vof, ljsf; / jftfj/0faLr tfbfDo sfod u/L hg;\VofnfO{ ;du| ljsf;sf]
cleGg c\usf] kdf Joj:yfkg ug'{ .
2. cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOsf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ ;x/Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. hg;\VofnfO{ ;du| ljsf;sf] cleGg c\usf kdf lnFb} ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfoxaLrsf]
;dGjodf hg;\Vof Joj:yfkgsf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug]{ .
2. u|fdL0f If]qdf k"jf{wf/ lj:tf/ u/L cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOnfO{ sd ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. ;fgf] / u'0f:t/Lo kl/jf/nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ hg;\Vof, k|hgg :jf:Yo / lzz' tyf afn
:jf:Yo;DaGwL hgr]tgf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
2. kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgsf] k|of]u, k|hgg :jf:Yo / lzz' tyf afn :jf:Yo;DaGwL
sfo{qmdx k|efjsf/L kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
3. hg;\Vof, ljsf; / jftfj/0faLrsf] cGt/;DaGw af/]df cWoog, cg';Gwfg / ljZn]if0f
u/L gLlt lgdf{0f / sfo{qmd th'{dfsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfoxnfO{ k[i7kf]if0f
ul/g]5 . -!_
4. u|fdL0f;x/L cfa4tfdfkm{t ljsf;sf cj;/x ufpF;Dd k'ofpg'sf ;fy} u|fdL0f If]qdf
/f]huf/ tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f ul/g]5 . -@_
5. cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOsf] sf/0f cJojl:yt aGb} uPsf ;x/xsf] Jojl:yt ljsf; ug{
cGo ;Da4 lgsfox;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . -@_

126 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 6. lxdfnL tyf kxf8L If]qsf kl/jf/sf] cfo j[l4 ug{ t/sf/L, kmnkm"n, gub]afnL, kz'kG5L
kfng, ko{6g, h8La'6L v]tL cflbsf nflu k[i7kf]if0f ul/g]5 . -@_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= lszf]/lszf]/L nlIft sfo{qmd
1. lszf]/ lszf]/Lxsf] ljljw kIfxsf] cWoog ;j]{If0f .
2. x/]s lhNnfdf cf};tdf #) cf]6f ljBfnosf * b]lv !) sIff cWoog .
3. lszf]/ lszf]/LxnfO{ ;fyL lzIff (Peer education), gful/s tyf :jf:Yo lzIff
;~rfng u/L hg;\Vof, k|hgg :jf:Yo / of}g;DaGwL ljifoxdf r]tgf clej[l4
u/L ;Eo / ;'/lIft Jojxf/ k|j4{g .
v= hg;\Vof cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf ;"rgf Joj:yfkg
1. k|To]s k|b]z, lhNnf, gu/ / ufpF :t/sf] nflu hg;\Vofsf] k|If]k0f .
2. hg;\Vofsf] ljljw kIf emNsg] ljifosf] k|ltj]bg tof/L .
3. hg;\Vofn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf k"jf{wf/sf] If]qdf kfg]{
hg;\Vof k|];/ OG8]S; tof/L .
4. hg;\Vof;DaGwL cWoog cg';Gwfg .
5. k|b]zut tyf lhNnfut hg;\Vof k|f]kmfOn tof/, hg;\Vof ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf]
;6j]o/ ljsf;, lgdf{0f, cBfjlws tyf ;~rfng / hg;+flVos nfef+z;DaGwL
cWoog .
6. hg;\Vof Joj:yfkg tyf ljZn]if0f;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l4 .
u= a;fO;/fO;DaGwL sfo{qmd
1. g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s tyf afXo a;fOF;/fO;DaGwL cWoog tyf ;j]{If0f .
2. cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOaf6 gj pGd'v ;x/xdf kg]{ hg;f\lVos rfk / To;af6
l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] jftfj/0f, k|fs[lts ;|f]t / k"jf{wf/ If]qdf kg]{ k|efj;DaGwL
;j]{If0f .
3. cfGtl/s tyf afXo a;fOF;/fO{af6 k/]sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs k|efjsf] cWoog
tyf cGt/lqmof .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
s'n k|hggb/df sdL cfPsf] / kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgxsf] k|of]ustf{sf] cg'kft a9]sf]]
x'g]5 . To;}u/L cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO Joj:yfkgdf 6]jf k'u]sf], hg;fl\Vos nfef+zsf] pkof]u
eO{ b]z ljsf;df 6]jf k'u]sf] Pjd\ hg;\Vof, ljsf; / jftfj/0faLrsf] cGt/;DaGwdf
;fd~h:otf j[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 127

$=$=@ ;+:s[lt
!= k[i7e"ld
hfthflt, efiff, e]ife"iff, /xg;xgsf dflg;xsf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] g]kfn P]ltxfl;s,
k'/ftflTjs / ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] Ps ;d[4 /fi6 xf] . /fli6o ;F:s[ltnfO{ ljsf; u/L o;nfO{ /fli6o
Pstf ;anLs/0f ug]{ dfWod agfpg' cfjZos 5 . To:t} k/Dk/fut ;+:s[ltnfO{ hu]gf{ ub}{ Pjd\
df}lns :jkdf kl/jt{g gx'g] u/L ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ub}{ efjL k':tfxnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug'{
cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . kz'klt, n'lDagL, a[xQ/ hgsk'/ ljsf; If]qnufotsf ljleGg dxjk"0f{
wfld{s, k'/ftflTjs Pjd\ P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfxsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+j{4g ug]{ sfo{ lg/Gt/ kdf
eO/x]sf] 5 . ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf] sf/0f w]/}h;f] o:tf dxjk"0f{ ;Dkbfxsf] Iflt ePsf] 5 .
ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf o:tf dxjk"0f{ ;Dkbfx Pjd\ cGo ;Dkbfxsf] k'glg{df{0f, ;+/If0f
;fy} pko'Qm Joj:yfkg ub}{ n}hfg' cfjZos 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
k|fs[lts k|sf]k, a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0f / e"ldsf] pRr d"Noj[l4sf sf/0f k|frLg ;Dkbfxsf]
cltqmd0f a9\b} uPsf] x'gfn] ;Dkbfxsf] df}lnskg hf]ufO /fVg g;Sg' d"t{ tyf cd"t{
;fF:s[lts ;Dkbf;DaGwL /fli6o sfg'g tyf cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGwxsf] sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L
gx'g' logLxsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu oy]i6 cfly{s ;|f]t pknAw gx'g' lghL ;ngdf /x]sf
;Dkbfxsf] cflwsfl/s kdf ;"rLs/0f x'g g;Sg' h:tf r'gf}tLx o; If]qdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
;f+:s[lts ljljwtf /x]sf] wfld{s, k'/ftflTjs Pjd\ P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfxsf] ;+/If0f tyf
;+j4{gdf hg;xeflutfdf j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf], ljljwtfdf Pstf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljz]iftf eGg]
tYonfO{ ;fF:s[lts ;'Gb/tfsf] kdf cufl8 a9fpFb} /fli6o PstfnfO{ dha't kfb}{ n}hfg'kg]{
cfjZostfsf] af]w x'Fb} uPsf] ;fdflhs ;';DaGwdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{, ;Dkbfx /
snf ;flxTosf] ;+/If0f PJfd\ ljsf; ug]{ ;+j}wflgs k|lta4tf cflb o; If]qsf ljsf;sf nflu
cj;/ x'g\ . oL ;Dkbfxdfkm{t /fi6sf cfly{s, ;fdflhs vf;u/L ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;df
pNn]Vo of]ubfg k'ofpFb} ljZjdf g]kfnnfO{ lrgfpg] cj;/ klg k|fKt 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
ax'n ;+:s[lt Pjd\ ;Dkbfxsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / ;f+:s[lts ;';DaGwdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf]
lgdf{0f .
#=@ nIo
1. wfld{s, k'/ftflTjs tyf P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfxsf] k'glg{df{0f u/L ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug]{ .

128 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 2. df}lns ;+:s[ltxsf] hu]gf{ ub}{ ;f+:s[lts ko{6gsf] k|j4{g ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
3. g]kfnsf ;a} hflt;d'bfoxsf] cfcfgf] df}lns ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fxsf] hu]gf{ u/L
g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts klxrfgsf] ;+j4{g ug'{ .
4. e"sDknufotsf k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 Ifltu|:t P]ltxfl;s, k'/ftflTjs / ;f+:s[lts
;Dkbfsf] k'glg{df{0f / ;+/If0f ug'{ .
5. efiff, ;flxTo, ;\uLt tyf gf6\osnf / nlntsnf If]qsf] ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. ;a} ;d'bfosf] wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts d"NodfGotfxsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ .
2. Ifltu|:t P]ltxfl;s, k'/ftflTjs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfxsf] k'glg{df{0f ub}{ logLxsf]
;+/If0f, ljsf; / k|j4{g ug]{ .
3. wfld{s Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts ko{6g k|j4{g ug]{ .
4. d"Tf{ tyf cd"t{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfxsf] cGj]if0f, cg';Gwfg Pjd\ ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. ;a} ;d'bfon] Pscsf{sf wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfxk|lt ;Ddfg bzf{pg] / cfgf]
wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] cfkm}F ;+/If0f / k|j4{g u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ;+:s[ltsf If]qdf /fi6n] u/]sf cGt/f{li6o k|lta4tf, ;lGw;Demf}tf tyf cg'df]bgnfO{
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ nufgL clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
3. ;+:s[lt;Fu ;DalGwt P]g, sfg'gnfO{ ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ tyf kl/dfh{g ug]{ Pjd\
cfjZostfcg';f/ gofF lgdf{0f ub}{ nlug]5 . -!_
4. ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf If]qsf] plrt ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug'{sf ;fy} cGo ;Defljt
:ynnfO{ ;d]t ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z u/fOg]5 . -!_
5. e"sDknufot k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 Ifltu|:t P]ltxfl;s, k'/ftflTjs tyf ;f+:s[lts,
wfld{s ;Dkbfxsf] k'glg{df{0f ul/g]5 . -@_
6. wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ k'/ftflTjs dxjsf ;Dkbf:ynxsf] lbuf] ljsf;
Pjd\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu u'?of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ub}{ nlug]5 . -@_
7. kGb]xL, slknj:t' / gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf eujfg\ a'4;Fu ;DalGwt :ynxnfO{ a'l4i6
;ls{6sf] cjwf/0ffcg'k u'?of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -#_
8. kz'kltgfy, n'lDagL, hgsk'/, d'lQmgfynufotsf wfld{s tyf ko{6sLo If]qxsf]
cGTf/f{li6o :t/df k|rf/k|;f/ tyf k|j4{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 . -#_

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 129

 9. ljleGg wfld{s ;Dkbf Pjd\ tLy{:ynxnfO{ cfTdlgEf{/ agfpg tL If]qdf p7\g]
e]6L3f6Lnufot ;|f]txsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos sfg'gL Joj:yf
ul/g]5 . -#_
10. b]zleq /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ d"t{ tyf cd"t{ ;f+:s[lts ;DkbfxnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ tyf ;\3Lo,
k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo lgsfosf] sfo{If]qcg'k juL{s/0f ul/g]5 . -$_
11. gful/s, k|fl1s ;d'bfo;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf d"t{ tyf cd"t{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfxsf]
cGj]if0f, cg';Gwfg,+ ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -$_
12.nf]kf]Gd'v efiff, ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;+/If0f ul/g]5 . -$_
13. efiff, ;flxTo, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ug{ ;DalGwt k|lti7fgxsf]
;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx, k'/ftflTjs :yn ;fy} ljZj ;Dkbf :yn Pjd\
:df/sx ;+/If0f, hL0ff]{4f/, k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgf .
2. wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ k'/ftflTjs dxjsf ;Dkbf:ynxsf] lbuf] ljsf;
Pjd\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu u'?of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog .
3. ljleGg hfthflt, efiffefifLsf] df}lns Pjd\ k/Dk/fut ;+:s[lt tyf /Lltl/jfhsf] hu]gf{
Pjd\ ;+/If0f .
4. nf]kf]Gd'v Pjd\ lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] efiff, ;flxTo, snf, ;+:s[ltsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg tyf
nAw k|ltli7t n]vs tyf ;flxTosf/xsf n]v /rgfsf] k|j4{g .
5. ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf If]qsf] plrt ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf ;fy} cGo ;Defljt
:ynnfO{ ;d]t ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z u/fpg cfjZos cWoog cg';Gwfg .
6. k'/ftflTjs :ynxsf] pTvgg, ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g .
7. hgo'4 ;\u|xfnosf] :yfkgf .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
b]zleqsf ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfoxsf] ;+:s[ltsf] j}1flgs tl/sfaf6 ;"rLs/0f / nf]kf]Gd'v
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfxsf] hu]gf{ ePsf] x'g]5 . k'/ftflTjs, wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfxsf]
;+/If0fdf :yfgLo lgsfoxsf] :jfldTj / ckgTj j[l4 ePsf] / ;f+:s[lts ;dfj]zLs/0f tyf
k'/ftflTjs Pjd\ P]ltxfl;s dxjsf ;Dkbfxsf] ;+/If0f, k'glg{df{0f Pjd\ hL0ff]{f/ ePsf] x'g]5
/ To;}u/L wfld{s;f+:s[lts ko{6gsf] ljsf; ePsf], ljleGg efiff wd{, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx,
k/Dk/fx tyf ;flxTo, snf, /Lltl/jfhxsf] ;+/If0f / k|rf/k|;f/ ePsf] / k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf]
;+/If0f ePsf] x'g]5 .

130 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

$=$=# lzIff
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] lzIff;DaGwL xsnfO{ df}lns xssf kdf k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L
/fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf lzIffnfO{ gful/ssf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kdf juL{s/0f u/L ;a}
gful/snfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg' /fHosf] bfloTj /x]sf] ljifo k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnnfO{ cNkljsl;t /fi6xsf] ;"rLaf6 d'Qm u/fO{ ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6sf] ;"rLdf ;dfj]z
u/fpg Pjd\ lbuf] ljsf;sf nIocg'k ;dfj]zL / ;dGofodf cfwfl/t lzIff ;a}df
k'ofpg;d]t lzIff If]qsf] ljsf; ckl/xfo{ 5 .
lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ cfly{s ;fdflhs kfGt/0fsf] ;+jfxssf kdf ljsf; ug]{, ;a} tx Pjd\
ljwfsf] lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{, lzIffnfO{ /f]huf/L pGd'v agfpg], u'0f:t/df
;'wf/ Pjd\ Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nIox xfl;n ug]{tkm{
lzIff If]qsf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx pGd'v /x]sf 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)&@&# ;Dddf sIff Psdf
afnljsf;sf] cg'ej;lxt egf{ x'g cfpg] afnaflnsf ^@=$ k|ltzt, k|fylds tx -!%_ sf] v'b
egf{ b/ (^=^ k|ltzt, cfwf/e"t tx -!*_ sf] v'b egf{ b/ *(=$ k|ltzt tyf dfWolds tx -
(!@_ sf] v'b egf{b/ #&=& k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . sIff !!) sf] l6sfp b/ #&=( k|ltzt, sIff !
% ;Ddsf] sIff 5f8\g] b/ #=( k|ltzt / bf]xf]ofpg] b/ &=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L v'b
egf{b/df n}ls ;dfgtfdf klg pNn]vgLo k|ult ePsf] 5 . o:tf] ;dfgtf k|fylds txdf
)=((, cfwf/e"t txdf !=)) / dfWolds txdf )=(( /x]sf] 5 . !% b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/sf]
;fIf/tf **=^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
lzIffsf ;a} txdf u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug]{, lzIffnfO{ Jofj;flos tyf /f]huf/Ld"ns agfpg],
;a} txsf] lzIffnfO{ ;dtfd"ns / ;dfj]zL agfpg], k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndnfO{
cfdgful/ssf] kx'Fr;Dd k'ofpg], lzIfsxsf] dfu / cfk"lt{aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{,
nufgLcg'ksf] k|ltkmn ;'lglZrt ug]{, ;+ljwfg k|bt lzIff;DaGwL xsxsf] pkef]u ug]{ ;fy}
;du| z}lIfs If]qsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ sfo{ r"gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . o;}u/L
sIff !!) sf] #&=( k|ltzt /x]sf] l6sfp b/nfO{ j[l4 ug]{, sIff !% ;Ddsf] sIff 5f8\g] b/
#=( k|ltzt / bf]xf]ofpg] b/ &=^ k|ltzt /x]sfn] oL b/xnfO{ 36fpg] ;fy} ut jif{ uPsf]
dxfe"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfxsf] k'g:yf{kg / k'glg{df{0f ug]{ r'gf}tL klg /x]sf] 5 .
cj;/
;a} tx / ljwfsf z}lIfs k"jf{wf/xsf] lj:tf/ ePsf], dlxnf, blnt, hghflt / ckf\utf
ePsf Pjd\ ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf afnaflnsf / ljBfyL{xsf] ;a} txdf egf{ b/df pNn]vgLo
kdf j[l4 ePsf], ;fwf/0f lzIffsf cltl/Qm dfWolds / pRr lzIffdf k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 131

lzIff Pjd\ tflndsf] lj:tf/ ePsf] / pRr lzIff;Dd k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos wf/nfO{ lj:tf/
ug{ dfu{ k|z:t ePsf] 5 . o:t} ;d'bfodf lzIffk|ltsf] cfsif{0f a9]sf], :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO,
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / cfgf xs clwsf/k|ltsf] ;hutf a9]sf], z}lIfs ;"rgf k|0ffnL / z}lIfs
;'zf;gsf nflu cfwf/lznf tof/ ePsf] ;fy} l8lh6n l8efO8nfO{ Go"g ub}{ n}hfg] qmddf
lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf lj:tf/ ePsf] cflb sf/0fxn]
u'0ffTds lzIffsf] ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
lzIffdf ;a}sf] kxF'r / u'0f:t/ clej[l4 u/L k|lt:kwL{, pBdL / gjk|jt{gzLn dfgj k'FhLsf]
ljsf;af6 cfly{s ;fdflhs kfGt/0f .
#=@ nIo
1. ;a}nfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf cj;/x k|bfg ub}{ hLjgko{Gt l;sfO pGd'v tyf
gjk|jt{gzLn z}lIfs k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{ .
2. d'n'ssf] cfjZostf cg'k u'0f:t/Lo, Jofj;flos / ;Lko'Qm lzIff k|bfg ug]{ .
3. /f]huf/L Pjd\ :j/f]huf/Lsf nflu ;Lkd"ns lzIffsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns cj;/x ;'lglZrt ub}{ lzIffnfO{ ;Lko'Qm, ;do;fGble{s /
u'0f:t/o'Qm agfpg' .
2. j}slNks pkfoxsf] cjnDagaf6 ;a} tx Pjd\ k|sf/sf] lzIff / ;Lkd"ns tflnddf
kxF'r clej[l4 ug'{ .
3. z}lIfs k|zf;gdf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/, gjk|jt{g / ;'zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. hLjgko{Gt lzIff, clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIff tyf lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t / dfWolds lzIff
k4ltnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
2. /f]huf/L / pBdzLntf ljsf; ug{ k|fljlws / Jofj;flos lzIffsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ .
3. ;a} txsf] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
4. cfly{s kn] ljkGg, nf]kf]Gd'v / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo / ckf\utf ePsf JolQmxsf]
lzIffdf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
5. pRr lzIffnfO{ kx'Frof]Uo, k|lt:kwL{ / cg';Gwfgd"ns agfpg] .
6. ;fj{hlgs / lghL txaf6 k|bfg ul/g] lzIffaLrsf] u'0f:t/df /x]sf] cGt/ 36fpg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. ;fIf/tf tyf ;fIf/f]Q/ sfo{qmdxsf] ;dGjofTds kn] ljsf;, of]hgf tyf
;~rfngsf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/x;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . -!_

132 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

2. cgf}krfl/s lzIff / cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] bf]xf]/f] k|j]zsf] cj;/ k|bfg u/L k|fKt 1fgsf]
;dsIftf lgwf{/0f tyf k|df0fLs/0f ul/g]5 . o;sf ;fy} lg/If/ / gj;fIf/nfO{
hLjgko{Gt lzIff lbg ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|dfkm{t ;fIf/tf :jo+;]js kl/rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
3. clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t lzIff ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+:s[t, kfnL, ef]6efiff, u'?s'n,
afxfaxL, laxf/, u'Daf, db/;f, v'nf Pjd\ j}slNks lzIff sfo{qmdxnfO{ yk
k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -!_
4. lzIfs b/aGbL ldnfg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf cl3 a9fO{ ljBfnoxdf lzIfsxsf]
;dtfd"ns ljt/0f ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . xfn ljBdfg sfg'gL tyf gLltut
k|fjwfgcg';f/ k|fylds txdf clws b]lvg] :jLs[t b/aGbLnfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/
dflyNnf] txdf kfGt/0f u/L kbk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -!,#_
5. lzIff If]qdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ yk Jojl:yt / lgodg ug]{ tyf lghL /
;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/sf] cGt/nfO{ sd ug]{ sfo{qmdx ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -!,#_
6. ljBfno lzIffdf hLjgf]kof]uL tyf Jojxf/ s'zn ;Lk / d"Nodf cfwfl/t lzIffnfO{
;d]6\g] u/L kf7\oqmdsf] kl/dfh{g u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] tyf sIff !# sf] kf7\oqmd
PsLs[t kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
7. k|fljlws / Jofj;flos ljBfnox ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos ;+:yfut ;+/rgf tyf
lgodgsf/L Joj:yfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . ;fwf/0f tyf Jofj;flos b'j} wf/sf
sIff ;~rfng ug]{ dfWolds ljBfnoxnfO{ cfjZos ;|f]t Joj:yf u/L yk
;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu sfo{ljlw, k|lqmof / ;+oGqxnfO{ ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -@_
8. k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf] If]qdf nufgLsf] ;'lglZrtfsf nflu k|fljlws
tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnd;DaGwL PsLs[t sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -@_
9. Jofj;flos ljBfno / kf]ln6]lSgs ;+:yfx yk lj:tf/ u/L lzIffnfO{ /f]huf/Ld"ns
agfpg] sfo{qmdx sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -@_
10. lghL If]q, u}/;/sf/L If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo / ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x;Fusf] ;xsfo{af6
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf cj;/x lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
11. k"j{k|fylds sIff / k|f/lDes afnljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt l;sfO ;fdu|Lxsf] :t/ tyf
;fGble{stf ;'lglZrt u/L ltgnfO{ afnljsf; s]Gsf afnaflnsfsf] :t/cg'k
agfOg]5 . -#_
12. ljZjljBfnodf pTs[i6 glthf xfl;n ug]{ ljBfyL{xnfO{ lzIf0f k]zfdf cfsif{0f ug{
cfjZos sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 133

 13. ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ ;du| lzIff k|0ffnLsf] cleGg c\usf] kdf PsLs[t ub}{
l8lh6n l8efO8nfO{ sd ub}{ nlug]5 . -#_
14. ljBfno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 tyf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'lglZrttfsf nflu dft[efiff,
/fli6o efiff / cGt/f{li6o efiffnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dfWodsf kdf ckgfO{ lzIffdf
ax'eflifs gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 . -#_
15. ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO clej[l4sf nflu lg/Gt/ d"Nofg k4lt tyf k|f/lDes afn sIffdf
k9fO{ ;Lk ljsf; ljlwxsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ub}{ nlug]5 . -#_
16. dfWolds tx ;~rfng ug]{ ;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut b'j} k|sf/sf ljBfnoxdf
pknAw x'g'kg]{ Go"gtd cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfxsf] ;"rL lgwf{/0f u/]/ ljBfnoxdf
u'0f:t/sf] dfgs tof/ u/L nfu' ul/g]5 . -#, ^_
17. ljBfno txsf] ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg / hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ug{
ljBfnoxsf] ;~rfng tyf sfo{;Dkfbg:t/sf] jflif{s kdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg k/LIf0f ug]{
/ sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg tyf nufgLsf] k|fjwfg nfu' ul/g]5 . -#_
18. lzIfsxsf] k|fl1s pGgog Pjd\ k]zfut ljsf;sf nflu dfu tyf cfjZostfsf
cfwf/df 5f]6f tyf dWod cjlwsf tflnd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
19. ljBfnoxsf] Joj:yfkg ;'wf/ tyf z}lIfs pknlAw clej[l4sf nflu
k|wfgfWofksx;Fu sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/sf] Joj:yf nfu' ul/g]5 . -#_
20. hg;\Vof / e"uf]nsf] cfwf/df ljBfnoxsf] gS;f\sg u/L k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 . -#_
21. lzIfsxsf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ ljBfnosf x/]s sIffsf ljBfyL{n] xfl;n u/]sf] glthf;Fu
cfa4 u/L k'/:sf/ tyf b08sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
22. ;a} k|sf/sf z}lIfs ;+:yfxsf] ef}lts cj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L ljkb\k|lt/f]wL agfOg]5 .
ljBfyL{xsf] l;sfOdf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ljifox ;dfj]z ul/g]5 . -#_
23. z}lIfs u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0fsf nflu /fli6o of]Uotf lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL / /fli6o Jofj;flos
of]Uotf lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -#_
24. pTs[i6 z}lIfs Joj:yfkg tyf ;]jfk|jfxdfkm{t z}lIfs u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{, cToGt
lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo, nf]kf]Gd'v, ul/a kl/jf/af6 cfpg] h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{, cNk;\Vos
;d'bfosf afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf] nflu b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf 7"nf, cfjf;Lo tyf
gd'gf ljBfno ;~rfngdf NofOg]5 . -#, $_
25. rf/ jif{ pd]/sf ;a} afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf] nflu Psjif]{ k|f/lDes afn lzIff /
k"j{k|fylds ljBfnosf]] gS;f\sgsf cfwf/df cToGt b'u{d a:tL jf ;d'bfo /
ef}uf]lns ljs6tfnfO{ nlIft u/L k'glj{t/0f / lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -$,!_

134 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

26. hf]lvddf k/]sf, cNk;\Vos tyf nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO cfjZostf
;Daf]wgsf nflu v'nf, j}slNks, cfjf;Lo tyf ljz]if lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{ yk ;'b[9Ls/0f
ul/g]5 . -$_
27. b'u{d tyf lxdfnL lhNnfxsf ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{xsf] lg/Gt/tf tyf
l;sfO ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;~rfngdf /x]sf cfjf;Lo ljBfno tyf 3'DtL ljBfnosf]
Ifdtf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -$_
28. dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfsf cfwf/df kl5 k/]sf If]q tyf ul/aL JofKt /x]sf] If]qnfO{
nlIft u/L ljBfnodf lbjf vfhf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -$_
29. blnt, 5fqf, hghflt, nf]kf]Gd'v hfthflt, ul/a tyf h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{xsf nflu
cfjZostfsf cfwf/df 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -$_
30. leGg l;sfO cfjZostf ePsf, hf]lvddf k/]sf tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf ljBfyL{xsf]
l;sfO cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu v'nf, j}slNks, cfjf;Lo tyf ljz]if lzIff
sfo{qmdsf] ;'ljwf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -$_
31. gofF ljBfno ejg lgdf{0fsf gd'gf l8hfOgx ax' k|sf/sf ljkb\k|lt ;+j]bgzLn /
ckfd}qL x'g] u/L agfOg]5 . -$_
32. pRr j}1flgs Pjd\ k|fljlws / cg';GwfgfTds lzIffdf nufgL a9fOg]5 . -%_
33. pRr lzIffsf] kx'Fr k'Ug g;Sg] b'u{d :yfg / j}slNks kx'Frsf] cfjZostf kg]{xnfO{
Wofgdf /fvL v'nf ljZjljBfnonufot v'nf Pjd\ b"/lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;
ul/g]5 . -%_
34. pRr lzIffnfO{ /fli6o k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df Joj:yfkg ug{ s[lif, kz'lj1fg tyf jg,
kof{j/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, lrlsT;f lj1fg, cfo'j]{b, ko{6g, OlGhlgol/\, hnljB't\,
gjLs/0fLo zlQm, pBf]u tyf Jofkf/nufotsf If]q;Fu ;Da4 sfo{d"ns Pjd\ /f]huf/
pGd'v pRr lzIffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -%_
35. pRr lzIffdf u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf / k|Tofog k|df0fkqsf cfwf/df dfq ljb]zL pRr
lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfnfO{ ;DaGwg lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -%_
36. pRr lzIffsf kf7\oqmd tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ /fli6o cfjZostf;Fu cfa4 u/L ltgLxnfO{
cg';Gwfgd"ns Pjd\ k|j4{gfTds agfOg]5 . -%_
37. pRr lzIff P]g hf/L u/L pRr lzIffdf ljljwLs/0f / u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ub}{ k|efjsf/L
kdf lgodg ul/g]5 . -%, ^_
38. k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffdf ;xh / ;/n kx'Frsf nflu ;fdflhs Gofosf
cfwf/df nfut cg'bfg, nfut ;fem]bf/L / nfut p7\tLsf] cfwf/df z'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{
gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 . -%_

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 135

 39. b'u{d tyf dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf\ssf cfwf/df kl5 k/]sf If]qxdf ;DefJotfsf
cfwf/df k|ljlw pGd'v cf\lus SofDk;xsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -%_
40. k|To]s k|b]zdf ;Gt'lnt z}lIfs ljsf;sf nflu sDtLdf Pp6f ljZjljBfno, d]l8sn
sn]h / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos pRr z}lIfs ;+:Yffsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -%=@_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= k|f/lDes afnlzIff
1. rf/ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ k|f/lDes afnlzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{
ljBfno ;+/rgfleq} k|f/lDes afnlzIff ;~rfng .
2. b'u{d tyf clt lk5l8Psf] If]q Pjd\ ;d'bfo s]lGt u/L gofF k"j{k|fylds ljBfno
lj:tf/ .
3. k|f/lDes afnlzIffnfO{ Jojl:yt kdf ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ z}lIfs
;fdu|L Joj:yfkg cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf .
4. k"j{k|fylds lzIfssf] Ifdtf ljsf; tyf k|f/lDes afn lzIff sfo{qmdsf] lbuf] tyf
u'0ffTds ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo :t/df ;xsfo{ .
v= cfwf/e"t lzIff
1. cfwf/e"t lzIffnfO{ lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf .
2. cfwf/e"t lzIffdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ljleGg k|f]T;fxgd"ns
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
3. tf]lsPsf If]qxdf ljBfno lbjf vfhf sfo{qmd, 5fqj[lQsf sfo{qmdx, j}slNks
z}lIfs sfo{qmd .
4. b'u{d, lxdfnL, clt lk5l8Psf If]q, ju{ Pjd\ ckftf ePsf afnaflnsf;d]tsf
nflu cfjf;Lo ljBfnox ;~rfng .
5. ;dod} lgMz'Ns kf7\ok':ts ljt/0f .
6. e"sDkaf6 k'u]sf] Ifltsf] k'glg{df{0f, ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;'wf/ .
7. u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu Go"gtd l;sfO jftfj/0f lgdf{0f .
8. lzIfs Joj:yfkg, kb tyf b/aGbL ldnfg, lzIfs tflnd .
9. afnd}qL lzIf0f l;sfO k|j4{gsf nflu l;sfO ;fdu|L cg'bfg, k|f/lDes sIffdf
k9fO ;Lk ljsf; sfo{qmd, ax' ju{ lzIf0f, dft[efiffdf lzIff .
10. lzIf0fdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u .
11. k':tsfno tyf l;sfO s'gf :yfkgf .
12. sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f;DaGwL sfo{qmd .
u= dfWolds lzIff
1. dfWolds lzIffdf kx'Fr tyf l6sfp b/ a9fpg Go"gtd l;sfO jftfj/0f tof/
ug]{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
2. e"sDkaf6 k'u]sf] Ifltsf] k'glg{df{0f .

136 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 3. v'nf tyf j}slNks z}lIfs sfo{qmd, k|f]T;fxgd"ns sfo{qmd, ljleGg 5fqj[lQ
ljt/0f, sIff !) ;Dd lgMz'Ns kf7ok':ts ljt/0f .
4. cfjf;Lo tyf 3'DtL ljBfno ;~rfng .
5. dfWolds lzIffdf u'0f:t/ clej[l4 \ sf nflu gd"gf ljBfnosf] ljsf; tyf
;~rfng .
6. ljBfnodf k|wfgfWofkssf] 5'} kbLo Joj:yf .
7. lzIfs tflnd, lj1fg k|of]uzfnf tyf k':tsfno :yfkgf .
8. lzIf0fdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, lj1fg, ul0ft tyf c\u|]hL ljifodf
ljBfyL{nfO{ yk ;xof]u k'ofpg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 b"/ lzIff, ljB'tLo
cGt/lqmofTds l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; tyf k|of]u .
9. sIff ( b]lv g} Jofj;flos / k|fljlws lzIffsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ .
10. dfWolds txsf] cGTo;Dddf ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\oqmd;Fu cfa4 x'g] u/L clgjfo{
:jo+;]jssf] kdf kl/rfng .
11. sIff !! / !@ df lj1fg ljifosf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ tyf yk ;xof]uh:tf sfo{qmdx
;~rfng ul/g'sf ;fy} k|wfgfWofks tyf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] Ifdtf
ljsf; u/L Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/sf nflu cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0fdf ;+nUgtf a9fpg]
sfo{qmd .
12. dfWolds lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{ u/L qmdzM lgMz'Ns ub{} nlug] sfo{qmd .
3= cgf}krfl/s lzIff
1. ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gdfkm{t ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ;a} lhNnfnfO{
;fIf/ 3f]if0ff ug]{ sfo{qmd .
2. ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gsf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L lg/Gt/ lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
3. cgf}krfl/s lzIffaf6 k|fKt 1fgsf] ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f tyf k|df0fLs/0f .
4. v'nf tyf b"/ lzIff sfo{qmd, ljkGg ;d'bfo nlIft j}slNks z}lIfs sfo{qmdx
lj:tf/ Pjd\ ;~rfng tyf j}slNks z}lIfs sfo{qmd / cf}krfl/s lzIffsf
sfo{qmdaLr ;x;DaGw :yfkgf .
5. nf]kf]Gd'v hghflt, dlxnf, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm Pjd\ of}lgs tyf n}ls
cNk;\Vos ju{sf nflu nlIft ;Lk ljsf;sf sfo{qmd tyf gj;fIf/xnfO{
hLjgko{Gt tyf cfocfh{gd"ns l;sfO sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
6. ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnL d"nsf afnaflnsfxnfO{ g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf]
k|j4{g x'g] u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ sfo{qmd .
= k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd
1. k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffdf kx'Fr clej[l4sf nflu dfWolds txsf] sIff (
b]lv Jofj;flos lzIff lj:tf/ .
2. ;a} k|b]z ;d]6\g] u/L kf]ln6]lSgs OlG:6Ro'6 ;~rfng .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 137

 3. k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ / k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos
tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4, k|fljlws lzIffdf kx'Fr lj:tf/sf nflu
sfo{qmd ;~rfng, k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd sf]ifsf] :yfkgf .
4. u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfxnfO{ yk hjfkmb]xL agfpFb} cg'udg
tyf lg/LIf0fh:tf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
5. k/Dk/fut 1fg ;Lksf] k|j4{g ub{} /f]huf/Ld"ns / pBdzLntf ljsf; x'g] z}lIfs
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; .
r= pRr lzIff
1. d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;d[l4 x'g] u/L 1fgdf cfwfl/t cg';Gwfgd"ns pRr lzIffsf]
ljsf; ug]{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
2. z}lIfs u'0f:t/sf] lgwf{/0f / dfkg, ;Gt'lnt z}lIfs ljsf;sf] nflu k|To]s k|b]zdf
Ps Ps cf]6f ljZjljBfno / d]l8sn sn]h :yfkgf .
3. pRr lzIffdf kx'Fr clej[l4sf nflu v'nf ljZjljBfno nufot v'nf Pjd\ b"/
lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; .
4. s[lif tyf jg, kof{j/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, lrlsT;f lj1fg, cfo'j]{b, ko{6g,
OlGhlgol/, hnljB't\, gjLs/0fLo pmhf{, pBf]u tyf Jofkf/nufotsf cGo gj
k|jt{gLo If]q;Fu ;Da4 sfo{d"ns Pjd\ /f]huf/ pGd'v pRr lzIffsf] ljsf; /
lj:tf/ .
5. u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttfsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
6. z}lIfs k|df0fq lwtf] /fvL ;x'lnotk"0f{ C0f pknAw u/fOg] Joj:yfsf nflu
sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
7. pRr lzIffsf kf7\oqmd tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ /fli6o cfjZostf;Fu cfa4 u/L pRr
lzIffdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{nfO{ clgjfo{ kdf :jo+;]jssf kdf kl/rfng /
k/LIff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ tyf z}lIfs Sofn]G8/ sfof{Gjog .
8. j}b]lzs If]qaf6 ;DaGwg k|fKt dfWolds, pRr lzIff / cGo z}lIfs k/fdz{bft[
;+:yfxsf] yk Joj:yfkg / lgodg .
5= z}lIfs Joj:yfkg
1. z}lIfs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/L l56f]5l/tf] Pjd\
k|efjsf/L / ;do;fk]If agfpg sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
2. ;\3Lo :jk cg's"n z}lIfs k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf tof/ u/L tYodf cfwfl/t
of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog / glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t
d"Nofg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; .
3. z}lIfs ;'zf;g tyf ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ yk ;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ gLltut tyf
k|lqmofut k|0ffnL ;'wf/df o;sf] pkof]u ug{] sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
4. z}lIfs ;+:yfdf gofF aGg] ef}lts ;+/rgfx ljleGg vfn] ljkb\ k|lt/f]wL tyf
ckfd}qL agfpg] / ;du| z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;'wf/sf nflu s]Gb]lv :yfgLo
tx;Ddsf hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf clej[l4;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng .

138 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

$= ck]lIft pknlAw
of]hgfsf] cGTodf !% b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] ;fIf/tf b/ (@ k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
sIff Psdf afnljsf;sf] cg'ej;lxt egf{ x'g cfpg] afnaflnsfxsf] ;\Vof &* k|ltzt
k'u]sf] / cfwf/e"t tx sIff !* sf] v'b egf{b/ ($ k|ltzt tyf dfWolds tx sIff (!@ sf]
v'b egf{b/ $% k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 . ;fy}, sIff * / !) sf] l6sfp b/ qmdzM *) / %)
k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 . ;a} ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf j8fxdf ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|
:yfkgf ePsf] x'g]5 . pRr lzIffdf lj1fg ljifo cWoog/t ljBfyL{ ;\Vof % k|ltzt k'u]sf] /
pRr lzIffdf ;xh} b]lvg] egf{b/ @) k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 . u'0f:t/Lo k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos
tflndsf] kx'Frsf nflu cfwf/ ;'lglZrt ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=$=$ :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f
!= k[i7e"ld
;+ljwfgn] k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns k|fKt ug]{ Pjd\
:jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;dfg kx'Fr k|fKt x'g] ljifonfO{ df}lns xssf] kdf k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 .
gful/snfO{ :j:y agfpg /fHon] :jf:Yo If]qdf nufgL clej[l4 ug]{ Pjd\ u'0f:t/Lo, ;xh,
;'ne :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;dfg kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;a}sf] :j:y hLjg k|Tofe"t u/L lbuf] ljsf;
;'lglZrt ug{'kg]{ bfloTj klg ;+ljwfgaf6} lgb]{l{zt 5 .
ljut tyf rfn' of]hgfxdf ;~rflnt :jf:Yo ;]jfsf ljleGg sfo{qmdxsf] kmn:jk
lzz' d'To'b/ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf_ / gjhft lzz' d[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf_ qmdzM
## / @# df em/]sf] 5 . ;fy} kfFr jif{d'lgsf] afn d[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf_ #* tyf
dft[ d[To'b/ -k|ltnfv hLljt hGddf_ df @%* df em/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] ;fwg
k|of]u b/ $(=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] s'n k|hgg b/ -!%$( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf k|ltdlxnfn]
hGd lbPsf aRrfsf] cf};t ;\Vof_ @=# /x]sf] 5 . tf}n gk'u]sf aRrfsf] k|ltzt 36]/ @*=*
k'u]sf] 5 . Ifo/f]usf] ;kmn pkrf/ () k|ltzt / cfof]l8go'Qm g'g pkof]u ug]{ 3/w'/L *!=!
k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . :jf:Yo;DaGwL pk/f]Qm ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf Pjd\ lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo xfl;n
ug{ of]ubfg ug]{ ;f]rsf ;fy :jf:Yo If]qsf] k|j4{g ug{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] ;\3Lo :jk, ef}uf]lns Pjd\ hg;\Vofsf] cg'kft cg'k
:jf:Yo ;+:yfxsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug{', lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ul/g] cf}ifwL cfjZostfsf cfwf/df
pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy} To;sf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{', :jf:Yo ;]jf k|jfxsf] lgoldt lgodg /
cg'udg ug{', ;a}sf] nflu :jf:Yo ladf nfu' ug{', j}b]lzs ;xof]usf] kl/rfng tyf pkof]unfO{

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 139

k|efjsf/L agfpg ;dGjo sfod ug{', e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t :jf:Yo ;+/rgfxsf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{
sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbO{ rfF8f]eGbf rfF8f] :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ ;'rf? ug{' :jf:Yo If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tLx
x'g\ .
cj;/
:jf:Yo ;+:yfxsf] b]zJofkL ;~hfn tof/ x'g', bIf :jf:YosdL{ tyf cTofw'lgs k|ljlw /
pks/0fxsf] pknAwtf, ;j{;fwf/0fxsf] :jf:Yo ;]jf / kf]if0fsf] dxjaf/] a9\bf] hfu/0f /
k|efjsf/L :jf:Yo ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu ul/Psf] ljleGg gLltut Joj:yfsf sf/0f ;x;|fAbL ljsf;
nIodf ;Gtf]ifhgs k|ult, /fli6o :jf:Yo gLlt, @)&!, ;x/L :jf:Yo gLlt, @)&@, tyf g]kfn
:jf:Yo If]q /0fgLlt -@)&@@)&&_ sf] th{'dfnufot ljutsf pknlAwxnfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{
:jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ yk Jojl:yt / u'0f:t/o'Qm agfpg] cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;a} hgtfsf] kx'Frdfkm{t :j:y / ;an gful/s ljsf; .
#=@ nIo
;a} gful/snfO{ u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfx lgMz'Ns kdf pknAw u/fpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
1. ;a} ju{, If]q / ;d'bfosf gful/sxsf] cfwf/e"t tyf u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf
;dtfd"ns kx'Fr clej[l4 u/fpg' .
2. :j:y hgzlQm tof/ ug'{, /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf a9fpg' tyf u'0f:t/Lo / kf]if0fo'Qm
vfB ;fdu|Ldf kx'Fr a9fpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;a}sf] ;xh kx'Fr x'g] u/L k|efjsf/L kdf ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg] .
2. kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/fsf] af/]df r]tgf a9fpFb} o;;DaGwL ;]jfsf] kx'Fr cfd gful/s;Dd
k'ofpg] .
3. gjhft lzz' d[To'b/, lzz' d[To'b/ / afn d[To'b/ 36fpg] / cf};t cfo' a9fpg] .
4. u'0f:t/Lo cf}ifwL tyf :jf:Yo ;fdu|Lsf] cfGtl/s pTkfbgnfO{ hf]8 lbg] .
5. :jf:Yo If]qdf lghL, ;xsf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] ;+nUgtf j[l4 u/L tL If]qxaf6 x'g]
nufgLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ .

140 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 6. b]zdf pknAw h8La'6Lsf] Joj:yfkg / pkof]u ub}{ cfo'j]{b lrlsT;f k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
tyf k|rlnt cGo k"/s lrlsT;f k|0ffnLxsf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ Jojl:yt ljsf; ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. :jf:Yo If]qdf nufgL j[l4 u/L :jf:Yo ;]jf ;a} gful/sn] k|fKt ug{;Sg] Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 . -!_
2. cfjZos bIf :jf:Yo hgzlQm of]hgf, pTkfbg, k|flKt, ljsf; tyf pkof]u ul/g]5 . -!_
3. cfjZos cf}ifwL, pks/0f, k|ljlw / bIf :jf:YosdL{x;lxtsf] k|efjsf/L Pjd\
hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ :jf:Yo ;]jf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
4. u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr k'ofpg :jf:Yo ladf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L
qmdzM ;Dk"0f{ :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ nlug]5 . -!_
5. :jf:Yo;DaGwL cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -!_
6. :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0faf/] Jofks hgr]tgf hfu[t x'g] sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
7. ;g]{ jf g;g]{ /f]uxsf af/]df k|j4{gfTds, lg/f]wfTds / pkrf/fTds sfo{qmdx
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
8. ;\3Lo ;+/rgfcg'k k|To]s k|b]zdf kg]{ u/L ljz]if1 ;]jf;lxtsf] ;'ljwf ;DkGg
c:ktfn lgdf{0f k|lqmof cl3 a9fOg]5 . -!_
9. c:ktfn ljsf; ;ldlt tyf :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt Jofj;flos kl/ifb\xnfO{ ;Ifd tyf
hjfkmb]xL agfOg]5 . -!_
10. :jf:Yo If]qdf cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] clwstd k|of]u ul/g]5 . -!_
11. :jf:Yo ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL Pjd\ hgpQ/bfoL agfpg ;'zf;gdf hf]8
lbOg]5 . -!_
12. u'0f:t/Lo Pjd\ :jf:Yoj4{s vfB kbfy{sf] k|of]u a9fpFb} s'kf]if0f Go"gLs/0f ul/g]5 . -@_
13. dft[lzz' kf]if0f cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ljBdfg ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgfsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
14. tof/L vfB j:t'sf] af/]df a9fOr9fO lj1fkg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 . -@_
15. ;'gf}nf xhf/ lbg ;DaGwL hghfu/0f cleofgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . -@_
16. gful/s :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ vfBkbfy{sf] lj1fkg / ahf/ k|j4{gdf aGb]h
nufOg]5 . -@_
17. k|hgg :jf:Yo, ;'/lIft dft[Tj Pjd\ afn tyf lzz' :jf:Yo ;]jf af/]df hgr]tgf
clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -#_

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 141

 18. gjhft lzz' d[To'b/, lzz' d[To'b/, afn d[To'b/ / dft[ d[To'b/ 36fpgsf] nflu k|hgg
:jf:Yo, ;'/lIft dft[Tj, afn tyf lzz' :jf:Yo ;]jfx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
19. cf}ifwL pTkfbgdf d'n'snfO{ qmdzM cfTdlge{/ agfpFb} nlug]5 . -$_
20. c;n pTkfbg k|lqmofcg'k u'0f:t/Lo cf}ifwL pTkfbg Pjd\ cf}ifwLsf] cfoft / laqmL
ljt/0f k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -$_
21. :jf:Yo ;]jf k|jfxdf ;/sf/L, lghL, ;fd'bflos Pjd\ ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ ;d]6\b} u'0ffTds
;]jf ;'lglZrt u/fpg ;'zf;g sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -%_
22. lghL / u}/;/sf/L If]qdf :yflkt :jf:Yo;DaGwL Jofj;flos ;\3;+:yfxaLr :jf:Yo
;]jf k|jfx, cWoog, cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;xsfo{nfO{ a9fjf lbOg]5 . -%_
23. ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt / hg;\Vofsf] cfwf/df k|rlnt ejg ;+lxtf cg';f/ :jf:Yo
;+:yfx lgdf{0f ul/g'sf ;fy} tL ;+/rgfxnfO{ ckfd}qL, afnd}qL tyf e"sDk k|lt/f]wL
agfOg]5 . -%_
24. cfo'j]{b k4ltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu pko'Qm ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ tyf
cfo'j]{lbs cf}ifwL pTkfbg j[l4 ul/g'sf ;fy} cfo'j]{b tyf h8La'6Lsf gfddf x'g] cg'lrt
ultljlwxnfO{ lgodg ul/g]5 . -^_
25. cfo'j]{b k|0ffnLsf] qmda4 ljsf;sf] nflu xf]ldof]KofyL, o'gfgL tyf cGo k"/s lrlsT;f
k|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f, ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/sf nflu bL3{sfnLg of]hgf th{'df u/L nfu'
ul/g]5 . -^_
#=^= k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/
1. afn :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f .
2. kl/jf/ :jf:Yo tyf ;'/lIft dft[Tj .
3. Ifo/f]u lgoGq0f .
4. of}g/f]u tyf Pr=cfO{=eL= / P8\; lgoGq0f .
5. g;g]{ /f]usf] /f]syfd tyf pkrf/ .
6. s'i7/f]u lgjf/0f .
7. cf}nf] sfnfhf/ lgjf/0f .
8. cGo sL6hGo /f]u lgoGq0f Pjd\ k|fs[lts k|sf]k Joj:yfkg .
9. d'v tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yo .
10. cfFvf ;]jf l8k l:6s 6]:6dfkm{t d[uf}nf hfFr .

142 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 11. ljBfno :jf:Yo sfo{qmddfkm{t lgMz'Ns cfFvf hfFr .
12. jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo k|j4{g tyf ;f]sf] nflu ;d"x kl/rfng .
13. dgf];fdflhs tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yo .
14. k|f}9fj:yf (Geriatric) sf] :jf:Yo k|j4{g .
15. hgzlQm ljsf; tyf ;]jf lj:tf/ .
16. yk :jf:Yo ;]jfxsf] lj:tf/ .
17. /Qm ;~rf/ ;]jfsf] :yfkgf tyf lj:tf/ .
18. :jf:Yo lzIff ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ .
19. cfo'j]{b tyf k"/s lrlsT;f .
20. sDtLdf !! k|sf/sf vf]ksf] lgMz'Ns Joj:yfdfkm{t lhNnf:t/df k"0f{ vf]k 3f]if0ff
sfo{ u/L pknAwtfsf] ;'lglZrttf .
21. ljkGgnfO{ gf} k|sf/sf /f]udf lgMz'Ns pkrf/ .
22. ;a} gful/snfO{ d[uf}nfsf] lgMz'Ns 8fonfl;; ;]jf lj:tf/ .
v= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf ;'wf/
1. ;a} k|b]zdf Go"gtd Pp6f kg{] u/L ;/sf/L :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg/d]l8sn sn]h
:yfkgf .
2. k|To]s :yfgLo txdf !% z}ofsf] ;'ljwf ;DkGg c:ktfn :yfkgf .
3. dfkb08 cg'k e"sDknufot cGo ljkb\ k|lt/f]wL tyf ckfd}qL :jf:Yo
;+/rgfxsf] lgdf{0f, dd{t;Def/ tyf :t/f]Gglt .
4. k|fb]lzs :t/df /]km/]G; k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf tyf :t/f]Gglt .
5. c;'/lIft ;+/rgfxsf] lgdf{0f, k'glg{df{0f tyf dd{t;Def/ .
u= cf}ifwL, cf}hf/ tyf pks/0f Joj:yf
1. ax'jifL{o ;Demf}tfsf cfwf/df cf}ifwL vl/b .
2. cf}ifwLsf] u'0f:t/, cfk"lt{ tyf e08f/0fdf gofF k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, e08f/0fsf]
:t/f]Gglt lgMz'Ns cf}ifwLsf] lgoldt / e/kbf]{ pknAwtf .
3. c:ktfn kmfd{];Lsf] ;~rfng .
4. u'0f:t/Lo cTofw'lgs :jf:Yo cf}hf/ pks/0fsf] Joj:yf, clen]vLs/0f, of]hgfa4
dd{t;Def/ tyf k|lt:yfkg .
5. gofF OlGhlgol/ tyf afof]d]l8sn k|ljlw k|of]u .
3= hgzlQm ljsf; tyf u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf
1. :jf:Yo If]qsf nflu cfjZos hgzlQmsf] u'?of]hgf tof/ .
2. ;/sf/L c:ktfnxdf yk ;]jfxsf] lj:tf/ .
3. ;a} lhNnf c:ktfnxdf d]l8sn sn]haf6 bIf lrlsT;ssf] ;]jf pknAwtf .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 143

 4. ;a} ;/sf/L :jf:Yo ;+:yfxdf b/aGbLadf]lhd lrlsT;ssf] Joj:yf .
5. ldl>t bIf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; tyf cfk"lt{ ug{ z}lIfs ;+:yfx;Fu ;xsfo{ .
6. ljBdfg lj1 hgzlQmsf] ;Gt'lnt ljt/0f .
7. Ifdtf ljsf;sf] PsLs[t sfo{qmd .
8. c:ktfnhGo kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg;DaGwL cg';Gwfg .
= kf]if0f;DaGwL sfo{qmd
1. ;'gf}nf xhf/ lbg cleofg .
2. clws kf]if0f tyf Go"g kf]if0f Joj:yfkg / kf]if0f k|j4{g .
3. Ifdtf ljsf; tyf cGo lgsfox;Fu ;dGjo .
r= cfkt\sfnLg :jf:Yo
4. jftfj/0fLo tyf Joj;fohGo :jf:Yo hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f .
5. yf ;d'bfodf cg'jf+lzs /f]usf] kdf /x]sf] l;sn;]n Plgldofsf] klxrfg tyf
/f]syfd (Genetic counseling) sf] Joj:yf .
6. s]Gb]lv :yfgLo :t/;Dd cfsl:ds :jf:Yo sf]ifsf] :yfkgf .
7. zL3| ;Daf]wg ug]{ ljz]if1;lxtsf] 6f]nL (Health Rapid Response Team)
kl/rfng, cf}ifwLnufot cfjZos ;fdu|Lsf] df}Hbftsf] Joj:yf .
8. PsLs[t /f]u lgu/fgL tyf pkrf/ k4lt cjnDag .
9. hgzlQm kl/rfng of]hgf th{'df, /fhdfu{df x'g] b'3{6gfdf k/]sf 3fOt]xsf nflu
zL3| pkrf/sf] nflu cf;kf;sf c:ktfnxdf cfsl:ds Joj:yfkg .
10. hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf cGo k|sf/sf ljkb\sf sf/0fn] lgDTofpg ;Sg] /f]uxsf]
klxrfg u/L Joj:yfkg .
5= ;xsfo{ tyf ;fem]bf/L
1. :jf:Yo ;]jf k|jfxdf ;/sf/L, lghL tyf u}/gfkmfd"ns ;+:yfxsf] ;xsfo{sf nflu
;fem]bf/L gLlt th{'df .
2. ljz]if1sf] pTkfbg tyf ;]jf pkof]usf nflu z}lIfs ;+:yfx;Fu ;xsfo{ .
h= gLltut ;'wf/
1. P]g tyf lgodfjnLxsf] th'{df / ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ .
2. cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf k|jfxsf] nflu sfg'gL vfsf ljsf; .
3. :jf:Yo ;+:yfxsf] cfjZostfsf] gS;fg .
4. lghL :jf:Yo ;+:yfxaf6 ljkGg ju{nfO{ dfq !) k|ltzt ;]jf pknJw u/fpg]
tyf ;f]sf] cg'udg ug{ lhNnf:t/df ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf .
5. dd{t;Def/ of]hgf th{'df .

144 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 em= cfo'j]{b ;]jf tyf cGo j}slNks lrlsT;f
1. ;a} k|b]zxdf cfjZostfg';f/ cfo'j{]lbsnufot cGo j}slNks lrlsT;f ljlwsf
;]jf lj:tf/ .
2. cfo'j{]lbs cf}ifwLsf] cg';Gwfg, pTkfbg, u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f tyf ljt/0f / Wofg .
`= ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf ;'zf;g
1. cf}ifwLsf] cfk"lt{ tyf u'0f:t/ lgodg / sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/ .
2. cf}ifwL Joj:yf ljefusf] Ifdtf clej[l4 .
3. ;"rgf Joj:yfkgsf nflu Ifdtf ljsf; .
4. ljB'tLo clen]vLs/0f tyf k|ltj]bg k|0ffnL ljsf; .
5. lhNnf c:ktfn tyf k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gxdf lrlsT;sxsf] pkl:ylt
;'lglZrt ug{ k|To]s lhNnfdf lrlsT;ssf] hu]8f b/aGbLsf] Joj:yf .
6. glthfd'vL cg'udg tyf d"Nofg k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf Ifdtf ljsf; .
7. lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] n]vfhf]vf .
6= :jf:Yo If]q nufgLsf] klxrfg tyf bLuf]kgf
1. :jf:Yo ladf sfo{qmdsf] yfngL / lj:tf/ .
2. :jf:Yo If]qdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] tkm{af6 ePsf] vr{sf] klxrfgsf] nflu n]vfg
k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf .
3. ;/sf/L :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf nflu sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t ah]6 ljt/0f .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
of]hgf cjlwdf kfFr jif{d'lgsf] afn d[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf_ 36]/ #) k'u]sf], dft[
d[To'b/ -k|ltnfv hLljt hGddf_ !$% k'u]sf], gjhft lzz' d[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf_
36]/ @) k'u]sf]], s'n k|hgg b/ -!%$( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf k|ltdlxnfn] hGd lbPsf aRrfsf]
cf};t ;\Vof_ @=! k'u]sf]], *& k|ltzt Ifo/f]uL la/fdLx kQf nfu]sf] / kfFr jif{d'lgsf
aRrfxdWo] k'8\sf]kgf -pd]/cg';f/ prfO sd_ ePsf aRrfxsf] k|ltzt 36]/ #@ k'u]sf]
x'g]5 .
$=$=% vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO
!= k[i7e"ld
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;]jf cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] kdf :yflkt 5 . vfg]kfgLsf]
kx'FrnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf df}lns xssf] kdf g} JofVof ePaf6 o; If]qdf yk hf]8 lbg'
cfjZos ePsf] 5 . xfn cfwf/e"t :t/sf] vfg]kfgL ;]jfsf] ;+/rgf k'u]sf] hg;\Vof *#=^
k|ltzt / ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfaf6 nfeflGjt hg;\Vof *! k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . pRrdWod:t/sf]

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 145

vfg]kfgL ;]jfaf6 nfeflGjt hg;\Vof !% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . vfg]kfgLsf] lj:tf/ / u'0f:t/ j[l4
ug]{, ;x/L / cw{;x/L vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;'b[9Ls/0fsf ;fy} ;tx ;|f]taf6 kfgLsf]
cfk"lt{ gk'u ePsf] cj:yfdf jiff{t\sf] kfgL ;ng ug]{ k4lt ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / plrt pkof]u ug]{ / d'n'snfO{ v'nf lb;flk;fad'Qm If]qsf] 3f]if0ff
u/L jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfOdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . oL ;a} k|of;af6 vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO
If]qsf] lbuf] ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
jftfj/0fLo k|efj, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0f / cJojl:yt a:tL ljsf;sf sf/0f
vfg]kfgLsf ;|f]tx ;'Sb} hfg' / ;|f]t k|b"lift x'g', :jf:YonfO{ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfsf]
cleGg c\usf kdf n}hfg g;Sg', lgdf{0ffwLg cfof]hgfx ;dod} ;DkGg ug{ g;lsg', a9\bf]
a;fOF;/fOsf sf/0f ;x/L If]qdf vfg]kfgLsf] cTolws dfu /xg', ;x/L a:tLdf 9nlgsf;
Jojl:yt u/L gbLgfnf, kf]v/L cflbsf] ;+/If0f / :jR5tf sfod ug{ sl7gfO x''g' Pjd\ vfg]kfgL
tyf ;/;kmfOsf If]qdf ;+nUg ;/f]sf/jfnfxaLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo x'g g;Sg' o; If]qsf
k|d'v r'gf}tLx x'g\ .
cj;/
5'} ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfosf] kdf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO dGqfnosf] u7g x'g', kfgL tyf
;/;kmfO ;]jf Pjd\ ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/df :yfgLo lgsfo, ljsf; ;fem]bf/,
cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf pkef]Qmf ;ldltx / gful/ssf] ;xeflutf
a9\b} hfg', ljleGg txdf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO tyf :jR5tf ;dGjo ;ldltx lqmofzLn /xg'
/ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmdn] ;fdflhs cleofgsf] k lng' cflb sf/0fxn] ubf{ o; If]qdf cfzftLt
;'wf/ ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g uPsf] 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
e/kbf]{, u'0f:t/Lo / ;j{;'ne vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;]jfaf6 gful/ssf] :jf:Yo tyf
hLjgz}nLdf ;'wf/ .
#=@ nIo
;a} hg;\VofnfO{ cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
1. ;a}hg;\VofnfO{ cfwf/e"t :t/sf] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;]jf pknAw u/fpg' .
2. dWod tyf pRr :t/sf] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;]jf lj:tf/ ug'{ .

146 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

#=$ /0fgLlt
1. cfwf/e"t :t/sf] vfg]kfgL ;]jf ;a} hg;\VofnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] .
2. ;a} hg;\VofnfO{ cfwf/e"t :t/sf] ;/;kmfO tyf zf}rfnosf] ;'ljwf k'ofpg] .
3. hnjfo' cg's"ng cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f, hnfwf/ If]q tyf k/Dk/fut ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f /
e"ldut kfgLsf] k'ge{/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
4. ;x/L tyf ;x/ pGd'v If]qdf 9n tyf kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfsf
;fy cufl8 a9fpg] .
5. t/fO{dw]zdf ljBdfg vfg]kfgL ;d:of tyf cf;]{lgs k|b"if0f Go"gLs/0f ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO / :jR5tf;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf th'{df ul/g]5 . -!_
2. /fli6o vfg]kfgL u'0f:t/ lgb]{lzsf kl/dfh{g ul/g'sf ;fy} u'0f:t/ u'?of]hgf sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -!_
3. 7"nf ;x/xsf vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf;;DaGwL cfof]hgfx :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . -!_
4. vfg]kfgL tyf 9n;DaGwL dx;'n lgwf{/0f k|lqmofnfO{ kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 . -!_
5. ;'Vvfu|:t If]qsf] klxrfg u/L a[xt\ klDk cfof]hgf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
6. t/fO{dw]; tyf efj/ If]qdf vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{sf nflu 7"nf gbLxaf6 yf]skfgL cfk"lt{
k|0ffnLsf] cWoog u/L pko'Qm cfof]hgfx ;'? ul/g]5 . -!_
7. e"sDk k|efljt vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfxsf] k'g:yf{kgf ul/g]5 . -!_
8. d]nDrLnufotsf 7"nf vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfxnfO{ oyfzL3| ;DkGg ul/g]5 . -!_
9. Ps 3/ Ps zf}rfno sf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -@_
10. ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;a} vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfx ;DkGg ul/g]5 . -@_
11. dWo tyf k"jL{ t/fO{sf * lhNnfdf ;/;kmfOsf ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
12. x/]s lhNnfsf] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO of]hgf cBfjlws ul/g]5 . -@_
13. b]zsf cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts dxjsf gbLgfnfx tyf cGo kfgLsf
;|f]tx / tfntn}ofxsf] ;+/If0f tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ ;~rfngdf
NofOg]5 . -@_
14. ;fj{hlgs :yn, ;+:yf / dflg;sf] cfjfudg a9L x'g] :yfgxdf ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno
lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -@_

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 147

 15. u|fdL0f ;x/L tyf cw{;x/L If]qsf] vfg]kfgL ;]jf ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu hnfzoo'Qm
vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfxsf] cWoog u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -#_
16. hnjfo' cg's"ng cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f, hnfwf/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f, k/Dk/fut ;|f]tsf]
;+/If0f ug'{sf ;fy} e"ldut kfgLsf] k'gMe/0fh:tf sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -#_
17. vfg]kfgL / cGo k|of]hgsf] nflu kfgLsf] ljj]szLn k|of]usf] lglDt hgr]tgf clej[l4
ul/g]5 . -#_
18. 3/3/df jiff{t\sf] kfgL ;ng / k|of]usf] nflu sfo{qmd NofOg]5 . -#_
19. ef}ule{s kfgLsf] bf]xg;DaGwL k|efjsf/L lgodg Joj:yf nfu' ul/g]5 . -#_
20. vfg]kfgL ;|f]txsf] clen]vg ul/g]5 . -#_
21. k|:tfljt k|b]zxsf] ;Defljt /fhwfgL, k|d'v Zfx/, gu/kflnsf / ufpFkflnsfdf
vfg]kfgL, 9n lgsf; tyf k|zf]wg cfof]hgfxsf] cWoog u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De
ul/g]5 . -$_
22. gbLsf] :jR5tf / ;+/If0fsf] nflu ljs]lGb|t 9n k|zf]wg k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{ sfo{qmd
k|efjsf/L kdf cufl8 agfOg]5 . -$_
23. cf;]{lgsnufot vfg]kfgL;Fu ;DalGwt cGo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu t/fO{dw]z
If]qdf ;f]nf/ klDk;lxtsf] vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -%_
24. ;'Vvf If]q /x]sf t/fO{dw]zdf vfg]kfgL lj:tf/ u/L kf]v/L lgdf{0f, kfgL ;ng
s]Gb|h:tf j}slNks pkfo cgfOg]5 . -%_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgL ;]jf
1. qmdfut kdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfxsf] Ps 3/ Ps wf/f
cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t eO{ lgdf{0f Pjd\ lj:tf/ .
2. ;x/L If]qdf pkef]Qmfxsf] ;xnufgLdf vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx ;~rfng .
3. u|fdL0f If]qdf vfg]kfgL ;]jf lj:tf/, lgdf{0f / ;~rfngsf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
4. ;'Vvfu|:t If]qdf vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx lgdf{0f .
5. hnfzoo'Qm cfof]hgfxsf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] yfngL .
6. a[xt\ klDk cfof]hgfx lgdf{0f u/L ;~rfng .
7. jiff{t\sf] kfgL ;ng tyf pkof]u vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx ;~rfng .
8. t/fO{ dw]zdf JofKt vfg]kfgL ;d:of lg/fs/0fsf] nflu ;f]nf/ klDk k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t t/fO{ dw]; vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf ;~rfng .

148 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 9. r'/] efj/ If]qdf 7"nf gbLxaf6 yf]s ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t vfg]kfgL
cfof]hgfx ;~rfng .
v= vfg]kfgL u'0f:t/ tyf ;]jf:t/ clej[l4
1. vfg]kfgL u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu vfg]kfgL ;'/Iff of]hgf, kfgL k|zf]wg
k|ljlwnufotsf u'0f:t/ ;'wf/;DaGwL sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
2. t/fO dw]z If]qdf cf;]{lgsd'Qm vfg]kfgL ;]jf ljt/0fsf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
3. u'0f:t/ j[l4sf] nflu ;xnufgLdf cfwfl/t vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx ;~rfng .
4. d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf k|yd r/0f ;DkGg / bf]>f] r/0fsf] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog .
5. a9L hg3gTj ePsf lhNnf ;b/d'sfd, gu/kflnsfx / gu/ pGd'v If]qxdf
7"nf tyf ;fgf ;x/L vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx ;~rfng .
u= dd{t;Def/, k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf
1. ljutdf ;DkGg eO{ xfn cf+lzs jf k"0f{ kdf Ifltu|:t cfof]hgfx dd{t ;'wf/ .
2. vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx lbuf] kdf ;~rfng x'g] u/L k'glg{df{0f tyf ;]jf
k'g:yf{kgf;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
3. 8Lk 6\o"j]n tyf On]S6f]d]sflgsn pks/0fxsf] k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmdx Ps 3/
Ps wf/f sf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ ;~rfng .
4. hnjfo' kl/jt{g k|efj Go"gLs/0fsf nflu e"ldut hn e08f/, k'ge{/0f, jiff{t\sf]
kfgL ;ng sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
5. cfof]hgf rqmdf hnfwf/ tyf ;|f]t ;+/If0fnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L ;~rfng .
6. 7"nf, demf}nf / ;fgf ;a} k|sf/sf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfxsf]
dd{t;Def/ Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ tyf sfof{Gjog .
3= ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf / ;]jf :t/ clej[l4
1. b]zJofkL cleofgsf] kdf ;~rfng ul/g] jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfcGtu{t
k"0f{ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
2. vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfdf cfa4 ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd, b]zsf ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf
ko{6sLo dxjsf gbLgfnf, tfntn}of / kfgLsf ;|f]txsf] jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg
sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
3. sf7df08f} pkTosfdf 9n Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfsf] lg/Gt/tf .
4. :oflg6/L 9n tyf k|zf]wg k|0ffnL] lgdf{0f .
5. ;a} gu/kflnsf, ;a} lhNnf ;b/d'sfd / ;a} k|fb]lzs /fhwfgLxdf PsLs[t
kdf vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf;sf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
6. ;fj{hlgs :yfg / ;/sf/L sfof{noxdf ;kmf zf}rfno sfo{qmd .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 149

 7.
jfudtL gbL k|0ffnLnfO{ 9nd'St agfpg] sfo{sf] k|fyldstf ;fy sfof{Gjog .
= Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/
1. ;+:yfut ;'wf/ tyf Ifdtf clej[l4;DaGwL sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
2. vfg]kfgL ;]jf lgodg tyf cg'udg / ;"rgf Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;anLs/0f .
3. :yfgLo lgsfo, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, ;fd'bflos, u}=;=;= / ;Da4 lgsfo tyf
cfof]hgfsf sd{rf/Lxsf] ;Lk, 1fg tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 .
4. vfg]kfgL d"No lgwf{/0f j}1flgs agfpFb} vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfnfO{ :yfloTj / lbuf]kgf
lbg] .
5. hldgd'lgsf] vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]t e08f/ gS;fg / ;|f]taf6 kfgL lems]sf] lgoldt
cg'udg .
6. vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qdf ;+nUg /fli6o, cGt/f{li6o, ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L
;a} lgsfo, ;\3;+:yfxsf] sfo{sf] clen]vfTds gS;fg .
7. vfg]kfgL ;]jf gk'u]sf] If]qxsf klxrfg u/L ;]jf kx'Fr lj:tf/ .
8. vfg]kfgL r'xfj6 x'g] :yfgxsf] klxrfg u/L Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
of]hgfsf] k|yd jif{df *^ k|ltzt, bf];|f] jif{df ** k|ltzt / t];|f] jif{df () k|ltzt
vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'u]sf] x'g]5 . cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfO{ ;]jfdf k|yd jif{df *$ k|ltzt, bf];|f] jif{df *&
k|ltzt / t];|f] jif{df *( k|ltzt hgtfsf] kx'Fr k'u]sf] x'g]5 . pRrdWod:t/sf] vfg]kfgL
;]jfsf] kx'Fr k|yd jif{df @) k|ltzt, bf];|f] jif{df @% k|ltzt / t];|f] jif{df #) k|ltzt hgtfdf
k'u]sf] x'g]5 eg] lgdf{0f eP/ klg ;~rfngdf g/x]sf vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfxsf] dd{t;Def/ tyf
k'g:yf{kgf eO{ ;~rfngdf cfPsf] x'g]5 .
$=$=^ afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/L
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] s'n hg;\VofdWo] #(=* k|ltzt !^ jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L
!)!( jif{ ;d"xsf afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/L @$=@ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . afnaflnsf tyf
lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] nflu afn arfj6, ;+/If0f, ;xeflutf / ljsf;;DaGwL /0fgLlt lnO{ ljleGg
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . b]ze/L @@,$%& afnSna u7g tyf ;~rfng, d'n'se/
#%,!&$ k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|xsf] ;~rfng, ;8s afnaflnsfsf] p4f/, ;+/If0f tyf
Joj:yfkg dfu{bz{g, @)&@ sf] sfof{Gjog, g]kfnf/f afnclwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;\3Lo
dxf;lGw, !(*( sf] cg'df]bg / cGo afn clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGw / OR5fwLg
cfn]vxdf u/]sf] k|lta4tfcg';f/sf sfo{qmd;d]t ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . afnaflnsf tyf
lszf]/lszf]/Lxsf] z}lIfs ;xeflutfdf pNn]Vo j[l4 ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn]

150 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

afnaflnsfsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] kdf k|Tofe"t u/]cg'k pgLxsf xsclwsf/xsf]
pkef]usf nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug{' cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/Lxn] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{',
;DalGwt lgsfo tyf dGqfnoxaLr afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/L;DaGwL sfo{qmdxdf ;dGjo
Nofpg', afn Gofok|0ffnL tyf afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;g k4ltnfO{ Jojxf/df k"0f{ kdf ptfg{' /
aflnsf tyf lszf]/Ldfly x'g] lx+;f Pjd\ k/Dk/fut xflgsf/s k|rngnfO{ k"0f{ kdf lgoGq0f
ug'{ o; If]qsf r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lxsf] lzIffdf pNn]Vo ;xeflutf x'g', :jf:Yo If]qdf ;'wf/
x'g', afnaflnsfsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] kdf ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt x'g', :yfgLo lgsfoaf6
afnlxt sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g', afnclwsf/k|ltsf] ;r]tgfdf j[l4 x'g', afnlxtsf] nflu ;/sf/L
lgsfoxaLr ;dGjo x'g', afnd}qL :yfgLo lgsfo 3f]if0ff x'g', ;8s afnaflnsfsf] p4f/, /fxt
tyf dgf]ljdz{ / kfl/jfl/s k'gld{ng, k'gP{sLs/0f tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf] nflu afn x]NknfOg ;'?
x'g', x/fPsf afnaflnsfsf] vf]htnf; ug{ afnaflnsf vf]htnf; ;dGjo s]Gb|sf] lgMz'Ns
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lg/Gt/ ;~rfng x'g' / afn Ohnf; u7g x'g'h:tf ljifox o; If]qsf cj;/x
x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] xs clwsf/ ;+/If0f ub}{ pgLxnfO{ ;Ifd / of]Uo
gful/s aGg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f .
#=@ nIo
afnaflnsf lj4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s lx+;f, Iflt jf b'Jo{jxf/af6
afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/LnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] ;du| clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug'{ .
2. afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/Lpk/ x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj, zf]if0f, lx+;f, pk]Iff /
b'Jo{jxf/sf] cGTo ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. afnaflnsfnfO{ uef{j:yfb]lv g} cfjZos :jf:Yo / kf]if0f ;]jf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 151

 2. afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / af}l4s ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] .
3. afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/L lj4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;f cGTosf nflu lg/f]wfTds,
pkrf/fTds / k|j4{gfTds pkfo cjnDag ug]{ .
4. ;a} k|sf/sf afn>d Go"gLs/0f tyf lgif]w ug]{ .
5. ;8s afnaflnsfsf] p4f/, ;+/If0f, lgoGq0f ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. uef{j:yfdf cfdf / lzz'sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu kf]if0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
2. uef{j:yfb]lv hGdkZrft\ pknAw u/fOg] vf]k, le6fldg P, kf]lnof]h:tf cfwf/e"t
:jf:Yo ;]jfsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
3. afnaflnsfsf] nflu lgMz'Ns kdf pknAw u/fOg] :jf:Yo ;'ljwfsf] lj:tf/ /
u'0f:t/df j[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
4. PrcfO{eL P8\; ;\qmldt afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;xh kx'Fr
agfOg]5 . -!_
5. afnaflnsfxsf] hGdbtf{nfO{ clgjfo{ u/L k|f/lDes afnljsf; k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt
ul/g]5 . -@_
6. cfgf] wf/0ff agfpg ;Ifd afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/LxnfO{ cfk"m;Fu ;Da4 ;a}
ljifoxdf cfgf] ljrf/ cleJoQm ug{ kfpg] cj;/ lbO{ ljleGg txsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf
afn ;xeflutf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
7. afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;g k|0ffnL cg'k ;a} :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf
kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
8. afn;+/If0f ;ldlt / afnSna ;~rfng / kl/rfngdf :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 ;xof]u
k'ofOg]5 . -@_
9. ;dfhdf k|rngdf /x]sf ljleGg xflgsf/s cEof;sf ;fy} afnaflnsf tyf
lszf]/lszf]/L pk/ x'g] lx+;fnfO{ /f]syfd ug{ sf/0f klxrfg u/L cfjZos lg/f]wfTds
pkfosf] cjnDag ul/g]5 . -#_
10. lx+;faf6 k|efljt afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lxsf] pko'Qm ;+/If0fsf ;fy}
pgLxnfO{ sfg'gL ;xfotf tyf cfjZos pkrf/fTds ;]jf pknAw u/fOg]5 . -#_
11. a]rlavg, afn>dnufot cGo lx+;fdf k/]sf afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lsf nflu
/fxt, k'g:yf{{kgf, kfl/jfl/s k'gld{ng / sfg'gL tyf dgf]j}1flgs k/fdz{ ;]jfsf
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
12. afnljjfx, rfF8f] x'g] ljjfx / ha/h:tL ljjfx lj4 ;fdflhs hfu/0f Nofpg
;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdnfO{ ;d'bfo :t/;Dd lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -#_

152 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 13. sfg'gL ljjfbdf k/]sf afnaflnsfxsf] cfr/0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg Pjd\ pgLxsf]
lzIffbLIffnufot hLjgf]kof]uL / Jofj;flos ;Lk k|j4{g;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg
ul/g]5 . -#_
14. 36gf Joj:yfkgnufot afnaflnsfxnfO{ k|jfx ul/g] ;]jf afnd}qL, l56f], 5l/tf]
agfpg ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf ;fy} ;f]sf] cg'udg / ;dGjo ug]{
lgsfosf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 . -#_
15. ;a} k|sf/sf afn>dnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ o;nfO{ lgif]w ul/g]5 . -$_
16. afnaflnsfnfO{ cg'zf;gsf gfddf lbOg] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ;hfonfO{ kl/jf/,
;d'bfo, ljBfnoaf6 lgT;fxg ug{ ;sf/fTds cg'zf;g k4ltnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
ul/g]5 . -$_
17. afnaflnsfnfO{ k|nf]eg lbO{ jf ha/h:tL u/L ;8s afnaflnsf agfpg] sfo{nfO{
lgoGq0f ul/g]5 . -%_
18. ;8s afnaflnsfsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;8sdf /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] p4f/,
dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ ;]jfsf ;fy} kfl/jfl/s k'gld{ng Pjd\ plrt Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . -%_
19. afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] nfngkfng, lzIff tyf g}lts ljsf;sf] lglDt pko'Qm
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ kl/jf/nfO{ pTk|]l/t ul/g]5 . -%_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf
1. afnljjfx cGTosf nflu /fli6o /0fgLlt sfof{Gjog .
2. :yfgLo txdf afnclwsf/ k|j4{gsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 of]hgf th'{dfdf ;dGjo /
;xhLs/0f .
3. afnaflnsf;DaGwL /fli6o ;|f]ts]Gb| ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg .
4. afndlGb/nfO{ ;do;fk]If kdf ;~rfng .
5. dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnosf] l;kmfl/;df ljleGg afnu[xdf
/x]sf 6'x'/f, a];xf/f tyf hf]lvddf /x]sf afnaflnsfxnfO{ afnu[xdf a;]sf]
cjlwe/ ;Dk""0f{ :jf:Yo ;]jf :jf:Yo dGqfnodfk{mt lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpgsf] nflu
cfjZos sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
6. cleefjs gePsf a];xf/f afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f, cf>o, lzIff tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf]
Joj:yf ug{ k|To]s k|b]zdf afnaflnsf ;+/If0f s]Gb| :yfkgf .
v= Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f
1. afnaflnsf vf]htnf; ;dGjo s]Gb| -lgMz'Ns 6]lnkmf]g g+= !)$_ ;a} lhNnfdf
lj:tf/ tyf ;~rfng .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 153

 2.
afn x]NknfOg -g+= !)(* g]kfn_ ;~rfng lg/Gt/tf .
3. afnaflnsfxsf] nflu ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng tyf
lj:tf/ .
4. ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfodf afn ;+j]bgzLntf clej[l4 ug{ Ifdtf ljsf; tyf
cled'vLs/0f;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
u= ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd
1. afnaflnsfpk/ x'g] lx+;f lj?4sf] ;r]tgf sfo{qmd .
2. afnclwsf/ k|j4{gsf lglDt cfd ;r]tgf clej[l4 tyf k|rf/k|;f/ .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
afn clwsf/sf ljifox;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfoxnfO{ cfjZos ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd
k|fyldstfsf ;fy Joj:yf ePsf] x'g]5 . afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/L;DaGwL ;]jf k|jfx ug]{
lgsfo ;'b[9 ePsf]], pgLxpk/ x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj, zf]if0f, lx+;f, pk]Iff / b'Jo{jxf/df sdL
cfPsf] / cleefjslaxLg, a];xf/f, ul/a kl/jf/sf afnaflnsf tyf b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf
afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ePsf] x'g]5 . cleefjslalxg afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu k|To]s
k|b]zdf afnaflnsf ;+/If0f s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfng ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=$=& dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f
!= k[i7e"ld
dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ ax'cfoflds, ax'If]qut Pjd\ cGtb]{zLo ;d:of ePsf]
x'Fbf ;/sf/sf] PSnf] k|of;af6 dfq o;sf] lgoGq0f / lg/fs/0f c;Dej /x]sf]n] o;df ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnf ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfo, gful/s ;dfh, lghL If]q / gful/s;d]tsf]
P]Soa4tf / k|of; cfjZos 5 . dfgj a]rlavgdf ;+nUg x'g] ck/fwLxnfO{ sfg'gL bfo/fdf
Nofpg' tyf kLl8txnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg' ;/sf/sf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/L klg xf] . /fli6o tyf
cGt/f{li6o :t/sf ljleGg 3f]if0ffdf ul/Psf] k|ltj4tfcg';f/sf k|fjwfgx sfof{Gjogsf nflu
;/sf/n] cfjZos sfg'g / gLlt th'{df u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfoxsf] ;xof]u, ;dGjo /
;xsfo{df ljleGg sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
dfgj a]rlavgsf] nflu gofFgofF tl/sf / af6f]sf] k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]cg';f/
lgoGq0fsf pkfo cjnDag ug'{ , lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg lgsfoxaLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo :yflkt
ug{', PsLs[t tYof tyf ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{', :jb]zdf /f]huf/L tyf :j/f]huf/Lsf
cj;/ ;[hgf ug{' / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / dfgj a]rlavgaf/] ;r]tgf j[l4 ug{' o; If]qsf r'gf}tL
x'g\ .
154 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
cj;/
dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ -
lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$ / lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] sfof{Gjog x'g', s]xL lhNnfdf ;"rgf tyf k/fdz{
s]Gb|x :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng x'g', dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lj4 :yfgLo ;ldlt u7g
/ kl/rfng x'g', a]rlavgaf6 kLl8txsf nflu cNksfnLg k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb|x ;~rfng x'g' /
dfgj a]rlavg lgoGq0f;DaGwdf ljleGg lgsfox tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] ;xsfo{ x'g' o;
If]qsf] nflu cj;/x x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ sfo{sf] k"0f{tM lgoGq0faf6 cfTd;Ddfgo'Qm dfgj
;dfhsf] :yfkgf .
#=@ nIo
Dfgj a]rlavgsf] hf]lvddf kg{ ;Sg] ;d"x;d'bfosf] klxrfg u/L a]rlavg tyf
cf];f/k;f/ sfo{nfO{ Go"gLs/0f tyf lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu ljBdfg ;+oGq / ;+/rgfxsf]
;'b[9Ls/0f tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f ug'{ .
2. kLl8t tyf k|efljtxsf] p4f/, ;+/If0f / k'g:yf{kgfsf ;]jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'
.
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf] b[li6n] hf]lvdf]Gd'v ;d"x;d'bfoxsf nflu nlIft
lg/f]wsf pkfox cjnDag ug]{ .
2. dfgj a]rlavg lgoGq0f ug{ kl/rflnt ;+oGq / ;+/rgfxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
3. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/af6 kLl8tk|efljtxsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ub}{
ltgLxsf] nflu PsLs[t ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ .
4. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0fsf nflu b08xLgtfsf] cGTo u/L
kLl8tk|efljtnfO{ Gofodf kx'Fr clej[l4 ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. hf]lvdk"0f{ ;d"x;d'bfoxsf] klxrfg u/L ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t hLljsf]kfh{g tyf
:j/f]huf/sf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 155

 2. dfgj a]rlavg lgoGq0fsf nflu u}/;/sf/L lgsfo / ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf
a9fOg]5 . -!_
3. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf] hf]lvd sd ug{] ;Defljt hf]lvdstf{xnfO{
;zQmLs/0f ul/g]5 . -!_
4. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ /f]Sg :yfgLo :t/;Dd ;'/lIft cfk|jf;g;DaGwL lzIff
tyf ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] ;fy} ;"rgf s]Gb|xsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -!_
5. /fli6o tyf :yfgLo :t/sf] ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lj4
clwstd / k|efjsf/L kdf kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
6. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdf/f k|jl4{t
;d"x tyf ;+:yfxsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
7. kLl8t tyf k|efljtxsf] p4f/, :jb]z lkmtL{, ;+/If0f tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu
;+oGqxsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
8. kLl8t tyf k|efljtxnfO{ lbOg] ;]jfnfO{ dfkb08cg'k agfO{{ k|To]s k|b]zdf sDtLdf
Pp6f cfjZos ;]jf;lxtsf] cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| lgdf{0f tyf
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
9. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gxdf ;d;fdlos kl/dfh{g
ul/g]5 . -@_
10. kLl8t tyf k|efljtxnfO{ kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfodf k'g:yf{kgf / k'gld{ngkl5sf] ;xof]u
/ cg'udg sfo{sf] ;'?jft ul/g]5 . -@_
11. a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf kLl8t tyf k|efljtxnfO{ k|fKt x'g] sfg'gL ;xfotf tyf
Ifltk"lt{nfO{ ;xh agfOg]5 . -#_
12. dfgj a]rlavg lgoGq0fsf] sfo{df :yfgLo :t/df ;d'bfonfO{ kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
13. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f ug{ ul7t /fli6o ;ldlt, lhNnf ;ldlt tyf
:yfgLo ;ldltxsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fdfkm{t ;Da4 lgsfoxsf] dfgj a]rlavg lj4sf
sfo{xsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf ;dGjo u/L :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf ;a} ;d"x, ;d'bfo
/ ;~hfnnfO{ ;fd]n ul/Fb} nlug]5 . -#_
14. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/af6 kLl8t tyf k|efljtxsf] ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{
b[li6ut ub}{ 36gf btf{ k|lqmofnfO{ kLl8t tyf k|efljtd}qL agfpFb} Gofodf kxF'r j[l4
ul/g]5 . -$_

156 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 15. afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lxsf] a]rlavg lj?4 z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] gLlt
cjnDag ug{ / a]rlavgdf ;+nUg ck/fwLnfO{ sfg'gL bfo/fdf Nofpg cfjZos
sfg'gL tyf gLltut ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^=k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf
1. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f P]g_ @)^$ nfO{ dfgj a]rlavg tyf
cf];f/k;f/sf] :jk / cfofddf b]lvPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;d]6L ;+zf]wg .
2. 36gf btf{ k|lqmofnfO{ kLl8td}qL agfpg k|x/L rf}sLxdf kLl8td}qL sIfxsf]
Joj:yf .
3. kLl8t tyf k|efljtxnfO{ k|fKt x'g] sfg'gL ;xfotf tyf Ifltk"lt{nfO{ ;xh agfpg
:yfgLo ;ldltnfO{ kl/rfng;DaGwL sfo{qmd .
4. dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] l;kmfl/;df ljleGg cNksfnLg
tyf bL3{sfnLg k'g:yf{kgf u[xdf /x]sf kLl8t dlxnflszf]/LxnfO{ k'g:yf{kgf
u[xdf a;]sf] cjlwe/ ;Dk""0f{ :jf:Yo ;]jf :jf:Yo dGqfnodfk{mt lgMz'Ns pknAw
u/fpgsf] nflu fjZos sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
v= ;Lk ljsf; tflnd sfo{qmd
1. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf] b[li6n] ;+j]bgzLn If]qsf hf]lvddf /x]sf tyf
hf]lvdf]Gd'v ;d"x / ;d'bfosf dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lxsf]
klxrfgsf nflu ;j]{If0f / To:tf ;d'bfosf dlxnfxnfO{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
hLljsf]kfh{g tyf :j/f]huf/sf ;Lk tyf Jofj;flostf ljsf; tflnd ;~rfng .
2. :yfgLo :t/df cfjZostfg';f/ :yfgLo ;ldltxsf] lj:tf/ tyf ;d'bfo :t/df
u7g ePsf ;~hfnxnfO{ ljleGg tflndx k|bfg u/L kl/rfng .
3. hf]lvddf /x]sf afnaflnsfxnfO{ :yfgLo afnSnadf qmdzM cfa4 u/L
;zQmLs/0fsf nflu tflnd ;~rfng .
4. dfgj a]rlavg lj?4sf] cleofgdf afnSnanfO{ kl/rfng;DaGwL sfo{qmd .
u= ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd
1. cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffdfkm{t ljBfyL{, lzIfs, cleefjs tyf Joj:yfkg
;ldltnfO{ nlIft u/L dfgj a]rlavg / ;'/lIft cfk|jf;g;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f
sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
2. ljkb\ pTyfgzLn sfo{qmd ;~rfng .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 157

 3.
;'/lIft cfk|jf;g / dfgj a]rlavgsf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg
ug{ ;"rgf s]Gb|xsf] lj:tf/ .
4. kDkn]6, xf]l8{af]8{, a|f]l;o/, lhn tyf ;"rgfd"ns lj1fkg, /]l8of] gf6snufotsf
hfgsf/Ld"ns ;"rgf ;fdu|Lxsf] pTkfbg / ;Dk|]if0fsf nflu ldl8of kl/rfng .
3= k'g:yf{kgf;DaGwL sfo{qmd
1. >dzf]if0f tyf of}gzf]if0fsf p2]Zon] ljb]zdf a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/df k/]sf
kLl8t tyf k|efljtnfO{ tTsfn p4f/, :jb]z lkmtL{, ;Dk|]if0f ;]jf ;~rfng .
2. k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'gld{ng;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
3. dGqfno, :yfgLo lgsfo / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf 3/]n'n}ls lx+;f kLl8t
dlxnfx ;d]t ;f]xL s]Gb|df /fVg] lx;fan] k|To]s lhNnfdf sDtLdf PsPs cf]6f
cNksfnLg k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf .
4. k|To]s k|b]zdf bL3{sfnLg k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf .
5. xfn ;~rfng eO/x]sf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb|sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 .
6. ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf; tyf s"6g}lts lgof]usf] dftxt /xg] u/L
cfjZostfg';f/ k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb|x :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng .
= cg'udg tyf lgodg
1. k'g:yf{kgf u[xaf6 3/kl/jf/df k'gld{ng ePsf kLl8t tyf k|efljtxsf] cg'udg .
2. cfGtl/s a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0fsf nflu cg'udg Pjd\ sf/afxL
;ldltdfkm{t cg'udg tyf lgodgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos sfo{qmd
;~rfng .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
Dffgj a]rlavgsf] b[li6n] ;+j]bgzLn If]q, ;d"x / ;d'bfosf] klxrfg Pjd\ cBfjlws
ljj/0f tof/ ePsf] x'g]5 . clt ljkGg, hf]lvdo'Qm ;d'bfodf ;r]tgf clej[l4 eO{ dfgj
a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/df Go"gLs/0f ePsf] / dfgj a]rlavgaf6 kLl8t k|efljtxsf]
cNksfnLg Pjd\ bL3{sfnLg k'g:yf{kgf ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=$=* ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f
!= k[i7e"ld
;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / dfgj ;'/Iffsf] dxjk"0f{ ;fwg xf] .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . d'n'ssf]
;dfj]zL ljsf; ug{ / lbuf] ljsf; nIosf k|d'v glthfxsf] k|flKtdf an k'ofpg ;fdflhs
;'/Iffn] dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug{ ;S5 . cfly{s kn] ljkGg, czQm / c;xfo cj:yfdf /x]sf,

158 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

ljkGg Psn dlxnf, ckf\utf ePsf, afnaflnsf, cfgf] x]/rfx cfkm+} ug{ g;Sg] tyf nf]kf]Gd'v
hfltsf gful/s, blnt cflbnfO{ nlIft u/L :jf:Yo pkrf/ ;]jf, lbjf vfhf, 5fqj[lQ, tflnd,
/f]huf/Lnufotsf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdxaf6 @@ nfv ^% xhf/ gful/sx nfeflGjt
ePsf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm cjsfz k|fKt lghfdtL sd{rf/L, lzIfs, k|x/L tyf g]kfnL ;]gfsf
;sn bhf{sf JolQmxnfO{ ;d]t ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf kdf lgj[lQe/0f k|bfg u/LFb} cfPsf] 5 .
oL pknlAwxsf afah'b @)&@ j}zfvdf uPsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] w]/} kl/jf/nfO{ k'gM
ul/aLsf] b'Zrqmdf ws]n]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5M h;df 7"nf] lx::ff j[4, dlxnf, ckftf ePsf
JolQmx, blnt Pjd\ ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] /x]sf] 5 . k|fs[lts k|sf]kxsf] k'g/fj[lQ,
/fhgLlts ;\qmd0f / lg/Gt/ rln/xg] cfGbf]ngxsf] sf/0f d'n'sdf ck]Iff u/]cg';f/sf]
cfly{s;fdflhs kfGt/0f x'g g;s]sf] ljBdfg kl/l:yltn] ;d]t ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg k'Ug]
hg;\Vofdf yk j[l4 x'g hfg] b]lvPsf] 5 . ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/zLnfdf
6]s]/ cfjZos gLltut, sfg'gL / lgodgsf/L k|fk tof/ ub}{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{ cem
Jofks, ljQLo kn] lbuf], ;'b[9 tyf k|efjsf/L agfpg' cfjZos ePsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
x/]s jif{ k|efjxLg gofF sfo{qmd yKb} hfg] k|j[lQnfO{ /f]Sg', ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL
ljleGg ;d"x tyf ;d'bfosf] a9\bf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{, pko'Qm gLltut, sfg'gL / lgodgsf/L
k|fksf] ljsf; ug'{, ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf cGo If]qsf gLlt /
sfo{qmdx;Fu cfa4 ub}{ n}hfg', 5l/Psf / cJojl:yt ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdxnfO{
k'g/fjnf]sg tyf PsLs[t ub}{ ul/aL, jl~rtLs/0f Pjd\ hf]lvddf /x]sf hg;d'bfonfO{ klxrfg
u/L pgLxsf] hLjgdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg' / ljQLo kn] wfGg ;lsg] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{ k|d'v r'gf}tLx x'g\ .
cj;/
;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/x tof/ ePsf 5g\ . ;fdflhs ;+/If0f /fli6o
ljsf;sf] Ps dxjk"0f{ Ph]G8fsf] kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 eg] o; If]qdf nufgLdf pNn]vgLo
kdf j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] klg 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgaf6 o; If]qnfO{ ;f/e"t / u'0ffTds kdf cl3
a9fpg] s'/fdf /fhgLlts ;xdlt :yflkt ePsf] 5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifsf] :yfkgfn]
of]ubfgd"ns ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdxnfO{ gLltut, sfg'gL / ;+:yfut ;'wf/;lxt cl3
a9fpg dfu{ k|z:t u/]sf] 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf ;]jf ;'ljwfxdf ;a} gful/sxsf] kx'Fraf6 ;dtfd"ns
;dfh lgdf{0f .
#=@ nIo
;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdnfO{ ;dfj]zL, u'0f:t/Lo Pjd\ k|efjsf/L agfO{ nf]s
sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] :yfkgf ug{ ;3fp k'ofpg] .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 159

#=# p2]Zo
1. k|d'v ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdxdf ;dfhsf ;a}eGbf ljkGg / hf]lvddf /x]sf
hg;d'bfosf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug'{ .
2. ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdxnfO{ bf]xf]/f] gkg]{ u/L PsLs[t / ;'b[9 ug'{ .
3. ;'b[9 / k|efjsf/L k|fs[lts k|sf]k Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] PsLs[t 9fFrf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
2. ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf If]qdf gLltut tyf sfg'gL k"jf{wf/ / 5l/tf] lgodgsf/L ;+/rgfsf]
ljsf; ug]{ .
3. of]ubfgd"ns :jf:Yo Pjd\ ;fdflhs ladfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg / k|j4{g ug]{ .
4. ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ ;'/If0f -ladf_ sf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng / lj:tf/ ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. Ho]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, ckftf ePsf JolQm, nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf kl/jf/xnfO{
lbOg] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf, :jf:Yo ladf, kz' ladf, afnL ladfnufotsf ;fdflhs
;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx nlIft ;d'bfo tyf ju{df ;xh kdf pknAw u/fpg ;fdflhs
;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] PsLs[t 9fFrf sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -!_
2. Ho]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, ckftf ePsf JolSt, nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf kl/jf/xnfO{
lbOFb} cfPsf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf ;xh tyf ;dod} pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 . -!_
3. ljkGg, ;LdfGts[t tyf nf]kf]Gd'v cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIff tyf :jf:Yo
;]jfx lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fOg]5 . -!_
1. a9L hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf nlIft ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfnfO{ klxn] ;Daf]wg
ul/g]5 . -@_
4. ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ nlIft ju{xdf lj:tf/ ub}{ n}hfg cfjZos kg]{ gLltut tyf
sfg'gL k"jf{wf/ / lgodgsf/L lgsfo :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -@_
5. hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kdf /x]sf] :jf:Yo ;]jf ;'lglZrt ug{ of]ubfgd"ns
:jf:Yo ladf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -#_
6. /fli6o 9's'6Laf6 k|bfg ul/g] lgj[lQe/0fsf] a9\bf] bfloTjsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu
of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t lgj[lQe/0f sfo{qmd ;' ul/g]5 . -#_
7. ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ ;'/If0f -ladf_ sf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng / lj:tf/ ug{ gLltut /
sfg'gL Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -$_
8. ;xsf/L k|0ffnLcGtu{t g} k'g;{'/If0f -k'gla{df_ sf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -$_

160 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= gLltut ;'wf/ tyf Ifdtf ljsf;
1. ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if P]g th'{df Pjd\ sfof{Gjog .
2. ul/a 3/kl/jf/sf] klxrfg tyf kl/rokq ljt/0f u/L :jf:Yo ladf nufot cGo
;]jf k|jfx;Fu cfa4tf .
3. 3/kl/jf/sf] cfly{s;fdflhs ljj/0f btf{ tyf ljkGg, ;LdfGts[t, e"sDk kLl8t
Pjd\ cGo hf]lvddf /x]sf JolQm, ;d'bfo / If]qsf nflu Go"gtd ;fdflhs
;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt .
4. JolQmut 36gf btf{;DaGwL ;+:yfut Joj:yf tyf hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; .
5. ;\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] PsLs[t k~hLs/0f / ;fdflhs
;'/Iff Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu ;~hfnLs/0f .
v= ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng
1. lbuf]kgfsf] nflu j}1flgs tj/n] Jojl:yt ug{ gofF sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
2. Ps ljkGg a]/f]huf/ 3/w'/L, Ps /f]huf/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
3. hgtf k]G;g sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu ;xof]u / ;dGjo .
4. cgf}krfl/s If]qdf ;fdflhs ladf tyf n3'ljQ sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
5. ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf yk gu/kflnsf tyf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltxdf;d]t a}dfkm{t
ljt/0f .
u= lgodg tyf cg'udg
1. ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfo{qmdxsf] s]Gb|Ls[t cg'udg ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; /
sfof{Gjog .
2. ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdxsf] lj:tf/ tyf cg'udg .
3. ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf ljleGg lqmofsnfkxsf] clen]vLs/0f tyf k|sfzg .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] ePsf], ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] PsLs[t 9fFrf
th'{df ePsf], ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL ljw]os :jLs[t eO{ sfof{Gjog ePsf], 5l/P/ /x]sf
sfo{qmdx PsLs[t eO{ Jojl:yt kdf sfof{Gjog ePsf] Pjd\ ;dfhdf /x]sf] c;dfgtf sd
x'g'sf ;fy} d'n'ssf] ;du| gful/s ;'/Iffdf 6]jf k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
$=$=( Ho]i7 gful/s
!= k[i7e"ld
Ho]i7 gful/sxsf] nflu ljz]if ;+/If0f tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t
u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL P]g, lgodfjnL tyf /fli6o sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 161

/x]sf 5g\ . s'n hg;\Vofsf] *=!# k|ltzt Ho]i7 gful/s /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] Ho]i7
gful/sxnfO{ dfl;s kdf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] ;fdflhs
;'/Iff eQf kfpg] Ho]i7 gful/sxsf] ;\Vof cf=j= @)&@&# df !) nfv $( xhf/ *!( hgf
k'u]sf] 5 . ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfoAfLr ;dGjosf nflu s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldlt / ;a}
lhNnfxdf lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldlt u7g ePsf 5g\ . a];xf/f Ho]i7 gful/sxnfO{
cf>o;lxtsf] ;]jf pknAw u/fpg kz'kltdf ;/sf/L lgsfosf kdf j[4f>d ;~rfng ePsf]
5 eg] ;+:yfxsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ljleGg :yfgdf j[4f>dx ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
Ho]i7 gful/sxdf /x]sf ljifout 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf / cg'ejsf] clwstd ;b'kof]u ug'{,
;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmdxsf] lgodg / ;dGjo ug'{, j[4f>d tyf
Ho]i7 gful/s lbjf ;]jf s]Gb| Jojl:yt ug'{, Ho]i7 gful/sxsf] nflu sfd ug]{ ;+:yfxnfO{
k|bfg ul/g] cg'bfgsf] dfkb08nfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf sfof{Gjog ug'{ cflb r'gf}tLx /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
;+ljwfgdf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] xs;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ df}lns xssf] kdf /flvPsf],
;fj{hlgs oftfoftdf ;x'lnot, ;/sf/L c:ktfnxdf a]8 5'6\ofpg], ;]jf k|bfos lgsfoxaf6
ljz]if ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yfx ul/Psf], s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf u/L c;xfo,
b'Jo{jxf/af6 kLl8t Ho]i7 gful/sxnfO{ /fxt, ;'/Iff / :jf:Yo pkrf/ k|bfg ul/Psf],
k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{noxdfkm{t ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ k|f/De ePsf],
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;fd'bflos If]qaf6 Ho]i7 gful/ssf] lxtsf] If]qdf lqmofzLntf a9\b}
uPsf]nfO{ o; If]qsf] cj;/sf kdf lng ;lsG5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
Ho]i7 gful/sxsf] cfwf/e"t xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;Ddfghgs / ;Gt'li6k"0f{
hLjgofkg .
#=@ nIo
Ho]i7 gful/sxsf ;]jf ;'ljwfxsf] kxF'rnfO{ ;xh agfO{ pgLxnfO{ ;'/lIft / ;Ddflgt
t'Nofpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
1. Ho]i7 gful/sxsf] ;Ddfghgs hLjgofkgsf nflu cfjZos ;]jf ;'ljwf lj:tf/ ug'{ .
2. Ho]i7 gful/sk|lt kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / /fHosf] bfloTjaf]w u/fpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. Ho]i7 gful/sk|lt x'g] lx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ x6fO{ pgLxsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .
162 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
 2. ljz]if hf]lvddf /x]sf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ NflIft u/L k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
3. ;a}af6 Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. lx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ ;+/If0f, pkrf/ / dgf]ljdz{ tyf sfg'gL
;xfotf pknAw u/fOg]5 . -!_
2. Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{nfO{ sfg'gL bfo/fdf Nofpg cfjZos gLltut tyf
sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
3. Ho]i7 gful/sxsf] nflu /fHoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] dfkb08
lgwf{/0f u/L To:tf] ;'ljwf k|fyldstfsf ;fy pknAw u/fpg lghL If]qnfO{ ;d]t
k||f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -@_
4. u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx Pjd\ ;d'bfo;d]tsf]] ;fem]bf/Ldf k|To]s k|b]zdf :jf:Yo pkrf/
;'ljwf;lxtsf] sDtLdf PsPs j[4f>d ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
5. u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxDffkm{t Ho]i7 gful/s ;d"x tyf Sna u7g / lbjf ;]jfs]Gb|
;~rfng ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -@_
6. lx+;fkLl8t, kl/ToQm, zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s kn] czQm ePsf ljz]if hf]lvddf /x]sf
Ho]i7 gful/sxsf nflu nlIft u/L ljz]if /fxt tyf k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -@_
7. j[4f>d tyf lbjf;]jf s]Gb|xsf] lgodg / cg'udgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -@_
8. Ho]i7 gful/sk|lt ;Ddfg clej[l4 ug{ ;d'bfo :t/;Dd ;r]tgfsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -@_
9. k"jL{o bz{g cg';f/ afa'cfdfnufot Ho]i7 ;b:oxsf] x]/rf/ tyf kfngkf]if0f ug]{
kl/jf/sf ;b:oxnfO{ ;fy} ;\3;+:yfxnfO{ ;Ddfg ul/g]5 . -#_
10. d/0ff]k/fGt cfgf] ;DklQ OR5fcg';f/ x:tfGt/0f ug{ kfpg] OR5fkqsf] Joj:Yff ug{
sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf
1. Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL /fli6o gLlt th{'df / ;do ;fk]If P]g sfg'gsf] kl/dfh{g .
2. lx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ ;+/If0f, pkrf/ / dgf]ljdz{ tyf
sfg'gL ;xfotf .
3. Ho]i7 gful/sxsf] nflu k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L
k|fyldstfsf ;fy pknAwtf .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 163

 4. dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnosf] l;kmfl/;df j[4f>ddf /x]sf Ho]i7
gful/sxnfO{ a;]sf] cjlwe/ :jf:Yo dGqfnodfk{mt lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg .
v= ;Lk x:tfGt/0f tyf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd
1. Ho]i7 gful/sxsf] 1fg, ;Lk, cg'ej;DaGwL cGt/k':tf ;Lk x:tfGt/0f .
2. Ho]i7 gful/sk|lt ;Ddfg clej[l4 ug{ ;d'bfo :t/;Dd ;r]tgfsf sfo{qmd
;~rfng .
u= k'g:yf{kgf;DaGwL sfo{qmd
1. Ho]i7 gful/sxsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L k|To]s k|b]zdf sDtLdf Pp6f
;'ljwf ;DkGg j[4f>d -cf>d :yn_ lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng .
2. kl/ToQm, lx+;fkLl8t, zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s kn] czSt ePsf ljz]if ljkb\
hf]lvddf /x]sf Ho]i7 gful/sxsf nflu nlIft u/L ljz]if /fxt tyf k'g:yf{kgf
sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
3. dGqfno, :yfgLo lgsfo tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf Ho]i7 gful/s lbjf
;]jfs]Gb|, Ho]i7 gful/s Sna / Ho]i7 gful/s ;d"x u7g tyf ;~rfng .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr a9]sf] x'g]5 . Ho]i7 gful/sxsf] kfngkf]if0f tyf
x]/rfxsf ;fy} ;Ddfgk"0f{ hLjgofkg ug{sf nflu ;/sf/, k/f]ksf/L ;fdflhs ;\3;+:yfx /
kl/jf/af6 ;xof]u k'Uf]sf]] x'g]5 . To;}u/L k|To]s k|b]zdf ;'ljwf ;DkGg Ho]i7 gful/s cf>d:yn
lgdf{0f eO{ ;~rfng ePsf] / ;a} Ho]i7 gful/sdf ;'/lIft Pjd\ ;Ddflgt /x]sf] cg'e"lt ePsf]
x'g]5 .
$=$=!) ckftf ePsf JolQmx
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfndf s'n hg;\Vofsf] !=($ k|ltzt ckftf ePsf JolQm /x]sf 5g\ . ckftf ePsf
JolQmdWo] ;a}eGbf a9L zf/Ll/s ckftf ePsf #^=# k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn]
ckf\utf ePsf gful/snfO{ ljljwtfsf] klxrfg;lxt dof{bf / cfTd;Ddfgk"j{s hLjgofkg ug{
kfpg] / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfdf ;dfg kx'Frsf] xs :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . ckftf ePsf
JolQmxsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;\3Lo dxf;lGw / o;sf] OR5fwLg cfn]v, @))^,
OGrf]g /0fgLlt -@)!#@)@@_ nufotsf cGt/f{li6o k|lta4tfxnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts
;dfj]zLs/0f, ;sf/fTds lje]b tyf lghfdtL ;]jfdf cf/If0f, ckftf ePsf JolQmxf/f
;~rflnt ;+:yfxdfkm{t ckftf If]qsf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng, k"0f{ czQm / clt czQmxsf
nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf Pjd\ Jofj;flos tyf ;Lkd"ns tflndnufotsf sfo{qmdx
;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .

164 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
;Dk"0f{ ef}lts ;+/rgfnfO{ ckfd}qL agfpg', ckftf;DaGwL sfd ug]{ ;+:yfxnfO{ b'u{d
If]qdf kl/rfng ug'{ / dfgl;s Pjd\ af}l4s ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] nflu pko'Qm sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug'{h:tf sfo{x r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] nflu
;Lkd"ns tflnd ;~rfng / ckftfk|ltsf] ;fdflhs b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g Nofpg' o; If]qsf
r'gf}tLx x'g\ .
cj;/
ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu P]g / cfjf;Lo k'g:yf{kgf ;]jf
;~rfng ljlw, @)&@ tyf ckftf ePsf JolQmsf nflu kxF'ro'Qm ef}lts ;+/rgf tyf ;~rf/
;]jf lgb{]l{zsf, @)^( sfof{Gjog x'g', dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{nodf alx/f ckftf ePsf
JolQmxsf lglDt bf]efif] ;xof]uLsf] nflu ah]6 ljlgof]hg x'g', ckftf;DaGwL ;xfos ;fdu|L
pTkfbg tyf ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf x'g', /fHosf] k|zf;lgs tyf /fhgLlts txdf k|ltlglwTjsf]
;'lglZrttf x'g', ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng / ;fj{hlgs ef}lts
;+/rgfx ckfd}qL agfpg] k4ltsf] ljsf; x'g' o; If]qsf cj;/ x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;a} k|sf/sf ckftf ePsf JolQmx ;Ifd, :jfjnDaL / cfTdlge{/ .
#=@ nIo
ckftfsf] cfwf/df x'g] ;Dk"0f{ e]befjxsf] cGTosf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/Lsf
cj;/xdf ;xh kx'Fr a9fO{ ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. ;a} k|sf/sf ckftf ePsf JolQmxnfO{ ;Ddfgk"0f{ / cj/f]wd'Qm jftfj/0fdf
hLjgofkgsf nflu cj;/ pknAw u/fpg' tyf ;]jf ;'ljwfxdf pgLxsf]
;dtfd"ns kx'Fr a9fpg' .
2. ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0f ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. k"jf{wf/ Pjd\ ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ lgsfoxnfO{ ckfd}qL agfO{ kx'Fr a9fpg] .
2. k"0f{ ckf\utf ePsf JolQmsf nflu k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
3. ckf\utf ePsf JolQmxsf] nflu /f]huf/L, pBdzLntf tyf :j/f]huf/sf cj;/ k|fKt
x'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 165

#=% sfo{gLlt
1. ;fj{hlgs ef}lts ;+/rgf tyf ;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ kx'Fro'Qm / ckftfd}qL agfOg]5 . -!_
2. df}h'bf ;fj{hlgs ;+/rgf, gofF lgdf{0f tyf k'gM lgdf{0f x'g] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf
lgsfo, ;/sf/L ejg, ;fj{hlgs :ynsf ;]jf, ;8s oftfoft, lzIffnufotsf k"jf{wf/
;+/rgf tyf ;'ljwfnfO{ ckftfd}qL agfpFb} nlug]5 . -!_
3. ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf nflu ef}lts ;+/rgf tyf ;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ kx'Fro'Qm agfpg
cfjZos r]tgfd"ns / k}/jL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
4. ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] nflu sfd ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] sfo{qmdxsf]
cg'udg u/L k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -!_
5. ;'ljwf;DkGg ckftf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gxsf] :yfkgf u/L af}l4s ckftf, cl6Hd ePsf,
k"0f{ / clt czQm ckftf ePsf a];xf/f JolQmxsf nflu u}/;/sf/L ;\3;+:yf Pjd\
lghL If]q;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf / lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug]5 . -@_
6. ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmdnfO{ :yfgLo lgsfox tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf
lgsfosf] ;dGjodf yk k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -@_
7. ckf\utf ePsf JolQmxsf] x]/rfx tyf kfngkf]if0f ug{ kl/jf/sf ;b:oxnfO{
clek|]l/t ul/g]5 . -@_
8. ckf\utf ePsf JolQmxsf] nflu lzIff tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfxsf] Joj:yfkg ug{
k/f]ksf/L ;fdflhs ;\3 ;+:yfxsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -@_
9. ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] kl/rokq ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ l8lh6fOH8 ul/g]5 . -@_
10. k"0f{ czQm ckf\utf ePsf JolQmxnfO{ ;xof]uL ;]jf pknAw u/fOg]5 . -@_
11. ckftfsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ ;Lkd"ns / Jofj;flos tflnd k|bfg u/L /f]huf/Lsf
cj;/xdf kx'Fr lj:tf/ tyf :j/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x l;h{gf ul/g]5 . -#_
12. ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf;sf nflu v]ns'b tyf
dgf]/~hgsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
13. a|]n lnlk, 8]hL jf ckftf cg's"nsf] gjLgtd k|ljlwdf k9\g kfpg] cj;/ ;[hgf
ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf
1. ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, @))^ / OGrf]g /0fgLltsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog .
2. ckftf;DaGwL ljBdfg P]g, sfg'gdf ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ .
3. ckftf ;]jf sf]ifsf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng .

166 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 4. ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 ;~rflnt ckftf;DaGwL sfo{qmdxsf]
cg'udg tyf clen]v Joj:yfkg .
v= sfo{qmdxsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
1. ckftf ePsf JolQmxnfO{ /]km/n ;le{; nufot cfjZos ;"rgf tyf
hfgsf/Lx pknAw u/fpg ;zQmLs/0f Pjd\ ;"rgf s]Gb| -x]Nk8]:s_ ;~rfng .
2. ;a} ljsf; If]qdf :yfgLo lgsfo / ;+:yfsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ckftf ePsf
JolQmxnfO{ pkof]uL x'g] ;xfotf ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbg tyf ljt/0fsf] k|efjsf/L
Joj:yfkg .
3. ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ;'lglZrt ug{sf] nflu lzIff,
/f]huf/, :jf:Yoh:tf If]qdf ckftfsf] k|sf/ / ;+j]bgzLntf x]/L ;x'lnot jf
lgMz'Ns ;]jf ;~rfng .
u= k'g:yfkgf{;DaGwL sfo{qmd
1. ljkGg a];xf/f tyf k"0f{ ckftf ePsf JolStxsf nflu k|To]s k|b]zdf
bL3{sfnLg k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
2. :yfgLo lgsfo, ;d'bfo tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xsfo{df ckftf ePsf JolQmsf
nflu lbjf ;]jfs]Gb| ;~rfng .
3. cfjZostfg';f/ ljkb\ hf]lvd k|lt/f]wL ckf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf /
;~rfng .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
sfg'gL, ;+:yfut tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/xsf] lj:tf/ eO{ ckftfd}qL / cj/f]wd'Qm
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g]5 . dgf];fdflhs ckftf, cl6Hd ePsf, k"0f{ / clt czQm ckftf
ePsf a]jfl/;] dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf nflu lghL tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;d]tsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf
k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] x'g]5 . k|To]s k|b]zdf ckf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf tyf
;~rfng ePsf], ckftf ePsf JolQmxn] k|of]u ug]{ ;xof]uL ;fdu|Lx :jb]zdf pTkfbg /
ljt/0f ePsf] Pjd\ ckftf If]qdf ljleGg 1fg ;Lk ePsf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; tyf ckftf
ePsf JolQmxsf] /f]huf/L tyf :j/f]huf/Ldf kx'Fr :yflkt ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=$=!! /f]huf/L k|Tofe"lt
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] >d ahf/df jif]{gL $ nfv %) xhf/ >dzlQm ylkFb} uPsf] 5 . !% b]lv %( jif{
pd]/ ;d"xsf sfd ug{ rfxg] s'n >dzlQmdWo] sl/a @=# k|ltzt -j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf
JolQmxafx]s_ a]/f]huf/ / #) k|ltzt >dzlQm cw{a]/f]huf/ /x]sf] 5 . a9\b} uPsf] >dzlQmsf
nflu ;/sf/L If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x Hofb} ;Lldt ePsfn] /f]huf/Lsf lglDt lghL If]qdf
a9L lge{/ /xg' kl//x]sf] cj:yf 5 . d'n'sleq /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x lgs} sd ePsfn] j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf hfg] JolQmxsf] ;\Vof a9\b} uPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] k|To]s gful/snfO{

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 167

/f]huf/Lsf] xs x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . /f]huf/Lsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] s0ff{NfL /f]huf/
sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5, h;df ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf k|To]s kl/jf/sf PshgfnfO{ jif{df
sDtLdf !)) lbgsf] /f]huf/Lsf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . /f]huf/L] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ o:tf
sfo{qmdx cGo If]qdf klg lj:tf/ ug'{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
>d ahf/df jif]{gL ylkg] hgzlQmsf] t'ngfdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x Go"g x'g', >d
ahf/df bIf tyf cw{bIf hgzlQmsf] dfu a9L ePsf] t/ >dzlQmsf] Hofb} 7"nf] lx:;f cbIf
ePsf]n] o:tf >dzlQmn] /f]huf/L kfpg] cj:yf ;Lldt x'g', ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;\Vof
a9L ePsf lhNnf Pjd\ k|b]zdf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmdx sd ;~rfng x'g' ;fy} /f]huf/Lsf
nflu ljb]zdf uP/ ul/g] w]/}h;f] sfo{x :jb]zdf eg] ug{ grfxg] k|j[lQ pRr x'g' o; If]qsf
k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\ .
cj;/
d'n'sdf cfly{s ultljlwx a9\b} uPsf], lghL tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf
cj;/x l;h{gf x'Fb} uPsf, e"sDknufot k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 Ifltu|:t ef}lts ;+/rgfxsf]
k'glg{df{0f 7"nf] dfqfdf ug'{kg]{ cflbsf] sf/0f :jb]zd} /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x w]/} l;h{gf x'g]
cj:yf /f]huf/Lsf nflu cj;/sf] kdf /x]sf] 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
sfd / /f]huf/Lsf] k|Tofe"ltaf6 gful/ssf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ / ;zQmLs/0f .
#=@ nIo
tf]lsPsf lhNnfsf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf k|To]s kl/jf/sf sfd ug]{ pd]/ ;d"xsf !
hgf ;b:onfO{ jif{df Go"gtd !)) lbgsf] /f]huf/Lsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf tf]lsPsf lhNnfsf kl/jf/sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg Go"gtd
/f]huf/Lsf] ;'lglZrtf ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. tf]lsPsf lhNnfsf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf kl/jf/sf] clen]vg u/L /f]huf/Lsf] bfo/fdf
Nofpg] .

168 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 2. Go"gtd !)) lbgsf] /f]huf/Lsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ ;/sf/L If]qaf6 ljsf; lgdf{0fsf
sfo{qmdx PsLs[t kdf To:tf If]qdf ;~rfng ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf tf]lsPsf lhNnfsf kl/jf/sf ;b:oxsf] ;j{]If0f u/L
pgLxnfO{ :yfgLo:t/d} k|of]udf cfpg] ljleGg ;Lkd"ns tflnd k|bfg ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf kl/jf/sf] bIftf j[l4 ug{ sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]]5 . -!_
3. Go"gtd !)) lbgsf] /f]huf/L ;'lglZrttf ug{ k'glg{df{0f / gjlgdf{0f sfo{qmdx
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
4. tf]lsPsf lhNnfk|b]zdf lglZrt ;dosf] nflu ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf JolQmxsf
lglDt clgjfo{ /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt P]g th'{df ul/g]5 . -@_
#=% k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt;DaGwL sfg'g th'{df / sfof{Gjog .
2. pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L k|j4{g;DaGwL gLltut tyf sfg'gL ;+/rgf tof/ .
3. Go"gtd /f]huf/L k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] If]qxsf] klxrfg;DaGwL cWoog cg';Gwfg .
4. :jo+;]jf cleofg ;~rfng .
5. Ifdtf ljsf; tyf /f]huf/d"ns tflnd .
6. k'glg{df{0f tyf gjlgdf{0fdfkm{t /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt .
7. ljleGg If]qdf o'jf :j/f]huf/ k|j4{g .
8. pBdzLntf;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg lap k'FhLsf] Joj:yf .
9. ljleGg If]qdf /f]huf/d"ns / Joj;fo ;+j4{g .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
tf]lsPsf lhNnfsf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf kl/jf/sf ;b:oxn] ;Lkd"ns tflnd kfPsf],
Go"gtd !)) lbgsf] /f]huf/Lsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ ;/sf/L If]qaf6 ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmdx
To:tf If]qdf ;~rfng ePsf] / ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf JolQmxsf lglDt sfd / clgjfo{
/f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg] /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt P]g th'{df ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=$=!@ ;fdflhs ladf
!= k[i7e"ld
cfly{s cj:yf /fd|f] gePsf gful/sxnfO{ cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] /fxt k|bfg ug{ w]/}h;f]
b]zxn] ;fdflhs ladf of]hgf ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . /fHof/f Joj:yf ul/Psf] o:tf]
;fdflhs ladfcGtu{t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, d]l8s]o/, d]l8sP8, a]/f]huf/ eQfh:tf sfo{qmdx

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 169

;~rfng ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfndf Ho]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, ckf\utf ePsf JolSt, nf]kf]Gd'v
cflbjf;L hghfltsf kl/jf/xnfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . o:t}, ;/sf/L
;]jfaf6 ;fy} sltko ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgaf6 ;]jflgj[Q sd{rf/LxnfO{ lgj[lQe/0f k|bfg ul/Psf]
5.
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cfly{s kn] ljkGg, czQm / c;xfo cj:yfdf /x]sf, c;xfo Psn
dlxnf, ckf\utf ePsf, afnaflnsf, cfgf] x]/rfx cfkm+} ug{ g;Sg] tyf nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf
gful/snfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iff pknAw u/fOg] s'/f df}lns xssf kdf Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf clwsfz kl/jf/sf] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfsf] kdf /x]sf] :jf:Yo ;]jf lgs} vlr{nf] x'g uPsf] 5 . c:ktfndf a:fL pkrf/
u/fpg'kg]{ vfnsf /f]ux nfu]df jf b'3{6gfdf k/L pkrf/ u/fpg'kg]{ cj:yf k/]df w]/}h;f]
kl/jf/nfO{ :jf:Yof]krf/afkt a]xf]g'{kg]{ vr{sf] Joj:yf ug{ ufx|f] k5{ eg] ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf
kl/jf/sf] nflu eg] o:tf] vr{ h'6fpg k|foM c;Dej g} x'G5 . o;y{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd,
lgj[lQe/0f of]hgfh:tf /fHosf]ifaf6 Aoxf]l/g] ;'ljwf kfpg] ;]jflgj[Q ePsf ;fy} axfnjfnf
lghfdtL sd{rf/L, k|x/L, g]kfnL ;]gf, lzIfsafx]s tf]lsPsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] :t/
ePsf JolQmxnfO{ :jf:Yof]krf/sf nflu cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg cfjZos ePsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qaf6 pknAw u/fOg] :jf:Yo ;]jfxsf] af/]df u|fdL0f If]qsf
w]/}eGbf w]/} JolQmxnfO{ hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg', :jf:Yo ladfaf/]df ;';"lrt ug{' / ;fdflhs
ladf sfo{qmdn] ;d]6\g'kg]{ hg:f\Vofsf] cfsf/ 7"nf] ePsfn] /fHon] w]/} 7"nf] /sd Aoxf]g'{kg]{
cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] ;Gbe{df lbuf] ;dfwfgsf pkfo klxrfg ug{'h:tf r'gf}tLx /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cfly{s kn] ljkGg, czQm / c;xfo cj:yfdf /x]sf, c;xfo Psn
dlxnf, ckf\utf ePsf, afnaflnsf, cfgf] x]/rfx cfkm+} ug{ g;Sg] tyf nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf
gful/snfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iff pknAw u/fOg] s'/f df}lns xssf kdf Joj:yf
u/]sf]n] ;fdflhs ladf sfo{qmdcGtu{t :jf:Yo pkrf/sf nflu cfly{s ;xfotfsf] Joj:yf ug]{
cj;/ /x]sf] 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;fdflhs ladf ;]jfdfkm{t cfdhgtfsf] :jf:Yo l:yltdf ;'wf/ .
#=@ nIo
;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd, lgj[lQe/0f of]hgfh:tf /fHosf]ifaf6 Aoxf]l/g] ;'ljwfx
gkfPsf JolQmxsf] :jf:Yof]krf/sf] nflu ;fdflhs ladfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
nlIftju{ tyf ;d'bfosf] nflu ;fdflhs ladf sf]if ;~rfng u/L pgLxsf] :jf:Yo
l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug'{ .

170 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

#=$ /0fgLlt
1. nlIft ju{ tyf ;d'bfosf JolQmxsf] :jf:Yo pkrf/df ;xof]u k'ofpg ;fdflhs
ladfsf]if :yfkgf ug]{ .
2. ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd, lgj[lQe/0f of]hgfh:tf /fHosf]ifaf6 ;'ljwf kfpg] ;]jf lgj[Q
;fy} axfnjfnf lghfdtL sd{rf/L, k|x/L, g]kfnL ;]gf / lzIfsafx]s tf]lsPsf] ju{ jf
;d'bfosf JolQmxnfO{ c:ktfndf egf{ eO{ pkrf/ u/fpFbf /fxt:jk cfly{s
;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L ;fdflhs ladfsf]if ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ;fdflhs ladfcGtu{t :jf:Yof]krf/afkt k|bfg ul/g] cfly{s ;xfotf;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf
tof/ ul/g]5 . -!_
3. ;fdflhs sf]ifaf6 tf]lsPsf ju{ jf ;d'bfosf JolStxn] c:ktfndf egf{ eO{
:jf:Yof]krf/ u/fPdf ;fdflhs ladfsf]ifaf6 cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw u/fOg]5 . -@_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. /fHosf]ifaf6 Aoxf]l/g] ;'ljwfx gkfPsf JolQmxsf] :jf:Yof]krf/sf] nflu ;fdflhs
ladf tyf ;fdflhs ladfsf]if ;~rfng tyf cGo cfly{s ;xfotf;DaGwL sfg'gL
Joj:yf .
2. ;fdflhs ladfcGtu{t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, d]l8s]o/, d]l8sP8, a]/f]huf/ eQf ljt/0f .
3. Ho]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, ckf\utf ePsf JolQm, nf]kf]Gd'v, cflbjf;L hghfltsf
kl/jf/xnfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf .
4. clt ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf kl/jf/nfO{ lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ladf .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
sfg'gL Joj:yf;lxtsf] ;fdflhs ladfsf]if :yfkgf ul/Psf] x'g]5 / ;f] sf]ifaf6 tf]lsPsf
ju{ jf ;d'bfosf JolQmxn] :jf:Yof]krf/sf nflu cfly{s ;xfotf kfPsf x'g]5g\ .
$=$=!# ;fd'bflos tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx;d]t dxjk"0f{ ;fem]bf/sf] kdf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] o; lsl;dsf
;\3;+:yfsf] nufgL / e"ldsfnfO{ /fli6o cfjZostf / k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qdf ;+nUg u/fpg]
ljifo k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . cf=j= @)&@&# sf] cGt;Dddf $#,*)& /fli6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx /
@^) cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\df cfa4 ePsf 5g\ . u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfxnfO{ ;/sf/sf] ljsf; k|of;df ;xof]uLsf] kdf of]ubfg ug{;Sg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{
/ pgLxaf6 kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL ;]jf k|jfx u/fpg]tkm{ hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 171

@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
cGt/f{l{i6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] ;~rfng Pjd\ ;xhLs/0fdf Psf/ k|0ffnL ckgfpg',
g]kfndf sfof{no gePsf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xhLs/0f ug{', ;+:yfxsf] ;~rfng /
Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsf/L lgodg ug{', ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\sf] ;+/rgfut Pjd\ Joj:yfksLo
Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{' / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL agfO{ /fli6o k|fyldstfsf
If]qdf kl/rfng ug{' o; If]qsf r'gf}tL x'g\ .
cj;/
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx ;+:yfut kF'hL cfh{g u/L :jlge{/tftkm{ pGd'v x'Fb} hfg', ljsf;
;xfotf gLlt, @)&! Aff6 logLxsf] e"ldsf ;'lglZrt ul/g', ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\af6
kl/of]hgf ;Demf}tf;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)&!, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] kl/of]hgf ;xhLs/0f
sfo{ljlw, @)&), ;fdflhs ;\3;+:yfsf] cg'udg, ;'kl/j]If0f Pjd\ d"Nof\sg lgb]{lzsf, @)&!
sf] sfof{Gjog x'g', cfly{s hLjgdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] e"ldsf Pjd\ nufgLdf pNn]vgLo
lj:tf/ x'g', u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] lqmofsnfksf] j[l4;Fu} ;fdflhs Pjd\ cfly{s ljsf;sf] sfo{df
lj:tf/ x'g', ;/sf/L :t/af6 ;fdflhs Pjd\ cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf nufgL ug{ g;Sg] If]qdf
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ ljsf; ;fe]mbf/sf] kdf kl/rfng ug]{ ;Defjgf /xg'h:tf s'/f o;
If]qsf cj;/ x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
/fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] ;'b[9, dof{lbt / kf/bzL{ e"ldsfdfkm{t
b]zsf] cfly{s;fdflhs kfGt/0f .
#=@ nIo
/fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ ;/sf/sf] k|ToIf pkl:ylt gePsf] /
/fli6o k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qdf kl/rfng u/L hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
1. /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ /fli6o k|fyldstfsf] If]qdf kl/rfng
ug{' .
2. /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL agfpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] nufgL /fli6o k|fyldstfsf] If]qtkm{
lglb{i6 u/L ;dfh sNof0fsf] sfo{df yk ;xof]u k'ofpg] .

172 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 2. :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfxsf] :yfgLo lgsfo;Fusf] ;dGjo,
;xeflutf / ;xsfo{nfO{ pRr, lbuf] / km/flsnf] agfO{ ;dfhsf] cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs ljsf;df of]ubfg k'ofpg] .
3. u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] kl/rfng, lgodg, cg'dug / d"NofgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{{
cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. :yfgLo txdf pknAw x'g] ef}lts, dfgjLo tyf k|ljlwhGo ;|f]tsf] pkof]unfO{
k|fyldstf lbFb} /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] ;|f]t k|jflxt x'g]5 . -!_
2. dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfdf k5fl8 k/]sf] If]q, nlIft ;d"x, ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo, lk5l8Psf]
If]q, u|fdL0f ljkGg If]q tyf ;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0f, hLljsfsf] k|j4{g, lzIff, :jf:Yo,
vfg]kfgL, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, ljkb\kl5sf] gjlgdf{0f tyf
k'glg{df{0fh:tf /fli6o k|fyldstfsf If]qdf /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf
sfo{qmdx kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
3. /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ ljsf; ;xfotf gLlt, @)&! cg'k
kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
4. g]kfndf sfof{no gePsf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 ;f]em} k|fKt x'g] ;|f]tsf
sfo{qmd;d]t ;xhLs/0f ;ldltaf6 l;kmfl/; ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfgnfO{ k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -!_
5. cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] lhNnfdf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ubf{ :yfgLo txdf sfo{/t
;+:yf 5gf]6 ug'{kg]{ / pknAw gePdf dfq glhssf] sfo{/t ;+:yf 5gf]6 ug'{kg]{
k|0ffnLnfO{ yk k|efjsfl/tfsf ;fy cjnDag ul/g]5 . -@_
6. u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfkxdf kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt
ug{ of]hgf lgdf{0fb]lv sfof{Gjog;Ddsf ;a} r/0fxdf :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf
:yfgLo lgsfosf] ;xeflutf, ;xsfo{ / ;dGjonfO{ ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . -@_
7. cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxn] g]kfndf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ dxfn]vf lgoGqs
sfof{noaf6 lglb{i6 ul/Psf] jfl0fHo a}df vftf ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf k|efjsf/L
kdf nfu' ul/g]5 . -@_
8. /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] vr{sf] dfkb08 lgb]{lzsf agfO{ k|efjsf/L
kdf sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -#_
9. lkIfLo, ax'kIfLo / cGt/;/sf/L :t/df ;Demf}tf eO{ g]kfnsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] sf]if
cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxn] cGo b]zsf] nflu pkof]u ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 . -#_

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 173

 10. cGt/f{li6o tyf /fli6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ Psf/ k|0ffnLaf6 kl/rfng ug{
cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -#_
11. dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno / ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\df /fli6o tyf
cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx;DaGwL ljB'tLo ;"rgf k|0ffnL tof/ ul/g]5 . -#_
12. u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] ;~rfng u/]sf] sfo{qmdsf] ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs n]vfk/LIf0f tyf
;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] Joj:yf clgjfo{ kdf ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -#_
13. u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] sfo{df yk kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfloTj sfod ug{
cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -#_
14. /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmdxsf] clen]vf\sg,
;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d"Nofg ;DalGwt ljifout dGqfnoaf6 ul/g]5 . -#_
15. u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ sfo{k|s[lt / sfo{If]qsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L lgodg sfo{
Psf/ k|0ffnLaf6 ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf
1. u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] ;~rfng, kl/rfng / lgodgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg gofF
;dfhsNof0f P]g th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog .
2. /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] vr{;DaGwL dfkb08 tyf lgb]{lzsf
th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog .
3. u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] sfo{df yk kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfloTj sfod
ug{ cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog .
4. g]kfndf ;Dks{ lgsfo gePsf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 ;f]em} k|fKt x'g]
;|f]taf6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmd ;xhLs/0f ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df sfof{Gjogsf]
Joj:yf .
v= ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f
1. dGqfno / ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\df /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx;DaGwL ljB'tLo ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng .
2. ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f .
u= cg'udg tyf d"Nofg
1. ljifout dGqfnoaf6 /fli6o tyf cGt{/fli6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxaf6 ;~rflnt
sfo{qmdxsf] clen]vfg, ;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d"Nofg;DaGwL sfo{qmd
;~rfng .

174 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

$= ck]lIft pknlAw
/fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL eO{ /fli6o k|fyldstfsf]
If]qdf kl/rfng ePsf], gofF ;dfh sNof0f P]g sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf]
clwstd ;|f]t;fwg cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kF'hL lgdf{0fdf k|of]u ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=% o'jf, v]ns'b / :jo+;]js ;]jf
$=%=! o'jf
!= k[i7e"ld
/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts kfGt/0fdf o'jfju{sf] e"ldsf dxjk"0f{ /x]sf]
x'G5 . ;fx;, l;h{gzLntf, l;Sg] Ifdtf Pjd\ pRr cfTdljZjf;sf sf/0f of] ju{nfO{ /fi6
lgdf{0fsf] k|d'v ;|f]t;d]t dflgPsf] 5 . g]kfndf !^ b]lv $) jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;\Vof s'n
hg;\Vofsf] $)=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . lzlIft, ;Lko'Qm, cg'zfl;t / pBdzLn o'jfzlQm ljsf;
u/L of] hg;f\lVos k|j[lQnfO{ kF'hLs[t ub}{ /fi6 lgdf{0fdf nufpg ;lsPdf o'jfxn] b]zsf]
;fdflhs Pjd\ cfly{s ljsf;df g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;nfO{ dWogh/ u/L
/fli6o o'jf gLlt, @)&@ Pjd\ /fli6o o'jf kl/ifb\sf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6o o'jf gLlt, @)&@
sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ub}{ o'jfzlQmn] ljsf;sf nflu /fli6o / cGt/f{li6o cg'ejxaf6
l;s]sf kf7xnfO{;d]t dgg ub}{ pgLxnfO{ b]zsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s kfGt/0fdf
d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
:jb]zdf dWod / pRr lzIff k|fKt o'jf ljb]z knfog x'g] k|j[lt /f]Sg', ;fdflhs /
cfly{s ;]jfxdf o'jfsf] kx'Fr j[l4 ug{', Jofjxfl/s / Jofj;flos lzIff ;j{;'ne kdf pknAw
u/fpg'' / o'jfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4;DaGwL tflnd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu tflnd k|bfos
lgsfoxaLr ;dGjo ;'b[9 ug{' o; If]qsf r'gf}tL x'g\ .
cj;/
a9\bf] o'jf hg;\VofnfO{ ;Lk / pBdzLntfo'Qm agfO{ hg;f\lVos nfef+z xfl;n ug]{
kof{Kt ;Defjgf /xg', nf]stGqsf] k'g:yf{kgfkl5sf ;/sf/xdf o'jfnfO{ /fi6 lgdf{0fdf
d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ /fhgLlts ;f]r / OR5fzlQm b]lvg', o'jfdf cfgf] zlQm / e"ldsfk|lt
hfustf cfpg', o'jf nlIft sfo{qmdxnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu cfwf/ tof/ x'g', /fli6o
ljsf;df o'jf ;xeflutf clej[l4 ub}{ pgLxsf clwsf/xsf] pkof]u ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{
;+j}wflgs k|lta4tf cflb o; If]qsf cj;/ x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
ljsf;df o'jf ;xeflutfaf6 ;d[4 /fi6 lgdf{0f .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 175

#=@ nIo
o'jfxnfO{ /fi6sf] ;jf{\uL0f ljsf;df d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. o'jfsf] bIftf, pBdzLntf / cGj]if0ffTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ub}{ cfly{s;fdflhs
ljsf;df o'jf ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{' .
2. o'jfnfO{ ;jf{\uL0f /fi6 lgdf{0fsf] ;+jfxs agfpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. o'jfnfO{ k|fljlws lzIff tyf ;Lkd"ns tflnddfkm{t bIf, pBdzLn / cfTdlge{/
agfpg] .
2. /fHosf ;a} txsf] gLlt tyf lg0f{o k|lqmofdf o'jf ;xeflutf a9fpg] .
3. o'jfnfO{ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, ;fdflhs ljsf;, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, v]ns'bnufotsf If]qdf
:jo+;]jssf] kdf kl/rfng ug]{ .
4. v]ns'b, of]ufEof; / ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf o'jfxsf] ;+nUgtf a9fpg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. o'jfdf k|fljlws lzIff / Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmddfkm{t pBdzLntf k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -!_
2. /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o :t/df pbfx/0fLo tyf cGj]if0ffTds sfo{ u/L ;dfhdf of]ubfg
k'ofPsf o'jfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -!_
3. :jb]zdf g} /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x l;h{gf u/L o'jf a]/f]huf/sf ;d:ofnfO{ qmlds kdf
;dfwfg ul/g]5 . -!_
4. /fli6o o'jf kl/ifb\dfk{mt\ o'jf;DaGwL sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
5. o'jfnfO{ :j/f]huf/df ;+nUg u/fpg o'jf :j/f]huf/ sf]ifnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf kl/rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
6. j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 kms]{sf o'jfsf nflu :j/f]huf/ tyf pBdzLn aGg cfjZos
tflnd tyf k/fdz{ sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
7. k/Dk/fut k]zfnfO{ k|j4{g u/L cfw'lgsLs/0f ub}{} pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/;Dd ;xh kx'Frsf]
Joj:yf u/L To; If]qdf ;+nUg o'jfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg / ;Ddfg ug]{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
8. /fli6o ljsf;sf] g]t[Tj / gLlt lgdf{0fsf] txdf o'jfsf] kx'Fr k'ofpg ;DalGwt If]qdf
pgLxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{sf nflu g]t[Tj ljsf; tflnd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
9. ;dfhdf ljBdfg ul/aL, clzIff, 5'jf5't, lje]b, n}ls lx+;f tyf cdfgjLo sfo{xsf]
cGTosf nflu o'jf kl/rfng ug{ ;DalGwt If]qut lgsfox, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx;Fusf]

176 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 ;xsfo{ tyf ;dGjodf :jo+;]jf, ;dfh;]jfnufot ljz]if sfo{qmdx ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -@_
10. ;a} txsf ljsf; lgdf{0f lqmofsnfksf] of]hgf th{'df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg tyf
d"Nofg sfo{df o'jfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . -@_
11. ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s kfGt/0f, k|sf]k Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0fLo ;d:of Go"gLs/0f
ug{sf nflu cGo lgsfo;Fusf] ;dGjodf o'jfnfO{ :jo+;]jf sfo{df nfUg clek|]l/t
ug'{sf ;fy} :sfp6 ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -#_
12. o'jfdf g}ltstf, rfl/lqs u'0f Pjd\ cg'zf;gsf] ljsf; u/L /fHo / ;dfhk|lt
bfloTjaf]w u/fpg] tyf >dk|lt ;Ddfg ug{] ;+:sf/ ljsf; ug{] sfo{qmdx ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -$_
13. v]ns'b Pj of]ufEof;df o'jfxnfO{ clek|]l/t ug{ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf ;fy} ljleGg
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= Ifdtf ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{qmd
1. :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf o'jf e|d0f tyf cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg sfo{qmd .
2. s[lif, kz'kfng, pBf]unufot If]qdf :j/f]huf/d"ns tflnd, ;Lk tyf g]t[Tj
ljsf;;DaGwL tflnd .
v= /f]huf/d"ns tyf cGo sfo{qmd
1. g]kfn ;/sf/ / lghL If]q;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ;ftj6} k|b]zdf /fli6o :j/f]huf/
sfo{qmd .
2. k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf u|fdL0f o'jf pBd sfo{qmdcGtu{t !) o'jf Ps pBd
sfo{qmd .
3. o'jf ljk|]if0f nufgL tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if :yfkgf .
4. o'jf ;~rf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng / o'jf ;"rgf s]Gsf] :t/f]Gglt .
u= o'jf ;Ddfg sfo{qmd
1. /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o If]qdf /fi6sf] uf}/j a9fpg of]ubfg k'ofpg] o'jf / o'jfsf]
If]qdf pTs[i6 sfo{ ug]{ ;+:yfnfO{ ;Ddfg / k'/:sf/ k|bfg .
3= k|wfgdGqLsf] ;+of]hsTjdf :jo+;]js kl/rfng
1. k|sf]k Joj:yfkg .
2. ;fIf/tf cleofg, v]ns'b tyf of]u .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 177

 3. :jf:Yo ;r]tgf, /Qmbfg, ;/;kmfO, j[If/f]k0f tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f sfo{qmd .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
o'jfxdf ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf; eO{ :jo+;]jfdf ;+nUg ePsf x'g]5g\ . o'jfsf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 eO{ :j/f]huf/ / pBdzLn ePsf], o'jf k|ltefx ;Ddflgt ePsf] / :jo+;]jf ug{
OR5's !) nfv o'jfx /fli6o :jo+;]jf cleofgdf ;+nUg ePsf x'g]5g\ .
$=%=@ v]ns'b ljsf;
!= k[i7e"ld
:j:y tyf cg'zfl;t gful/s / ;dfhsf] ;[hgf ug{ v]ns'bnfO{ k|d'v cfwf/sf] kdf
lnOG5 . /fi6sf] k|lti7f j[l4 ug]{ / ljleGg ;Dk|bfo, efiff tyf ;+:s[lt Pjd\ ;d'bfoaLr Pstf
sfod u/L /fli6o ljsf;sf] cleofgdf Psh'6 agfpg v]ns'bsf] of]ubfg dxjk"0f{ /x]sf] x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] v]ns'b If]qnfO{ ljZjJofkL d"No / dfGotfcg';f/ ;f7lgs 9fFrfdf ;do;fk]If ;'wf/
ug]{ tyf ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L Pjd\ lghL If]qaLr ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ Pjd\ ;fem]bf/Lsf] jftfj/0f
l;h{gf u/L v]ns'bsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ub}{ o;nfO{ hghLjgsf] cleGg c\u agfpg] k|of;
ul/Psf] 5 . v]ns'bsf] dfWodaf6 zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, af}l4s, ;+j]ufTds / g}ltsjfg\ dfgj
;+zfwgsf] ljsf; u/L cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt ;dfh lgdf{0f ub}{ v]ns'bnfO{ /f]huf/d"ns
Joj;fosf] kdf ;d]t :yflkt ug{ :yfgLo txb]lv g} sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ;a}sf] nflu
v]ns'b eGg] cleofgnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ v]ns'b;Fu ;DalGwt k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, k|lzIf0f, k|ltof]lutf
/ k|f]T;fxgsf sfo{qmdx sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
/fli6o / cGt/f{li6o :t/sf v]ns'b ultljlwx ;~rfng ug{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/xsf]
Joj:yf ug{', v]ns'b ;Da4 lgsfoxaLr cfk;L ;xof]u, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ a9fpg'', v]ns'b
ultljlwdf lghL If]qnfO{ kl/rfng ug'{, v]nf8L tyf k|lzIfsxsf nflu ;do;fk]If cGt/f{li6o
:t/sf] k|lzIf0f tyf cEof;sf] Joj:yf / :sfp6 sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf ;~rfng Pjd\
lj:tf/ ug{' v]ns'b tyf :sfp6 If]qsf d'Vo r'gf}tLx x'g\ .
cj;/
zf/Ll/s Jofofd tyf v]ns'b ultljlwxsf] dxjk|lt ?lr / hfustf a9\b} hfg',
v]ns'b k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f, :t/f]Gglt tyf ljsf;, v]n k|lzIf0f, v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfx / v]nf8L
k|f]T;fxgsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g', v]ns'bnfO{ /fli6o Pstf ;'b[9 ug]{ Pjd\ cGt/f{li6o If]qdf
/fli6o ;Ddfg clej[l4 ug]{ dfWodsf] kdf ljsf; ug]{ ;+j}wflgs k|lta4tf cflbnfO{ o; If]qsf]
cj;/sf] kdf lnOPsf] 5 .

178 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
v]ns'bsf dfWodaf6 /fli6o Pstfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f Pjd\ cGt/f{li6o If]qdf /fli6o ;Ddfg
clej[l4 .
#=@ nIo
v]ns'b If]qsf] ljsf; u/L :j:y, cg'zfl;t, ;[hgfTds / lqmofzLn gful/s lgdf{0f ug{] .
#=# p2]Zo
1. v]n k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug{' .
2. v]nf8L tyf v]ns'b k||ltof]lutfnfO{ u'0ffTds agfpg' .
3. :sfp6sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf lj:tf/ ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf;d]t a9fO{ v]ns'bsf] ljsf;sf nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f,
ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .
2. ;do;fk]If cGt/f{li6o :t/sf] k|lzIf0f k|bfg ub}{ /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o v]ns'b
k|ltof]lutfsf] cfof]hgf tyf o:tf k|ltof]lutfdf x'g] ;xeflutfdf u'0ffTds j[l4 ug]{ .
3. :sfpl6sf lqmofsnfkxnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf lj:tf/ tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. v]ns'bsf :yfgLo tyf /fli6o :t/sf ef}lts ;+/rgf tyf k"jf{wf/xnfO{ cGt/f{li6o
:t/sf] dfkb08adf]lhd ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ljBfno / ljZjljBfnoxdf v]ns'bsf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -!_
3. cGt/f{li6o Pjd\ /fli6o :t/sf] /\uzfnf ;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/Ldfk{mt lgdf{0f
ul/g]5 . -!_
4. ;\3Lo, k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo :t/df ;DefJotfsf cfwf/df v]n k|lti7fg / k|lzIf0f
s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -!_
5. k|ltefzfnL v]nf8Lxsf] vf]hL u/L ltgLxsf] nflu lgoldt kdf :jb]zL tyf
j}b]lzs k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_
6. /fi6sf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;xof]u k'ofpg] lsl;dsf ljleGg k/Dk/fut,
;fxl;s, ko{6sLo / dgf]/~hgfTds v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfx cfof]hgf ul/g]5 . -@_

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 179

 7. ljz]if tyf kf/f v]ns'bxsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df hf]8 lbOg'sf ;fy} ckftf ePsf
JolQmx;Fu ;DalGwt v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfsf] ;~rfng tyf pgLxsf] ;xeflutfsf
nflu k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -@_
8. v]n If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df of]ubfg k'ofpg] tyf pTs[i6 v]n sf}zn k|bz{g ug]{
JolQmnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g'sf ;fy} v]nsdL{xsf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -@_
9. v]ns'bsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx;Fu
PsLs[t kdf, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ub}{ v]ns'bsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;do;fk]If ;'wf/
ul/g]5 . -@_
10. ;a} lhNnfsf ljBfnoxdf :sfp6sf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
11. :jo+;]jf / ;dfh;]jfsf sfo{df :sfp6/xnfO{ kl/rfng ul/g]]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= v]ns'b tyf :sfp6sf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf k'glg{df{0f
1. ;a} k|b]zdf sDtLdf Pp6f ;'ljwf ;DkGg /zfnf, se8{xn, v]nu|fd, lqms]6
d}bfg lgdf{0f .
2. k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf sDtLdf Pp6f v]n d}bfg lgdf{0f .
3. e"sDkn] Ifltu|:t ePsf v]ns'bsf k"jf{wf/xsf] k'glg{df{0f .
4. :sfp6 ejgxsf] lgdf{0f tyf dd{t;Def/ .
v= v]ns'b;DaGwL sfo{qmd
1. /fi6klt /lg l;N8 k|ltof]lutf, kf/f / :k];n v]ns'b, blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'b,
;ftf}+ /fli6o v]ns'b, cGt/f{li6o k|ltof]lutfsf]] cfof]hgf tyf Pl;ofnL / cGo
cGt/f{li6o k|ltof]lutfdf ;xeflutf .
2. lghL If]qsf ;+:yf tyf ljBfno;Fusf] ;xsfo{df v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng .
3. ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf v]ns'b lzIfsx tyf ljleGg v]nsf v]nf8L tyf OR5's
JolQmnfO{ k|lzIf0f / ljleGg v]nsf k|lzIfsxnfO{ cGt/f{li6o :t/sf] k|lzIf0f .
4. v]ns'bdf k|ltalGwt cf}ifwL ;]jg lj?4 v]nf8L, k|lzIfs, lzIfs tyf
ljBfyL{xsf] nflu ;r]tgf sfo{qmd .
5. v]nf8LxnfO{ k'/:sf/ tyf ;Ddfg sfo{qmd .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
;a} k|b]zdf sDtLdf Pp6f /zfnfsf] lgdf{0f tyf :t/f]Gglt ePsf], !! cf]6f lqms]6
d}bfg / #* cf]6f lhNnf:t/Lo se8{xn lgdf{0f ePsf], /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o v]ns'b
k|ltof]lutfxsf] ;~rfng tyf ;f]df ;xeflutf j[l4 ePsf], k|lzIf0f k|fKt ug]{ v]nf8Lxsf]

180 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

;\Vof jflif{s !%,))) k'u]sf], cGt/f{li6o v]ns'bdf ljhoL v]nf8Lx k'/:s[t ePsf],
:sfp6/sf] ;\Vof #),))) n] j[l4 ePsf] / ^),))) :sfp6 :jo+;]js kl/rfng ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=%=# :jo+;]js ;]jf
!= k[i7e"ld
:jo+;]js ;]jf Pp6f Jofj;flos Pjd\ ;l7t If]qsf] kdf ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] / b]z
ljsf;sf] /fli6o nIo k|flKtdf of]ubfg k'ofpg]tkm{ d'vl/t x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf
:jo+;]jL lqmofsnfkx ;~rfng ug{ ;/sf/L lgsfox, u}/;/sf/L ;\3;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh
tyf cGt/f{li6o ;\3;+:yfx lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf lgsfo Pjd\ ;\3;+:yfxn] :jo+;]jL
lqmofsnfksf] ;~rfng / :jo+;]js kl/rfng ug]{h:tf sfo{xaf6 :jf:Yo, lzIff, ljkb\
Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx, cfsl:ds sfo{df ;xof]u, hgr]tgf clej[l4, lgM;xfoxsf]
pTyfgx]/rfx / :jo+;]jL efjgfsf] k|j4{gh:tf sfo{xdf of]ubfg k'ofO/x]sf 5g\ .
/fli6o ljsf; :jo+;]js ;]jfaf6 :jo+;]jfsf] k|j4{g / kl/rfng ug]{ qmddf @)%^
;fnb]lv xfn;Dd ljleGg ljifoIf]qsf] of]Uotf xfl;n u/]sf !! xhf/eGbf a9Ln] :jo+;]js eO{
of]ubfg k'ofPsf 5g\ . ;f] cjlwdf ;fdflhs kl/rfng, cfocfh{g k|j4{g, ;;fgf k"jf{wf/
lgdf{0f, hgr]tgf clej[l4, ;fIf/tf clej[l4, :yfgLo k|ljlw k|j4{g, lzIff, :Jff:Yo, s[lif tyf
kz'kfng, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxh:tf If]qxdf :jod\:f]jsx kl/rfng ePsf 5g\ . pgLx
:jf:Yo ;]jf, s[lif ljsf; ;]jf, kz' ;]jf / OlGhlgol/ If]qaf6 5gf]6 ul/Psf] / logLx
d'n'ssf ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf s]Gb|xdf sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ . ;fy}, :jo+;]jL k|s[ltsf
/fli6ocGt/f{li6o ;\3;+:yfxaLrsf] efOrf/fdf clej[l4, :jo+;]jL efjgfsf] k|j4{g Pjd\
:jo+;]jL lgsfo / ;\3;+:yfxaLrsf] ;~hfnLs/0fdf clej[l4 ePsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
:jo+;]jfsf] dxjnfO{ ;dfh / :yfgLo :t/df :yfkgf u/L o;nfO{ cleofgs} kdf
cufl8 a9fpg] / :jo+;]jsxsf] dfucfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg o; If]qsf r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
:jo+;]jsxn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'ofPsf / cem} b'u{d If]qsf
;fj{hlgs ;]jf s]Gb|xdf cfjZos hgzlQmsf] sdL k"/f ug]{, gful/ssf] u'0f:t/Lo, l56f]5l/tf]
Pjd\ kof{Kt ;]jfk|flKtsf] cfsf\Iff al9/x]sf], @)&@ ;fn j}zfv !@ kl5sf] e"sDkLo ljkb\, af9L,
klx/f], dxfdf/Lh:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf cj:yfxdf :jo+;]jL lqmofsnfksf] cfjZostf, e"ldsf
Pjd\ of]ubfg dgg ul/Psf]n] :jo+;]jfsf] ;fGble{stf cem k'li6 ePsf] / :jo+;]jL
lqmofsnfkxnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] cj;/ /x]sf] 5 . :jo+;]jfsf] bfo/fnfO{ /fli6o Pjd\ ;fdflhs
hLjgsf cGo kIfcfofdxdf lj:tf/ u/L ;d'bfo:t/af6} :jo+;]jL lqmofsnfknfO{ cufl8
a9fpg] cj;/ klg /x]sf] 5 .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 181

#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
:jo+;]js ;]jfaf6 ;Eo, ;xof]uL / cGtlge{/ ;dfh lgdf{0f .
#=@ nIo
:jo+;]jL efjgfsf] k|j4{g / :jo+;]jssf kdf ;]jf ug{ rfxg] JolQm tyf ;+:yfxnfO{
kl/rfng u/L ljsf;sf] /fli6o cleofgdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
ljsf;sf] nflu tTsfn cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm cfk"lt{ ug'{sf ;fy} ;a} If]qdf :jo+;]jL
efjgfsf] ljsf; ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. ljsf; sfo{ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfx sdL ePsf] If]qdf ;xhLs/0f ug{ o'jfxnufot
ljleGg ljifo / If]qsf JolQmxnfO{ :Jfo+;]jssf] kdf kl/rfng ug]{ .
2. ljkb\sf] cj:yf tyf cGo cfsl:ds sfo{df :jo+;]jfdfkm{t ;xof]u k'ofpg] .
3. :jo+;]jfsf] If]qdf ul/Psf /fli6ocGt/f{li6o cEof;xsf] cfwf/df :jo+;]jf;DaGwL
hfu/0f Pjd\ k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. :yfgLo dfusf cfwf/df ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;]jfk|jfx tyf ljifout k|ljlwsf] If]qdf
:jo+;]jL hgzlQmxsf] kl/rfng x'g ;Sg] If]qxsf] klxrfg / sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -
!_
2. ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /xL ljleGg If]qsf] nfdf] cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf cjsfzk|fKt
/fi6;]jsxnfO{ ;fy} o'jfxnfO{ :jo+;]jfdf lqmofzLn t'NofOg]5 . -!_
3. :jo+;]jssf] ;]jf If]qnfO{ km/flsnf] / Jofjxfl/s agfpg gLltut vfsf tof/ u/L
ljsf;sf cfofdxdf of]ubfg k'ofpg ;Sg] JolQmxnfO{ :jo+;]jssf] kdf
kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
4. ljkb\sf] cj:yf tyf cGo cfsl:ds sfo{df cfJfZos kg]{ :jo+;]jsx kl/rfng
ul/g]5 . -@_
5. ljleGg z}lIfs, k|fljlws tyf k|fl1s ;+:yfxdf cWoog/t o'jfxnfO{ cWoogs} csf]
kdf :jo+;]jfdf ;+nUg u/fOg]5 . -@_
6. :jo+;]jfnfO{ ;fdflhs ;+:s[ltsf] kdf ljsf; ug{ ljBfno txsf] kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z
ul/g]5 . -#_

182 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 7. :jo+;]js kl/rfng ug]{ /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o ;+:yfx;Fu ;~hfn lj:tf/ u/L
:jo+;]jf k|j4{g sfo{nfO{ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -#_
8. /fli6o ljsf; :jo+;]js ;]jfnfO{ :jo+;]js kl/rfng ug]{ ;\3;+:yfxsf] ;dGjo
lgsfo tyf ;|f]ts]Gb|sf] kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. :jo+;]jf;DaGwL /fli6o gLlt th{'df .
2. :jo+;]js kl/rfng;DaGwL k|m]djs{ th{'df u/L kl/rfngdf ljljwLs/0f .
3. /fli6o / cGt/f{li6o ;\3;+:yfx;Fusf] ;xsfo{df :jo+;]js kl/rfng / :jo+;]jfsf]
k|j4{g sfo{qmd .
4. :jo+;]jf;DaGwL k}/aL sfo{qmd .
5. /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o :jo+;]jL ;\3;+:yfxaLr ;dGjo / ;~hfnLs/0f .
6. :jo+;]jf;DaGwL c;n cEof;sf] klxrfg tyf cjnDag .
7. :jo+;]jsxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
kl/rfng ul/g] :jo+;]jssf] sfo{If]q / ;\Vofdf j[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 . :jo+;]js
kl/rfngsf] bfo/f lj:tf/ x'g uO{ :yfgLo :t/;Dd k'u]sf] x'g]5 . To;}u/L yk gful/sxdf
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kx'Fr j[l4df ;xof]u k'u]sf] / :jo+;]jL lqmofsnfkxsf] dfWodaf6 ;Eo
;dfh k|j4{g ePsf] x'g]5 .

If]qut ljsf; gLltx | 183

 kl/R5]b M %
k"jf{wf/ If]q ljsf; gLltx
%=! pmhf{
%=!=! hnljB't\
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] nflu hnljB't\ g} pmhf{sf] dxjk"0f{ Pjd\ e/kbf{] ;|f]t xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn]
hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t :jb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbFb} hn;|f]tsf] ax'pkof]uL ljsf; ug]{
gLltut Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . pmhf{ d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] d]b08 ePsf]n] g]kfnsf kl5Nnf cfjlws
of]hgfxdf pmhf{ If]qn] pRr k|fyldstf kfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L, lghL / ;fd'bflos
nufgLsf ;fy;fy} ljb]zL nufgLdfkm{t hnljB't\ If]qsf] ljsf; tyf k|j4{g ug{] k|of; eO/x]sf]
5 . ;d;fdlos P]g, lgod, gLltxsf] lgdf{0f tyf ltgsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu
;+:yfut Joj:yfsf afah'b ;Defljt Ifdtfsf] Go"g dfqfdf dfq pTkfbg ;Dej x'g;s]sf] 5 .
s'n hnljB't\ h8fg Ifdtf *%! d]ufjf6 k'u]sf] 5 eg] ljB't\df hg;\Vofsf] kx'Fr &$ k|ltzt
5 . ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOgsf] ^^ s]=eL= jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] s'n nDafO @,(&) lsnf]ld6/ k'u]sf] 5
. @,*(@ uf=lj=;=df ljB'tLo k"jf{wf/ k'u]sf] 5 . ctM pmhf{df cfTdlge{/ x'g hnljB't\sf ;fgf,
demf}nf tyf 7"nf cfof]hgfxnfO{ k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg cfjZos 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
d'n'ssf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / cf}Bf}lusLs/0f;Fu} tLj| j[l4 x'g yfn]sf] hnljB't\sf] dfu k"/f ug'{,
cfof]hgfx lgwf{l/t ;do / nfutdf ;DkGg ug{', cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu ljleGg
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfoxaLr ;dGjo ug'{', lgofds tyf ljt/0f lgsfosf] ljt/0f k|0ffnL lj:tf/ /
;'b[9Ls/0f ug'{ Pjd\ hnljB't\ pTkfbgdf lghL If]qsf] of]ubfg ;Lldt /xg' hnljB't\ ljsf;sf
k|d'v r'gf}tLx x'g\ .
cj;/
pmhf{nfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]b08sf kdf cLsf/ u/L cfly{s ;d[l4sf] dfWddsf kdf
klxrfg x'g', pmhf{ If]q k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qsf] kdf /xg', nufgLsf k|z:t cj;/ b]lvg',
j}b]lzs nufgLsf] nflu kof{Kt ;Defjgf /xg', lghL If]q tyf :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;]o/ nufgL a9\b}
uO{ hgtfsf] :jfldTj sfod x'g' hnljB't\ If]qsf cj;/sf kdf lng ;lsG5 .

184 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
hnljB't\sf] tLj| ljsf;dfkm{t d'n'ssf lbuf]] ljsf; / ;d[l4 .
#=@ nIo
pmhf{ ;'/Iff;lxtsf] hnljB't\ ljsf;af6 ljB't\df cfTdlge{/tf xfl;n u/L cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs ;d'Ggltdf of]ubfg k'ofpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
hnljB't\ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ u/L ;a} 3/kl/jf/ / If]qsf] ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. hnljB't\df nufgL a9fO{ ljB't\ pTkfbgdf j[l4 ug]{ .
2. ljB't\sf] k|;f/0f Joj:yfnfO{ yk ;'b[9 tyf lj:tf/ ug]{ .
3. ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ ljB't\sf] kx'Fr ;j{;'ne agfpg] .
4. ljB't\ pTkfbg ;lDd>0f ;d]tsf] dfWodaf6 pmhf{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. hnfzoo'Qm hnljB't\ pTkfbgnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL sfo{qmdcfof]hgf ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
2. lgdf{0ffwLg cj:yfdf /x]sf ljB't\ pTkfbg, k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0f cfof]hgfxnfO{
;dodf g} ;DkGg ul/g]5 . -!_
3. demf}nf tyf 7"nf hnljB't\ kl/of]hgfxdf ;d]t :yfgLo ;d'bfoxnfO{ ;]o/ nufgL
ug]{ cj;/ pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf cjnDag ul/g]5 . -!_
4. lghL nufgL a9fpg ljB't\ vl/bb/ k'g/fjnf]sgsf ;fy} lkls tyf hnfzoo'Qm
cfof]hgfxsf nflu ;d]t ljB't\ vl/bb/ lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . -!_
5. lghL If]qnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ / ;/sf/L ;]jf l56f] 5l/tf] kdf pknAw u/fpg
cfjZos ;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -!_
6. cGt/b]zLo k|;f/0f nfOgxsf] cWoog / ;j]{If0f u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy
;DkGg ul/g]5 . -@_
7. k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0fdf lghL If]qnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ cfjZos ljlw tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -@_
8. hnljB't\sf] pTkfbgnfO{ ljB't\ ljt/0f;Fu hf]8\g cfGtl/s k|;f/0f nfOgsf] lgdf{0fnfO{
tLj|tf lbOg]5 . -@_

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 185

 9. u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fnfO{ lj:tf/ u/L cfly{s lqmofsnfk;Fu cfa4 ul/g]5 . -#_
10. ljB't\ r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos sfg'g kl/dfh{g Pjd\ k|fljlws tyf k|zf;lgs
pkfox cjnDag ul/g]5 . -#_
11. ;3g ;x/L If]qdf e"ldut ljt/0f nfOgsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -#_
12. hnljB't\ cfof]hgf ljsf; ubf{ clgjfo{ kdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 kg]{ c;/nfO{ Wofg
lbOg]5 . -$_
13. :df6{ ld6/ tyf :df6{ lu|8sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ qmlds kdf nfu' ub}{ nlug]5 . -$_
14. ljB't\ pTkfbg sDkgL, ljB't\ k|;f/0f sDkgL, ljB't\ ljt/0f sDkgL tyf ljB't\ Jofkf/
sDkgLsf] :yfkgf u/L sfo{ cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -$_
15. ljB'tLo pmhf{ pkof]usf] cl86, ljB'tLo pkof]u;DaGwL hgr]tgf, pmhf{ bIftfsf]
dfkb08 lgwf{/0fh:tf sfo{ u/L pkof]u k|0ffnLdf pmhf{ bIftf k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -$_
16. ljZjljBfnox ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg sfo{ ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= hnfzoo'Qm tyf 7"nf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfxsf] lgdf{0f tyf ljsf;
1. bf]nvf lhNnfdf lgdf{0ffwLg $%^ d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] /fli6o uf}/jsf] dflyNnf]
tfdfsf]zL hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg .
2. !$) d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] tgx'F ;]tL hnfzoo'Qm hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0fk"j{sf
sfo{x ;DkGg u/L d'Vo ;+/rgfxsf] lgdf{0f k|f/De .
3. !@)) d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] /fli6o uf}/jsf] a'9Lu08sL hnfzoo'Qm hnljB't\ cfof]hgf,
&%) d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] /fli6o uf}/jsf] klZrd ;]tL hnljB't\ cfof]hgf / $!)
d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] gnl;uf8 hnfzoo'Qm hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f .
v= hnljB't\ cfof]hgfxsf] cWoog
1. hnfzoo'Qm cfof]hgfxsf] u'? of]hgf ljsf; .
2. 7"nf hnfzoo'Qm cfof]hgfx ;'gsf]zL@ -!!)) d]=jf=_, ;'gsf]zL# -%#) d]=jf=_,
cfFwL vf]nf -!*) d]=jf=_, pQ/ u\uf -#)) d]=jf=_, b"wsf]zL -#)) d]=jf=_,
sfnLu08sL@ -^^) d]=jf=_ / gf}d'/] -@$) d]=jf=_ sf] lj:t[t ;DefJotf tyf
jftfj/0fLo cWoog sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{sf] ;fy} lgdf{0fsf] df]8fln6L tof/ u/L qmdzM
sfof{Gjog .
3. dflyNnf] c?0f -##% d]=jf=_, e]/L! -$$) d]=jf=_, c?0f$ -#)) d]=jf=_, e]/L@ -
@$# d]=jf=_, km"nsf]6 s0f{fnL -@!) d]=jf=_, r}gk'/ ;]tL -@!) d]=jf=_, ;fgLe]/L -!%)
d]=jf=_, dflyNnf] e]/L -*% d]=jf=_, l;Da'jf vf]nf -%# d]=jf=_, b"wsf]zL$ -$( d]=jf_,

186 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 a]gLsfnL u08sL -%) d]=jf=_, ;\v'jfvf]nf! -#) d]=jf=_, Ov'jf / sfa]nL
hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotf tyf jftfj/0fLo cWoog ;DkGg .
u= qmdfut cfof]hgfxsf] lgdf{0f
1. lgdf{0ffwLg s'n]vfgL t];|f] -!$ d]=jf=_ / rd]lnof -#) d]=jf=_ ;DkGg ug]{ tyf ^)
d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] lqz'nL t]:f|f] P hnljB't\ cfof]hgf / /fx'3f6 -#@ d]=jf=_
hnljB't\ cfof]hgfxsf] clwsf+z lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg .
2. dflyNnf] lqz'nL# aL -$) d]=jf=_, dflyNnf] df]bL -$@ d]=jf=_ c5fd lhNnfl:yt
a'9Lu\uf -@) d]=jf=_, tfdfsf]zL% -*& d]=jf=_ / /f]Nkfsf] df8L hnljB't\ cfof]hgf
-!@ d]=jf=_ sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De .
3. lghL If]qaf6 k|jl4{t lgdf{0ffwLg hnljB't\ cfof]hgfxsf] cg'udg tyf cfjZos
lg0f{o k|lqmofdf tbf?stf ckgfO{ lgwf{l/t ;dod} lgdf{0f ;DkGg .
3= k|;f/0f nfOg cfof]hgfx
1. ;|f]tsf] clwstd ;b'kof]u ub{} ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOgsf] Jofjxfl/s u'?of]hgf tof/ /
sfof{Gjog .
2. g]kfn / ef/taLr ljB't\ Jofkf/ k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f / lghL
If]qsf] ;+o'Qm nufgLdf g]kfn ef/taLr 9Ns]a/ aygfxf d'hkm/k'/ $)) s]=eL=
Ifdtfsf] cGt/b]zLo k|;f/0f nfOg tyf ;a:6];gsf] lgdf{0f oyflz3| ;DkGg .
3. Go'a'6jn;'gf}nLuf]/vk'/, b'xaLhf]uagLk"l0f{of, bf];|f] 9Ns]a/d'hkm/k'/, Go'
sf]xnk'/nvgp, nDsLa/]nL, kxndfgk'/a/]nL, lrlnd]xas]?h:tf cGt/b]zLo
k|;f/0fnfO{gxsf] lgdf{0f / 8L=;L= nfOgsf] ;DefJotf cWoog .
4. ljB't\ cfof]hgfxaf6 pTkflbt ljB't\ zlQm k|;f/0f ug{ sfnLu08sL, d:of{\bL,
sf]zL, ;f]n', sfa]nL, e]/L / s0ff{nL sf]l/8f]/x tyf Og?jfcgf/dgL, cQl/of
dx]Gb|gu/, dx]Gb|gu/a'6jn, a'6jnx]6f}8f9Ns]a/nufotsf k|;f/0f nfOgxsf]
lgdf{0f .
5. gbL a]l;gdf cfwfl/t pRr Ifdtfsf ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOgxsf] ;DefJotf cWoog .
= cGo sfo{qmd
1. hn tyf pmhf{ ljsf;sf] b"/b[li6sf] tof/L, ;\3Lo :j?kdf ljB't\ ljt/0f;DaGwL
cWoog, s'n ;DefJo hnljB't\ Ifdtf lgwf{/0f;DaGwL cWoog / ljB't\ pTkfbg
cfof]hgfxsf] 5gf}6, If]qut dfusf] cfwf/ Pjd\ k|;f/0f / ljt/0fdf ;dGjo .
2. jt{dfg pmhf{ ;6 Go"gLs/0f ug{ cGo j}slNks pmhf{;|f]tsf] ;DefJotf cWoog
Pjd\ pTkfbg .

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 187

 3. hnljB't\ cfof]hgfxsf] cg'dltkq k|bfg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;/nLs/0f Pjd\
k|j4{sxsf] lgodg tyf sf/afxL ug'{sf cltl/Qm To:tf cfof]hgfx g]kfn ;/sf/
jf k|lt:kwf{sf] dfWodaf6 jf pko'Qm k|j4{sdfkm{t ljsf; .
4. ljB't\ r'xfj6 Go"gLs/0f / lgoGq0fsf nflu cfjZos k|fljlws Pjd\ Joj:yfksLo
sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
hnljB't\ hl8t Ifdtf @,#)! d]ufjf6 k'u]sf], @,%%@ d]=jf= Ifdtfsf ljB't\ cfof]hgfx
lgdf{0f k|ls|ofdf ePsf], ^^ s]=eL= jf dflysf] &*% ls=ld=gofF k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0f ePsf],
ljB't\ r'xfj6 @$ k|ltztdf ;Lldt ePsf], /fli6o ljB't\ k|0ffnLaf6 ljB't\ ;]jf k|fKt ug]{
hg;\Vof cg'kft &) k|ltzt k'u]sf], yk !)* ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf ljB't\ ;]jfsf] kx'Fr k''u]sf],
yk &&! ls=ld= ## s]=eL= k|;f/0f nfOg / yk !,%%) ls=ld= !! s]=eL= k|;f/0f nfOg lj:tf/
ul/Psf]], /fli6o k|;f/0f nfOgaf6 yk $ nfv %) xhf/ 3/w'/Ldf ljB't\ ;]jf k'u]sf] / k|ltJolQm
ljB't\ vkt !^) ls=jf= 306f k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
%=!=@ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
!= k[i7e"ld
lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo, ;a}sf nflu lbuf] pmhf{sf] cjwf/0ff, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/
Go"gLs/0f, n}ls ;dfgtf nufotsf cGt/f{li6o k|lta4tfx sfof{Gjog ug{ / xl/t
cy{tGqnfO{ k|j4{g ub}{ pmhf{ ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf, pmhf{sf] kx'Fr / jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng :yflkt
ug{ gjLs/0fLo If]qsf] tLj| ljsf; x'g' cfjZos 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf]
ljsf; u/L cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf nflu ;'ky / ;'ne kdf e/kbf]{ pmhf{sf] cfk"lt{
ug]{ gLlt cLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . /fli6o ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOg k'ofpg sl7g ePsf / 5l/P/ /x]sf
u|fdL0f a:tLxdf ;]jf k'ofpg, ;x/L If]qdf a9\bf] pmhf{ ;\s6nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u
k'ofpg / k/Dk/fut Pjd\ cfofltt pmhf{dflysf] lge{/tfnfO{ sd ug{ ljleGg lsl;dsf
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] ljsf; / k|j4{g u/L o; If]qnfO{ ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf Nofpg' h?/L 5 .
xfn;Dd o;cGtu{t afof]Uof; KnfG6sf] h8fg ;\Vof # nfv ^$ xhf/, ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|0ffnL
ljB't\ h8fg ;\Vof ^ nfv *% xhf/ / n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't\af6 pTkflbt Ifdtf #$
d]ufjf6 k'u]sf] 5 eg] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ af6 ;du| nfeflGjt hg;\Vof !* k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] dfu / cfk"lt{aLr ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg', nlIft ;d"xnfO{ pmhf{sf]
kx'Frdf j[l4 ug{', hgtfsf] sdhf]/ cfly{s l:yltsf sf/0f cTolws cg'bfg dfu x'g', sfo{qmdsf]
lbuf]kgf, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, /fli6o k|;f/0f nfOg k'u]kl5 gjLs/0fLo pmhf{af6 pTkflbt ljB'tsf]

188 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

plrt ;b'kof]u, pkef]QmfnfO{ ;xh kdf shf{sf] Joj:yf ug{' tyf lbuf] ljsf;sf] nflu
bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ If]qsf r'gf}tLx x'g\ . gjLs/0fLo
pmhf{sf nflu rflxg] clwsf+z pks/0fx cfoft ug'{kg]{ / dxFuf] x'g' yk r'gf}tL x'g\ .
cj;/
Go"g cfo ePsf hg;d'bfodf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] kx'Frdf j[l4 x'g' tyf ;x/L If]qdf klg
;f}o{ pmhf{k|ltsf] cfsif{0f a9\b} hfg', o; If]qdf ljleGg ljsf; ;fem]bf/xsf] ;xeflutf a9\b}
hfg', gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] k|j4{gdf ljQLo ;+:yf tyf lghL If]qxsf] ;xeflutf a9\b}
hfg', :jR5 pmhf{ sf] ljsf; / k|of]udf ljZjJofkL nx/ cfpg', gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwxnfO{
:jR5 ljsf; ;+oGqsf] kdf ljsf; ug{ ;DefJotf cWoog u/L ;DefJo k|ljlwxnfO{ qmdzM
sfa{g kl/of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] kdf ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg ;lsg] cj:yf /xg' nufotsf
cj;/x ljBdfg 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] k|of]uaf6 lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; .
#=@ nIo
:jR5 / gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] dfWodaf6 k/Dk/fut / k]6f]lnod pmhf{dflysf] lge{/tfnfO{
sd ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. :jR5 / gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] pTkfbg a9fO{ cfw'lgs pmhf{sf] kx'Fr a9fpg' .
2. /fli6o ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOg gk'u]sf tyf k'ofpg nfut k|efjsf/L gePsf If]qxdf
j}slNks ljB't\ ;]jfsf] kx'Fr a9fO{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df 6]jf k'ofpg' .
#=$ /0fgLltx
1. gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] lj:tf/ u/L pmhf{ cfk"lt{ k|0ffnLsf] pNn]Vo c+zsf] kdf o;nfO{
ljsf; ug]{ .
2. kx'Fr gk'u]sf If]q, ju{ / ;d"x;Dd gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ / o;sf] k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr a9fpg] .
3. gjLs/0fLo pmhf{df hgtfsf] kx'Fr a9fO{ hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ / /f]huf/Ldf j[l4 ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. bfp/fsf] k|of]unfO{ sd ub}{ n}hfg afof]Uof; tyf ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf], Uof;Lkmfo/,
afof]la|s]6 h:tf lskmfotL h}ljs pmhf{ k|ljlwxsf] k|j4{g Pjd\ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!,#_

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 189

 2.
a} tyf ljQLo ;+:yfxnfO{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ If]qdf nufgL ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf
ul/g]5 . -!_
3. pmhf{ ;\s6 Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;x/L If]qsf lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs ejgxdf ;f}o{ pmhf{af6
ljB't\ cfk"lt{ ul/g]5 . -!_
4. k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] cf+lzs ljsNksf kdf b]zleq} h}ljs OGwg -afof]o'n_ sf] pTkfbg
ug{ cfjZos gLlt th'{df ul/g]5 . -!_
5. ;DefJo 7fpFdf jfo' tyf ;f}o{ pmhf{af6 ljB't\ pTkfbg tyf t/fO{df l;FrfOsf nflu kfgL
tfGg jfo' tyf ;f}o{ kDksf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!,#_
6. n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't\, ;f}o{ pmhf{, h}ljs pmhf{ tyf jfo' pmhf{h:tf gjLs/0fLo
pmhf{sf] k|j4{g, ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@,#_
7. ljleGg If]qaf6 pTkfbg x'g] kmf]xf]/sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkgaf6 pmhf{ pTkfbg ug{sf nflu
cfjZos k|ljlw / k|0ffnLxsf] k|j4{g / lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@,#_
8. ;f}o{ Kofgn tyf cGo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf pks/0f cfoft ubf{ u'0f:t/ dfkg ug]{
k4ltnfO{ yk ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -@_
9. /fli6o ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOg k'u]sf If]qxdf n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't\, ;f}o{ pmhf{
nufotsf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{af6 pTkflbt ljB't\nfO{ /fli6o ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOgdf hf]8\g]
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@,#_
10. gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] lbuf] tyf ;d'lrt ljsf;sf nflu s]Gb|Lo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
sf]ifdfkm{t dfq cg'bfg / shf{ kl/rfngsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_
11. ul/a tyf ljkGg ju{;Dd gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] ;'ne / ;/n kx'Fr k'ofpg
k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
12. k|fb]lzs Pjd\ :yfgLo lgsfoxsf] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{;DaGwL of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog,
k|j4{g, cg'udg tyf d"Nofg;DaGwL lqmofsnfkxdf Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= ;f}o{ pmhf{ sfo{qmd
1. /fli6o ljB't\ k|0ffnL gk'u]sf tyf n3' hnljB'tsf] ;Defjgf sd ePsf 7fpFxdf
;f}o{ ljB't\ k|0ffnL h8fg .
2. ;x/L If]qdf a9bf] ljB't\ ;6nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|0ffnLdf h8fg .
3. b'u{d kxf8L If]qdf vfg]kfgL tyf ;;fgf l;FrfOsf] nflu ;f}o{ ljB't kDk h8fg .

190 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 4. ;fd'bflos ;+:yfxdf ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't\ k|0ffnL h8fg, ;f}o{ 8fo/ / s's/
h8fg ug'{sf ;fy} ;f}o{ ldlg lu|8dfkm{t ljB't\ ;]jf .
5. lghL;fj{hlgs ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ffg';f/ Aof6L k|zf]wg s]Gsf] :yfkgf tyf
;~rfng .
v= n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't\ sfo{qmd
1. n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfxdfkm{t ljB't\ pTkfbg .
2. vfB kbfy{ s'6fgL tyf lk;fgLsf] nflu k/Dk/fut kfgL3 ;'wf/ tyf gofF kfgL3
h8fg .
3. n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfxnfO{ /fli6o k|;f/0f lu|8df ;d]t
hf]8\g];DaGwL ;DefJotf cWoog .
4. n3' hnljB't\ cfof]hgfxnfO{ Pscfk;df hf]8L /fli6o k|;f/0f nfOgdf cfa4
Pjd\ :yfgLo lu|8sf] kdf ljsf; u/L /fli6o k|;f/0f nfOgdf hf]8\g] .
5. xfn n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfdfkm{t ljB'tLs/0f ePsf gu/f]Gd'v If]q /
kxf8L lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf ljB't\ cfk"lt{sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ yk n3' tyf ;fgf
hnljB't\ lgdf{0f .
u= h}ljs pmhf{ sfo{qmd
1. afof]Uof;, ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf] tyf afof]la|s]6sf] Jofks k|j4{g tyf lj:tf/ ug{
3/fof;L afof]Uof; KnfG6, 7"nf afof]Uof; KnfG6 / ;fd'bflos Pjd\ ;+:yfut
afof]Uof; KnfG6 lgdf{0f tyf ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf] h8fg .
2. afof]la|s]6x pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f, h}ljs OGwg pTkfbg;DaGwL gLlt th{'df tyf
sfof{Gjog / ;x/L If]qdf pTkfbg x'g] kmf]xf]/, v]/ uPsf s[lif tyf jghGo
kbfy{x k|of]u u/L ljB't\ pTkfbg Pjd\ oftfoft If]qdf afof] Oyfgf]n / afof]
l8h]nsf] k|of]u .
3= jfo' pmhf{ sfo{qmd
1. jfo' pmhf{ ;|f]tsf] gS;f -P6n;_ tof/, jfo' tYof pknAw ePsf / jfo' Doflk
tof/ ul/Psf lhNnfxdf n3' tyf ;fgf jfo' 6af{Og h8fg u/L ljB't\ pTkfbg .
2. ;f}o{ tyf jfo' pmhf{sf] ldl>t k|ljlwsf] ;DefJotf cWoogsf cfwf/df ljB't\
pTkfbg u/L lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f tyf t/fO{sf
;DefJo lhNnfxdf l;FrfOsf nflu kfgL tfGg jfo'kDksf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ .
= cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f sfo{qmd
1. :yfgLo lgsfodf :yfkgf ePsf lhNnf jftfj/0f, pmhf{ tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g
zfvfxsf] Ifdtf ljsf; .

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 191

 2. gjLs/0fLo pmhf{;DaGwL @) jif]{ of]hgf, /fli6o gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ gLlt tyf P]g
th{'df .
3.
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ .
4. gjLs/0fLo pmhf{;DaGwL ;j]{If0f, ;DefJotf cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;,
k|j4{g, k|bz{g tyf hgr]tgf sfo{qmd, pks/0f tyf ;fdfgxsf] /fli6o :t/
u'0f:t/ dfkb08 lgwf{/0f, cg'udg, gLlt tyf of]hgf th{'df, tflnd, ;~rfng .
5. k|To]s @ jif{df x/]s pmhf{ sfo{qmdsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"Nofg .
5= gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kfs{;DaGwL sfo{qmd
1. gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / k|j4{gnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf cl3 a9fpg tyf
hgr]tgf hufpg gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf k|ljlwx h8fg u/L pko'Qm 7fpFdf
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kfs{ :yfkgf .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't\af6 !! d]ufjf6, ;fgf tyf 3/fo;L ;f}o{ ljB't\ k|0ffnLaf6 !^
d]ufjf6 / jfo' pmhf{af6 ! d]ufjf6 ljB't\ pTkfbg eO{ yk sl/a ( k|ltzt hgtfnfO{ ljB't\
;]jf k'u]sf] x'g]5 . @,)),))) cf]6f 3/fo;L afof]Uof; KnfG6 / !),^%,))) ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf]
h8fg ePsf] x'g]5 . ;du| gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlw;Fu ufFl;Psf Joj;fo tyf pTkfbgd"ns
k|of]uaf6 @,%)) gofF pBd ;[hgf tyf yk !*,))) /f]huf/L l;h{gf ePsf] x'g'sf ;fy} !%,%))
3/w'/Ldf ljleGg cfocfh{gsf lqmofsnfkx klg ;~rfng ePsf] x'g]5 .

%=@ oftfoft k"jf{wf/

%=@=! ;8s
!= k[i7e"ld
d'n'ssf] cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ ultzLn kfg{, ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k'ofOg] ;]jfnfO{ ;xh
tyf ;/n kfg{ / cfly{s ;fdflhs PsLs/0f Pjd\ k|fb]lzs tyf ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ng sfod u/L
;jf{L0f ljsf;df 6]jf k'ofpg ;8s oftfoftsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /xG5 . ljutsf cfjlws
of]hgfxn] ;8s oftfoftnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /fVb} cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] cfly{s;fdflhs
ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] /0fgLlts dxTjsf ;8sxnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOFb} cfPsf] 5 .
cf=j= @)&@&# sf] cGTo;Dddf b]zsf b'O{ lhNnf ;b/d'sfd -8f]Nkf / x'Dnf_ afx]s cGo
lhNnf ;b/d'sfd ;8s ;~hfn;Fu hf]l8Psf 5g\ eg] If]qLo :t/ / /0fgLlts dxTj ePsf
@(,)#! ls=ld= ;8s ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm :yfgLo :t/af6 lgld{t sl/a

192 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

%#,))) ls=ld= ;8sdWo] sl/a #),))) ls=ld= oftfoftof]Uo ePsf]df sl/a !&,)))
ls=ld=dfq afx|} dlxgf ;~rfngof]Uo /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} !,(%@ df]6/of]Uo k'nx lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\
. ;8s ;~hfn gk'u]sf b'O{ lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf ;8ssf] kx'Fr k'ofpg tbf?stf;fy sfd
eO/x]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd ^& lhNnf ;b/d'sfd -ef]hk'/, vf]6f, d':tf, afh'/f, dgf, d'u', x'Dnf /
8f]Nkfafx]s_ df sfnf]kq] ;8s ;~hfnsf] kx'Fr k'lu;s]sf] 5 . ;a} ;b/d'sfdxdf sfnf]kq]
;8ssf] ;~hfn k'ofpg rf}wf}F of]hgfdf ;8s pkIf]qdf ePsf ljutsf k|of;xsf ;fy;fy}
s]xL gjLgtd k|oTgxnfO{ klg k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
sl7g ef}uf}lns cj:yfsf sf/0f vlr{nf] ePsf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] Joj:yfkg ug'{, lgld{t
;+/rgfxsf] dd{t;Def/ / ;DklQ ;'/Iffsf nflu ;|f]t;fwgsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf ug'{, cTolws
dfusf sf/0f ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug'{, 5l/P/ /x]sf a:tLxdf ;8s lj:tf/ ug'{, afx|}
dlxgf e/kbf]{ / ;'/lIft ;8s ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug'{, k|fs[lts k|sf]k Pjd\ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]
kIfnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL ;8s lgdf{0f ug'{, ljleGg lgsfoaLr ;dGjo sfod u/L
k|efjsfl/tf j[l4 ug'{ / lghL If]qsf] Ifdtf, ;Defjgf tyf nufgL cfsif{0f ug'{ k|d'v r''gf}tLsf
kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
b]z ljsf;sf] nflu ;8s ;~hfnsf] ljsf; Pjd\ ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] /0fgLlt tof/ x'g', :yfgLo
:t/af6 ;8s ljsf;sf] nflu cTolws pT;fx / dfu /xg', ;8s pkIf]qnfO{ /fli6o ljsf;sf]
pRr k|fyldstfdf /flvg' / ljsf; ;fem]bf/xsf] pNn]Vo ;xof]u /xg' ;8s If]qsf cj;/x
x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo ,p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;8s oftfoftsf] ljsf;dfkm{t cfly{s ;fdflhs PsLs/0f, k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ng / cfly{s
;d[l4 .
#=@ nIo
/fli6o ;8s ;~hfnsf] lj:tf/ u/L cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf;, Jofkf/ lj:tf/ Pjd\
ljljwLs/0f tyf cGt/f{li6o ;DaGw ;'b[9Ls/0fdf 6]jf k'ofpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
1. k|efjsf/L, lbuf], e/kbf]{, ;'/lIft, jftfj/0fd}qL / sd vlr{nf] oftfoft ;]jfdfkm{t
cfly{s lqmofsnfk lj:tf/ / ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg' .
2. ;\3 / k|b]zxaLr, k|b]zk|b]zaLr, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaLr tyf l5d]sL
d'n'sx;Fusf] Jofkfl/s ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug'{ .

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 193

#=$ /0fgLlt
1. k|fb]lzs kx'Fr / cfly{s j[l4nfO{ of]ubfg k'Ug] u/L ;'/lIft oftfoft kx'Fr / ;'ljwf
lj:tf/ ug]{ .
2. s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/, hnljB't\, ko{6g, lzIff / :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kxF'r a9fpg] u/L
oftfoft lj:tf/ ug]{ .
3. cGt/b]zLo gfsf / oftfoft ;~hfn hf]8\g] ;8sxsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / ;'b[9Ls/0f
ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. kfFrjif]{ ;8s /0fgLlts of]hgfg';f/ /0fgLlts ;8sxsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f Pjd\ :t/f]Gglt
sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -!_
2. k|fb]lzs /fhwfgLxaLr ;8s ;~hfn lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
3. ;8s ;~hfndf cfa4 eOg;s]sf lhNnf tyf ufpFxdf ;8s ;DaGw lj:tf/
ul/g]5 . -!_
4. x'nfsL tyf dWokxf8L /fhdfu{ lgdf{0fdf tLj|tf lbO{ e/kbf]{ Pjd\ ;xh kx'Frof]Uo
agfOg]5 . -!_
5. sf7df08f} pkTosfleq ;8s ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf nfOcf]e/ ;8s lgdf{0fdf hf]8
lbOg]5 . -!_
6. sf7df08f}lghu9 b'|tdfu{nufot sf7df08f} pkTosf hf]8\g] 5f]6f] b"/Lsf j}slNks
dfu{xsf] lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -!_
7. /0fgLlts tyf :yfgLo ;8sxsf k'nx lgdf{0f ug{'sf ;fy} hL0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf
k'nxsf] dd{t sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . -!_
8. /fhdfu{ Pjd\ ;xfos /fhdfu{xdf b'3{6gf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu l8hfOg, lgdf{0f Pjd\
:t/f]Gglth:tf ;a} r/0fdf ;8s ;'/Iff hfFrsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
9. ;8s dfu{nfO{ ;'/lIft / 5f]6f] agfpg ;'? k|ljlwnfO{ cjnDag ul/g]5 . -!_
10. e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;8s ;+/rgfxsf] k'glg{df{0f ul/g]5 . -!_
11. ;8ssf] bfofFafofF xl/ofnL sfod ug{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
12. ;8s ;~hfn lgdf{0f ubf{ s[lif, pmhf{, ko{6g tyf pBf]u Joj;fosf] ;d]t k|j4{g
x'g]u/L ul/g]5 . -@_
13. ;8s tyf k'nxsf] lgdf{0f tyf dd{t;Def/df ;fdflhs Pjd\ jftfj/0fLo kIfsf]
gsf/fTds c;/ Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu cfjZos pkfoxsf] cjnDag ul/g]5 . -@_
14. ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0fdf ;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/L, lgdf{0f, ;~rfng tyf x:tfGt/0f
k|lqmofh:tf ljlwx cjnDag ul/g]5 . -@_
15. ;8s oftfoftsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo tx / lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf
kl/eflift ul/g]5 . -@_
16. ;8s ;DklQ ;+/If0f, dd{t ;Def/, k'glg{df{0f Pjd\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L
agfOg]5 . -#_
17. pQ/blIf0f hf]8\g] k|d'v /0fgLlts Pjd\ Jofkfl/s b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ ;8sxsf]
ljsf; ul/g]5 . -#_

194 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 18. l5d]sL d'n'sx;Fu ;8s ;~hfn sfod u/L Jofkfl/s tyf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] nflu
pkof]u ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;8s ;+/rgfxsf] k'glg{df{0f
1. c/lgsf] /fhdfu{, aL=kL= /fhdfu{, uf]/vf af/kfs ;8snufot e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t
ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ;8s Pjd\ k'nxsf] k'g:Yff{kgf .
2. bf]nvfl;Fu6L, kfFrvfnd]nDrL / wflbcf?3f6uf]/vf u/L hDdf !#% ls=ld=
;8snfO{ e"sDkkl5sf] k'glg{df{0fsf] gd'gf ;8ssf] kdf :t/f]Gglt tyf k'glg{df{0f .
v= cfwf/e"t ;8s ;~hfn lj:tf/
1. ;8s ;~hfnaf6 ghf]l8Psf b'O{ lhNnf ;b/d'sfd x'Dnfsf] l;dLsf]6 -x'Dnfsf] pQ/L
l;dfgf lxN;ftkm{af6_ / 8f]Nkfsf] b'g}nfO{ /fli6o ;8s ;~hfn;Fu cfa4tf .
2. ef]hk'/, vf]6f, d':tf / afh'/f lhNNff ;b/d'sfd;Dd ;8s sfnf]kq] :t/df lgdf{0f .
u= k|d'v /fhdfu{xsf] ljsf;
1. k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{sf] sfs/lefa'6jn %** ls=ld= v08 rf/ n]g, w/fgrt/f
ufO{3f6s6f/Ll;Gw'nLahf/x]6f}F8f ;8s -#!* ls=ld=_ / t'N;Lk'/k'/Gwf/faf]6]rf}/
;8s -*^ ls=ld=_ nfO{ b'O{ n]g :t/df lgdf{0f tyf :t/f]Gglt .
2. k[YjL /fhdfu{sf] d'lUngkf]v/f v08 -() ls=ld=_, /Tg /fhdfu{sf] sf]xnk'/;'v]{t v08
-*% ls=ld=_ / l;fy{ /fhdfu{sf] a'6jnkf]v/f v08 -!%& ls=ld=_ ;8s :t/f]Gglt .
3. dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{sf] l;Gw'nLbf]nfn3f6 v08sf] sl/a !!% ls=ld= lgdf{0f ;DkGg tyf
^&% ls=ld= ;8snfO{ b'O{ n]gsf] sfnf]kq] :t/df :t/f]Gglt / ;Dk"0f{ k'nxsf] lgdf{0f
;DkGg .
4. x'nfsL /fhdfu{cGtu{t k|yd r/0fsf] @! cf]6f ;8ssf] ^)& ls=ld= lgdf{0f ;DkGg,
!)% cf]6f k'nx lgdf{0f / bf];|f] r/0fsf] !,!*% ls=ld= ;8ssf] l8lkcf/ tof/ u/L
lgdf{0f sfo{ cf/De .
3= pQ/blIf0f hf]8\g] k|d'v Jofkfl/s Pjd\ dxTjk"0f{ ;8sxsf] ljsf;
1. sf]zL sl/8f]/ vfFbjf/Llsdfyf\sf -!^@ ls=ld=_ sf] afFsL *$ ls=ld= / hd'lgof
g]kfnu~haf\u]l;dnv'nfn'n}km'l;dLsf]6lxN;f -%@! ls=ld=_ sf] afFsL !$#
ls=ld= ;8s 6ofs lgdf{0f .
2. a]nlxofe}/xjfkfNkf/fDbLsfnLu08sL?b|a]gLdfn9'\ufa]gLhf]d;f]dr}n]sf]/nf
;8s -#() ls=ld=_ sf] /fDbLsfnLu08sL?b|a]gLdfn9'\ufa]gLhf]d;f]d -@)@
ls=ld=_ b'O{ n]gsf] sfnf]kq] :t/df / hf]d;f]dsf]/nf -!)) ls=ld=_ b'O{ n]gsf] u|fe]n
:t/df :t/f]Gglt .
3. 7f]/Le08f/fdn]v'uN5Llqz'nLj]qfjtL:ofk|m'a]zL/;'jfu9L -!** ls=ld=_ ;8snfO{
b'O{ n]gdf :t/f]Gglt / 7f]/Le08f/fdn]v' -!)^ ls=ld=_ ;8ssf] lgdf{0f k|f/De .

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 195

 4. lefdf]89Ns]a/l;Gw'nLdGynLbf]nvfl;Fu6Lnfdfau/nfKrf -#!) ls=ld=_ ;8ssf]
nfdfau/nfKrf ;8ssf] afFsL !* ls=ld= 6ofs lgdf{0f ;DkGg u/L :t/f]Gglt .
5. jL/uGhsf7df08f}tftf]kfgL sl/8f]/sf] d'lUngf}lj;]sf7df08f} v08 / w'lnv]n
bf]nfn3f6afx|aL;] v08 -^@ ls=ld=_ ;8snfO{ rf/ n]gdf :t/f]Gglt / afx|aL;]]sf]bf/L
-@% ls=ld=_ v08nfO{ b'O{ n]gdf :t/f]Gglt sfo{ k|f/De .
= lb]zLo Jofkfl/s gfsf hf]8\g] ;8sxsf] ljsf;
1. blIf0f ;Ldfsf] /fgL lj/f6gu/ O6x/L -#) ls=ld=_, h6xLhgsk'/9Ns]a/ -#^ ls=ld=_,
jL/uGhkyn}of -@* ls=ld=_, a]nlxofa'6jn -@$ ls=ld=_ / df]xgf k'ncQl/of
uf]bfj/L -@) ls=ld=_ ;8snfO{ rf/ n]gdf lj:tf/ ;DkGg .
2. cGo ;Defljt ;8s v08xsf] ;DefJotf cWoog u/L lgdf{0f k|f/De .
3. s]rgfrf/cfnLOnfdlkmlbdtfKn]h'cf]nf\r'\uf]nf3fl/nf -#%( ls=ld=_ sf] afFsL
^) ls=ld= nufot cGo $ cf]6f ;8ssf] #)) ls=ld= 6ofs vf]nL :t/f]Gglt k|f/De .
r= sf7df08f} pkTosf kx'r tyf pkTosf ;8s ;'b[9Ls/0f
1. sf7df08f}+ lghu9 b'|tdfu{ lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De .
2. lj:tfl/t gf/fo0f3f6d'lUn v08sf] sfo{ ;DkGg .
3. gf/fo0f3f6d'lUnsf] j}slNks dfu{sf] kdf d'lUnaf6 l7d'/f hf]8\g] @& ls=ld= ;8s
b'O{ n]gdf lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De tyf sfGtL nf]sdfu{ -(@ ls=ld=_, blIf0fsfnL5}dn]
l;:g]/Ls'n]vfgL -$% ls=ld=_ / ;LtfkfOnfwfs]{ -@$ ls=ld=_ nfO{ b'O{ n]gsf] sfnf]kq]
:t/df :t/f]Gglt .
4. sf7df08f} pkTosfdf lj:tf/df /x]sf ;8s -!%& ls=ld=_ dWo] af+FsL *! ls=ld= ;8s
/ cGo ;8sxsf] lj:tf/ .
5. rqmky lj:tf/cGtu{t sn\sLsf]6]Zj/ v08sf] ;8snfO{ ^ n]gdf lj:tf/ ;DkGg u/L
afFsL !& ls=ld= v08sf] lj:tf/ sfo{ k|f/De .
6. ;"o{ljgfosw'lnv]nsf] & ls=ld= ;8snfO{ rf/ n]gdf :t/f]Gglt .
5= k'n lgdf{0f tyf ;Def/
1. /0fgLlts ;8sxdf @)) cf]6f / :yfgLo ;8sxdf sl/a $%) cf]6f k'nx u/L
s'n ^%) cf]6f lgdf{0fwLg k'nx dWo] #)) cf]6fsf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg .
2. lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf k'nxsf] dd{t ;Def/ / hL0f{ ePsf k'nxsf] 7fpFdf gofF k'n
lgdf{0f .
3. ;fdl/s dxTjsf ;8sx tyf ;b/d'sfd hf]8\g] ;8sxdf kg]{ gbLxdf tTsfn
oftfoft ;'rf? ug{ a]nL la|h h8fg .
4. /fhwfgL tyf cGo e"efudf ;d]t ljz]if k|sf/sf cfsif{s k'nxsf] lgdf{0f .
h= ;'? dfu{ lgdf{0f
1. lqe'jg /fhkysf] gfu9'\ufdf ;'? dfu{ lgdf{0f .

196 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 2. 6f]vfu'h]{ e~Hof ;8s, l;fy{ /fhdfu{sf] l;afaf nufot cGo ;DefJo ;8s
v08xdf ;'? dfu{sf] ;DefJotf cWoog k|f/De .
em= ;8s ;~hfnsf] dd{t ;Def/
1. ;8s ;DklQsf] k|efjsf/L ;+/If0f, dd{t ;Def/ Pjd\ Joj:yfkg .
2. oftfoft ;~rfng nfut Go"gtd /xg] u/L ;8s dd{t ;Def/ .
3. ;8ssf] ;]jf :t/ -Service Quality_ sf] cfwf/df ;8s dd{t ;Def/ .
`= ;8s ;'/Iff
1. /fhdfu{ Pjd\ ;xfos /fhdfu{xdf b'3{6gf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu l8hfOg lgdf{0f Pjd\
:t/f]Gglth:tf ;a} r/0fdf /f]8 ;]6L cl86sf] Joj:yf .
2. ;8s ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfo{of]hgf -Nepal Road Safety Action Plan 2013-2020) sf]
sfof{Gjog .
6= cGo sfo{qmd
1. ;8s tyf k'nxsf] lgdf{0f tyf dd{t;Def/af6 ;fdflhs Pjd\ jftfj/0fLo kIfdf kg]{
gsf/fTds c;/ Go"gLs/0f .
2. k/Dk/fut ljlwsf cltl/Qm ;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/L, l8hfOg PG8 ljN8, lgdf{0f
;~rfng tyf x:tfGt/0f k|lqmofaf6 k"jf{wf/ lj:tf/ .
3. x/]s k|b]zdf sDtLdf Pp6f ;8s lgdf{0fsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;8s ;+/rgfxsf] #%) ls=ld= k'glg{df{0f / k'nx dd{t ;Def/
ePsf] x'g]5 . yk @,))) ls=ld= gofF ;8s lgdf{0f ePsf], ^%$ ls=ld= ;8s
OG6/ldl8o68an n]gdf lgdf{0f ePsf], #,))) ls=ld= ;8ssf] :t/f]Gglt ePsf], !,*)) ls=ld=
;8ssf] cfjlws dd{t ePsf] / #),))) ls=ld= ;8ssf] lgoldt dd{t ePsf] x'g]5 . yk #))
k'n lgdf{0f ePsf] / %)) gofF k'nsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ yfngL ePsf] x'g]5 . To;}u/L ;8s 3gTj !=#
ls=ld=ju{ ls=ld= k'u]sf], &! lhNNff ;b/d'sfd;Dd sfnf]kq] ;8ssf] kx'Fr k'u]sf] / ;Dk"0f{
lhNnf ;b/d'sfdxdf ;8s ;~hfn k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
%=@=@ xjfO{ oftfoft
!= k[i7e"ld
d'n'ssf] ;jf{L0f ljsf;sf] Pp6f dxjk"0f{ cfwf/sf] kdf /x]sf] gful/s p8\8og ;]jfnfO{
;'/lIft, lgoldt, ;j{;'ne / ljZj;gLo agfpg cfw'lgs k|ljlw / ;'ljwf ;DkGg
ljdfg:ynnufotsf k"jf{wf/xsf] lgdf{0f u/L ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{' cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . Psftkm{
lghL If]q;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf gful/s p8\8og ;]jfnfO{ ;j{;'ne, ;Ifd / ;'b[9 agfpg'kg]{5
eg] csf]{tkm{ g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] ;du| ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ ub}{ nfdf] / 5f]6f] b"/L p8fgsf nflu

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 197

pko'tm jfo'ofgxsf] ;\Vofdf j[l4 u/L lgudsf] cfGtl/s Pjd\ cGt/f{li6o ahf/ lx:;f
clej[l4 ug{ klg plQs} h?/L b]lvG5 .
g]kfnsf] jfo'If]qleq /x]sf] p8\8og ;'/Iffsf] r'gf}tLnfO{ Joj:yfkg ub}{ p8\8og ;'/IffnfO{
yk ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L g]kfnL jfo'If]q ;'/lIft /x]sf] ;Gb]z ljZj;fd' k'ofP/ ko{6g k|j4{gdf
pNn]vgLo of]ubfg ug{' cfjZos 5 . g]kfndf xjfO{ ;]jfsf] ;'?jftb]lv xfn;Dd %) cf]6f
ljdfg:ynx lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] / ^ cf]6f lgdf{0ffwLg u/L %^ cf]6f ljdfg:ynx ePsf]df ##
cf]6f ljdfg:ynx ;~rfngdf /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . lkIfLo xjfO{ ;]jf ;Demf}tf ePsf
d'n'sxsf] ;\Vof #* k'u]sf] 5 eg] g]kfndf p8fg eg]{ cGt/f{li6o jfo'ofgsf] ;\Vof @^ 5 .
cGt/f{li6o gful/s p8\8og ;\u7gsf] dfGotfadf]lhd lgodgsf/L / ;]jf k|bfos lgsfoxsf]
:ki6 sfo{ ljefhg x'g'kg]{ ePsf] oyfy{nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ gful/s p8\8og If]qsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{
sfo{sf] yfngL ul/Psf] 5 . xjfO{ ;]jfnfO{ ;'/lIft / ;j{;'ne t'NofO{ cfGtl/s / cGt/f{li6o
xjfO{ ;]jf ;'b[9 ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
cfjZos ;\Vofdf p8fgdfu{ lj:tf/ u/L ;]jfnfO{ ;dofg's"n cfw'lgsLs/0f ug'{,
cGt/f{li6o ahf/df k|efjsf/L pkl:ylt k'ofpg', g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ r':t
b?:t agfpg', lgudn] ck]Iff u/]cg';f/ Jofj;flos Ifdtf j[l4 u/L cfdhgtfnfO{ :t/Lo ;]jf
lbg', /fli6o Wjhfafxs xjfO{ ;]jfsf] ;du| ahf/ lx:;f / k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfdf j[l4 ug{',
pknAw hgzlQmsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{', ;~rfngdf /x]sf ljdfg:ynaf6 :t/Lo ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg' gful/s p8\8og If]qdf /x]sf k|d'v r'gf}tLx x'g\ .
cj;/
gful/s p8\8og If]qsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, jfo'dfu{sf] lj:tf/, jfo';]jfxsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/,
p8\8og ;'/Iff tyf xjfO{ ;'/Iff clej[l4sf nflu cGt/f{li6o ;\3;+:yf tyf l5d]sL /fi6x;Fu
;xsfo{ / ;dGjo x'g', If]qLocGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k|fyldstfdf /xg' / xjfO{
ofq'xsf] rfk a9\b} uPaf6 g]kfnL ljdfg sDkgLxn] cGt/f{li6o p8fg yk ug{;Sg] cj:yf
ljBdfg x'g' xjfO{ If]qsf] ljsf;df dxjk"0f{ cj;/x x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
xjfO{ oftfoftsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/dfkm{t ;'/lIft, :t/Lo / e/kbf]{ ;]jf pknAw u/fO{
ko{6g k|j4{g, /f]huf/L l;h{gf / lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; .
#=@ nIo
;'/lIft, e/kbf]{, Jofj;flos / ljZj;gLo xjfO{ ;]jf lj:tf/ ub}{ /fli6o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6o
:t/df :t/Lo ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg] .

198 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

#=# p2]Zo
1. ;'/lIft / k|efjsf/L xjfO{ oftfoftdfkm{t tf]lsPsf /fli6o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6o
uGtJoxdf kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug'{ .
2. ;'/lIft tyf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfsf] dfWodaf6 gful/s p8\8ogsf] If]qnfO{ d'n'ssf]
;jf{\uL0f ljsf;df dxjk"0f{ If]qsf] kdf ljsf; ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. xjfO{ ;]jfsf] If]qdf ljsf; eO/x]sf gofF cfofdxnfO{ ;d]6\b} gjLgtd k||ljlwxsf]
pkof]u tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/ u/L p8fg ;'/IffnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfsf ;fy k|j4{g ug]{ .
2. lghL If]q;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf xjfO{ ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{, ;'/lIft, ;j{;'ne tyf lgoldt
oftfoftsf] kdf ;~rfng u/L] /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o :t/df kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug]{ .
3. d'n'ssf] k|fb]lzs tyf ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ng sfod x'g] u/L xjfO{ ;]jf tyf k"jf{wf/xsf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. ljBdfg g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0fnfO{ k'g;{+/rgf u/L ;]jf k|bfos / lgofds
5'f5'} lgsfo x'g]u/L sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
2. gful/s p8\8og If]qnfO{ ;'/lIft tyf e/kbf]{ agfpg cg'udg / lgodg k|lqmofnfO{
kf/bzL{ / k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -!_
3. xjfO{ ;]jfnfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg ljdfg:ynxdf cfw'lgs p8\8og ;xfos pks/0f
Pjd\ pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] Joj:yfsf ;fy} ljdfgxsf] p8fg ;'/Iff, cg'udg / hfFr
k|0ffnLnfO{ cGt/f{li6o dfkb08 cg's"n agfOg]5 . -!_
4. b'u{d If]q xjfO{ ljsf; sf]ifnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9\uaf6 kl/rfng u/L b'u{d If]qxdf xjfO{
oftfoftnfO{ lgoldt / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Frof]Uo agfOg]5 . -@_
5. cGt/f{li6o gful/s p8\8og ;\u7gn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] dfGotf tyf /fli6o
cfjZostfcg';f/ x'g]u/L cGt/f{li6o xjfO{ ;]jf ;Demf}tf ul/g]5 . ;Demf}tf eO;s]sf
d'n'sx;Fusf] xjfO{ ;Demf}tfnfO{ ;do;fk]If k'g/fjnf]sg ub}{ nlug]5 . -@_
6. g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ r':t, b'?:t / k|lt:kwL{ agfO{ cfjZos
ljdfgxsf] vl/b tyf ;]jfdf ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
7. xjfO{ ;]jfnfO{ k|lt:kwL{, Jofj;flos / pQ/bfoL agfpg lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
ul/g]5 . -@_
8. ko{6sLo kn] dxjk"0f{ ljdfg:ynnfO{ afx|} dlxgf ;~rfngof]Uo agfOg]5 . -@_

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 199

 9. If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6o :t/sf] ;'ljwf;DkGg ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0fnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf
/flvg]5 . -#_
10. lqe'jg cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . -#_
11. cfkt\sfnLg k|of]hgsf nflu ;a} uf=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfdf x]lnKof8 lgdf{0f
ul/g]5 . -@, #_
12. ;8s ;~hfn gk'u]sf b'u{d If]qdf xjfO{ ;]jf lj:tf/ u/L ko{6g k|j4{gdf lghL If]qnfO{
k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -@, #_
13. k|of]udf gcfPsf tyf k"0f{ Ifdtfdf ;~rfng gePsf ljdfg:ynxsf] :t/f]Gglt /
;fxl;s Pjd\ dgf]/~hgfTds jfo';]jf ;~rfng u/L ko{6g k|j{4gdf pkof]u
ul/g]5 . -#_
14. k|To]s k|b]zdf sDtLdf Ps :t/Lo ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -@, #_
15. lgdf{0ffwLg ljdfg:ynxnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ul/g]5 . -#_
16. cGt/f{li6oIf]qLo ljdfg:ynnfO{ cGt/f{li6o 6flGh6sf] kdf k|of]u x'g]u/L ljsf;
ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= gLltut tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/
1. xjfO{ oftfoftnfO{ ;'/lIft, e/kbf]{ / ;j{;'ne agfpg tyf g]kfnnfO{ cGt/f{li6o
xjfO{ 6flGh6sf] kdf ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ xjfO{ gLltdf ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g .
2. xjfO{ oftfoft tyf ljdfg:yn Joj:yfkg;DaGwL cfly{s lgodg -Ohfht z'Ns,
ef8f lgwf{/0f cflb_ ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L pko'Qm gLlt th'{df .
3. ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng gLlt th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog .
4. ljdfg:yn k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / :t/f]Gglt, k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, jfo';]jf ;~rfngdf lghL
If]qsf nufgLstf{nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ffnfO{ cl3
a9fpg] .
5. ofq' ;]jf ;'ljwfsf cfwf/df ;"rs tof/ u/L ljdfg:ynxsf] juL{s/0f .
v= ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f
1. e}/xjfl:yt uf}tda'4 cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/L ;~rfng .
2. kf]v/fl:yt If]qLo cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynsf] lj:t[t l8hfOg sfo{ ;DkGg u/L
lgdf{0f k|f/De .

200 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 3. bf];|f] cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn, lghu9sf nflu cfjZos hUuf clwu|x0f nufot
hUuf k|flKt, 3]/af/, k'gjf{;, ;fdflhs jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofg ;DkGg .
4. lqe'jg cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynsf] Ifdtf / ofq';]jf ;'ljwfdf j[l4 ub}{ cfjZos
;~rf/ pks/0fsf] Joj:yf .
5. k|of]udf gcfPsf ljdfg:ynxnfO{ :t/f]Gglt u/L ;fxl;s Pjd\ dgf]/~hgfTds
jfo';]jf ;~rfng x'g] u/L ko{6g k|j{4gdf pkof]u ug]{ .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
uf}td a'4 If]qLo ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] / kf]v/f If]qLo ljdfg:yn /
af/fdf bf];|f] cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynsf] sfo{ k|f/De ePsf] x'g]5 . lqe'jg cGt/f{li6o
ljdfg:ynsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ePsf] / ;a} df};ddf ;~rfng x'g] ljdfg:ynxsf] ;\Vof #)
k'u]sf] x'g]5 . cfGtl/s p8fg ug]{ jfo';]jfxsf] ;\Vof @% k'u]sf]], g]kfn cfpg] ljb]zL ljdfg
sDkgLxsf] ;\Vof #! k'u]sf], xjfO{ l;6sf] ;\Vof jflif{s *% nfv k'u]sf] / lkIfLo xjfO{ ;]jf
;Demf}Tff ePsf b]zxsf] ;\Vof $@ k'u]sf] x'g]5 . To;}u/L k|To]s uf=lj=;=df Ps x]lnKof8
ePsf] / k|To]s k|b]zdf Ps :t/Lo ljdfg:yn ePsf] x'g]5 .
%=@=# /]n tyf cGo oftfoft
!= k[i7e"ld
/]n oftfoft ;]jfsf] lj:tf/af6 ;j{:ffwf/0fdf kx'Fr k'ofO{ d'n'ssf] ;fdflhscfly{s
ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug]{ p2]Zon] /]Nf oftfoft If]qsf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . ljutdf sd}
k|fyldstfdf /xg] u/]sf] / guGo ;'ljwf ePsf] eP tfklg /]n ;]jfsf] dxTj cfFsng eO{ k"j{ -
d]rL_klZrd -dxfsfnL_, /;'jfu9Lsf7df8f+}kf]v/fn'lDagL, ef/tLo ;Ldfaf6 dxTjk"0f{
cf}Bf]lus Jofkfl/s ;x/If]qxdf /]n ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ hogu/hgsk'/alb{af; tyf
aygfxfs6x/Llj/f6gu/ /]n lgdf{0fsf] sfd cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 . To:t} /Hh' dfu{ / hn
oftfoft ;]jf ;DefJotfsf] cfwf/df ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug'{ d'n'ssf] nflu cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
/]n ;]jf :yfkgf / ;~rfngsf nflu k|f/lDes nfut clws x'g', k|:tfljt k"j{klZrd
/]ndfu{sf] ;dfgfGt/ kdf k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{ / x'nfsL dfu{sf] lgdf{0fkZrft\ klg nfut
k|efjsfl/tf sfod /fVg', /]n tyf cGo oftfoft ;]jfdf lghL If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ug{'kg]{
cfjZostf b]lvg', /]n ;]jfsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug'{, ef/t ;/sf/af6 lgdf{0ffwLg
/]ndfu{xdf nf]sf]df]l6e tyf af]uLx / rfns;xrfnssf] Joj:yf u/L o;nfO{ nfut
k|efjsf/L agfpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 201

cj;/
ljb]zL nufgLstf{ cfslif{t x'g', t}No kbfy{sf] vr{df sdL x'guO{ /fli6o ;l~rltdf a9f]Q/L
x'g', #&@ ls=ld= lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg tof/ x'g', l5d]sL d'n'sxdf ePsf] /]Nj]sf]
ljsf;af6 pTk|]/0ff k|fKt x'g' / o;df ;xof]u k|fKt x'g'nfO{ cj;/sf kdf lng ;lsG5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;j{;'ne / cfw'lgs /]ndfu{ tyf /Hh'dfu{;lxt cGo oftfoftsf dfWodaf6 lbuf] ljsf; /
;d[l4 .
#=@ nIo
lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;'/lIft, e/kbf]{, ;j{;'ne / kof{j/0fd}qL /fli6o /]n tyf /Hh'dfu{
;lxt cGo oftfoft ;~hfn lj:tf/ u/L cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'ofpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
cfd oftfoft ;'ljwf lj:tf/, cGt/b]zLo Jofkf/ ;DaGw, /fli6o cfly{s;fdflhs
PsLs/0f, k|fb]lzs tyf ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ng / ljsf;df of]ubfg k'Ug] u/L e/kbf]{ / ;'/lIft /]n
tyf cGo oftfoft ;~hfndf hgtfsf] kx'Fr k'ofpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. ;'/lIft /]n;]jfsf] lj:tf/ u/L ofqL, oftfoft / j:t'sf] 9'jfgL ;xh t'Nofpg] .
2. s]ansf/nufotsf /Hh'dfu{ tyf hn oftfofth:tf cGo j}slNks oftfoft ;~hfnsf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. Df]rLb]lv dxfsfnL hf]8\g] u/L ljB'tLo /]ndfu{ lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -!_
2. /;'jfu9Lsf7df08f}kf]v/fn'lDagL hf]8\g] u/L /0fgLlts Pjd\ Jofkfl/s ljB'tLo
/]ndfu{sf] lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L lgdf{0f sfo{ cf/De ul/g]5 . -!_
3. blIf0fL ;Ldfdf klxrfg ul/Psf ljleGg kfFr :yfgsf] /]ndfu{ lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De
ul/g]5 . -!_
4. ;x/L If]qdf /]n tyf s]ansf/ oftfoftdf nufgL ug{ ;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/Lsf
sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -!,@_
5. ;DefJotfsf] cfwf/df /Hh' dfu{ tyf hn oftfoftsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
6. j}slNks oftfoft ;~hfn lj:tf/ sfo{ ;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/Ldf cl3 a9fOg]5 . -@_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= sfo{ljlw tyf dfkb08
1. /]n oftfoftsf] k|fljlws dfkb08 tof/L .

202 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 2. /Hh'dfu{ ;~rfng cg'dltkq;DaGwL sfo{ljlw th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog .
v= cWoog, :t/f]Gglt / lgdf{0f
1. sf7df08f}t/fO{ hf]8\g] /]ndfu{sf] cWoog .
2. d]rL dxfsfnL ljB'tLo /]ndfu{sf] lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg tof/ .
3. sf7df08f} d]6f] /]nsf] lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg tof/ .
4. sf7df08f} pkTosfdf ;DefJotfsf cfwf/df d]6f]df]gf] /]nsf] lgdf{0f k|f/De .
5. alb{jf;l;d/f ljB'tLo /]ndfu{ lgdf{0f k|f/De .
6. aygfxfs6x/L tyf hogu/hgsk'/alb{jf; /]Nj] 6ofs :t/f]Gglt .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
lgld{t 6ofs nDafO &) ls=ld= k'u]sf] x'g], :t/f]Gglt ePsf] /]ndfu{sf] nDafO *@ ls=ld=
k'u]sf] x'g], tyf !,%&^ ls=ld= /]n dfu{ / &* ls=ld= d]6f] /]nsf] lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg tof/
ePsf] x'g]5 .
%=@=$ oftfoft Joj:yfkg
!= k[i7e"ld
cfly{s ultljlw lj:tf/sf nflu nfutk|efjL, s'zn / e/kbf]{ oftfoft ;]jfsf] e"ldsf
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . t/ of] If]q cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] cefj / cfofltt k]6f]lnod kbfy{dflysf]
lge{/tfsf sf/0f e/kbf]{ / lbuf] x'g;s]sf] 5}g . ;8s oftfoft vlghhGo OGwgdf k"0f{ kdf
lge{/ /x]sf] xfnsf] cj:yfdf pmhf{sf cGo ljsNkxaf6 ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] ;jf/L ;fwgsf]
k|of]u ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfO;s]sf] 5 . ;fy}, o; If]qnfO{ yk Jojl:yt tyf dof{lbt agfO{ ;'ne
tl/sfaf6 gful/sn]] d'n'ssf] s'g} klg e"efudf cfjthfjt ug{ kfpg] df}lns clwsf/nfO{
;+/If0f ug'{ o; If]q;Fu ;+nUg ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] . ;8s ;~hfnsf] lj:tf/ / ;jf/L ;fwgxsf]
pknAwtfn] dfq ;fj{hlgs oftfoft Jojl:yt x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf ;j{;'ne, ;'/lIft, u'0f:t/Lo /
jftfj/0fd}qL ;]jfsf] nflu ;/sf/L lgsfoxsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4sf ;fy} lghL If]qsf
oftfoft Joj;foLxsf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem} a9L lhDd]jf/ / ofq'd}qL agfpg' cfjZos 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
;jf/L ;fwgsf] j[l4;Fu} o;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug'{, a9\bf] ;jf/L b'3{6gf, ;x/L If]qdf
;jf/Laf6 x'g] Wjlg tyf jfo' k|b"if0fsf] :t/ / 6flkms hfdsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{, k'/fgf ;jf/L
;fwgxsf] Joj:Yffkg / clgolGqt cfoft lgoGq0f ug{', ;fj{hlgs oftfoftnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo
Pjd\ kx'Frof]Uo t'Nofpg', cb[Zo kdf sfod} /x]sf] l;lG8s]6 k|0ffnL x6fpg', oftfoft If]qdf
;Da4 lgsfoaLr ;dGjo sfod ug'{, oftfoftsf] cg'udg sfo{nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg'',

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 203

sfof{noaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ gful/sd}qL agfpg' / hgtfsf] ljZjf; xfl;n ug'{
oftfoft If]qsf] r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgsf] sDkgL df]8]ndf ;~rfngsf] yfngL x'g', cfw'lgs / ;'ljwf
;DkGg ;jf/L ;fwgxdf j[l4 x'g', jftfj/0fd}qL ;jf/L ;fwg ;~rfngsf] yfngL x'g',
;fj{hlgs oftfoft kx'Frof]Uo x'Fb} hfg' tyf oftfoft Joj:yfkgaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfxdf
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf j[l4 x'g' k|d'v cj;/x x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo ,p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
sd vlr{nf], e/kbf]{, ;'/lIft / k|lt:kwL{ oftfoft k|0ffnLsf] ;'lglZrttf .
#=@ nIo
oftfoft ;]jfnfO{{ kx'Frof]Uo, ;'/lIft, ;j{;'ne, Jojl:yt / jftfj/0fd}qL agfpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
oftfoft Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L ;j{;fwf/0fsf] cfjfudg tyf 9'jfgLnfO{ kx'Frof]Uo,
;'/lIft / Jojl:yt agfpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. oftfoft Joj:yfkgdf k|lqmofut ;'wf/ u/L ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
2. ;fj{hlgs oftfoftnfO{ :t/Lo, ;dfj]zL tyf gful/sd}qL agfpg] .
3. oftfoft Joj:yfkgdf lghL tyf ;xsf/L If]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpFb} lgodg
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 u/fpg] .
4. ;jf/L ;fwgxnfO{ jftfj/0fd}qL agfpg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. k|d'v If]qxdf ;jf/L k|b"if0f dfkgsf nflu :jrflnt k|ljlwsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -!_
2. k|fb]lzs :t/df ;jf/L ;fwgsf] pko'Qm k/LIf0f s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -!_
3. sf7df08f} pkTosfsf] ;8s ;~hfndf ;fj{hlgs oftfoft k|0ffnLnfO{ l/?l6 u/L
df; 6flGh6d'vL agfOg]5 . -@_
4. sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] 6flkms Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg OG6]lnh]G; 6flkms
k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/g]5 . -@_

204 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 5. Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ l;6 cf/If0f tyf ef8fdf ;x'lnotsf ;fy} ckf\utf ePsf JolQm /
dlxnfnfO{ l;6 cf/If0f x'g] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -@_
6. oftfoft If]qdf ;+nUg hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; Pjd\ cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -@_
7. ;jf/L b'3{6gf Go"gLs/0f tyf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;jf/L cg'udgnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfOg]5 . -@_
8. ;fj{hlgs oftfoft k|j4{g ug{ ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]q;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . -#_
9. ;jf/L dfkb08sf] kl/kfng tyf cg'udgdf ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . -#_
10. j}slNks tyf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{af6 rNg] ;jf/L ;fwgxnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -$_
11. ;jf/L ;fwgsf] cfo', k|b"if0f dfkb08 / Ifdtfsf] k'gdf{kg u/L sfg'gdf ePsf Joj:yf
s8fOsf ;fy nfu' ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkqdf ;'wf/
1. ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkqsf] b/vf:t k|0ffnLnfO{ cgnfOg ug]{ .
2. ;jf/L btf{ k|df0fkq / ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkqnfO{ :df6{ sf8{df kl/0ft .
v= ;jf/L tyf 6flkms Joj:yfkg
1. ;du| oftfoft Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf lgodg ug{ sfg'gL Joj:yf .
2. ;jf/L ;fwgsf] gDa/ Kn]6nfO{ ODaf]:8 gDa/ Kn]6df kfGt/0f .
3. e]lxsn lkm6g]; 6]l:6 ;]G6/ :yfkgf .
4. /0fgLlts :yfgxdf 6flkms ;\s]t lrGxx lgdf{0f u/L :yflkt .
5. 6flkms;DaGwL ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
6. k'/fgf ;jf/L ;fwgxsf] Joj:yfkg .
u= oftfoft k|zf;gsf] Ifdtf ljsf;
1. oftfoft k|zf;gsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu sfof{nosf] hUUff vl/b tyf
ejg lgdf{0f .
2. sd{rf/Lxsf] Ifdtf / pTk|]0ffsf] :t/df clej[l4 .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
oftfoft ;]jf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 Jojl:yt ePsf] x'g], & cf]6f e]lxsn
lkm6g]; 6]l:6 ;]G6/x :yflkt eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf, $ cf]6f jf]O la|hx tof/ eO{
;~rfng ePsf, !,%)) :yfgdf 6flkms ;\s]t lrGxx lgdf{0f ePsf, !@ nfv ;]jfu|fxLn]
cgnfOg b/vf:t k|0ffnLsf] pkof]u u/]sf, @% nfv ;jf/L btf{ k|df0fkq / ;jf/L rfns

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 205

cg'dltkq :df6{ sf8{df kl/0ft ePsf]], !# nfv ;jf/L ;fwgxn] ODaf]:8 gDa/ Kn]6 k|of]u
u/]sf, oftfoft k|zf;gdf k|lqmofut ;'wf/ tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtfdf j[l4 ePsf], ;jf/L b'3{6gfnfO{
Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;jf/L cg'udg k|0ffnL ;+:yfut ePsf], l;lG8s]6 k|0ffnLsf] cGTo ePsf] / ;du|
oftfoft If]qsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ ePsf] x'g]5 .
%=# ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
!= k[i7e"ld
gful/ssf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xssf] kdf /x]sf] ;"rgfsf] xssf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ub}{
cfd;~rf/nfO{ :jR5, ;Ifd, lgikIf, dof{lbt, lhDd]jf/ / Jofj;flos agfpg cfjZos Joj:yf
ug]{ /fHosf] gLlt x'g] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qdf
lelqPsf cTofw'lgs k|ljlwxsf] Jofks pkof]u u/L ;j{;'ne kdf ;]jf ;'ljwfdf ljljwLs/0f
ub}{ u|fdL0fnufot ;x/L If]q;Dd u'0f:t/Lo, k|lt:kwL{ Pjd\ ;j{;'ne kdf ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fO{ b]zsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs nIo k|flKtdf 6]jf k'ofpg'k/]sf] 5 . e"d08nLs/0fsf]
d"nk|jfxdf ;dflxt x'g;d]t o; If]qnfO{ k"jf{wf/sf] kdf ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/ ub}{ hfg' cfhsf]
cfjZostf xf] . kl5Nnf] ;dodf o; If]qaf6 k|bfg xF'b} cfPsf] ;]jfdf ;\VofTds j[l4 tyf kx'Fr
lj:tf/ pT;fxhgs /Xof] eg] u'0ffTds ;'wf/sf nflu yk k|of; hf/L /x]sf] 5 . 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj
!!)=# k|ltzt, OG6/g]6 u|fxs 3gTj $^=% k|ltzt / /]l8of]sf] /fli6o k|;f/0fdf kx'Fr **
k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . d'n'snfO{ cNkljsl;t d'n'saf6 :t/f]Gglt u/L ljsf;zLn /fi6sf] k\lQmdf
pEofpg ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf] dxTjnfO{ bod u/L o; If]qsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg'k/]sf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
u|fdL0f :t/;Dd b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/;Fu} u'0f:t/ sfod ug{' / ;/sf/sf]
:jfldTjdf /x]sf cfd;~rf/ dfWodxnfO{ Jofj;flos, k|lt:kwL{, u'0ffTds, cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm
/ ljs]lGt ub}{ :jlge{/ t'Nofpg' Ps k|d'v r'gf}tLsf] kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . x'nfs ;]jfsf]
k'g;+{/rgf u/L ax'pkof]uL ;+:yfsf] kdf ljsf; ug{', ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno tyf
dftxtsf lgsfoxsf] P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf j:t' / ;]jfxnfO{ l8lh6n csf{Oedf ;'/lIft /fVg',
ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWodsf] cg'udg ug{', ;'/If0f d'0f;DaGwL sfo{ :jb]zdf ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/
tof/ ug'{, k|;f/0f ;+:yfn] k|;f/0f ug]{ ljifoj:t', To;sf] u'0f:t/, To;df u/]sf] nufgL, k|of]u
ePsf] k|ljlw / hgzlQmsf] af/]df cg'udg ug'{, g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] /fi6JofkL kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug{' /
;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] ;"rgfnfO{ l8lh6fOH8 u/L cgnfOgaf6 ;"rgf k|jfx ug'{ o; If]qsf
cGo r'gf}tLx x'g\ .
cj;/
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] dfWodaf6 hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g kfpg] ;+j}wflgs xssf] k|Tofe"lt
x'g', ;]jf k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg zf;g ;+oGqnfO{ a9L ;xeflutfd"ns Pjd\ kf/bzL{ agfpg',

206 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

;fj{hlgs k|;f/0fnfO{ ;dfj]zL, lgikIf, :jtGq / :jfoQ agfO{ wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / eflifs
cltqmd0fnfO{ /f]sL /fli6o Pstf k|j4{g ug{ ;lsg] jftfj/0f aGg', /fHosf] v'nf gLltsf sf/0f
lghL If]qsf ;~rf/ dfWodxn] b]zJofkL kdf k|;f/0f ug'{ / OG6/g]6sf] a9\bf] k|of]un] ljsf;
k|lqmof ;xh x'g' o; If]qsf cj;/x x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
gjLg k|ljlwxsf] clwstd pkof]u ub}{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ;]jfdfkm{t ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts ljsf; tyf cfly{s ;d[l4 .
#=@ nIo
d'n'sel/ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] ;~hfn :yfkgf u/L ;"rgfsf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s ljsf;,
;fdflhs ;b\efj / ;f+:s[lts ;+/If0fdf 6]jf k'ofpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ gjLgtd, e/kbf]{, u'0f:t/Lo / kx'Frof]Uo agfO{ /fi6sf]
;dli6ut ljsf;df of]ubfg k'ofpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. b"/;~rf/ If]qdf pknAw ePsf gjLgtd k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L b]ze/ ;j{;'ne kdf
e/kbf]{ u'0f:t/Lo EjfO; PG8 8f6f ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] .
2. ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWodxnfO{ k|lt:kwL{, Jofj;flos, cfw'lgs / :jfoQ agfpg] .
3. ;'/If0f d'0f;DaGwL ;a} k"jf{wf/ tof/ u/L d'0f ljefunfO{ ;'/If0f d'0ffnosf kdf
ljsf; ug]{ .
4. ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts d"No, dfGotf, ;b\efj, ;lxi0f'tf / /fli6o Pstf k|j4{g x'g]
tyf g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g x'g] vfnsf df}lns Pjd\ cfw'lgs
rnlrq lgdf{0f ug{ hf]8 lbg] .
5. ;\3Lo ;+/rgfadf]lhd x'nfs ;]jfsf] k'g;{+/rgf u/L yk cfw'lgs, Jofj;flos,
k|lt:kwL{ tyf ax'pkof]uL agfpg] .
6. hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g kfpg] ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ plrt Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
7. k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ cfd;~rf/ dfWodxnfO{ dof{lbt, lhDd]jf/ /
pQ/bfoL agfpg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ gLltut, sfg'gL lgodgsf If]qdf
;dof]lrt ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -!_

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 207

 2. a|f]8AofG8 ;]jfsf] /fi6JofkL kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ /fli6o a|f]8AofG8 k"jf{wf/ / a|f]8AofG8
OG6/g]6 kx'Fr ;~hfnsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ tyf :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . -!_
3. ljkb\sf] cj:yfdf klg ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0fnfO{ cj?4 gx'g] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -@_
4. k|;f/0f k|ljlwdf ljljwtf sfod u/L Internet Protocol Television (IPTV),
Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS) tyf e"pku|x k|ljlwsf]
k|of]u ul/g]5 . -@_
5. /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;]jfdf kfGt/0f ug{ sfg'gL
tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf u/L l8lh6n k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t k|;f/0f k|f/De ul/g]5 . -@_
6. uf]/vfkqsf k|sfzgxnfO{ If]qLo :t/;Dd lj:tf/ ub}{ nuL k|sfzgsf] ljB'tLo
clen]vLs/0f u/L cgnfOgsf] dfWodaf6 kf7s Pjd\ cWo]tfxsf] kx'Frdf
k'ofOg]5 . -@_
7. ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWodsf] Jofj;flos sfo{of]hgf agfO{ ;|f]txsf] clwstd k|of]u
u/L ;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/ / ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 . -@_
8. ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0fsf] kx'Fr :yfgLo :t/;Dd k'ofOg]5 . -@_
9. ;'/If0f d'0f;DaGwL sfo{ :jbzd} ug{ cfjZos sfg'gL Pjd\ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / ;+:yfut
Joj:yf u/L d'b|0f k|f/De ul/g]5 . -#_
10. rnlrqsf] pTkfbg, ljt/0f / k|bz{gdf k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] Joj:yfkg, ;+/If0f /
sfof{GjognfO{ Jojl:yt, kf/bzL{ / k|efjsf/L agfpg ;Da4 kIfxaLr ljlw;Ddt
;Demf}tf ug]{u/fpg] k4ltsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -$_
11. g]kfnL rnlrqxnfO{ ;+/lIft ug{ l8lh6fOh];g, rnlrq k':tsfno / /fli6o rnlrq
;\u|xfnosf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . rnlrq If]qdf aS;clkm; ;]jf nfu' ul/g]5 . -$_
12. s'g} klg x'nfs sfof{noaf6 u|fxsnfO{ art / C0fsf] ;]jf kfpg] k|0ffnLdf cfa4 u/L
x'nfs art a}sf] nufgLsf] If]q / ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -%_
13. 6]nL;]G6/ / cltl/Qm x'nfsnfO{ x'nfs sfof{no;Fusf] cfa4tf /xg] u/L ;|f]t ;fwg /
lhDd]jf/L;lxt :yfgLo lgsfodf x:tfGt/0f ul/g]5 . -%_
14. ;"rgfsf] xssf] sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu /fli6o ;"rgf cfof]unfO{ k|efjsf/L / ;Ifd
agfOg]5 . -^_
15. ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 k|To]s rf/ dlxgfdf cfkm"n] u/]sf sfo{x ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ug]{
k4ltsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
16. ljleGg lgsfoxsf P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf j:t' / ;]jfxnfO{ l8lh6n csf{Oedf ;'/lIft
ul/g]5 . -^_
17. k|]; sfplG;n g]kfnnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ o;sf] e"ldsf / ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -&_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= ;"rgfsf] xssf] sfo{fGjog
1. ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g lgodfjnLdf ;'wf/ tyf k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog .

208 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 2. ;"rgfsf] xssf] sfof{Gjog / cEof;sf] k/LIf0f .
3. Nff]ssNof0fsf/L lj1fkgdf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL ;Gb]zd"ns ;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzg /
k|;f/0f .
4. ;"rgf dfu ePsf] / k|jfx ePsf] tYof x'nfs k|zf;gdfkm{t lng] k|0ffnL :yfkgf .
v= b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;
1. b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfossf] dh{/ tyf PlSjlh;g / qm; xf]lN8 / k"jf{wf/ ;x
k|of]u;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog .
2. clK6sn kmfOa/ / 6]/]l:6on dfOqmf]j]e g]6js{sf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / :t/f]Gglt .
3. /fi6JofkL a|f]8AofG8 OG6/g]6sf] kx'Fr ;~hfn lgdf{0f ug{ tf/ jf t];|f] jf rf}yf]
k':tf k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/ .
4. a|f]8AofG8 kx'Fr;lxt ;fd'bflos ;"rgf PsfO :yfkgf .
5. g]kfnnfO{ k|fKt clj{6n :n6 k|of]u u/L e"-pku|x k|If]k0f;DaGwL sfo{sf] ;'?jft .
u= 5fkf tyf ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWodsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / ;'b[9Ls/0f
1. sfg'gL tyf ;+/rgfTds Joj:yf u/L cfd;~rf/ gLlt, @)&# sf] sfof{Gjog .
2. uf]/vfkq, g]kfn 6]lnlehg, /]l8of] g]kfn, k|]; sfplG;n tyf /fli6o ;dfrf/
;ldltnfO{ l8lh6n k|ljlwd}qL agfpg] .
3. kqsfl/tf;DaGwL k|lzIf0f ;~rfng tyf kqsf/ j[lQ sf]if :yfkgf . k|];
sfplG;nnfO{ ldl8of kl/ifb\df k'gu{7g / cfd;~rf/ cWoog k|lti7fg :yfkgf .
4. ;~rf/ k|lti7fg / cgnfOg ;~rf/ dfWodxsf] lgodg .
5. :jlgodg / cg'udgsf cfwf/xsf] ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog .
6. /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf cfkt\sfnLg k|;f/0f k|0ffnL :yfkgf .
7. Pkm=Pd= /]l8of]xsf] k|;f/0f If]q :yfgLo tx;Dd lj:tf/ .
3= x'nfs ;]jfsf] ljsf; / cfw'lgsLs/0f
1. x'nfs ;]jfdf lghL If]qsf] lgodgsf] nflu sfg'g tyf ;+/rgf lgdf{0f .
2. 8fFs /]vf k'g/fjnf]sg / b|'t 8fFs;]jfsf] lj:tf/ .
3. sf7df08f}, eQmk'/ / nlntk'/nfO{ Ps} x'nfs If]q dfgL pkTosfsf] x'nfs ;]jfnfO{
uf]:jf/f x'nfsdfkm{t ;~rfng .
4. sf7df08f} pkTosf / ;a} pkdxfgu/kflnsfxdf x'nfs ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf .
5. x'nfs art a}sf] nufgLsf] If]q / ;]jf tyf wgfb]z ;]jf / sfpG6/ c6f]d];g
lj:tf/ .
6. 6]ln;]G6/ / cltl/Qm x'nfssf] :yfgLo txdf lgIf]k0f .

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 209

 7. o'jf nlIft ;"rgf k|ljlw tflnd, ;"rgf k|ljlw d]nf / k|bz{gL ;~rfng .
= d'b|0f Joj:yf
1. ;'/If0f d'b|0f;DaGwL sfg'gL / ;+:yfut cfwf/ tof/ u/L /fxbfgL, cGtMz'Ns
l:6s/, C0fkq, r]sa'snufotsf ;fdu|Lxsf] d'b|0f .
2. g]kfn /fhkqnfO{ l8lh6fOh];g u/L j]a;fO6af6 x]g{ ;lsg] Joj:yf .
3. lghL If]qsf d'b|0ffnosf] lgodg .
5= Rfnlrq If]qsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / k|j4{g
1. /fli6o rnlrq gLltsf] sfo{fGjog tyf rnlrq;DaGwL dfkb08 / juL{s/0f .
2. rnlrq k':tsfno / ;\u|xfno :yfkgf tyf rnlrqsf] ljt/0f / k|bz{gdf
aS;clkm; k|0ffnL nfu' .
3. bf]nvfnufot ljleGg If]qdf ;'ljwf;DkGg rnlrq gu/L tyf 5fof\sg :yn
lgdf{0f k|f/De .
4. rnlrqsdL{ kl/rokq ljt/0f / j[lQsf]if :yfkgf .
h= ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf ;~rf/ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
1. ;~rf/;DaGwL ljleGg lgsfox / ;fd'bflos ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f .
2. clK6sn kmfOa/ g]6js{ lgdf{0f tyf lj:tf/ .
3. dfO{qmf]j]e 6fG;ld;g l;:6d lgdf{0f .
4. ;]6]nfO6df cfwfl/t le:of6 nufot ;;fgf pks/0fsf] h8fg / 6ld{gnsf]
Joj:yf .
5. cfd;~rf/ dfWodsf] ljB'tLo cg'udg .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
of]hgf cjlwdf 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj !!& k|ltzt / OG6/g]6 3gTj ^% k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
;a} lhNnf ;b/d'sfd tyf gu/kflnsfdf clK6sn kmfOa/ ;~hfn k'u]sf], cfwf/e"t lkP;l6Pg
6]lnkmf]gsf] u|fxs ;\Vof !) nfv k'u]sf] / t];|f] tyf rf}yf] k':tf ;]jf b]zsf k|d'v ;x/xdf
lj:tf/ ePsf] x'g]5 . ;a} lhNnfdf ;fd'bflos ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] lj:tf/ ePsf], /]l8of] g]kfnsf]
k|;f/0f zt k|ltzt e"efudf ePsf] / g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf Rofgnxaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf
ljifoj:t'x k|;f/0f ePsf] x'g]5 . To;}u/L $)! x'nfs 6]ln;]G6/sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ePsf] /
j}b]lzs 8fFs ;]jf %) b]zdf k'u]sf]] x'g]5 . rnlrq ljt/0f / k|bz{gdf aS;clkm; k|0ffnL nfu'
ePsf], x'nfs ;]jf k'g;{+/rgf eO{ Jofj;flos tyf ljljwLs/0f ePsf] tyf cgnfOg ;]jf
Jojl:yt ePsf] x'g]5 . ;du|df cfd;~rf/ dfWod Jofj;flos, dof{lbt / lhDd]jf/ ePsf],
hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] clwsf/ ;+/lIft ePsf] / ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 d'n'ssf]
;f+:s[lts d"NodfGotf ;+/If0f tyf ;fdflhs ;b\efj clej[l4 ug{ d2t k'u]sf] x'g]5 .

210 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

%=$ ejg, cfjf; tyf ;x/L ljsf;
%=$=! ejg tyf cfjf;
!= k[i7e"ld
lghL If]q;d]tsf] ;lqmotfdf ;a}sf nflu Ifdtfg';f/sf] ;'/lIft cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug{
lskmfotL, jftfj/0fd}qL tyf e"sDksf] hf]lvdd'Qm ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL ejgx lgdf{0f tyf
ljsf; ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . @)&@ j}zfvdf uPsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk / o;n] k'ofPsf]
IfltnfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ u/L ejg ;+lxtfnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ug{] tyf ePsf
ejgxsf] hf]lvd k/LIf0f u/L cfjZostfg';f/ ;anLs/0f ug'{ plQs} h/L 5 . k|To]s
gful/snfO{ pko'Qm cfjf;sf] xs x'g] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgcg';f/ ;d]t ;a}sf nflu ;'/lIft,
kof{Kt / cf}sftcg';f/sf] cfjf; pknAw u/fpg] b"/b[li6;lxtsf] /fli6o cfjf; gLlt, @)^* sf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{5 .
/fli6o hgu0fgf, @)^* cg';f/ g]kfndf s'n $& nfv ^& xhf/ 3/ejg -cfjf;Lo
;+/rgf_ /x]sf 5g\, h;df %$ nfv @& xhf/ kl/jf/ a;f]jf; ub{5g\ . cfjf;Lo 3/xdWo] ##
k|ltzt c:yfoL k|s[ltsf 5g\, h;dWo] *%=@^ k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/ cfg} :jfldTjsf] 3/df
a:b5g\ . ljut !% jif{df 3/ef8fdf a:g]sf] lx:;f @ k|ltztaf6 a9]/ !@=*! k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
clt ljkGg nlIft ju{sf nflu ;/sf/af6 hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd / Jofj;flos If]qdf cfjf;
PsfO lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3 a9]sf] 5 . :yfgLo lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / k|ljlw k|of]u u/L agfOPsf ;/sf/L
ejgxsf] k|fk tof/ u/L lskmfotL cfjf;sf ljleGg gd'gfx tof/ ePsf 5g\ . e"sDk
kLl8t kl/jf/xsf nflu ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg ;xof]udf ;'/lIft cfjf; lgdf{0f ;'? ePsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
;'/lIft a:tL ljsf;sf nflu hUuf k|fKt ug{' tyf hf]lvddf /x]sf a:tL :yfgfGt/0f ug'{,
:yfgLo lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lxsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg cfjZos cg';Gwfg u/L dfkb08 tof/ ug{'
/ ;dofg's"n cfjf; tyf ejg If]qdf gofF k|ljlwxsf] k|of]u ug{', /fli6o ejg ;+lxtfsf] kfng
u/L ;a} lsl;dsf ejg ;'/lIft tj/n] lgdf{0f ug'{, ;/sf/L ejgsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ Psf/
k|0ffnLaf6 ;Dkfbg u/fpg', Go"g cfo ju{sf nflu ;'/lIft a;f]jf;sf] Joj:yf ug'{, 7"nf]
;\Vofdf cfjZos kg]{ l;sdL{ / 8sdL{xnfO{ ejg lgdf{0f k|ljlw / ejg ;+lxtf;DaGwL tflnd
lbO{ bIf agfpg'', 7"nf] ;\Vofdf /x]sf] cfjf;sf] dfu k"/f ug'{ / e"sDkaf6 cfjf;sf] If]qdf
ePsf] IfltnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ;a}nfO{ ;'/lIft, ;'ne / Jojl:yt cfjf; pknAw u/fpg' k|d'v
r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .
cj;/
;/sf/L ejgsf] lgdf{0f, dd{t ;Def/, /]vb]v / ;'/Iff;DaGwdf dlGqkl/ifb\af6 PsLs[t
sfof{no ejg lgdf{0f;DaGwL gLltut lg0f{o x'g', ;+o'Qm cfjf; ejg lgdf{0f :jLs[lt tyf

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 211

cg'udg sfo{l{jlw, @)&) :jLs[t u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g', ;+o'Qm cfjf;, ;fd"lxs / of]hgfa4
cfjf;;DaGwL dfkb08 tof/ ul/g', ejg dd{t ;"rgf k|0ffnL ;6j]o/ ljsf; ul/g', e"sDkaf6
Ifltu|:t ejgxsf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{ qmddf lgdf{0f x'g] gofF ;+/rgf / cfjf;nfO{ Jojl:yt /
k|sf]kk|lt/f]wL agfpg] k|lta4tf ;a} If]qaf6 cfpg' k|d'v cj;/x x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;a} gful/ssf] ;'/lIft, ;'ne / Jojl:yt cfjf;df kx'Fr .
#=@ nIo
jftfj/0fd}qL, ;'/lIft / ;'ne ;fj{hlgs ejg tyf lghL cfjf;sf] ljsf; ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. Jojl:yt a:tL ljsf; u/L ;a}sf nflu ;'ne, ;'/lIft / jftfj/0fd}qL cfjf;sf] k|j4{g
ug{' .
2. e"sDknufot ;a} k|sf/sf k|sf]kk|lt/f]wL ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL ejgx lgdf{0f ug{' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. ljkGg / ;LdfGtLs[t ju{ tyf hf]lvddf /x]sf gful/ssf nflu ;'/lIft, lskmfotL /
jftfj/0fd}qL cfjf; ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
2. ;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/L;d]tdf jftfj/0fLo b[li6n] ;Gt'lnt, ljQLo b[li6n] ;DefJo /
k|fljlws b[li6n] pko'Qm Pjd\ ;'/lIft a:tL ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ug{] .
3. ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ PsLs[t, ;'ne / ;xh agfpg PsLs[t k|zf;lgs Sn:6/ tyf
ejgsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
4. e"sDknufotsf ;a} k|sf/sf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ cfjf; / a:tL ljsf; ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. G kLl8t, ckftf ePsf JolQmx, h]i7 gful/s, ;8s afnaflnsfnufot hf]lvddf
/x]sf JolQmxsf nflu ljz]if ;fdflhs cfjf;sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
2. clt ljkGg tyf ;LdfGtLs[t ju{sf nflu hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd ;a} k|b]zdf lj:tf/
ul/g]5 . -!_
3. 5l/P/ /x]sf] a;f]jf;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ k"jf{wf/;lxtsf] gd'gf PsLs[t a:tL ljsf;sf]
sfo{ cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -@_

212 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 4. /fli6o e"pkof]u gLltcg';f/ clgolGqt a:tL ljsf; / lj:tf/nfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg
a:tL ljsf; k|j4{g If]q / a:tL ljsf; lgif]lwt If]q sf] kdf 5'6\ofpg] Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 . -@_
5. ;a}sf nflu ;'/lIft / ;'ne cfjf; nIo xfl;n ug{ ;'/lIft / ;'ne cfjf;
lgdf{0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -@_
6. ;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/Ldf 7"nf] ;\Vofdf cfjf; tyf ;xsf/L cfjf;x lgdf{0f
ul/g]5 . -@_
7. ;fj{hlgs / lghL ejg lgdf{0f ubf{ /fli6o ejg ;+lxtfsf] sfof{Gjogdf hf]8
lbOg]5 . -@_
8. :yfgLo k|ljlw / pknAw lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lxsf] k|of]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ k|rlnt ejg
l8hfOg / k|ljlwsf] nflu cfjZos dfkb08sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
9. 3/hUuf axfnnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ tyf lghL tyf ;xsf/L nufgLdf axfn ejgx
lgdf{0f / ;~rfng ug{ 3/hUuf axfn;DaGwL sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -@_
10. k|zf;lgs ;]jf ;xh / ldtJooL agfpg k|zf;lgs Knfhf Pjd\ PsLs[t ;/sf/L ejg
:yfgLo :t/;Dd lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -#_
11. ljleGg e"uf]nnfO{ ;'xfpFbf] gd'gf ejgsf] gS;f tof/ ul/g]5 . -#_
12. ;'/lIft cfjf; Pjd\ ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu l;sdL{ tyf 8sdL{ tflndsf ;fy} hgr]tgf
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -$_
13. ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L e"sDknufotsf k|sf]kaf6 x'g] hLpwgsf] gf]S;fgL tyf
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -$_
14. ejg tyf cfjf; lgdf{0fsf If]qdf k|of]u x'g ;Sg] cem lskmfotL, ;'/lIft /
jftfj/0fd}qL lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / gjLgtd k|ljlwsf] k|j4{gsf nflu lgoldt cg';Gwfg /
ljsf; sfo{df z}lIfs k|lti7fgnfO{ kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= gLltut ;'wf/
1. ;xsf/L cfjf;;DaGwL gLlt tyf lgb]{lzsf th'{df .
2. ;/sf/L Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs ejg, d7dlGb/ Pjd\ cGo wfld{s ;Dkbfxsf] lgoldt
dd{t;Def/ ug]{ lgb]{lzsf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog .
3. k|wfgdGqL cfjf; of]hgf ;~rfng sfo{ljlwsf] tof/L tyf cfjf; lgdf{0f k|f/De .
v= Jojl:yt a:tL ljsf; tyf cfjf; Joj:yfkg
1. 5l/P/ /x]sf] a;f]jf;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ k"jf{wf/;lxt gd'gf PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; .

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 213

 2. Ifdtf ljsf;cGt{ut :yfgLo lgsfo, lgdf{0f Joj;foL, sflnu9xnfO{ ejg
;+lxtf tyf e"sDkk|lt/f]wL ejg lgdf{0f;DaGwL ;Lkd"ns tflnd / k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f
tflnd ;~rfng .
u= nlIft ju{sf nflu cfjf; Joj:yf
1. blnt, ;LdfGts[t, ul/a, u|fdL0f If]qdf nlIft hfthflt tyf ju{ ;d'bfosf nflu
cfjf; ;+/rgfxnufot hgtf cfjf; lgdf{0f .
2. ljz]if cfjf;cGt{ut ;a} k|b]zdf h]i7 gful/s cfjf; Pjd\ ;fd'bflos cfjf;
lgdf{0f .
3. ;x/L ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] nflu ul/a nlIft k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / Joj;fo ljsf;;DaGwL
sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
3= ;/sf/L ejg tyf cfjf; Joj:yfkg
1. s]Gb|Lo k|zf;lgs Knfhf, PsLs[t tyf cGo ;/sf/L ejg, Joj:yflksf ;+;b\ ejg,
dGqfno ejg, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] ejg lgdf{0f .
2. cGt/f{li6o, /fli6o / If]qLo :t/sf ;ef xnxsf] lgdf{0f .
3. Joj:yflksf ;+;b\;b:o tyf pRr kb:y kbflwsf/Lsf nflu cfjf; lgdf{0f .
4. k|fb]lzs ;+/rgfsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;/sf/L ejg tyf cfjf;sf nflu k|f/lDes
sfo{ .
5. k|frLg tyf /f0ffsfnLg ejgxsf] k'glg{df{0f / cGo ejgx k|anLs/0f .
6. ;LdfIf]qdf PsLs[t hfFr rf}sLx lgdf{0f .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
hgtf cfjf; s'n @),))) lgdf{0f ePsf] / !$ cf]6f ljz]if cfjf;, h]i7 gful/s cfjf; /
;fd'bflos cfjf; lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g]5 . k|wfgdGqL cfjf; of]hgfcGtu{t #,))) cfjf; PsfO
lgdf{0f ;'? ePsf] / k"jf{wf/;lxtsf] & cf]6f gd'gf PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 . s]Gb|Lo
lgsfosf nflu # cf]6f k|zf;lgs Knfhf lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ePsf], @! cf]6f PsLs[t ;/sf/L
sfof{no ejg, ^ cf]6f ;efxn / *) cf]6f ;/sf/L sfof{no ejg lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g]5 .
%=$=@ ;x/L ljsf;
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cJojl:yt a;f]jf;nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ tyf of]hgfa4 / Jojl:yt
a:tL ljsf; ug]{ gLltut Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;x/df ;]jf, ;'ljwf / cj;/x a9L x'g] ePsfn]
dflg;xsf] :jfefljs cfsif{0f ;x/tk{m x'g] ub{5 . kl5Nnf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfndf sl/a !&
k|ltzt hg;\Vof gu/kflnsf If]qdf a;f]jf; u/L/x]sf] eP tfklg hgu0fgfeGbf kl5 yk
ePsf gofF gu/kflnsfx;d]t u/]/ xfn @!& gu/kflnsfx /x]sf 5g\, h;cg';f/ xfn ;x/L
If]qdf a;f]jf; u/L/x]sf] hg;\Vof sl/a $@ k|ltzt /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . ;]jf, ;'ljwf /
cj;/xsf] vf]hL tyf gofF ;x/xsf] j[l4sf] sf/0fn] ;x/L If]qsf] hg;\Vof tLj| j[l4 x'Fb}

214 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

uPsf] 5 . o;sf] kl/0ffd:jk ;x/df pknAw ;Lldt cfly{s;fdflhs / ef}lts k"jf{wf/
;]jfxdf cltl/Qm rfk kg{ uPsf] 5 . ;x/sf] ef}uf]lns, k|fs[lts, ;fdflhs, P]ltxfl;s tyf
cfly{s kIfx ljZn]if0f u/L ;an kIfnfO{ 7DofO{ Ps ;x/ Ps klxrfg sf] cjwf/0ffdf ;x/
;'xfpFbf] df}lns klxrfg emNsg] lx;fan] klxrfg;lxtsf] ;x/L ljsf; of]hgfa4 9\un] ug{
;s]df ;x/n] t'ngfTds kdf a9L nfe k|fKt u/L df}lns lsl;dn] ;x/L ljsf; cufl8
a9\g;Sg] b]lvG5 . t;y{ of]hgfa4 ;x/L ljsf;dfkm{t :jR5, ;'/lIft / ;d[4 klxrfgdo
;x/xsf] ljsf; u/L dfucg';f/ gful/sxnfO{ ;j{;'ne / e/kbf]{ tl/sfn] u'0f:t/Lo ;x/L
;]jf tyf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{ ;x/L afl;Gbfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg' cfjZos ePsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fsf ePsf :yfgdf cfwf/e"t ;]jf k'ofpg', gu/f]Gd'v a:tLxdf ;]jf
;'ljwf lj:tf/ ug{', hUuf k|flKt k|lqmof ljsf;d}qL agfpg', :yfgLo lgsfodf hgk|ltlglwx
gx'Fbf klg ;x/L If]qsf] ljsf;df kof{Kt Wofg k'ofpg', ;x/L If]qdf vfg]kfgL, 9n lgsf;,
kmf]x/d}nfsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug'{, a9\bf] k|b"if0fsf sf/0f jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg', ;x/L
If]qsf gbL lsgf/f / ;fj{hlgs e"ldsf] cltqmd0f /f]Sg', ;x/L If]qdf dgf]/~hg:yn zf}rfno /
v'nf:ynsf] Joj:yf ug'{, PsLs[t ;x/L Joj:yfkg tyf ;x/L ;f}Gbo{sf nflu xl/ofnL /
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug'{, lbuf] kdf cfwf/e"t ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' / ;x/nfO{ cfly{s
;fdflhs s]Gb|sf kdf ljsf; ug'{ k|d'v r'gf}tLx x'g\ .
cj;/
PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; tyf 3gfa:tL sfo{qmdx sfof{Gjogdf NofOg', ljleGg %# cf]6f
gu/kflnsfxdf vfg]kfgL, ;8s, 9n k|zf]wgzfnf, a;kfs{ tyf cGo ;fdflhs / cfly{s
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f sfo{xn] k|fyldstf kfpg'', dxjk"0f{ P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf
ko{6sLo :ynxsf] dd{t ;Def/ tyf ;+/If0f sfo{x ;~rfngdf x'g', gofF ;x/ cfof]hgf
sfof{Gjogdf cfpg', gu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff ePsf @$ cf]6f lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx, ## cf]6f ;fgf
;x/ -gj3f]lift gu/kflnsfxdWo]]_ tyf ;ftcf]6f gu/kflnsf gePsf lhNnf ;b/d'sfdxsf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf x'g', dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{df sDtLdf Ps nfv
hg;\Vof a:g ldNg]u/L cfufdL !) jif{leq ;x/xsf] ljsf; ug]{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9\g' /
:df6{l;6L lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;DefJotf cWoog cufl8 a9\g'nfO{ ;x/L ljsf;sf] cj;/sf kdf
lng ;lsG5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
Jojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fdfkm{t lbuf] cfly{s ;fdflhs kfGt/0f .

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 215

#=@ nIo
kof{Kt k"jf{wf/;lxt ;'ljwfo'Qm Jojl:yt / klxrfgo'Qm ;x/xsf] ljsf; ug{] .
#=# p2]Zo
1. cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfo'Qm, Jojl:yt, ;'/lIft Pjd\ klxrfgo'Qm ;x/sf] ljsf; ug'{ .
2. cfly{s cj;/xsf] ;[hgf tyf /f]huf/L clej[l4 x'g] u/L ;x/L If]qsf] ljsf; ug{' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1.cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/ tyf ;'ljwf;lxtsf] PsLs[t 3gf a:tL / ;'/lIft tyf klxrfgo'Qm
;x/L If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
2. e"pkof]u gLltdf cfwfl/t eO{ gu/kflnsfxsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ .
3. ;x/ufpF cGt/;DaGwnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. /fhdfu{ glhs tyf gu/f]Gd'v If]qxdf Jojl:yt ;x/xsf] ljsf; ;3g kdf
ul/g]5 . -!_
2. k"jf{wf/ / ;]jf ;'ljwf ;DkGg 3gfa:tLsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -!_
3. k|To]s ;x/nfO{ 5'} klxrfg lbO{ Ps ;x/ Ps klxrfg sf] kdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; /
k|j4{gsf] k|lqmof cufl8 a9fOg]5 . k|To]s k|b]zdf sDtLdf b'O{cf]6f ;x/nfO{ klxrfg
lbO{ Ps ;x/ Ps klxrfg sf] kdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / k|j4{g ug{ gd'gf sfo{qmd
cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -!_
4. k|d'v ;x/xdf ;Defljt k|fs[lts k|sf]k x'g;Sg] 7fpFxsf] gS;f tof/ kfg]{, k"j{;"rgf
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ / k|fs[lts k|sf]kkl5 ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;'/lIft p4f/ ug]{ of]hgf
th'{df ul/g]5 . -!_
5. s[lif e"ldsf] ;+/If0fnfO{ ljz]if Vofn /fVb} xl/ofnL / vfB;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg
vfB xl/ofnL ;x/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -!_
6. ;DefJo sl/8f]/ l;6Lsf] :yfkgff/f PsLs[t ;x/L ljsf; sfo{qmd cl3 a9fOg]5 . -!_
7. 5flgPsf s]xL ;x/xnfO{ :df6{l;6Lsf] cjwf/0ffcg'k ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
8. ;fj{hlgs, ;xsf/L, ;d'bfo / lghL ;fem]bf/Ldf PsLs[t ;x/L ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf
ul/g]5 . -@_
9. gu/f]Gd'v ufpFxdf klg ejg lgdf{0f dfkb08 / e"pkof]u dfkb08 lgdf{0f u/L nfu'
ul/g]5 . -@_
10. :jLs[t e"pkof]u gLltdf cfwfl/t eO{ gu/ If]qsf] PsLs[t k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
ul/g]5 . -@_

216 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 11. ;x/L k"jf{wf/ tyf ;]jfxsf] ljsf;sf nflu lghL If]qsf] nufgL / ;fj{hlgslghL
;fem]bf/Ldf nufgL k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -#_
12. gu/f]Gd'v If]qxdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / ;x/L ;]jfsf nflu ;Da4 lgsfoxaLr ;dGjo
sfod ub}{ ef}lts, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;DaGwsf] dfWodaf6 ;x/ufpF
cGt/;DaGwnfO{ ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -#_
13. ;x/L of]hgf th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L kdf ug{sf] nflu ;DalGwt :yfgLo
lgsfoxsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= ;3g tyf PsLs[t ;x/L ljsf;
1. gu/kflnsfxsf] cfjlws of]hgf tyf PsLs[t k"jf{wf/ ljsf; of]hgfn] klxrfg
u/]sf sfo{qmd .
2. 7"nf ;x/L sf]l/8f]/x, Ps ;x/ Ps klxrfg sfo{qmd .
3. vfB xl/ofnL ;x/x -km'8 lu|g l;6L_, :df6{ l;6Lx / d]uf l;6Lxsf] klxrfg
tyf PsLs[t k"jf{wf/ ljsf; .
4. PsLs[t 3gf a:tL, ;'/lIft xl/t Pjd\ klxrfgo'Qm ;x/L If]qsf] ljsf; .
5. PsLs[t ;x/L ;]jf k|bfg ug{sf nflu PsLs[t ;x/L ;]jfs]Gb|x :yfkgf .
6. lbuf] ;x/L ljsf; ;"rsf tof/ u/L nfu' .
v= PsLs[t sfo{d"ns of]hgf tyf sfof{Gjog
1. gu/ If]qsf] cfjlws of]hgf cBfjlws Pjd\ tof/L .
2. gofF gu/kflnsfxsf] PsLs[t ;x/L ljsf; of]hgf th{'df .
3. ljleGg dxTjk"0f{ :yfgxsf] ;DefJotf cWoog, ;x/L ljsf;;DaGwL
k"jf{wf/xsf] lj:t[t OlGhlgol/ k|ltj]bg, ;x/L gS;fg cBfjlws tyf
cWoog .
u= ;x/L If]qsf] k"jf{wf/ tyf Ifdtf ljsf;
1. gu/kflnsf gePsf lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx tyf u|fdL0f a:tLxsf] PsLs[t k"jf{wf/
ljsf; .
2. ;x/L kfs{ Pjd\ kf]v/L lgdf{0f, ;txL gfnL / 9n lgdf{0f, ;8s :t/f]Gglt / hUuf
ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
3. e"pkof]u gLltdf cfwfl/t eO{ gu/kflnsfxsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; .
4. sf7df08f} pkTosfsf] aflx/L rqmky lgdf{0f k|f/De .
5. dWokxf8L / x'nfsL /fhdfu{df Jojl:yt ;x/x lgdf{0f
6. ljkb\sf] ;dodf k|of]u x'g] u/L klxrfg ePsf :yfgxdf cfjZos k"jf{wf/xsf]
lgdf{0f .
7. ;x/L If]qdf h]i7 gful/sd}qL kfs{ / ;]jfs]Gb| lgdf{0f .
8. sf7df08f}df jfudtL ;\u|xfno :yfkgf .

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 217

 9.
gu/kflnsfxsf] zf;sLo Ifdtf clej[l4 .
3= cGo sfo{qmd
1. ;x/ ufFpsf] cGt/;DaGw ;'b[9 u/L PsLs[t of]hgfa4 ;x/L ljsf; dfkb08
th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog :df6{ len]h ljsf;;DaGwL dfkb08 tof/ u/L b]zsf
ljleGg :yfgxdf :df6{ len]hxsf] ljsf; .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
#% cf]6f a;kfs{, $&& ls=ld= ;tx gfnL, $)) ls=ld= 9n lgdf{0f, %)) ls=ld= ;8s
:t/f]Gglt / !)) x]S6/df hUuf ljsf; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ePsf] x'g]5 . Ps ;x/ Ps
klxrfgcGtu{t !* cf]6f ;x/df PsLs[t ;x/L ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf], sDtLdf !#
cf]6f ;x/nfO{ :df6{l;6Lsf kdf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ ;'? ePsf], # cf]6f vfB xl/ofnL ;x/ -k'm8
lu|g l;6L_ sf kdf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ ;'? ePsf], & cf]6f PsLs[t ;x/L ;]jf s]Gb| lgdf{0f ePsf]
/ @! cf]6f ;x/L kfs{ Pjd\ kf]v/L ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 .
%=% k'glg{df{0f
!= k[i7e"ld
@)&@ ;fnsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk tyf tTkZrft\sf k/fsDksf sf/0f ljleGg !$ lhNnfx
uDeL/ kdf k|efljt x'gk'u] . pQm e"sDksf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL u/L sl/a * nfv
ejg, ljBfno tyf k'/ftflTjs ;+/rgfx k"0f{tM Ifltu|:t eP . *,*(! sf] ;\Vofdf dfgjLo
Iflt eof] eg] xhf/f}+ 3fOt] tyf a]kQf ePsf 5g\ . o;/L k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 7"nf] wghgsf] Iflt
k'u]sf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o ;\3;+:yf, ldq/fi6, bft[lgsfo tyf
JolQmxsf] ;xof]udf tTsfn vf]h tyf p4f/ / /fxtsf] Joj:yf u/] tfklg k"0f{ kdf Ifltu|:t
eO{ k|of]uof]Uo gePsf ;+/rgfx, ;fj{hlgs ejg, k'/ftflTjs :df/s ;+/rgf, ef}lts k"jf{wf/,
ljBfno Pjd\ :jf:Yo s]Gb|x;d]tsf] k'glg{df{0f ug{ u/fpg /fli6o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fsf] u7g
ePsf] 5 . e"sDkf/f k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f;DaGwL P]g@)&@ adf]lhd u7g ePsf] o;
k|flws/0fsf] sfof{jlw % jif{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . e"sDkaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] olsg u/L
cfjZostfcg';f/ k'glg{df{0f ug]{, PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; ug]{ Pjd\ sfg'gadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg
ug]{ Joj:yfsf nflu cGt/f{li6o bft[ ;+:yf tyf ldq/fi6sf] klg pNn]vgLo ;xof]u /xg]5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
e"sDkaf6 nfvf}Fsf] ;\Vofdf Wj:t ePsf cfjf;, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf, ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs
k"jf{wf/;DaGwL ;+/rgfxsf] ;dodf k'glg{df{0f ug'{, ljkGg kl/jf/x klg e"sDk k|efljt
ePaf6 cTofjZosLo ;'ljwfsf] kdf k|fyldstfdf /fvL ;'/lIft tyf nfut k|efjsf/L
cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug{', k|flws/0fsf] u7g u/L k|efjsf/L ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos cfwf/e"t
sfg'gL ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f / hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ug{df w]/} ;do JotLt eO;s]sf]n] ;dod} k"0f{

218 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

kdf k|flws/0fsf] nIo xfl;n ug'{, jf:tljs e"sDk kLl8txsf] ;\Vof tYout kdf olsg
ug'{, k|flws/0fsf] sfo{ k|s[ltcg';f/ zL3| ;]jf k|bfg ug{'kg]{ t/ ljBdfg vl/b;DaGwL sfg'gL
Joj:yf Jofjxfl/s gePsf] sf/0f ck]lIft ;dodf lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug{' tyf ;/;fdfg pknAw
u/fpgdf lanDa x'g uPsf]n] pTkGg hgc;Gtf]ifnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
cj;/
clwsf/;DkGg /fli6o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fsf] u7g 5'} P]gf/f ePsf]n] o;nfO{ /fli6o
k|fyldstfsf] cleofgsf] :jk lbOg', k'glg{df{0fsf] nflu /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o ;xof]usf]
k|lta4tf JoQm ePsf]n] ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g', ;flassf] sdhf]/ ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/is[t u/L
lbuf] Pjd\ ;'/lIft ;+/rgfsf] kdf k'glg{df{0f ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt x'g', k'glg{df{0fsf] nflu s]Gb|,
lhNnf tyf :yfgLo :t/df ljBdfg ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] kl/rfng u/L cfof]hgf sfo{fnox
:yfkgf / ;~rfng ul/g] ePsf]n] kof{Kt lj1tf tyf hgzlQm kl/rfng ug]{ ;Defjgf /xg',
e"sDknufot cGo k|fs[lts tyf dfgj l;lh{t k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu
;DalGwt lj1, Joj;foL tyf hg:t/df ;d]t ;r]tgf tyf pTk|]/0ff hufpg] cj;/ k|fKt x'g'
cfkmF}df 7"nf] cj;/ xf] .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
Jojl:yt tyf ;'/lIft a:tL ljsf;nufot ef}lts ;+/rgf / cfjf; ejgxsf] cem
alnof] Pjd\ cem /fd|f] k'glg{df{0f .
#=@ nIo
e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f / hf]lvdk"0f{ a:tLsf] :yfgfGt/0faf6 /fli6o lxt
k|j4{g tyf ;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf] lbuf], ;'/lIft / of]hgfa4 kdf oyfzL3| lgdf{0f u/L kLl8t
JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf] hghLjgnfO{ sDtLdf klg k|sf]kk"j{sf] cj:yfdf k'g:yf{kgf ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfxsf] k'glg{df{0f tyf a:tL ljsf; ug]{ .+
2. hf]lvdk"0f{ a:tLsf] :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ .
3. k'glg{df{0f, k'g:yf{kgf tyf a:tL :yfgfGt/0fsf] of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ pko'Qm ;+oGq
:yfkgf ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfx tyf a:tLsf] oyfy{ cBfjlws clen]v tyf ljj/0f tof/
ul/g]5 . -!_

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 219

 2. Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f tyf k|anLs/0f k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/L of]hgf th'{df
tyf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
3. Ifltu|:t a:tLsf] ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf
;+/If0f;lxtsf] a[xQ/ of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
4. e"sDk kLl8t kl/jf/xsf] cfjf; lgdf{0fsf] nflu cg'bfg tyf ;/n shf{sf] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 . -!_
5. hf]lvdk"0f{ a:tLsf] k'glg{df{0fsf] l;nl;nfdf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf cfwf/e"t
cjwf/0ffxnfO{ cjnDag ul/g]5 . -!_
6. k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf sfo{df oyfzSo :yfgLo lgdf{0f ;fdu|L, jf:t'snf /
;'wfl/Psf] k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ul/g]5 . -!_
7. hf]lvdk"0f{ a:tLsf] oyfy{ cBfjlws clen]v tyf ljj/0f tof/ ul/g]5 . -@_
8. a:tL :yfgfGt/0fsf] nflu ;Da4 kLl8t kl/jf/sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/df
:yfgfGt/0f ug]{ pko'Qm :yfgsf] klxrfg ul/g]5 . -@_
9. a:tL :yfgfGt/0f of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
10. :yfgfGt/0f x'g] a:tLsf afl;Gbfsf] nflu cltl/Qm ;xfotf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -#_
11. /fli6o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fsf] ;dGjo tyf :jLs[ltdf If]qut dGqfnoxf/f k'glg{df{0f,
k'g:yf{kgf tyf a:tL :yfgfGt/0fsf] sfo{qmd th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -#_
12. /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o bft[ lgsfo, ldq/fi6 tyf lghL Pjd\ u}/;/sf/L
;\3;+:yfxaf6 pknAw x'g;Sg] ;xof]u kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
13. ;'/lIft ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf nflu ljleGg If]qdf sfo{/t lj1, Joj;foL tyf hg;fwf/0fsf
nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf k|rf/k|;f/sf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
14. cfjZos sfg'gL, Joj:yfksLo tyf k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfsf] :yfkgf tyf :t/f]Gglt
ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= e"sDkkl5sf] k'glg{df0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf
1. ljkb\kl5sf] Ifltsf] cfFsng -lkl8PgP_ / k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf;DaGwL k~rjifL{o
vfsf -lkl8cf/Pkm_ df plNnlvt sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog .
v= lghL cfjf; k'glg{df{0f
1. 5gf}6 ;"rLdf k/]sf #! lhNnfsf 3/wgLxnfO{ lghL cfjf; cg'bfg ljt/0f .
2. u}/;/sf/L If]q;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf PsLs[t gd'gf a:tL ljsf; .
u= a:tL :yfgfGt/0f tyf a:tL ljsf; sfo{qmd
1. dfgj a;f]jf; x'g g;Sg] elgPsf yk #%* a:tLxsf] cWoog .

220 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 2. ;'/lIft / PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; sfo{qmd .
3. u}/;/sf/L If]q;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf c;'/lIft a:tLxsf] :yfgfGt/0f .
3= z}lIfs ;+:yf tyf :jf:Yo ;+:yfxsf] k'glg{df{0f
1. Iflt ePsf ljZjljBfno tyf ljBfnoxsf] r/0fa4 k'glg{df{0f .
2. :jf:Yo ;]jf ;'rf? /x]sf lk|km]la|s]6]8 ;+/rgfdf :jf:Yo s]Gb| tyf c:ktfnsf]
lgdf{0f .
3. Ifltu|:t c:ktfn tyf :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] k'glg{df{0f .

= ;f+:s[lts tyf k'/ftflTjs ;Dkbf k'glg{df{0f tyf ;+/If0f

1. ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rL tyf ;Defljt ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ;Dkbf If]qxdf
;Dkbfsf] k|efj d"Nofg .
2. :yfgLo pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] cu'jfOdf a'\dtL, ;fFv', vf]sgfh:tf k'/fgf a:tLxsf]
k'glg{df{0f .
3. w/x/f k'glg{df{0f .
r= ;/sf/L Pjd\ ;'/Iff lgsfosf ejg tyf ;+/rgfxsf] k'glg{df{0f
1. l;+xb/af/, /fi6klt / pk/fi6klt ejgsf] k'glg{df{0f l8hfOg tyf yfngL .
2. g]kfnL ;]gf, k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/L ansf Ifltu|:t ejg tyf ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f .
3. Ifltu|:t ;/sf/L ejg -:yfgLo lgsfo;d]t_ sf] ;+/rgf k'glg{df{0f .
5= cGo k"jf{wf/xsf] k'glg{df{0f
1. u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL tyf ;8s / /0fgLlts ;8sxsf] k'glg{df{0f .
h= k'glg{df{0fsf nflu ;fdflhs kl/rfng tyf k|efljt If]qsf] cfly{s ljsf;
1. bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg, cfocfh{g / hLljsf]kfh{g;DaGwL sfo{qmd .
2. cNksfnLg tyf dWodsfnLg cjlwsf lgMz'Ns Jofj;flos ;Lk ljsf; tflnd .
em= k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fsf] ;\u7gfTds ;'b[9Ls/0f
1. ljsf; ;fem]bf/, bft[ /fi6 tyf lgsfox;Fusf] ;dGjodf PsLs[t Joj:yfkg ;"rgf
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; .
2. s]Gb|Lo cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog PsfO;Fu sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
o; of]hgf cjlwdf !&* lk|km]a ;+/rgf / !,))) :yfoL ;+/rgfsf ;fj{hlgs tyf ;/sf/L
ejg, :yfgLo lgsfotkm{ ^) k|ltzt ejgx, g]kfnL ;]gftkm{ !,!)( Aof/]sejgx, g]kfn
k|x/Ltkm{ !@) k|x/L rf}sL / @# Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no ejgx, ;z:q k|x/L antkm{ #%
ejgx, @,()) P]ltxfl;s k'/ftflTjs ;Dkbf tyf u'Dafx, (,))) ljBfnox, !,!))

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 221

c:ktfn tyf :jf:Yo ;+:yfx, !)) ls=ld= /0fg}lts ;8s, &)) ls=ld= lhNnf:t/Lo ;8s /
%,@)) vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] k'glgdf{0f ePsf] x'g]5 . sDtLdf % nfv JolQmn]
cNksfnLg tyf dWodsfnLg cjlwsf lgMz'Ns Jofj;flos ;Lk ljsf; tflnd kfPsf x'g]5g\ .
e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;+/rgf tyf a:tLxsf] k'glg{df{0f, dd{t;Def/ tyf k|anLs/0f ePsf]
x'g], e"sDk kLl8t kl/jf/xn] cfjf; lgdf{0fsf] nflu cg'bfg tyf ;/n shf{ ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf]
x'g], hf]lvdk"0f{ a:tLsf afl;Gbfxsf] cfly{s;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/df pko'Qm :yfgdf
:yfgfGt/0f ePsf] x'g], ljleGg If]qdf sfo{/t lj1, Joj;foL tyf hg;fwf/0fsf nflu ;~rflnt
Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf k|rf/ k|;f/sf] sfo{qmdaf6 ;'/lIft ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf nflu ;r]tgf j[l4
ePsf] x'g]5 / ljleGg nlIft ;d"xsf nflu ;~rflnt sfo{qmdaf6 nfeu|fxLxnfO{
hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
%=^ k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/
!= k[i7e"ld
;\3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; cem} dxjk"0f{ ag]sf] 5 . k|fb]lzs tyf
:yfgLo txdf j}1flgs / Jojl:yt of]hgf th'{df u/L cfjZos :yfgLo oftfoft, vfg]kfgL,
;fgf l;FrfO tyf gbL lgoGq0f, n3' hnljB't\ tyf j}slNks pmhf{, cfjf; tyf ;x/L ljsf;,
hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkgh:tf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/xsf] lgdf{0f
ug{'sf ;fy} ;b/d'sfdxnfO{ ;'ljwf;DkGg k|zf;lgs s]Gb|sf kdf :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
:yfgLo txx / k|b]zxaLrsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cGt/;DaGwnfO{ dha't agfpg
ltgLxnfO{ Pscfk;df oftfoft, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw, ;|f]t tyf ljrf/sf] cfbfgk|bfg /
Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/sf] dfWodaf6 cfa4 ug'{kg]{ x'gcfpF5 . o;sf nflu k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf 7"nf] dfqfdf nufgL u/L of]hgfa4 9\un] sfo{ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
;\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf kfGtl/t x'g] qmddf /x]sf] d'n'ssf] ljBdfg ;\qmd0fsfnsf]
cj:yfnfO{ Joj:yfkg ub}{ :yfgLo zf;gnfO{ dha't t'Nofpg rf}wf}F of]hgf ;\3Lotf, :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g / :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf If]qxdf s]lGb|t /x]sf]] 5 . ;fy} :yfgLo txdf
gful/ssf]] k|ToIf / lg0ff{os ;xeflutfaf6 ljsf; sfo{qmdxsf] 5gf]6 Pjd\ ;~rfng u/L
To;af6 k|fKt pknlAwaf6 cfly{s ;fdflhs kfGt/0f ug]{ cj:yf ;[hgf ug{ ;fwg;|f]t /
k|oTgsf] ;+of]lht k|aGw ug'{ klg plQs} cfjZos b]lvG5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
:yfgLo lgsfosf] cfGtl/s cfo tyf ljQLo ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L agfpg', k"jf{wf/
ljsf;sf] a9\bf] dfu / cfjZostfnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{', k"jf{wf/sf sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstfdf
/fVg', ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf k4ltsf] sfof{Gjog kIf dha't u/L of]hgfdf cg'zf;g /fVg',

222 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

cfof]hgf lgdf{0fnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg'', gofF 3f]if0ff ePsf gu/kflnsfxsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{',
pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ dfkb08sf] kfngf u/fpg] sfo{df pQ/bfoL agfO{ pgLxdfkm{t lgld{t
k"Jff{wf/ of]hgfx lbuf], u'0f:t/Lo / jftfj/0fd}qL agfpg' / ;8s lgdf{0fdf ePsf] nufgLsf]
cg'kftdf pkof]lutfdf j[l4 ug'{ k|d'v r'gf}tL b]lvPsf 5g\ .
cj;/
gofF /fhgLlts ljsf;qmd / /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] ljBdfg dfxf]nn] cfdhgtfdf pd\u,
cfzf / pT;fx clej[l4 ug{', ;/sf/n] kl5Nnf] ;dodf !%( gofF gu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff u/];Fu}
ltgdf Jojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f, of]hgfa4 a:tL ljsf;, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, /fh:jsf] bfo/fdf lj:tf/ /
ljsf; Pjd\ ;]jf k|jfxsf cj;/xdf a9f]Q/L x'g', :yfgLo txdf ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|jfx a9\b} hfg',
:yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo lgsfosf]
Ifdtf j[l4 x'g' / ;dfj]zL, ;Gt'lnt Pjd\ clwsf/df cfwfl/t Gofof]lrt ljsf;sf] k|f/De ug]{
pko'Qm ynf]sf] kdf :yfgLo lgsfox :yflkt x'g'nfO{ :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] nflu
dxjk"0f{ cj;/sf kdf lng ;lsG5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf; u/L ;Gt'lnt Pjd\ ;dfj]zL ljsf; .
#=@ nIo
k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txxaLr cGt/;DaGwsf cfwf/df k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf; u/L cfly{s
tyf ;fdflhs cj;/xdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr clej[l4 ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. :yfgLo :t/df k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf; u/L ;xh Pjd\ ;j{;'ne kdf hgtfnfO{
cfwf/e"t ;]jf / ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' .
2. k"jf{wf/ ljsf;af6 :yfgLo :t/df cfocfh{g tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/xdf j[l4 ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. :yfgLo >d, ;Lk, ;|f]t;fwg tyf k|ljlwnfO{ pkof]u u/L jftfj/0fd}qL k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
ug]{ .
2. :yfgLo hg;xeflutf / hg:jfldTjdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L ;a}sf] kx'Fr k'ofpg] .
3. k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/xaLr cGt/;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{u/L k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ .
#=$ sfo{gLlt
1. k"jf{wf/ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngnfO{ cGt/lglxt
ljifoj:t'sf kdf nfu' u/L lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cjnDag ul/g]5 . -!_

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 223

 2. :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{x cfjlws tyf If]qut of]hgf tyf k|fyldstfsf
cfwf/df dfq 5gf]6, lgdf{0f / ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
3. gu/f]Gd'v ufpFdf gbLgfnf tyf hldgh:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]tnfO{ k|b"if0faf6 arfpg Ps
gu/kflnsf Ps kmf]x/d}nf k|zf]wg tyf Joj:yfkg s]Gb| ljsf; ug]{u/L lgdf{0f sfo{
cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -!_
4. gu/kflnsfxdf PsLs[t ;x/L / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] u'?of]hgf r/0fa4 kdf
sfof{Gjog ub}{ nlug]5 . -!_
5. ufpF:t/Lo hn;Dkbfxsf] k|efjsf/L tyf Gofof]lrt pkof]u ug{ :yfgLo txdf
hnpkof]u u'?of]hgfx tof/ u/L vfg]kfgL, l;FrfO, ;fgf hnljB't\ tyf
hLljsf]kfh{g;DaGwL cGo hn;Dkbfdf cfwfl/t lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ PsLs[t
hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg tyf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -!_
6. l;FrfO ;'ljwf lj:tf/df ;xsf/L tyf l;FrfO ljsf; sf]ifsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|j4{g
ul/g]5 . hldgd'lgsf] kfgL k'ge{/0f;d]t x'g] u/L ;DefJo :yndf Ps ufpF Ps
kf]v/L lgdf{0f Pjd\ k|fs[lts tfnxsf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;+j4{gnfO{ cleofgsf] kdf
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
7. k"jf{wf/ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf ;a} sfo{x k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] a9Ldf b'O{ jif{leq ;DkGg
e};Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 -!_ .
8. lgdf{0fdf k|of]u x'g] ;fdu|L, lgdf{0f ul/g] ;do / To;df ;+nUg x'g] hgzlQmsf]
u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt u/L k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] ;du| u'0f:t/ kIfdf ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
9. :yfgLo oftfoftnfO{ e/kbf]{, ;'/lIft / ;'ljwfo'Qm agfpg ;8ssf] ju{ /
dfkb08cg';f/ qmdzM b'O{ n]gsf] cjwf/0ffdf lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . --!_
10. cfof]hgfxsf] lbuf] ;~rfngsf nflu lgoldt / cfsl:ds dd{t;Def/ ug{
cfjZos sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
11. k|of]u eO/x]sf lgdf{0f k|ljlwsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L gofF, >dd"ns Pjd\ oflGqs
pks/0fdf cfwfl/t :k]l;lkms];g / cfwf/ tof/ u/L nfu' ul/g]5 . -!_
12. gofF tyf lgdf{0f ePsf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/xnfO{ :yfgLo hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfh{g tyf
cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf;df s]lGb|t u/fO{ ;~rfng Pjd\ k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -!_
13. :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df hg;xeflutfsf] dfWodaf6 :yfgLo ;|f]t, ;fwg / ;Lk
kl/rfng k|0ffnLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ yk Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -!_
14. u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu k|To]s k|b]zdf u'0f:t/ k|of]uzfnfxsf] :yfkgf tyf
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
15. k|To]s k|b]zdf sDtLdf b'O{cf]6f gofF k|fb]lzs nf]sdfu{sf] vfsf tof/ ul/g]5 . -@_

224 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 16. :yfgLo hgtf tyf pkef]Qmfsf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/xsf] cg'udg
tyf d"Nofg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -@_
17. :yfgLo tx / k|b]zxdf k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg ;DalGwt k|fljlws
lgsfoxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -#_
18. lgdf{0f ePsf ;8sxdf afx|} dlxgf oftfoftnfO{ ;~rfngdf Nofpg lgoldt
dd{t;Def/sf] e/kbf]{ Joj:yf ul/g] / ;8s ;+/rgf lgdf{0f, :t/f]Gglt / 6ofs vf]Ng]
sfddf k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dGjo u/L ;Gt'ng ldnfOg]5 . -#_
19. ;Dk"0f{ lhNnf:t/Lo / gu/kflnsf ;8s u'?of]hgfx ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnLcg';f/
cBfjlws ub}{ nlug] tyf ufpF / k|b]z :t/df ;d]t ;8s u'of]hgfx qmdzM tof/
u/L sfof{Gjog ub}{ nlug]5 . -#_
20. k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf cfly{s;fdflhs ;DaGw :yflkt x'g] u/L k|fljlws kdf
;DefJo ;a} uf=lj=;=df ;8s ;~hfn k'ofOg]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
1. ;\3Lo tyf k|fb]lzs /fhwfgL tyf :yfgLo txsf ;b/d'sfdxnfO{ ;'ljwf ;DkGg
cTofw'lgs k|zf;lgs s]Gb|sf kdf ljsf; ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/xsf] lgdf{0f .
2. ;8sxsf] dfkb08 k/LIf0f, lgoldt dd{t;Def/, 3'DtL tyf df]8xdf ;'wf/,
;'/Iff ;\s]txsf] k|of]u Pjd\ b'3{6gfu|:t If]qxsf] klxrfg .
3. :yfgLo ;8s ;~hfndf ghf]l8Psf uf=lj=;=xdf gofF 6ofs lgdf{0f Pjd\
:t/f]Gglt .
4. ef}uf]lns tyf jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] ;8s ;~hfndf hf]8\g sl7g b]lvPsf
a:tLxsf] :yfgfGt/0f jf j}slNks oftfoftsf] Joj:yfkgsf] cWoog .
5. lhNnfleqsf ahf/ s]G;Dd ;8s ;~hfn lgdf{0f u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
ljsf;df ;xof]u .
6. lgMzt{, ;zt{, ;dk"/s / ljz]if cg'bfgcGtu{t :yfgLo txdfkm{t ;8s, u|fdL0f
vfg]kfgL, emf]n'] k'n, ;8s k'n, ;fgf l;FrfO / gbL lgoGq0f, j}slNks pmhf{,
;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ tyf cGo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; .
7. of]hgfsf] bf];|f] jif{;Dddf b]zel/sf t'OgxnfO{ lj:yflkt u/L emf]n'] k'nx
lgdf{0f .
8. g]kfn ;/sf/, :yfgLo lgsfo / pkef]QmfaLr nfut ;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df
gu/kflnsfxsf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f -cf]e/x]8 la|h, ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno, a;kfs{;d]t_
/ cfly{s lqmofsnfk ;~rfng .

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 225

 9. dxfgu/kflnsf / pkdxfgu/kflnsf lhlkP;df cfwfl/t oftfoft k|0ffnL]
;'?jft .
10. ufpF tyf gu/ If]qdf /]n, b|'t a; ;]jfnufotsf ;fj{hlgs oftfoft k|0ffnLsf]
cWoog, ljsf; / ;~rfng .
11. s[lif, ko{6gnufotsf If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f .
12. :yfgLo txdf hnfwf/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / pkof]u .
13. gful/snfO{ cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ;'ljwf Joj:yf .
14. :yfgLo txdf ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf k"j{ tof/L nufotsf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; .
v= a:tL ljsf;
1. 5l/P/ /x]sf a:tLxnfO{ PsLs[t u/L Jojl:yt a:tL ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug]{, u|fdL0f If]qdf;d]t hUuf PsLs/0f -NofG8 k'ln_ / hUuf ljsf; .
2. uf=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfdf a;f]jf; ug]{ e"ldxLg gful/sxsf] nflu ;fd"lxs
cfjf; :ynxsf] klxrfg / ljsf; .
3. uf=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfxdf ;8s tyf 3/ gDa/ ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{
k|efjsf/L agfO{ qmdzM ;a}df lj:tf/ .
u= kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg
1. kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkgdf pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ub}{ gu/kflnsfxsf]
;femf NofG8 lkmN8 ;fO6sf] klxrfg Pjd\ k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf; .
2. ;fj{hlgslghL] ;fem]bf/Ldf :yfgLo lgsfoxdf kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] j}1flgs
Joj:yfkg .
3= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f
1. jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / ;x/L ;f}Gbo{sf] k|j4{g ub}{ v'nf If]q tyf dgf]/~hgfTds
:ynxsf] Joj:yfkg .
2. ljkb\ k|lt/f]wL lgdf{0f sfo{ cflbnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts Pjd\
k'/ftflTjs ;Dkbfxsf] ;+/If0f;Fu} ;dli6ut ;x/L ljsf; .
3. :yfgLo txsf] cu'jfOdf ;a} 3/kl/jf/sf] ;+nUgtfdf Go"gtd cfwf/e"t / qmdzM
pRr:t/sf ;"rsx lgwf{/0f u/L jftfj/0fd}qL ljsf; / :jR5 jftfj/0f
k|j4{g .
4. hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] u|x0fzLntf clej[l4 ug{ :yfgLo hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng
sfo{of]hgfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog .
5. :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ kl/jlt{t hnjfo' cg's"nsf] hLjgz}nL, pTkfbg / pkef]u
k4ltsf] cEof; ug{ cfjZos 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf / k|f]T;fxg .

226 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

$= ck]lIft pknlAw
:yfgLo txsf] k'g;{+/rgf eO{ gful/sxsf nflu k|jfx x'g] ;]jf yk k|efjsf/L ePsf],
;dfj]zL tyf nlIft sfo{qmdxsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf clej[l4 eO{ ljkGg, lk5l8Psf] If]q /
;LdfGts[t ju{ tyf ;d'bfo yk nfeflGjt ePsf] x'g]5g\ . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd a}+ls
k|0ffnLdf k"0f{ cfa4 eO{ Jojl:yt ePsf], afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;g sfo{qmdaf6 afnaflnsfsf]
;jf{L0f ljsf;df pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ ePsf], lbuf] cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf;, k|efjsf/L ;]jf
k|jfxf/f ;Lk ljsf; / cfocfh{gsf cj;/nfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf 6]jf k'u]sf],
;r]tgf clej[l4 tyf ;zQmLs/0f lqmofsnfkxdfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;Gt'li6
clej[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .

k"jf{wf/ If]qsf ljsf; gLltx | 227

 kl/R5]b M ^
cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx
^=! n}ls ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f / d"n k|jfxLs/0f
^=!=! n}ls ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f
!= k[i7e"ld
dlxnfxsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljsf; / ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu ;+ljwfgdf dlxnfsf] xs
k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] 5 . n}ls d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf nflu ljleGg P]g, lgod, /0fgLlt /
sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf 5g\ . ljljw ;/sf/L k|of;sf sf/0f dlxnf 3/d"nL @%=&
k|ltzt, ;DklQdfly dlxnfsf] :jfldTj @^ k|ltzt, lghfdtL k|zf;gdf dlxnfsf]
k|ltlglwTj !& k|ltzt, dlxnf ;fIf/tf %&=$ k|ltzt / >d ;xeflutf b/ %$ k|ltzt
k'u]sf] 5 . n}ls c;dfgtf ;"rs )=$*(, dlxnfsf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rs )=%@! / ;+;b\df
;xeflutf @(=( k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ;/sf/f/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdxdf n}ls
pQ/bfoL ah]6 cf=j= @)&@&# df @@=# k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . clxn] klg n}ls lx+;f @^
k|ltzt / afnljjfx @( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 h'g dlxnf ljsf;sf] cj/f]wsf] kdf /x]sf] 5 .
cfdfsf] gfdaf6 gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg], dlxnfnfO{ n}ls e]befjljgf ;dfg j+zLo
xs x'g], dlxnfnfO{ ;'/lIft dft[Tj / k|hgg :jf:Yosf] xs x'g], /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf
dlxnfsf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;xeflutf /xg], dlxnfn] lzIff, :jf:Yo,
/f]huf/L / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df ljz]if cj;/ k|fKt ug]{, ;DklQ
tyf kfl/jfl/s dfldnfdf bDktLsf] ;dfg xs x'g], ;\3Lo ;+;b\ / k|b]z ;efdf lgjf{lrt
x'g] s'n ;b:osf] sDtLdf PsltxfO dlxnf ;b:o x'g], k|ltlglw ;efsf] ;efd'v /
pk;efd'vdWo] Pshgf / /fli6o ;efsf] cWoIf / pkfWoIfdWo] Pshgf dlxnf x'g], k|b]z
;efd'v jf k|b]z pk;efd'vdWo] Pshgf dlxnf x'g], ufpF sfo{kflnsfdf rf/hgf tyf gu/
sfo{kflnsfdf kfFrhgf dlxnf ;b:o /xg], lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltdf sDtLdf tLghgf
dlxnf /xg], ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] k|To]s j8faf6 sDtLdf b'O{hgf dlxnfsf]
k|ltlglwTj x'g]u/L ufpF;ef / gu/;efsf] u7g x'g], /fli6o dlxnf cfof]u ;+j}wflgs
lgsfosf] kdf /xg] / ;f]sf cWoIf / ;b:ox dlxnfdfq /xg];d]tsf dxTjk"0f{ xs
clwsf/x g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
cfly{s;fdflhs hLjgdf dlxnfnfO{ k'?ifs} xf/fxf/Ldf Nofpg', n}ls lx+;f tyf 3/]n'
lx+;f 36fpg', dlxnfxaLr hftLo, If]]qLo / juL{o lje]b ;dfKt kfg{', u|fdL0f dlxnfxsf]

228 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] sfo{qmd ;~Rffngdf Nofpg' / afnljjfx, bfOhf] k|yf,
5fpk8L / af]S;Lh:tf s'/LlthGo Jojxf/ cGTo ug{' o; If]qsf r'gf}tLx x'g\ .
cj;/
n}ls ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] nflu sfo{:yndf x'g] of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ -
lgjf/0f_ P]g, @)&!, af]S;L;DaGwL -s;'/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)&@ sf] sfof{Gjog, ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfoxdf n}ls ;Dks{ ljGb'xsf] :yfkgf, 3/]n' lx+;faf6 kLl8t
dlxnfxsf nflu ;'/lIft cNksfnLg cf>o:ynsf] Joj:yf x'g', ;fd'bflos ;]jf s]Gb|
;~rfng x'g', n}ls lx+;f lgjf/0f sf]if / Psn dlxnf ;'/Iff sf]ifsf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng
x'g', cbfntdf n}ls lx+;f;DaGwL ;'g'jfOsf nflu l56f]5l/tf] k|lqmof cjnDag ul/g',
;+ljwfgdf dlxnf;DaGWfL xsxnfO{ df}lns xssf] kdf :yflkt ul/g' / ;\3b]lv :yfgLo
tx;Dd dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttf, n}ls lx+;fnfO{ dlxnf ;dfgtf / ;zQmLs/0fsf]
afwssf] kdf /fHof/f :jLsf/ u/L To;sf] lg/fs/0fsf] nflu ljleGg gLlt, of]hgf tyf
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g'nfO{ o; If]qsf] cj;/sf] kdf lnOPsf] 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
n}ls ;dfgtfdfkm{t dof{lbt, Gofok"0f{, ;'/lIft / ;Eo ;dfhsf] ljsf; .
#=@ nIo
;fdflhs / cfly{s cj;/xdf ;dfg ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/L n}ls d"nk|jfxLs/0f
/ ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. ;a} ju{ / If]qsf dlxnfxsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts ;zQmLs/0f ub}{
dlxnfsf] d'ne"t clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{ .
2. n}lstfdf cfwfl/t lx+;f, e]befj / alxis/0fsf] cGTo ug'{ .
3. /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fj{hlgsnufot ;Dk"0f{ lg0ff{os txdf dlxnfxsf] ;fy{s /
;dfg kx'Frsf nflu ;dfg cj;/xsf] l;h{gf ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. n}ls d"nk|jfxLs/0f ub}{ zf;g k|0ffnLsf] k|To]s tx / ljsf; k|lqmofsf ;a}
r/0fdf dlxnfxsf] pNn]vgLo / lg0f{odf k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] u/L cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf
a9fpg] .
2. n}ls lx+;f, e]befj / alxis/0f cGTosf] nflu lg/f]wfTds Gofodf kx'Fr /
;+/If0ffTds pkfox cjnDag ug]{ .

cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 229

 3. nlIft tyf ;LdfGts[t dlxnfxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 / hLjg:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu
;+/If0ffTds ;]jf pknAw u/fO{ ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ .
4. dft[:jf:Yo / k|hgg :jf:Yonufotsf cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfxsf af/]df
dlxnfsf] r]tgf a9fO{ tL ;]jfdf ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. dlxnfxsf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu n}ls lx+;f lgjf/0fnufot cfjZos
gofF sfg'gxsf] lgdf{0f, lje]bsf/L sfg'gxsf] kl/dfh{g / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
Pjd\ ;f]sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof\sg ul/g]5 . -!_
2. n}ls ;dfgtf / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f;DaGwL g]kfn kIf /fi6 ePsf cGt/f{li6o
;lGw tyf dxf;lGwsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ul/g]5 . -!_
3. ljsf; sfo{qmdcfof]hgfxnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L /f]huf/Ld"ns / n}ls b[li6n]
pQ/bfoL agfpg cfof]hgfsf ;a} r/0fdf n}ls k4ltxsf] ljsf;, sfof{Gjog /
cg'udg ul/g]5 . -!_
4. d'n'ssf] k|zf;g tyf gLlt lgdf{0f txdf dlxnfxsf] kxF'r j[l4 u/L /fHosf
;Dk"0f{ ;+/rgfdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj a9fOg]5 . -!_
5. ;a} lghL / u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] gLlt lgdf{0f, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjognufot k|ltkmndf
dlxnfsf] ;f/e"t k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt x'g] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
6. n}ls ;dfgtf tyf ;zQmLs/0fsf] nflu k|efjsf/L ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
7. n}ls lx+;f;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ ;dfhdf g} bafak"j{s ldnfpg] k4ltnfO{ lg?T;flxt
ug{ ;fd'bflos ;+:yfxsf] kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
8. n}ls lx+;fsf gofF :jkxsf] cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] yfngL tyf n}ls lx+;fd'Qm
uf=lj=;=gu/ 3f]if0ff ug{sf] nflu ;"rsxsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
9. dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;f, zf]if0f tyf lje]b / alxis/0f lj?4 z"Go
;xgzLntfsf] gLlt cjnDag u/L ltgsf] /f]syfd Pjd\ lgoGq0fsf nflu sfg'gL
pkrf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;xh, l56f] / ;a}sf] nflu kx'Frof]Uo agfOg]5 . -@_
10. n}ls lx+;f kLl8t tyf k|efljtsf nflu ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;'/lIft cNksfnLg ;]jf
s]Gb|xsf] lj:tf/ tyf :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . -@_
11. k|To]s k|b]zdf n}ls lx+;fkLl8t/k|efljtxsf] nflu cfjZos ;]jf;lxtsf]
bL3{sfnLg k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb|x :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -@_

230 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 12. of}lgs tyf n}ls cNk;\Vosxk|lt ;fdflhs lje]b tyf e|d x6fpg ;/f]sf/
;+:yfs} ;xeflutfdf k}/aL / k|rf/k|;f/ ul/g]5 . -@_
13. cfly{s ;fdflhs kn] ljkGg Pjd\ Psn dlxnfsf] nflu cfocfh{g, Ifdtf ljsf;
/ ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ sfo{qmdx sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -#_
14. ckftf ePsf JolQm / ljz]if u/L dlxnfdfly x'g;Sg] lx+;fsf] cGTo ub}{ /f]huf/L
/ :j/f]huf/Lsf nflu sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
15. dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] If]q lj:tf/, k|jl4{t ;+:yfxsf] :t/f]Ggltdfkm{t nlIft
dlxnfsf] ;zQmLs/0f tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -#_
16. jfbL, sdn/L, sd}of, r]kf / /fp6]nufot jl~rltdf k/]sf ;a} ;d'bfosf dlxnf
tyf lszf]/Lxsf nflu nlIft cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -#_
17. dlxnfxnfO{ Joj;fo ;~rfng tyf cfod"ns sfo{ u/L :j/f]huf/L, pBdzLntf
ljsf; ug{ ;x'lnot C0f tyf ljQLo kx'Frsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -#_
18. dlxnfsf] >d / ;dosf] art ug]{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / k|of]udf hf]8 lbOg]5 . -#_
19. dlxnf ;d"x, ;+:yff/f pTkflbt ;fdu|Lxsf] u'0f:t/ k|j4{g / ahf/ kx'Frsf]
;'lglZrttf ul/g]5 . -#_
20. s]Gb|Lo ah]6 k|0ffnLdf n}ls pQ/bfoL ah]6 ljlgof]hg j[l4 ub}{ of] k|0ffnLnfO{
:yfgLo :t/;Dd ;+:yfut ul/g]5 . -#_
21. of}lgs tyf n}ls cNk;\Vosxsf] Ifdtf clej[l / pkof]u ug]{ sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
22. dft[:jf:Yo / k|hgg :jf:Yonufotsf cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfxsf af/]df ;r]tgf
clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -$_
23. dft[:jf:Yo / k|hgg :jf:Yonufotsf cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfx ;dGjofTds
kdf u|fdL0f dlxnfx;dIf k'ofOg]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd
1. cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kn] k5fl8 k/]sf u|fdL0f ljkGg dlxnfsf] j}olQms,
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0fsf] nflu ;d'bfo txd} ;fdflhs kl/rfng .
2. nlIft ;d"xsf] ;xeflutf, JolQmTj ljsf;sf] nflu k|lzIf0f / df}h'bf ;+:yfsf]
;'b[9Ls/0f .
3. dlxnf ;ldltcGtu{t Joj;flos ;d"xsf] ljsf; / ul/aL lj?4 dlxnf cleofg .

cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 231

 4. ljBfnoljd'v lszf]/Lsf] ax'cfoflds ljsf; .
5. afnaflnsfpk/ x'g] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s HofbtLlj?4 cleefjsLo ;r]tgf .
6. 5fpk8L k|yf lj?4 ;fdflhs hfu/0f .
7. ;fd'bflos dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ s]Gb| :yfkgf / ;~rfng .
8. ljkb\ hf]lvd;DaGwL cfkt\sfnLg ;+/If0f ;]jfdf dlxnf ;d"xxsf] kl/rfng .
9. d"nk|jfxLs/0f tyf n}ls lx+;f lj?4 cled'vLs/0f / 3/]n' lx+;faf6 kLl8t
dlxnfxsf] nflu cNksfnLg k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| :yfkgf, xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf
k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb|xsf] :t/f]Gglt, ;ft cf]6} k|b]zdf ;'ljwf ;DkGg bL3{sfnLg
k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng .
10. dfgj a]rlavg lgoGq0fsf] nflu ufpF:t/Lo ;ldlt u7g, ;fd'bflos sfo{of]hgf
th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog .
v= n}ls lx+;f lgjf/0fsf nflu PsLs[t ljsf; sfo{qmd
1. u|fdL0f ;d'bfodf n}ls ;dfgtf sfod ug{ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfdfly x'g]
l{x+;fsf] /f]syfdsf nflu jt{dfg sfg'gL cj:yfaf/] ;r]tgf clej[l4 .
2. dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfdfly x'g] n}ls lx+;f lgjf/0fsf nflu /f]syfd /
;fd'bflos ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;Dk|]if0f ;]jf .
3. dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf ;+ljwfg k|bt clwsf/ tyf sfg'gdf ePsf kl5NNff
kl/jt{g;DaGwL hfgsf/Ld"ns sfo{qmd .
4. afnljjfx, a]rlavg, of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/, >d zf]if0f, bfOhf] k|yf, 5fpk8L
k|yfh:tf s'/LlthGo ;fdflhs k/Dk/f lj?4 cleofg .
5. n}lstfdf cfwfl/t lx+;f, afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/L / dlxnfsf] ;Defljt
cf];f/k;f/ / ;+/If0fsf] lgx'Fdf x'g ;Sg] zf]if0fsf] /f]syfdsf] nflu lgu/fgL ;d"x
tyf ;ldltsf] kl/rfng / Ifdtf ljsf; .
6. n}ls lx+;f lgjf/0fdf k'?if ;xeflutf k|j{4g, ;"rgfd"ns ;Gb]z k|jfx, lhNnf
tyf ;fd'bflos ;]jf s]Gb| tyf cf>o :yn ;~rfnsxnfO{ 36gf Joj:yfkg
tflnd .
u= d"nk|jfxLs/0f sfo{qmd
1. dGqfnolgsfoaf6 n}ls d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] ljifodf eO/x]sf sfo{qmdxsf]
;dGjo, n}ls ;~hfn ;d"xsf] a}7s tyf n}ls ;Dks{ JolQmxsf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 .
2. Psn dlxnf ;'/Iff sf]if ;~rfng tyf Psn dlxnfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 .
3. dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw / a]Olh Kn]6kmd{
km/ PS;g;DaGwL sfo{qmd .
4. /fi6klt dlxnf pTyfg sfo{qmd .

232 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

$= ck]lIft pknlAw
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs hLjgdf k'?if / dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt ;dfgtf pGd'v ePsf], /fHo
;+oGqdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTj Go"gtd ## k|ltzt k'u]sf], k|ToIf kn] n}ls pQ/bfoL ah]6
ljlgof]hgsf] cg'kft sDtLdf @& k|ltzt k'u]sf], dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddfkm{t ;d"x ;b:o
;\Vof !@ nfv %) xhf/ k'u]sf], n}ls lx+;f 36]sf], lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfxsf] nflu yk
@% cf]6f k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| :yfkgf eO{ ltgLxsf] k'g:yf{kgf ePsf] x'g]5 .
^=!=@ ;dfj]zLs/0f
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt,
cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, yf, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, lk58fju{, cNk;\Vos, ;LdfGtLs[t,
ckf\utf ePsf JolQm, n}ls tyf of}lgs cNk;\Vos, ls;fg, >lds, pTkLl8t jf
lk5l8Psf] If]qsf gful/s tyf cfly{s kn] ljkGg v; cfo{nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] lgsfodf ;xeflutf x'g kfpg] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] kdf
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ a9L Jojl:yt tyf k|efjsf/L
agfpg] p2]Zon] /fli6o dlxnf cfof]u, /fli6o blnt cfof]u, /fli6o ;dfj]zL cfof]u,
cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]u, dw]zL cfof]u, yf cfof]u / d'l:nd cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5.
dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, lk58f ju{, cNk;\Vos,
nf]kf]Gd'v hflt, b'u{d kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qsf afl;Gbf, ljkGg ju{h:tf al~rtdf k/]sf
tyf kfl/Psf ;d'bfo tyf JolQmxsf] nflu :fLk ljsf; tflnd, 5fqj[lQ, shf{ /
/f]huf/d"ns nlIft sfo{qmd, lzIff tyf ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] /f]huf/Ldf cf/If0f, dft[efiffsf]
;+/If0f / ;+j4{g;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf eP tfklg ljleGg hflt, ju{ Pjd\
If]qaLr cfly{s, z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yo If]qdf /x]sf] cGt/sf] cGTo ug'{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
nlIft ;d'bfodf ul/aL JofKt x'g', ljleGg ;d'bfox tyf ju{xaLr cfly{s, z}lIfs
tyf :jf:Yo If]qdf lgs} 7"nf] cGt/ /xg', ;|f]t;fwg tyf ;]jf ;'ljwfdf o:tf ;d'bfosf]
Gofof]lrt kxF'r x'g g;Sg', gsf/fTds ;fdflhs d"NodfGotf x'g', k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfdf
Go"g k|ltlglwTj /xg'h:tf r'gf}tLx /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ljleGg hflt, ju{ / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf gful/snfO{ ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] lgsfodf ;xeflutf x'g kfpg] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf]

cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 233

 kdf Joj:yf u/]sf], ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ a9L Jojl:yt tyf k|efjsf/L agfpg ljleGg
;+j}wflgs cfof]uxsf] Joj:yf u/]sf], d'n's ;ftcf]6f k|b]z;lxtsf] ;\3Lo nf]stflGqs
u0ftGqdf k|j]z u/]sf], cfgf] wd{, ;+:s[lt, efiffsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf nflu ;r]tgf tyf
lqmofzLntfdf clej[l4 ePsf] / /fHosf ljleGg c\u tyf If]qdf o:tf ;d'bfoxsf]
k|ltlglwTj a9\b} uPsfn] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] cj;/ l;h{gf
ePsf] 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;a} gful/ssf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfdf d'n'ssf] ;dfj]zL ljsf; .
#=@ nIo
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf;df k5fl8 k/]sf ;d'bfoxsf] dfgj ljsf;
;"rsf tyf ;zQmLs/0f ;"rsfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs cj;/af6 al~rltdf k/]sf blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt,
dw]zL, yf, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, lk58f ju{, cNk;\Vos, ;LdfGts[t, ckf\utf ePsf JolQm,
n}ls tyf of}lgs cNk;\Vos, ls;fg, >lds, pTkLl8t jf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf gful/s
tyf cfly{s kn] ljkGg v; cfo{sf nflu d'n'sdf pknAw ;fwg;|f]t, ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfdf
kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. d'n'sdf pknAw ;|f]t;fwgxdf dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw]zL, d'l:nd
;d'bfo, ckf\utf ePsf JolQm Pjd\ lk58f ju{sf] kx'Fr a9fpg] .
2. /fHosf] lg0f{o k|lqmof tyf ;+/rgfdf ;sf/fTds lje]b / cf/If0fsf] dfWodaf6
cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf ;'lglZrttf ug]{ .
3. ;Lk ljsf; tflnd k|bfg u/L d'n'sdf pknAw /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x pkof]u ug{
;Ifd t'Nofpg] .
4. cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw]zL, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, lk58f ju{sf] efiff tyf
;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;+j4{g ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. d'n'sdf pknAw ;|f]t;fwgxdf dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw]zL, d'l:nd
;d'bfo, cNk;\Vos, nf]kf]Gd'v hflt, lk58f ju{, s0ff{nL If]qnufot b'u{d lxdfnL
tyf kxf8L lhNnfsf gful/sxsf] kx'Fr a9fOg]5 .-!_

234 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 2. dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw]zL, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, cNk;\Vos, nf]kf]Gd'v
hflt, lk58f ju{, s0ff{nL If]qnufot b'u{d lxdfnL tyf kxf8L lhNnfsf
gful/sxsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu nlIft sfo{qmdx ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
3. zf;g ;~rfng tyf ljsf;sf ;a} If]qsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt
ul/g]5 . -@_
4. dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw]zL, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, cNk;\Vos, nf]kf]Gd'v
hflt, lk58f ju{, ljkGg Pjd\ s0ff{nL If]qnufot b'u{d lxdfnL tyf kxf8L
lhNnfsf gful/sxnfO{ ;sf/fTds lje]b / cf/If0fsf] dfWodaf6 cy{k"0f{
;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g]5 . -@_
5. d'n'sdf pknAw /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x pkof]u ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg dlxnf,
cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw]zL, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, cNk;\Vos, nf]kf]Gd'v hflt,
lk58f ju{, ls;fg / >lds, s0ff{nL If]qnufot b'u{d lxdfnL tyf kxf8L
lhNnfsf gful/sxnfO{ ;Lk ljsf; tflnd k|bfg u/L pgLxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4
ul/g]5 . -#_
6. ljleGg hflt tyf ;d'bfosf] nf]kf]Gd'v efiff Pjd\ ;+:s[ltxnfO{ ;+/If0f
ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^=k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= gLltut sfo{qmd
1. ;dfj]zL;DaGwL gLlt, P]g, sfg'gxsf] ;dLIff u/L ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g, ;'wf/
tyf gofF sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f .
v= ;Lkd"ns sfo{qmd
1. blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, yf, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, lk58f ju{,
cNk;\Vos, ;LdfGts[t, ckf\utf ePsf JolQm, n}ls tyf of}lgs
cNk;\Vos, ls;fg, >lds, pTkLl8t, lk5l8Psf] If]qsf gful/s / cfly{s
kn] ljkGg v; cfo{xnfO{ /f]huf/d"ns ;Lk ljsf;;DaGwL tflnd tyf
Ifdtf clej[l4 .
u= k]zf, efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL sfo{qmd
1. blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, yf, d'l:nd ;d'bfosf k/Dk/fut k]zfxsf]
ljsf;, ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g tyf k]zfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f .
2. efiff Pjd\ ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g.

cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 235

 3= nlIft sfo{qmd
1. dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw]zL, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, cNk;\Vos,
nf]kf]Gd'v hflt, lk58f ju{, ls;fg, >lds, s0ff{nL If]qnufot b'u{d lxdfnL
tyf kxf8L lhNnfsf gful/sxsf] cfly{s tyf ;dflhs ljsf;sf nflu nlIft
sfo{qmdxsf] dfWodaf6 d'n'sdf pknAw /f]huf/Lsf cj;/xsf] pkof]u ug{
;Ifd agfpg];DaGwL .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
/fHosf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf gful/s ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ePsf] x'g], pknAw
;|f]t;fwgxdf ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr a9]sf] x'g], /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, z}lIfs If]qdf ;sf/fTds
lje]b / cf/If0fsf] dfWodaf6 cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf ePsf] x'g] / cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL,
d'l:nd ;d'bfo, lk58f ju{sf] efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;+j4{g ePsf] x'g]5 .
^=!=# nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t tyf ;LdfGts[t hflthghflt
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf cflbjf;L
hghflt, dw]zL, yf, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, lk58f ju{, cNk;\Vos, ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf
gful/sxnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] lgsfodf ;xeflutf
u/fpg] xssf ;fy} cfly{s kn] ljkGg tyf nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf gful/ssf] ;+/If0f,
pTyfg, ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L, vfBfGg / ;fdflhs
;'/Iffdf ljz]if cj;/ tyf nfe kfpg] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
cflbjf;L hghfltxsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ z}lIfs l:ylt ;'wf/ ug{ tyf logLxnfO{
ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ ljleGg sfo{qmdx ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ tfklg
logLxsf] cj:yfdf ck]lIft ;'wf/ eg] x'g;s]sf] 5}g .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t / ;LdfGts[t cflbjf;L hghflt / cGo ;d'bfox Pjd\
ju{xaLr /x]sf] cfly{s tyf z}lIfs cGt/ sd ug'{, cflbjf;L hghfltsf] ;|f]t;fwg tyf
;]jf ;'ljwfdf ;dtfd"ns Pjd\ Gofof]lrt kxF'r a9fpg', efiff ;+:s[lt tyf hfltsf
cfwf/df x'g] e]befjnfO{ x6fpg', k|zf;lgsnufot /fHosf ljleGg ;+/rgfdf /x]sf]
logLxsf] Go"g k|ltlglwTjnfO{ a9fpg'h:tf s'/fx r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t / ;LdfGts[t cflbjf;L hghfltsf gful/sxnfO{
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] lgsfodf ;xeflutf u/fpg] / nf]kf]Gd'v

236 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

;d'bfosf gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg, ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;,
/f]huf/L, vfBfGg / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ljz]if cj;/ tyf nfe pknAw u/fpg] s'/fx
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf df}lns xssf kdf :yflkt ePsf 5g\ . o;}u/L cflbjf;L hghflt
cfof]u ;+j}wflgs cfof]usf] kdf /x]sf], k/Dk/fut ;LknfO{ k|j4{g Pjd\ ljsf; ub}{ ;Lkdf
cfwfl/t cfocfh{gsf sfo{qmd cufl8 a9fpg ;lsg] cj:yf, cflbjf;L hghflt
dxf;\3sf] lqmofzLntf, dft[efiffsf] dfWodaf6 lzIff kfpg] Joj:yf, ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf
ePsf] wd{lg/k]Iftf cflb ;d'bfosf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts ljsf; ug{sf nflu
cj;/sf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t / ;LdfGts[t cflbjf;L hghfltsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf
;f+:s[lts ;'wf/af6 ;dtfd"ns tyf Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf] l;h{gf .
#=@ nIo
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf zf;sLo If]qdf nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t / ;LdfGts[t
cflbjf;L hghfltsf] kx'Fr j[l4 u/L pgLxsf] hLjg:t/ dfly psf:g] .
#=# p2]Zo
nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t / ;LdfGts[t cflbjf;L hghfltsf] Ifdtf ljsf; / ;|f]t
;fwgxdf kx'Fr j[l4 / lj:tf/ ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t / ;LdfGts[t cflbjf;L hghfltsf o'jfxsf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug]{ .
2. nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t / ;LdfGts[t cflbjf;L hghfltsf] nflu /f]huf/L tyf
:j/f]huf/sf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug]{ .
3. nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t / ;LdfGts[t cflbjf;L hghfltsf] efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf]
;+/If0f tyf ;+j4{g ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t / ;LdfGts[t cflbjf;L hghfltsf o'jfxsf] Ifdtf
ljsf;sf nflu Jofj;flos tyf ;Lkd"ns tflnd k|bfg ul/g]5 . -!_
2. nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t tyf hf]lvddf k/]sf ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO
cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{ v'nf, j}slNks, cfjf;Lo / ljz]if lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{ yk
;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -!_

cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 237

 3. ;d'bfosf] z}lIfs :t/ j[l4 ug{ cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t 5fqj[lQ Joj:yf
ul/g]5 . -!_
4. nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t / ;LdfGts[t cflbjf;L hghfltxsf] cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo
;]jfdf kx'Fr k'ofOg]5 . -!_
5. nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t / ;LdfGts[t cflbjf;L hghfltsf] cfly{s cj:Yffdf
;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu /f]huf/L tyf :j/f]huf/sf cj;/ l;h{gf ug{ ljz]if nlIft
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
6. lghfdtL ;]jfnufot /fHosf ljleGg c\udf logLxsf] k|ltlglwTj a9fpg ljz]if
tof/L sIffx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
7. nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t / ;LdfGts[t cflbjf;L hghfltsf] efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf]
;+/If0f tyf ;+j4{gsf nflu sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= gLlt tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/
1. nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t tyf ;LdfGts[t hflthghfltxnfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo,
/f]huf/sf] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg cfjZos gLlt tyf sfg'g th{'df .
2. efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+j4{g;DaGwL .
3. o'jfxsf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L :j/f]huf/ ;[hgf ug{sf] nflu ljleGg ;Lkd"ns
tflnd .
v= cGo sfo{qmd
1. afnaflnsf nlIft PsPs cf]6f cfjf;Lo ljBfno lgdf{0f, cfjf;Lo 5fqj[lQ,
z}lIfs 5fqj[lQ / z}lIfs cg'bfg .
2. hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmdnfO{ cGo ;LdfGts[t, clt;LdfGts[t tyf nf]kf]Gd'v
hghflt Pjd\ ;d'bfodf lj:tf/ .
3. :jf:Yodf kxF'r :yflkt ug{ :jf:Yo ladf sfo{qmd, :jf:Yo pkrf/sf nflu
cfly{s tyf ljQLo ;xfotf .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t / ;LdfGts[t cflbjf;L hghfltsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
l:yltdf ;'wf/ cfPsf], /fHosf ljleGg lgsfoxdf ;xeflutf j[l4 ePsf] / efiff tyf
;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+j4{g ePsf] x'g]5 .

238 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

^=@ lj1fg, ;"rgf tyf k|ljlw
^=@=! lj1fg k|ljlw
!= k[i7e"ld
1fgdf cfwfl/t cfw'lgs cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f ub}{ lbuf] ljsf; ug{ lj1fg k|ljlw
dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5 . vf;u/L k/df0f' k|ljlw, cGtl/If lj1fg, h}ljs k|ljlw, clt;"Id
k|ljlw / cGo gjLgtd vf]hsf If]qnufotsf ljwfdf ;'? ePsf sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf
cl3 a9fpFb} ltgsf] k|of]uaf6 b|'tt/ cfly{s ljsf;df nfUg'kg]{ cfjZostf 68\sf/f]
b]lvPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf j}1flgs cWoog, cg'';Gwfg Pjd\ lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] cfljisf/,
pGgog / ljsf;df nufgL clej[l4 ug]{ tyf j}1flgs, k|fljlws, af}l4s / ljlzi6
k|ltefxsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ gLltut Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . o; If]qdf b]lvPsf gLltut tyf
sfg'gL c:ki6tf / ;dGjosf] sdLnfO{ x6fpg] / cg';Gwfgsf pknlAwxnfO{ hgtfsf
cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{df s]lGt ub}{ d'n'sdf pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] cTo'Qd
pkof]udf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] cGj]if0f Pjd\ ljsf;sf] nflu
nufgL j[l4 ug'{ cfjZos 5 . lj1fgsf pknlAwnfO{ cfly{s j[l4, ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] lj:tf/
/ ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] sfo{qmddf k|of]u ug'{ tyf b]zleq pknAw
k|ltefxsf] 1fg / ;LknfO{ :jb]zd} pkof]u ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf0f{ ug{' k|fylds bfloTj x'g
cfpF5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
lj1fg k|ljlw / cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf b]zsf] nufgL a9fpg', d'n'sdf /x]sf cg';Gwfg
lgsfoxnfO{ Pp6} 5ftf gLltcGtu{t Nofpg', o'jf j}1flgs tyf k|ltefxnfO{ d'n'sleq}
sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{', k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] / cTo"Qd pkof]u / ul/aL lgjf/0fdf
;xof]u k'ofpg', b]zleq lj1fg tyf k|ljlw lzIffk|ltsf] cfsif{0f a9fpg', cfkm"v';L k|of]u
eO/x]sf /]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{xsf] k|efjsf/L lgodg ug{'h:tf r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ;fdlos ;'wf/ ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f x'g', b]zaflx/ 5l/P/
/x]sf xhf/f}F k|ltefxnfO{ b]zleq kmsf{pg ;Sg] ;Defjgf sfod /xg', b]zleq cWoog
tyf vf]h cg';Gwfgsf nflu k|z:t cj;/x ljBdfg /xg', vf]h cg';Gwfgsf nflu
hfus o'jf ;d"xsf] ;\Vof a9\b} hfg', cfw'lgsLs/0f;Fu} cGt/f{li6o ;xof]u / ;dGjosf]
If]q km/flsnf] x'g'h:tf cj;/x /x]sf 5g\ .

cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 239

 #= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af6 ;d[l4 .
#=@ nIo
lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ef}lts / jftfj/0fLo
ljsf;sf kIf;Fu cfa4 ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / pkof]u Ifdtf j[l4 ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. j}1flgs cg';Gwfg, cGj]if0f / ljsf;nfO{ ultzLn agfpg cfjZos kg]{ k"jf{wf/ /
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
2. pRr Ifdtfo'Qm k|fljlws o'jf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; u/L d'n'sd} pgLxsf] Ifdtf
pkof]u ug]{ .
3. j}1flgs vf]h / cg';Gwfgaf6 ljsf; ul/Psf k|ljlwxnfO{ d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;
k|lqmofdf k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{ k/Dk/fut / :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] ;+j4{g / ;+/If0f
ug{] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. lj1fg tyf k|ljlw;DaGwL gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg / u'?of]hgf th{'df u/L ltgsf]
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
2. kf/df0fljs sfg'g tof/ u/L /]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{sf] lgodg k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -!_
3. cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;df ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] nufgL clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
4. cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgxdf cg';Gwfg / ljsf; PsfO :yfkgf u/L jflif{s kdf
lglZrt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
5. k/df0f' k|ljlw, cGtl/If k|ljlw, h}ljs k|ljlw / ;"Id k|ljlwnufotsf k|ljlwxsf]
ljsf; tyf pkof]usf nflu ;do;fk]If gLlt lgdf{0f tyf kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 . -!_
6. lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] cg';Gwfg, ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
k|1f k|lti7fgnufot o; If]qdf ;+nUg ;+:yfxsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -#_
7. lj1fg lzIffnfO{ Jofjxfl/s / ?lrs/ t'Nofpg ;a} ljBfnoxdf lj1fg
k|of]uzfnf agfpg hf]8 lbOg]5 . -@_
8. pRr lzIffnfO{ cg';Gwfgd'vL agfpg] / ljZjljBfno tyf cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgaLr
ljz]if1 / cg';GwfgsdL{x cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ jftfj/0f agfOg]5 . -@_

240 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 9. Ifdtfjfg\ o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ :jb]zdf l6sfO/fVg cg';Gwfgsf sfo{qmdx lj:tf/
ug'{sf ;fy} k|ltef k|j4{gsf] nflu gjk|j4{g s]G :yfkgf / ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
10. ljleGg lgsfocGtu{t ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf k|of]uzfnfxnfO{ ;'b[9 u/L /fli6o
:t/sf cg';Gwfgzfnf agfO{ ltgnfO{ :jfoQ / k|fl1s ;+:yfcGtu{t Jojl:yt
ul/g]5 . -#_
11. cGt/f{li6o ;xof]u lgof]u Pjd\ ljb]zdf sfo{/t g]kfnL ljz]if1x;d]tsf]
;+nUgtfdf j}1flgs tyf k|fljlws 1fg ;~ro e08f/ :yfkgf u/L :jb]zL
k|ltefxsf] kx'Fr x'g] jftfj/0f ldnfOg]5 . -#_
12. lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] k|ltkmn hgtf;dIf k'ofpg cfjZos ;+oGqxsf] ljsf;
ul/g]5 . -#_
13. ljB'tLo ck/fwsf] k|fljlws cg';GwfgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;fOa/ kmf]/]lG;s
Nofasf] k|fljlws k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ul/g'sf ;fy} y|]6 cg'udg s]Gb| -6L=Pd=;L=_
nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -#_
14. cGtl/If k|ljlw, h}ljs k|ljlw, ;fOa/ k|ljlw tyf k/df0f' k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu
/fli6o cg';Gwfg s]Gxsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -#_
15. pRr:t/Lo j]wzfnf, Knfg]6f]l/od tyf lj1fg ;\u|xfnonfO{ lzIf0f / ko{6g
k|j4{gdf pkof]uL x'g]u/L ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
16. j}1flgs pTkfbg, cg';Gwfg tyf k/LIf0fsf] u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0f ug{ ;+:yfut
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= ;+:yfut / ;+/rgfut ;'wf/
1. ;d[4 g]kfnsf] nflu /fli6o lj1fg, k|ljlw / gjLgtf;DaGwL /0fgLlt tyf gLlt
tof/ .
2. g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fgsf] Jofj;flos of]hgf -;g\ @)!^
@)#)_ tof/ tyf sfof{Gjog .
3. cf;kf;sf cGo ;fd'bflos ljBfno tyf o'jfxn] ;d]t cWoog, cg';Gwfgsf
nflu pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf sDtLdf Ps ;fd'bflos
ljBfnodf ;'ljwf ;DkGg lj1fg k|of]uzfnf, k':tsfno;lxtsf] cWoog s]Gsf]
:yfkgf .
4. ;a} k|b]zdf g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fgcGtu{t cg';Gwfg
s]Gxsf] :yfkgf / sDtLdf PsPs cf]6f lj1fg tyf k|ljlw;DaGwL cWoog
/ cg';Gwfg k|of]hgsf lgldQ pTs[i6tf s]G :yfkgf .
5. ljBfno txb]lv g} lj1fg, k|ljlw / gjLgtd ;f]rsf] u|x0f ug]{ jftfj/0f
l;h{gf ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ lj1fg cWoog s]G :yfkgf .

cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 241

 6. ljlw lj1fg k|of]uzfnf / g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fgsf
k|of]uzfnfxnfO{ cGt/f{li6o :t/sf] t'Nofpg] .
7. lj1fg k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt cg';GwfgfTds ;+:yf / o;;DaGwL sfo{/t dfgj
;|f]t ;fwgsf] cfFsng u/L oL ;+:yfxsf] PsLs[t kdf ljsf; / ;\VofTds
Pjd\ u'0ffTds dfgj ;|f]t;fwgsf] j[l4 ug{ /fli6o lj1fg, k|ljlw / gjLgtf
kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf .
v= j}1flgs vf]h, cg';Gwfg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;
1. lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf ljleGg ljwfdf vf]h, cGj]if0f ug{ rfxg] o'jf / dlxnf
j}1flgsxnfO{ lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfwf/df cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgsf
cj;/sf] ;[hgf / j[lQ ljsf; sfo{qmd .
2. ljsf;sf k|fyldstf If]qx, k/Dk/fut k|ljlwsf] ;+/If0f tyf k|rf/ ug]{ Pjd\
pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] ljsf;dfkm{t /f]huf/L l;h{gf / hLjg:t/ ;'wf/h:tf If]qsf
cfljisf/, cg';Gwfg / k|ljlw k|j4{g .
u= cGo sfo{qmd
1. ax'd"No h8La'6L tyf hLjxsf] qmdzM 8L=Pg=P= k/LIf0f u/L h}ljs
ljz]iftf;lxtsf] k|f]kmfOn tof/ .
2. kf/df0fljs sfg'g tof/ u/L /]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{sf] lgodg .
3. ljb]zdf /x]sf k|lzlIft j}1flgsxnfO{ g]kfndf kmsf{P/ sfd ug{ k|f]T;fxg .
4. lj1fg / k|ljlwdf dlxnf j}1flgsxsf] e"ldsf j[l4;DaGwL ljz]if sfo{qmd .
5. lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ;x/ / gd'gf j}1flgs ufpFsf] :yfkgf ug{ cWoog k|f/De .
6. ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L dfkm{t cg';Gwfg s]G, z}lIfs s]G, lj1fg tyf
k|ljlw k|b{zgL Pjd\ ;\u|fxnox ;~rfng .
7. ljZjljBfnoxdf lghL If]q;Fu ;xsfo{ ub}{ o'jf j}1flgsxnfO{
k|ljlw;DaGwL cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L cg';Gwfgsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ Jofj;flos
k|of]hgfdf Nofpg OGSo'j];g ;]G6/ / k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f s]Gb| :yfkgf .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf PsPs cf]6f lj1fg cWoog s]Gb| :yfkgf ePsf] x'g]5 . !))
cf]6f cg';Gwfg j[lQ pknAw u/fpg], /fli6o lj1fg, k|ljlw / gjLgtf;DaGwL /0fgLlt kq /
gLlt tof/ ePsf], lj1fg / k|ljlw If]qdf ;\VofTds / u'0ffTds lx;fan] hgzlQmsf] yk
ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 . To;}u/L lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf yk gLltut / ;+:yfut ;+/rgf
lgdf{0f / ;'b[9Ls/0f eO{ cg';Gwfg / ljsf; sfo{df ;xhtf ePsf], g]kfndf lj1fg tyf
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; Pjd\ ltgsf] pkof]usf] :ki6 dfu{lrq tof/ ePsf] x'g]5 .

242 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

^=@=@ ;"rgf k|ljlw
!= k[i7e"ld
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] d'n'ssf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, ko{6g, Jofkf/nufotsf cfly{s
tyf ;fdflhs If]qsf] lbuf] / tLj| ljsf; ug]{ cj;/x k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs
;]jfxsf] k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n u/L ;]jfu|fxLxsf] kx'FrnfO{ ;xh t'NofO{ ;'zf;g
sfod ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]unfO{ a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL If]q
b'j}sf] sfo{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dxQd pkof]u ckl/xfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 .
v'nf cy{tGqn] lgDTofPsf] k|lt:kwf{TdstfnfO{ ;fdgf ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ;zQm
dfWod x'g ;Sb5 . g]kfndf lghL If]qn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ub}{ cfPsf 5g\
. o;af6 lghL If]qsf] sfo{;Dkfbg:t/df pNn]Vo kdf clej[l4 x'g;s]sf] 5 . lghL If]qdf
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] a9\bf] k|of]unfO{ ljZj;gLo t'Nofpg lgodgsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf eg]
x'g;s]sf] 5}g . s]Gb]lv :yfgLo :t/;Dd lghL If]qcGtu{t ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] a9\bf]
pkof]unfO{ Jojl:yt kn] k|j4{g u/L ;Defljt ck/fwsf] hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ Pjd\
;f]af6 cfpg;Sg] ljs[ltx lgoGq0f ug{ k|efjsf/L lgodgsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 .;"rgf
k|ljlw If]qdf bIf hgzlQm pknAw x'Fbfx'Fb} klg b]zleq} pkof]u x'g g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / ;'zf;gsf ;a} c\uxdf dxQd pkof]u ug{', lgsfout
;xdlt / ;xsfo{ ug{', bIf hgzlQm knfog x'gaf6 /f]Sg', ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af6
cfpg;Sg] ljs[lt / lj;\ult lgoGq0fsf lglDt kof{Kt pkfox ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
cj;/
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; x'g', o; If]qdf ;+nUg hgzlQmsf] dfqfTds /
u'0ffTds ;'wf/ x'Fb} hfg', e/kbf]{ / ;'/lIft ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf j[l4 x'g' / o;sf]
k|of]unfO{ cem e/kbf]{ / ;'/lIft agfpg]tkm{ ;hu x'g', lghL If]qaf6 ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /xg' o; If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu cj;/ /x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd pkof]udfkm{t 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf] ljsf; .
#=@ nIo
b]zsf ;a} If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]uf/f d'n'ssf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'ofpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf tyf cfly{s ;fdflhs ultljlwxdf
l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff ;fsf/ t'Nofpg' .

cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 243

 #=$ /0fgLlt
1. ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 ;'zf;gdf 6]jf k'ofpg] .
2. cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ultljlwdf l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
3. ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ ;'/lIft, e/kbf]{ / ;j{;'ne agfpg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/;Fu ;Da4 ljBdfg sfg'gL k|fjwfgxnfO{
kl/dfh{g u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
2. g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos hgzlQm tyf k"jf{wf/sf]]
ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
3. ljB'tLo zf;gsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL ;femf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
4. ljB'tLo zf;gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog tyf ;~rfngsf nflu ljleGg :t/sf]
bIftf;lxtsf] dfgjLo ;+;fwg tof/ kfl/g]5 . -!_
5. ;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]usf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf / ;+oGqsf]
ljsf;, s[lif, ko{6g, lzIff, :jf:Yo Pjd\ sltko k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] ljsf;df ;"rgf
k|ljlwnfO{ clwstd pkof]u ul/g]5 . . -@_
6. ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ;'?jftL sDkgLxnfO{ cfp6;f]l;{ ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . -@_
7. ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{nfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t pBf]uxsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
8. ljleGg lgsfoxaLrsf] ;dGjo a9fpFb} ;"rgf k|ljlw k|0ffnLxdf Psktf
NofOg]5 . -@_
9. ;d'bfo;Fusf] ;xsfo{df u|fdL0f :t/df ;"rgf k|ljlw k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
10. g]kfndf ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]u, :yfgLo pTkfbg tyf Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu
;"rgf k|ljlw k|of]u ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ul/g]5 . -@_
11. ;"rgf k|ljlw k|0ffnLsf] ;'/Iff If]qdf /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf
lgodgsf/L lgsfoaLr ;dGjo sfod u/L k|fljlws Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -#_
12. ;"rgf k|ljlw k|0ffnLxsf] ;'/Iff, ljZj;gLotf / u'0f:t/df clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -#_
13. ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 x'g;Sg] ck/fwnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ ;fOa/ ;'/IffnfO{
ljz]if Wofg lbOg]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. ;"rgf k|ljlwaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfef+zsf] kx'Fr u|fdL0f :t/df k'ofpg O{len]h;DaGwL
sfo{qmd ;~rfng .

244 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 2. ;/sf/L sfdsfh / ;]jfdf k|of]u x'g] ;"rgf k|ljlw ;+/rgfnfO{ k|fb]lzs tx;Dd
lj:tf/ Pjd\ PsLs[t ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f u/L k|0ffnLxdf Psktf / ldtJolotf
sfod ug{ ;/sf/L Snfp8sf] Joj:yfkg .
3. g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfoxn] ;~rfngdf NofPsf ;"rgf k|ljlw
k|0ffnLxdf Psktf .
4. g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfosf j]a ;fO6xnfO{ /fli6o kf]6{ndf cfa4 u/L
Psf/ k|0ffnLdfkm{t ;]jf k|bfg .
5. 8f6f ;]G6/ tyf l8hf:6/ l/se/L ;]G6/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
ljB'tLo zf;gsf] nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tyf gLltut Joj:yf ePsf] / ;"rgf k|ljlw
If]qsf] cfjZos hgzlQmsf] dfu k"/f ePsf] x'g]5 . To;}u/L ;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]usf] ljsf;
eO{ /f]huf/Ldf j[l4 Pjd\ k|ltef knfog Go"gLs/0f ePsf], ;"rgf k|ljlwdf gjLgtd tyf
lbuf] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ePsf], ;"rgf k|ljlw Ps e/kbf]{ tyf ;'/lIft dfWodsf] kdf :yflkt
ePsf] x'g]5 . ;fy} ;dfhsf ;a} ju{ / If]qsf dflg;xn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] nfe lng;Sg]
jftfj/0f sfod ePsf] tyf ;a} k|sf/sf ;/sf/L lqmofsnfk tyf ;"rgfx kf/bzL{ /
;xh kdf k|fKt ePsf] x'g]5 .
^=# dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;
!= k[i7e"ld
u'0f:t/Lo dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;n] s[lif tyf u}/s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg,
;/sf/L If]qsf] sfo{s'zntf clej[l4 ug{ tyf If]qLo Pjd\ cGt/f{li6o >d ahf/df kx'Fr
k'ofpg ;3fp k'U5 . d'n'ssf] s'n hg;\Vofdf cfly{s kdf ;lqmo hgzlQmsf] lx:;f
%& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; / pkof]usf nflu ljutdf sfo{qmdx
;~rfng ul/P klg ck]lIft pknlAw x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . >d zlQmdf j[l4 ePcg'k :jb]zdf
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/xdf j[l4 x'g g;Sbf 7"nf] ;\Vofdf o'jfx ljleGg d'n'sdf /f]huf/Lsf
nflu ljb]lzg] u/]sf 5g\ . oLdWo] clwsf+z cbIf sfdbf/sf kdf /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf
o'jfxnfO{ Jofj;flos tyf k|fljlws lzIff tyf ;Lkd"ns tflndsf] dfWodaf6 ;Lko'Qm
tyf Ifdtfo'Qm hgzlQmdf kl/0ft u/L :jb]z tyf cGt/f{li6o >d ahf/df k|lt:kwf{
ug{;Sg] t'Nofpg h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . d'n'sleq} pTkGg /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x g]kfnLn] g}
pkof]u ug{;Sg] jftfj/0f klg l;h{gf ug'{k/]sf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff tyf tflnd k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfxdf ;|f]t;fwgsf] sdL
x'g' pTkflbt hgzlQmdf ck]lIft u'0f:t/ sfod x'g g;Sg' hLjg pkof]uL lzIffsf] sdL

cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 245

 x'g' j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] o'jfxdWo] clwsf+z cbIf x'g' cw{bIf tyf bIf hgzlQmsf]
;\Vofdf lgs} j[l4 eP tfklg If]quthfltut ljifdtf lgs} /xg' dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;
/ pkof]usf] nflu of]hgf gx'g' cflb o; If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\ .
cj;/
hg;\Vofsf] pd]/ut ;+/rgfcg';f/ cfl>t hg;\Vofsf] cg'kft lgs} sd ePsf] /
sfd ug]{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;\Vof a9]sf] e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fnufot
ljsf; lgdf{0fsf ljleGg If]qxdf bIf tyf cw{bIf hgzlQmsf] dfu eO/x]sf] cGt/f{li6o
>dahf/df ;Lko'Qm hgzlQmsf] dfu a9\b} uPsf] tLj| kdf cfly{s ljsf; ub}{ uPsf b'O{
l5d]sL d'n'snufot cGt/f{li6o ahf/df bIf hgzlQmsf] dfu a9\b} uPsf] pRr:t/Lo /
dWod:t/Lo k|fljlws ;Lk ljsf; ug]{ ;+:yfxsf] lj:tf/ pNn]Vo kdf ePsf]n] d'n'sleq
u'0f:t/Lo dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; ug]{ / ;f]sf] pkof]u ug]{ cj;/ /x]sf] 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
Ifdtfo'Qm dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;dfkm{t pRr cfly{s j[l4;lxtsf] lbuf] ljsf; .
#=@ nIo
1fgdf cfwfl/t cy{tGqsf] ljsf; x'g]u/L dfgj ;+:ffwgsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf nflu >d ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{;Sg] ;Ifd tyf u'0f:t/Lo dfgj
;+;fwgsf] ljsf; ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. d'n'sleq cfjZos kg]{ bIf tyf cw{bIf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; / pkof]usf]
lglDt dfgj ;+;fwg of]hgf tof/ ug]{] .
2. j}1flgs, k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff tyf ;Lkd"ns tflnddf hf]8 lbg] .
3. dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; / pkof]udf ;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos / lghL If]qaLr ;xsfo{
ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. b]z ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ bIf tyf cw{bIf hgzlQm ljsf; / To;sf]
Jojl:yt pkof]usf lglDt lgHfL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf PsLs[t dfgj ;+;fwg
ljsf; of]hgf tof/ ul/g]5 . -!_
2. pRr j}1flgs tyf k|fljlws lzIffsf cj;/x pknAw u/fP/ >dahf/df
k|lt:kwf{ ug{;Sg] u'0f:t/Lo hgzlQm tof/ ul/g]5 . -@_

246 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 3. cfGtl/s >dahf/sf] dfucg';f/sf ljleGg lsl;dsf Jofj;flos tyf ;Lkd"ns
tflnd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
4. NflIft ;d"xsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu 5fqj[lQnufotsf ;'ljwfx pkNfAw
u/fOg]5 . -@_
5. lghL If]qsf k|fljlws Pjd\ Jofj;flos lzIff tyf tflnd k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfxnfO{
cfgf] k"jf{wf/ tyf hgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . -#_
6. pTkflbt hgzlQm / >dahf/df pknAw /f]huf/Lsf cj;/aLr tfbfDo ;DaGw
sfod ul/g]5 . -#_
7. dfgj ;+;fwgsf] pkof]usf nflu /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x w]/} ePsf] lghL If]q;Fu
;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg /fli6o gLlt tyf PsLs[t sfo{of]hgf tof/ .
2. dfgj ;+;fwgsf] pTkfbg / ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{df ;+nUg ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L,
lghL / z}lIfs ;+:yf tyf lgsfoxaLr ;dGjo .
3. tflnd tyf ;Lk ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
4. ;/sf/L / lghL If]qaLr cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg / OG6g{;Lk sfo{qmd k|f/De Pjd\
;~rfng .
5. cGt/f{li6o cg'ejsf] cfbfgk|bfg / c;n Jojxf/sf] k|of]u .
6. dfgj ;+;fwgsf] dfu tyf cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg .
7. cled'vLs/0f tyf Ifdtf ljsf; .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; tyf pkof]usf lglDt PsLs[t of]hgf tof/ ePsf], 1fg /
;Lko'Qm hgzlQm pTkfbg ePsf], dfgj ljsf; / pkof]udf ;/sf/L / lghL If]qaLr
;xsfo{ ul/Psf] x'g]5 .
^=$ >d tyf /f]huf/L
!= k[i7e"ld
k|To]s gful/snfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;+ljwfgdf /f]huf/Lsf] xssf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf s'n hg;\Vofsf] sl/a #) k|ltzt cw{a]/f]huf/ /x]sf] / @=# k|ltzt
k"0f{ a]/f]huf/ /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . b]zsf] s'n hg;\Vofdf %& k|ltzt cfly{s kn] ;lqmo
hgzlQmsf] lx:;f /x]sf] 5 . h;dWo] b]zdf pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] ljsf; pko'Qm kdf x'g

cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 247

 g;s]sfn] s[lif If]qdf a9L cfl>t x'g'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} s[lif If]qdf
cw{a]/f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf pRr 5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf jflif{s % nfveGbf a9L JolQm >d
ahf/df k|j]z ub{5g\ . t/ b]zleq kof{Kt /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x gePsf]n] 7"nf] ;\Vofdf
o'jfx /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]lzg' kl//x]sf] 5 .
;/sf/n] /f]huf/sf] Joj:yfsf]] nflu /fli6o /f]huf/ gLlt, @)&! sf] th{'df,
a]/f]huf/xsf] nut ;ng, Go"gtd Hofnfb/ lgwf{/0f, lgs[i6 k|s[ltsf >ddf ;+nUg
afn>ldssf] p4f/, lbjf lzz' :ofxf/ tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gxsf] ;~rfng, j}b]lzs
/f]huf/sf] qmddf ;d:ofdf k/]sf g]kfnLxsf] p4f/ tyf cfly{s /fxtsf] Joj:yf,
cfk|jf;g ;"rgf s]Gsf] :yfkgf, ^ b]zdf >d ;xrf/Lsf] Joj:yf, ^ b]z;Fu >d ;Demf}tf
;DkGg, lqe'jg ljdfg:yndf >dsIfsf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng, ;'/lIft j}b]lzs
/f]huf/;DaGwL /fli6o sfo{of]hgfsf] th{'df, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg]xsf nflu lgMz'Ns
k|j]zf1f / xjfO{ l6s6;DaGwL lg0f{o Pjd\ ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf 3/]n'
sfdbf/ k7fpg];DaGwL lgb]{lzsf @)&@ nfu' ul/g' / rf/ b]zdf ;'/lIft ;]jfu[x
;~rfngdf /xg' o; If]qsf ;sf/fTds k|of;x x'g\ .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
>d ahf/df k|j]z ug]{ o'jfnfO{ kof{Kt /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug'{, nlaFbf] ;\qmd0fsfnsf
;fy} a]nfavt x'g] k|sf]kaf6 ;[lht c;xh kl/l:yltnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L yk /f]huf/L ;[hgf
ug'{, /f]huf/d"ns tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf b]lvPsf] bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fpg', j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Lsf ;a} r/0fxnfO{ Jojl:yt, e/kbf]{ / ;'/lIft agfpg', ljk]|if0faf6 k|fKt clwsf+z
/sd pTkfbgzLn If]qdf kl/rfng ug'{, >d ahf/df /x]sf] ;Lko'Qm >dsf] dfu /
cfk"lt{aLrsf] c;Gt'ngnfO{ sd ug'{, cf}Bf]lus If]qdf yk /f]huf/L a9fpg', ;fdflhs
;'/IffnfO{ of]ubfgd"ns agfpFb} kx'Fr j[l4 ug'{, dof{lbt /f]huf/L ;'lglZrt ug'{ / /f]huf/L
;"rgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' k|d'v r'gf}tLx /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
ko{6g, s[lif, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf e"sDkkl5sf] k'glg{df{0fh:tf >d;3g If]q /fli6o
k|fyldstfdf kg'{, /fli6o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx / /f]huf/ s]lGb|t ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffn]
k|fyldstf kfpg', lzlIft hgzlQm a9g', cGt/f{li6o ahf/df g]kfnL sfdbf/xsf] dfu
a9g', j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 kmls{Psf JolQmx ;Lko'Qm / sfdk|lt ;dlk{t x'g', lbuf]
ljsf;sf] nIoh:tf cGt/f{li6o k|lta4tf hfx]/ ul/g', ;"rgf / k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf;n]
/f]huf/L / :j/f]huf/Lsf ljifodf hgr]tgfsf] lj:tf/ x'g', s'n hg;\Vofdf cfly{s kn]
;lqmo hg;\Vofsf] lx:;f a9\g' / >d ahf/df bIf hgzlQmsf] dfu a9\b} hfg' >d tyf
/f]huf/sf nflu cj;/ x'g\ .

248 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
bIf, ;Lko'Qm / pTkfbgd"ns dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;f/f kof{Kt /f]huf/L Pjd\
:j/f]huf/sf cj;/x ;[hgf .
#=@ nIo
d'n'sleq} jflif{s sl/a $ nfv /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. :jb]zdf dof{lbt /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x ;[hgf u/L a]/f]huf/L tyf cw{a]/f]huf/L
Go"gLs/0f ub}{ /f]huf/Lsf] xsnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ .
2. /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;Lk tyf tflndsf cj;/x j[l4 u/L k|lt:kwf{ ug{;Sg]
>dzlQmsf] ljsf; ug'{ .
3. j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ a9L pTkfbs, ;'/lIft, dof{lbt / Jojl:yt agfpFb} hfg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L :jb]zd} kof{Kt / dof{lbt /f]huf/L Pjd\ :j
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{ .
2. ;Lk tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf cj;/xsf] ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/ ub}{ cGt/f{li6o
If]qdf k|lt:kwf{ ug{;Sg] >d zlQmsf] pTkfbg ug]{ .
3. >ldssf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf c;n >d ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ .
4. j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft, dof{lbt, e/kbf]{ / k|ltkmno'Qm agfpg] / k|fKt
ljk|]if0fnfO{ pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf kl/rfng ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. >dk|wfg pTkfbg If]qsf] lj:tf/ / k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 /f]huf/L a9fOg]5 . -!_
2. >d tyf /f]huf/ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
3. /f]huf/;DaGwL dfu / cfk"lt{aLr ;Gt'ng Nofpg cfjZos sfo{qmdx sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -!_
4. ;Lk k|bfos tflnd s]GxnfO{ qmdzM PsLs[t u/L Ps} 7fpmFaf6 ;Lk ljsf;
tflnd lbOg]5 . k|To]s k|b]zdf Pp6f ljifout ;Lk ljsf; tflnd s]G :yfkgf
ul/g]5 . -@_
5. ;Lk / ;"rgf pknAw u/fO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg rfxg] dlxnfxnfO{ tflndsf]
Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 249

 6. ;Lko'Qm hgzlQmnfO{ tflndkl5sf ;]jfx h:t}M pBdzLntf ljsf;, j:t'ut
;xfotf, ljQLo ;xfotf, pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f / ahf/ ;xh kx'Fr;DaGwL
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_
7. /fli6o /f]huf/ gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ub} >ldssf] xs Pjd\ /f]huf/Lsf]
xs;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -#_
8. PsLs[t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff P]g / >d P]g hf/L u/L ;fdflhs ;'/Iff of]hgf
sfof{Gjog / c;n >d ;DaGw ljsf; ul/g]5 . -#_
9. /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt x'g] k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
10. j}1flgs dfkb08sf cfwf/df ljleGg If]qsf sfdbf/xsf] Go"gtd kfl/>lds
lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . -#_
11. ljleGg If]qdf /x]sf cgf}krfl/s dhb'/xsf] cf}krfl/sLs/0f ul/g]5 . -#_
12. afn >d;DaGwL gLlt, sfg'g / sfo{qmddf ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -#_
13. cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgxdf Joj;fohGo :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iff;DaGwL dfkb08 nfu'
ul/g]5 . -#_
14. hf]lvddf k/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 kms]{sf dlxnf sfdbf/xnfO{ ljz]if ;fdflhs
;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/g]5 . -#_
15. j}b]lzs >d ahf/nfO{ sfdbf/d}qL agfpg hgzlQmsf] ljsf; / yk uGtJo
d'n'sx;Fu lkIfLo >d ;Demf}tf ul/g]5 . -$_
16. ljk|]if0fnfO{ cf}krfl/s dfWodaf6 b]zdf Nofpg] Joj:yf ug]{ / ;f]sf] pTkfbgzLn
If]qdf nufgL ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= cfGtl/s >d tyf /f]huf/L
1. Joj;fohGo :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f / Wjlg, k|sfz /
w'nf];DaGwL dfkb08sf] sfof{Gjog .
2. cfGtl/s >d Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg >d cWoog k|lti7fgsf]
:yfkgfsf nflu cWoog .
3. c;n cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw sfod ug{ ;/sf/, /f]huf/bftf / 6]8 o'lgogsf]
e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg :yfoL ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f .
4. 3/]n' >ldssf] k];fnfO{ dof{lbt / ;'/lIft u/fpg tyf ;ng / ljZn]if0f .
5. /f]huf/ ahf/sf] ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df Joj;fo tyf ;Lk ljsf; tflnd .
6. /f]huf/ ;"rgf s]GnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ /f]huf/ ljlgdo s]Gsf] :yfkgf .

250 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 7. ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t /f]huf/ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;.
8. /f]huf/ k|Tofe"t sfg'g th{'df / sfof{Gjog .
9. cgf}krfl/s If]qsf dhb'/xsf] k~hLs/0f / pgLxsf] b'3{6gf ladf .
v= j}b]lzs /f]huf/
1. j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf]
;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g .
2. sfdbf/xsf] lxt clej[l4 ug{ ;"rgfd"ns / k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmd .
3. sf]nDaf] k|f];]; -sfdbf/x k7fpg] /fi6xsf] ;7g_ / ca'wfaL jftf{ -
sfdbf/x k7fpg] / lng] /fi6xsf] ;+u7g_ ;xefuL eO{ sfdbf/xsf]
;femf xslxt;DaGwL ljifodf ;xsfo{sf] vf]hL .
4. cfk|jf;g;DaGwL ;fs{:t/Lo 3f]if0ffkqsf] tof/L / a}7s cfof]hgf .
5. j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 kmls{Psf sfdbf/xsf] ;Lk tyf Ifdtfsf] pkof]u /
k'gP{sLs/0fsf nflu ;fdflhs kl/rfng .
6. j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;dfj]zL / ljkGgd'vL agfpg lgb{]lzsf th{'df u/L
;Lkd"ns tflnd .
7. j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg rfxg] dlxnfxnfO{ ;Lk / ;xL ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg
ljz]if tflnd .
8. ;fdflhs lzIffsf lzIfsxsf] nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/L;DaGwL ;"rgfd"ns tyf
r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd .
9. j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg rfxg]xnfO{ a} tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 C0f Joj:yf .
10. ;Lk k/LIf0f ug]{ ;+oGqdfkm{t k/LIf0f k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sfnfO{ dfq j}b]lzs
/f]huf/L .
11. lqe"jg cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yndf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] / kms{g]xsf nflu
5'} sIf / ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf .
12. j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL clen]v k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ .
13. j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsfxsf] ;d:of / ph'/L ;'g'jfO / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
6f]nk|mL gDa/;lxtsf] ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf .
14. j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf ljljw kIfsf] lgoldt cg'udgf/f ;a} k|sf/sf zf]if0fsf]
cGTo .
u= afn>d lgjf/0f
1. afn>d lgjf/0fsf] nflu u'?of]hgfsf] th{'df / sfof{Gjog .

cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 251

 2. lgs[i6 k|s[ltsf afn>dsf] cGTo ug{ r]tgf clej[l4 / :yfgLo
lgsfoxdfkm{t afn>d k|of]usf] lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udg .
3. afn>ldsxsf] p4f/ Pjd\ k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu s]Gxsf] :yfkgf .
3= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
1. ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog .
2. ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|j4{gsf] nflu of]ubfgstf{sf] kl/ro kq ljt/0f sfo{qmd /
of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if of]hgf .
3. ;fdflhs ladf tyf n3'ljQ sfo{qmdsf] cgf}krfl/s If]qdf;d]t lj:tf/ .
4. ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL hgr]tgf tyf k|rf/k|;f/ .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
d'n'sleq} jflif{s $ nfv /f]huf/L l;h{gf ePsf] / >d ahf/sf] dfucg'k bIf Pjd\
k|lt:kwL{ >dzlQm tof/ eO{ >lds cfk"lt{ ePsf] x'g]5 . a]/f]huf/L / cw{a]/f]huf/L b/
36]sf] x'g]5 . c;n >d ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 . lgs[i6 k|s[ltsf] afn>dsf]
pGd"ng ePsf] x'g]5 . jflif{s b'O{nfv o'jfnfO{ sDtLdf tLg dlxgfsf] /f]huf/d"ns ;Lk
ljsf; tflnd k|bfg ul/Psf] / :jb]zleq} :j/f]huf/sf] cj;/ j[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 . ljb]zdf
hf]lvddf k/]sf ;a} sfdbf/ ljz]ift dlxnfxsf] xslxtsf] ;'/Iff clej[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .
^=% ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g
^=%=! ljkb\ Joj:yfkg
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfn ljkb\sf] pRr hf]lvddf /x]sfn] ljkb\sf sf/0f jif]{gL wghgsf] 7"nf] Iflt x'g]
u/]sf] 5 . d'VotM e"sDk, cltj[li6, af9L, klx/f], xfjfx'/L, r6\of\, cfunfuL, v8]/L,
dxfdf/L, zLtnx/ / lxdtfn ljikmf]6g x'g;Sg] sf/0f ljkb\sf] hf]lvd pRr /x]sf] 5 .
o;}u/L x}hf, a8{n', :jfOg n'h:tf /f]ux klg ljkb\sf] sf/ssf kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ .
ljkb\sf ;dodf cf>o :ynsf nflu sf7df08f} pkTosfsf *# cf]6f If]qxnfO{ v'Nnf If]q
sfod ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ;a} lhNnfsf ;x/L If]qdf v'Nnf If]q sfod ug]{ sfo{x cuf8L
a9fOPsf] 5 . x]6f}F8f, Og?jf, kf]v/f / wgu9L u/L $ :yfgdf cfkt\sfnLg uf]bfd 3/sf]
:yfkgf u/L u}x|vfB ;fdu|Lxsf] e08f/0f u/L ;~rfngdf cfPsf], ;"v]{t If]qLo
cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb| lgdf{0f sfo{ hf/L /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} cGt/f{li6o ;xof]udf
k|fKt x'g] ;fdu|Lxsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu lqe'jg cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yndf dfgjLo
;xfotf sIfsf] Joj:yf eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|df /fli6o cfkt\sfnLg sfo{
;~rfng s]Gb| (NEOC), % cf]6f If]qdf If]qLo cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb| (REOC) /

252 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

$( cf]6f lhNnfdf lhNnf cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb| (DEOC) :yfkgf u/L ;~rfngdf
/x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} ;'/Iff lgsfoxdf /a/ af]6 / df]6/ af]6 tof/L cj:yfdf /flvPsf] 5 .
ljkb\sf] ;dodf gbLxn] k'n aufO{ jf efFlrO{ ;8s cj?4 ePdf tTsfn
;8s oftfoft ;'rf? ug{ tTsfn k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] u/L g]kfnL ;]gff/f # :yfgdf c:yfoL
k'n -Acrobridge_ /flvPsf] 5 . ;'/Iff lgsfox cfjZos OlSjkd]G6 / Go"gtd /fxt
;fdu|L;lxt vf]h tyf p4f/ sfo{df vl6g k"j{tof/L cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ . k|sf]k kLl8t
p4f/ / /fxt;DaGwL dfkb08, @)^$ adf]lhd u[x dGqfnodfkm{t /fxt ljt/0f sfo{
eO/x]sf] 5 . ljkb\kl5 n]vfhf]vfdf Ps?ktf sfod ug{ ljkb\ n]vfhf]vf lgb]{lzsf hf/L
ePsf], lhNnf ljkb\ k"j{tof/L k|ltsfo{ of]hgf ;a} lhNnfdf tof/ ug'{sf ;fy} cBfjlws
ul/Psf], :yfgLo ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg of]hgf tyf lhNnf hf]lvd Joj:yfkg of]hgf
lhNnfdf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo, lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k ;ldltx ;lqmo x'g] u/]sf]
cj:yf 5 . ljkb\sf] ;dodf dfgjLo ;xfotfsf sfo{ ug]{ ljleGg ;\3 ;+:yfxsf] ;xof]u
lng] ul/Psf] 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{, vf]h, p4f/ / tTsfn /fxt sfo{nfO{
Jojl:yt ug{ / ljsf; ;+/rgf ;'/lIft ug{ ljsf;sf ;a} k|lqmofdf ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{
d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ ljifoutIf]qut kdf nfu' u/L lbuf] /
;'/lIft ljsf;sf] cj:yf ;'lglZrt ug'{ h?/L 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
g]kfndf x'g] ljkb\sf ;a} sf/0fxsf] c;/ tyf k|efjsf] j}1flgs cg';Gwfg u/L
If]qut ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ug]{, ef}lts ljsf;sf] :jknfO{ eljiosf] cfly{s ljsf;sf]
afws aGg glbg :yfgLo txsf ;]jfs]Gb| tyf a:tLxsf] cfly{s;fdflhs tyf ef}lts
;Dks{nfO{ cfly{s pTkfbg;Fu hf]8\g], ;'/lIft a:tL ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffleq ;x/ tyf a:tL
ljsf;sf] of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ / ;Dk"0f{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/;lxtsf] ljkb\ pTyfgzLn
PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; ug]{ r'gf}tL kdf /x]sf 5g\ . To;/L g} ljkb\ k|ltsfo{sf] ;dodf
;+nUg ;/sf/L lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf gful/saLrsf] cGt/;DaGw sfod u/L
;dGjo ug]{ ljifodf r'gf}tL b]lvPsf] 5 . kLl8tsf] klxrfg, kLl8tnfO{ tTsfn /fxt tyf
k'g:yf{kgf;DaGwL sfo{df Psktf NofO{ bf]xf]/f]kgf l;h{gf x'g glbg';d]t r'gf}tL x'g\ .
cj;/
@)&@ ;fnsf] zlQmzfnL e"sDkkl5sf] l;sfOnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ lnO{ lbuf] tyf ;'/lIft
ljsf; ;'lglZrt ug]{ :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf PsLs[t al:t ljsf; sfo{nfO{ tfnd]n
x'g] u/L ljsf; ug]{, cfly{s;fdflhs kfGt/0fsf nflu hghLljsfdf ;'wf/ ePsf] ljkb\
k|lt/f]wL u'0f:t/Lo k"jf{wf/;lxt ljkb\ pTyfgzLn ;x/ tyf a:tL ljsf; ug]{, ;a} k|sf/sf
ljkb\sf] ;fdgf ug{ cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm ;+/rgf / bIf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ug]{ tyf ljsf;
cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 253
 ;fem]bf/xaf6 k|fKt ;xof]unfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf kl/rfng u/L cfTdlge{/ aGGf]h:tf
cj;/x /x]sf 5g\ . ljkb\nfO{ ljsf;;Fu hf]8L of]hgf k|lqmofsf ljleGg r/0fdf ;Daf]wg
x'g] u/L d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ k|of;, ljkb\sf] nflu k"j{tof/L ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] k|f/De,
k|ltsfo{sf] nflu lhNnf ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ sfo{of]hgf th'{dfnufotsf] k"j{ tof/Lsf gLltut
tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / sfo{ljlwxsf] tof/L / s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo tx;Ddsf
;+:yfut Joj:yfxnfO{ cj;/sf] kdf lng ;lsG5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;a} k|sf/sf ljkb\xsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgaf6 ljkb\ pTyfgzLn d'n'ssf] kdf
g]kfnnfO{ ljsf; ug]{ .
#=@ nIo
ljkb\af6 x'g] dfgjLo, ef}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;+f:s[lts / kof{j/0fLo Ifltdf sdL
Nofpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
ljsf;sf ;a} cfofd / r/0fdf ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;dflxt u/fO{ ljkb\af6 x'g]
dfgjLo Pjd\ ef}ltsnufotsf IfltnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. ljleGg lgsfoaf6 x'g] ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{nfO{ ;dGjo u/L PsLs[t kdf
;~rfng ug]{ .
2. cfkt\sfnLg vf]h, p4f/, pkrf/ tyf tTsfn /fxtsf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{
ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
3. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ ljsf;sf ;a} cfofd tyf r/0fdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ .
4. ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg gLltut Joj:yfnfO{ ;do ;fk]If /
Jojxfl/s agfpg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. vf]h tyf p4f/ sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg PsLs[t ;"rgf s]Gb| Pjd\ /fli6o,
If]qLo tyf lhNnf cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb|xnfO{ cTofw'lgs oGqsf]
pkof]u u/L k|efjsf/L kdf ;~rfngdf NofOg]5 .
2. ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf ;~rfng ug{ ljleGg /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o
;\3;+:yf tyf bft[ lgsfo;Fusf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf nflu ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf cNkLs/0fsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

254 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 3. :yfgLo txsf] of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf ;dflxt ug]{ sfo{nfO{
k|fyldstfsf ;fy cufl8 a9fOg]5 .
4. a:tL;d'bfo :t/;Dd ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ Ifdtf ljsf; Joj:yfkg u/L
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf cNkLs/0f ug{sf nflu gu/kflnsf / ufpFkflnsfsf
j8f tx;Dd hg;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
5. ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfnoxsf kf7\oqmdxdf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ljifonfO{
;dfj]z ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . ;fy}, OlGhlgol/ ljifosf] cWoogdf :yfgLo
;fdu|L pkof]u u/L e"sDk k|lt/f]wL ;+/rgf lgdf{0f;DaGwL kf7\oqmd ljsf; u/L
nfu' ul/g]5 .
6. vf]h tyf p4f/sf] lglDt k|fb]lzs :t/df ;'/Iff lgsfosf] sDtLdf Pp6f ljlzi6
Ifdtfo'Qm 6f]nL /xg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;fy} p4f/, pkrf/ tyf tTsfn /fxtsf
nflu ;a} ;'/Iff lgsfoxnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ cfjZos tflnd tyf ;|f]t;fwg
;DkGg agfO{ tof/L cj:yfdf /flvg]5 .
7. PsLs[t a:tL ljsf;sf] ;'?jftL r/0fb]lv g} ljkb\ lj1, :yfgLo lgsfo,
of]hgfljb\xnfO{ ;xefuL u/fP/ e"pkof]u gLlt cg's"n x'g] u/L bL3{sfnLg a:tL
ljsf; of]hgf agfO{ nfu' ul/g]5 .
8. ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ lbuf] agfpg ljleGg k|sf/sf k|sf]ksf ljifodf cWoog tyf
cg';Gwfg ul/g]5 .
9. ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg k|zf;lgs lgsfo / sd{rf/Lxsf] nflu Ifdtf ljsf;
sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ljkb\sf] k"j{tof/L tyf ljkb\ k|ltsfo{nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L /
;dlGjt agfOg]5 .
10. df};d k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL tyf hn;tx k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL :yfkgf u/L ;d'bfonfO{
hfgsf/L u/fpg] k4ltsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
11. ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] ;a} txdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\
u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] gsf/fTds c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ ljz]if sfo{qmdx
;~rfng ul/g]5 .
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. /fli6o cfjZostf, ;Defljt ljkb\ / cGt/f{li6o k|lta4tf;DaGwL ;a} kIfnfO{
;d]6]/ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg P]g, gLlt / sfo{of]hgf tof/ .
2. ljkb\sf] k"jf{g'dfg, cg'udg / tTsfnLg p4f/;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ r':t / ;+:yfut
agfpg ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu cfjZos ;a} ;/sf/L lgsfo, lghL tyf
;fd'bflos If]q / gful/s ;dfh;d]t ;lDdlnt s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo tyf p4f/
lgsfosf] Joj:yf .
cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 255
 3. hgr]tgf clej[l4 / cfkt\sfnLg vf]h tyf p4f/sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{
hgzlQmsf] ljsf; / cf}hf/ pks/0fsf] Joj:yf .
4. k|b]z tyf :yfgLo tx;Dd ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, cfkt\sfnLg p4f/ tyf vf]h / df};d
k"jf{g'dfg, hn;tx dfkg k|0ffnL;lxtsf] ;"rgf k|jfx;DaGwL s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf .
5. e"sDkLo hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL hgr]tgf, ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/L / cfjf;
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo{qmd .
6. ;Defljt ljkb\af6 kg{ ;Sg] c;/ / Ifltsf] Go"gLs/0f tyf hf]lvd
x:tfGt/0f;DaGwL ladfsf] Joj:yf .
7. ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;'/Iff lgsfoxdf ;an / ;Ifd ;+:yfut Joj:yf .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gL, gLltut tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf / o;;Fu
;DalGwt If]qut of]hgf, gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th'{df u/L nfu' ePsf] x'g]5 . sfg'g th'{df
tyf dfkb08 to u/L nfu' ePsf], k'glg{df{0fsf] nflu of]hgf th'{df eO{ nfu' ePsf] ;fy}
hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 l;h{gf x'g] ljkb\sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ePsf] x'g]5 . ljkb\sf gofF
cfofd / l;sfOx k|ltljlDat x'g] u/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ljkb\ k"j{tof/L, hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ nufot ljkb\
Joj:yfkgsf ljljw kIfxnfO{ ;d]6L gLltut Joj:yfdf ;d;fdlos kl/jt{g tyf
sfo{ljlwxsf] ;+zf]wg, kl/dfh{g / th'{df;d]t u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .
^=%=@ jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g
!= k[i7e"ld
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x Pscfk;df ;DalGwt x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] k|efjsf] ;fdgf
ug{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj cg's"ng ub}{ ;dli6ut ljsf;sf
nIox xfl;n ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ ;jfnnfO{ dWogh/ u/L g]kfnn] o; If]qdf ePsf cGt/f{li6o
dxf;lGw tyf ;lGwxsf] cg'df]bg tyf ;lDdng ub}{ tb\g'k /fli6o gLlt, sfg'g tyf
;+:yfut ;+oGqxsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fLo kIfdf kg]{ k|efj tyf hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf] c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug{ xl/t ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ul/Psf] 5 .
;/sf/L tyf /fli6ocGt/f{li6o ;\3;+:yf;d]tsf] ;lqmotfdf /fli6o tyf :yfgLo
cg's"ngsf nflu /0fgLlts sfo{qmdx, sfa{g Jofkf/sf] yfngL, jftfj/0fLo
;+j]bgzLntfsf d'2fxsf] cfGtl/sLs/0f / ;Daf]wgh:tf k|of;x eO/x]sf 5g\ .
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf If]qdf nufgL olsg ug{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g ah]6 ;\s]tsf] Joj:yf
u/L ljut of]hgf cjlwb]lv g} sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . /fli6o cg's"ng sfo{qmdnfO{
sfof{Gjog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] ;g\

256 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

@)!% df ePsf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL k]l/; ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog k|f/De u/]sf] 5 .
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgnfO{ ljsf; sfo{;Fu cfa4 ug]{ qmddf jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof\sgnfO{
;+:yfut ug]{ k|oTg ePsf] 5 . jfo'sf] u'0f:t/;DaGwL dfkb08 Pjd\ g]kfn ;jf/L
k|b"if0f;DaGwL dfkb08x lgwf{/0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . Sof]6f] k|f]6f]sncGtu{t
sfa{g Jofkf/af6 g]kfnn] cfDbfgL k|fKt ug{ ;'? ul/;s]sf] 5 . !! lhNNffdf jftfj/0fd}qL
:yfgLo zf;g sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ug'{, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/af6 cg's"lnt x'g', pBf]u, snsf/vfgf,
oftfoft tyf cGo dfgjLo lqmofsnfkxaf6 x'g] kmf]x/ tyf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{gnfO{
Go"g ug'{, ul/aL / cGo sf/0fxaf6 x'g] jg ljgf;nfO{ /f]Sg', hnjfo' ljQdf kx'Fr a9fO{
glthfd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/af6 hf]lvddf /x]sf If]q /
;d'bfodf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{, hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL sfo{qmdxnfO{ hg:t/df g}
cfGtl/sLs/0f ug'{ / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ljifodf cGt/f{li6o d~rxdf hnjfo'
kl/jt{gaf6 hf]lvddf k/]sf b]zxsf] ;femf cfjfh :yflkt ug'{ r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
lbuf] ljsf;sf nIoxdf cGt/f{li6o ;d'bfo / ;/sf/af6 k|lta4tf hfx]/ ug'{,
hnjfo' ljQsf] Joj:yf x'g', k|s[lt ;+/If0f cg's"ngsf] Ifdtf a9fpg /fli6o sfo{of]hgf
5ftf /0fgLlt tof/ x'g' / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf If]qdf pknAw cGt/f{li6o ;xof]unfO{ /fli6o
ah]6 k|0ffnLdf PsLs[t ug]{h:tf gofF cj;/ x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
:jR5 Pjd\ :j:y jftfj/0fdfkm{t lbuf] ljsf; .
#=@ nIo
jftfj/0fd}qL / hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"lnt x'g] u/L ljsf; sfo{qmdx ;~rfng
ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo xfl;n ug{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f u/fpg' .
2. a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0faf6 pT;lh{t k|b'if0f Go"gLs/0f u/fpg' .
3. xl/t ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg'k dfgjLo lqmofsnfk / ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ hnjfo'
kl/jt{g cg's"lnt u/fpg' .

cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 257

 #=$ /0fgLlt
1. jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f ub}{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f Pjd\ k|b"if0f
lgoGq0fsf nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] cleGg csf
kdf ;~rfng ug]{ .
2. hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ sd ug{ /fli6o / cGt/f{li6o hnjfo' ljQ nufgLnfO{
/fli6o ah]6 k|0ffnLdf ;dflxt u/L o; If]qdf nufgL a9fpFb} hfg] .
3. hn tyf df};dL ;]jfnfO{ ljZj;gLo, e/kbf]{, lgoldt, u'0ffTds agfO{ hnjfo'
kl/jt{g tyf k|sf]kn] kfg]{ c;/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ sfo{df kl/rflnt ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gxsf] th'{df / ljBdfg sfg'gx, jftfj/0fLo
gLlt lgod cBfjlws, ;+oGqsf] ;anLs/0f / ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
2. hg:t/df jftfj/0fLo r]tgf / ;fjwfgL hufpg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
3. jftfj/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf lqmofsnfkdf bft[ lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf,
:yfgLo lgsfo, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf Pjd\ cGo lgsfoxaLr ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/L
ul/g]5 . -!_
4. jftfj/0fd}qL of]hgfcg'k of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogdf cGt/lgsfo
;dGjonfO{ ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -!_
5. /fhwfgL nufotsf 7"nf ;x/df /x]sf gbLxsf] k|b"if0f Go"gLs/0f ug]{ tyf hn,
hldg, Wjlg tyf jfo' k|b"if0f /f]syfd ul/g]5 . -!_
6. k|b"ifsn] ltg'{k5{ eGg] l;4fGt nfu' ug{ cfjZos ;+oGqsf] ljsf; Pjd\ sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -!_
7. k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 k|fKt cfosf] lglZrt k|ltzt /sd k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf]
;+/If0f tyf jftfj/0fLo cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df vr{ ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
8. :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf dfkm{t /fli6o cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfnfO{ :yfgLo txdf
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
9. xl/t cy{tGqsf] ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{qmdnfO{ cfly{s lqmofsnfksf ;a} If]qdf
cfGtl/sLs/0f ul/g]5 . -@_
10. g]kfn kIf ePsf jftfj/0f;DaGwL ;lGw tyf dxf;lGwxsf] sfof{Gjog u/L
To;sf k|fjwfg / ;+oGqaf6 a9LeGbf a9L nfe lng ;DalGwt lgsfoxnfO{
kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -@_

258 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 11. hnjfo' kl/jt{g zLif{ssf ah]6sf] 7"nf] lx:;f :yfgLo txdf vr{ x'g] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 . -@_
12. jftfj/0fd}qL tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng x'g] vfnsf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df hf]8
lbOg]5 . -@_
13. s[lif, hn;|f]t tyf pmhf{h:tf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 k|ToIf k|efljt If]qdf pko'Qm
k|ljlwsf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f, k|j4{g / k|;f/ ul/g]5 . -@_
14. hn tyf df};d ;]jfnfO{ dfgj s]lGt tYof ;ng k4ltaf6 :jrflnt k|0ffnL -
pRr k|ljlwo'Qm df};dL /f8f/, dflyNnf] jfo'd08nsf] ;"rgf lng], r6\of;DaGwL
;"rgf lbg] ;+oGq / pRr ultsf] sDKo'6/ k|0ffnL_df ljsf; ul/g]5 . -#_
15. hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefusf] ;]jfnfO{ ljZj df};d ;+u7g, hnjfo'
kl/jt{g;DaGwL cGt/;/sf/L lgsfo / cGt/f{li6o xjfO{ ;u7gsf] cfjZostf
tyf dfkb08 cg'k x'g] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -#_
16. cGt/f{li6o tyf If]qLo ljdfg:yndf df};d xjfO{ ;]jfsf] ;'?jft ul/g]5 . -#_
17. xfnsf] df};d k"jf{g'dfg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ NofO{ a9L e/kbf]{ Pjd\ ljZj;gLo
agfOg]5 . -#_
18. cfw'lgs k|ljlwcg'k af9L eljiojf0fL k|0ffnLsf] ;'?jft ul/g]5 . -#_
19. pRr If]qdf /x]sf hf]lvddf /x]sf lxdtfnxsf] ;j]{If0f, cg'udg Pjd\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{x ul/g] / s]xL dxTjk"0f{ gbL k|0ffnLsf If]qdf af9L cg'udg
;"rgf k|0ffnL lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f
1. xl/t cy{tGqsf] vfsf th'{df .
2. jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf ;+zf]wg .
3. kj{tLo d'2f / hnjfo' kl/j{tgsf ;jfnxnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ Joj:yfkg
;j]{If0f u/L ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ .
4. jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g If]qdf ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f /
hgzlQm ljsf; .
v= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, k|j4{g tyf k|f]T;fxg sfo{qmd
1. jftfj/0f lzIff, jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;Gb]zd"ns ;fdu|L pTkfbg /
k|rf/k|;f/, jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO, jftfj/0fd}qL k|ljlw k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg,

cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 259

 jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt n}lsd}qL sfo{qmd, xl/t ;x/ lgdf{0fdf ;r]tgf /
;fOsn k|of]unfO{ k|j4{g / k|f]T;fxg .
2. jftfj/0f k|of]uzfnfsf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng .
3. jftfj/0f d}qL pBf]unfO{ lu|g ;l6{l{kms]6sf] Joj:yf .
4. hnjfo' cg's"lnt ufpF (Climate Smart Village) sf] :yfkgf / ljsf; .
u= jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f lgoGq0f / cg'udg
1. jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;DaGwL P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf tyf dfkb08sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog .
2. jfo', Wjlg, hn, kmf]xf]/d}nf nufotsf k|b"if0f lgoGq0fsf nflu cWoog Pjd\
dfkg .
3. Knfl:6ssf emf]nfsf] k|of]udf lgoGq0f Pjd\ lgodg .
4. ljB'tLo, nfdf] ;do;Dd c;/ /xg] ljiffbL tyf xflgsf/s kmf]xf]/d}nf
Joj:yfkg .
3= jftfj/0f k|efj d"Nofg tyf k/LIf0f sfo{qmd
1. If]qut lgb]{lzsf lbUbz{g tof/L, jftfj/0f k|efj d"Nofg ePsf
cfof]hgfxsf]] cg'udg Pjd\ /fo ;'emfj ;ngsf sfo{qmd / /0fg}lts
jftfj/0fLo cWoog .
= hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f cg's"ng tyf ;dfg's"ng sfo{qmd
1. /fli6o cg's"ng sfo{qmdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf sfo{qmdx, hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6
k/]sf] k|efj Go"gLs/0f tyf cg's"ng lqmofsnfk ;~rfng, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]
k|efj hf]lvd;DaGwL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] If]qdf
sfd ug]{ ;\3;+:yf Pjd\ pQm If]qsf ljz]if1xsf] of]Uotf;lxtsf] ljj/0f
tof/ .
2. :jR5 ljsf; ;+oGq;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{, hnjfo' kl/jt{g
;dfg's"ngsf nflu gd'gf sfo{qmdx, hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;xof]u sfo{qmd tyf
If]qut sfo{qmdx, ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;\3Lo hnjfo' kl/jt{g dxf;lGwsf k|fawfg
sfof{Gjog .
r= hn tyf df};dL ;]jfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f sfo{qmd
1. nfdf] ;dosf] aiff{, tfkqmd, cftf, hn;tx / hn k|jfx;DaGwL tYofx
pknAw u/fpg] k4ltsf] ljsf;, ljZn]if0f / j}1flgs k|df0fx;lxtsf] ;"rgf
tyf hfgsf/L ;Dk|]if0f .

260 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 2. hn tyf df};d dfkg s]Gxsf] kl/df0ffTds tyf u'0ffTds ;'wf/ .
3. xjfO{ df};dL ;]jf tyf s[lif xfjfkfgL ;]jfdf ;'wf/ .
4. df};dL k"jf{g'dfg ;]jf, af9L k"jf{g'dfg ;]jf, lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g;DaGwL
k"jf{g'dfg ;]jf, jf:tljs ;do (Real Time) df k|fKt x'g] hn tyf df};dL
tYof ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{ kdf pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy} hnjfo' tYof kf]6{nsf]
ljsf; .
5= hnjfo' kl/jt{g k|sf]k ;d'Tyfg lgdf{0f sfo{qmd
1. hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefusf] Ifdtf clej[l4, cfw'lgsLs/0f / df};dL
/f8f/sf] Joj:yf .
2. pkNnf] jfo'd08nsf] df};dL ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ k|If]k0f ul/g] a]n'g,
r6\of;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ cfjZos ;+oGqsf] ljsf;sf ;fy} af9L /
df};dsf] k"jf{g'dfgnfO{ yk kl/:s[t .
h= lxdtfn hf]lvdsf] cWoog tyf Joj:yfkg
1. lxdtfnxsf] If]qkmn tyf kfgLsf] ;txdf x'g] j[l4 nufot lxdgbLxdf x'g]
kl/jt{gsf] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg .
2. lxdtfnsf] lj:kmf]6gaf6 x'g] ;Sg] af9Lsf] k"jf{g'dfg ug]{ / lxdtfnsf]
lj:kmf]6gaf6 x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd Go'gLs/0f .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, cg's"ng / ;dofg's"ng sfod ePsf], hnjfo'
ljQsf] vfsf tof/ ePsf] / /fli6o cg's"ng of]hgf tof/ ePsf] x'g]5 . ;\3 / k|b]zdf
k|of]uzfnfsf] :yfkgf ePsf], !)% cf]6f jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofg ePsf cfof]hgfxsf]
k/LIf0f ePsf], jftfj/0fLo lzIff / ;r]tgf clej[l4 ePsf], !%* cf]6f hn dfkg tyf
df};d dfkg s]Gb|xsf] :yfkgf tyf :t/f]lGt / # cf]6f df};dL /f8f/ h8fg, % lbg;Ddsf]
df};d k"jf{g'dfg, !) cf]6f k|d'v gbLxdf af9L k"jf{g'dfg ;]jf ;~rfng ePsf] x'g]5 .

cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx? | 261

 kl/R5]b M &
ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt / ;'zf;g
&=! ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf ;d[l4
!= k[i7e"ld
d'n'sdf sl/a 5 bzsb]lvsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] cEof; Pjd\ gjf}F of]hgfb]lv ul/aL
lgjf/0fnfO{ Psdfq d"n p2]Zosf] kdf ljsf; of]hgfsf] s]Gdf /fvL ul/Psf ljleGg
k|of;xaf6 ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf] lbzfdf pNn]Vo k|ult ePsf] 5 . ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ ;/sf/sf]
k|d'v bfloTj eP klg of] Ps cGt/;DalGwt ljifo ePsf]n] o;sf nflu ;/sf/sf k|To]s
c\uxsf] e"ldsf ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .
ljut !& jif{sf] cjlwdf lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;\Vof 36]sf] b]lvP tfklg
;x/L tyf u|fdL0f Pjd\ ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]q / ;fdflhs ;d"xaLrsf] vf8n cem} klg pRr
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ ljz]if u/L dlxnf, cflbjf;L, cNk;\Vos tyf b'u{d u|fdL0f If]qdf a:g]
cfdgful/sxdf ul/aLsf] uxgtf a9L ePsf] x'Fbf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf k|of;xdf logsf] cy{k"0f{
;xeflutf cfhsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf b]lvG5 . o;y{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f k|of;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb}
ul/a / wgLaLrsf] c;dfgtf 36fpg' / cfly{s ;d[l4 k|fKt ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . o;
sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L ;du| ;/sf/sf c\ux tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx;d]tsf] ePsf]n] ljleGg
lgsfoxaf6 ;~rfng x'g] o:tf sfo{qmdx k|efjsf/L x'g'sf] ;fy} tL lgsfoxaLr ;dGjo
x'g' h?/L 5 .
ul/aLsf] ljt/0f ef}uf]lnsIf]qLo kdf dfq geO{ hftLo kdf ;d]t c;dfg /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . o;;Fu} ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu ul/a 3/kl/jf/sf] klxrfg sfo{ x'g g;Sg', nlIot
3/kl/jf/df ;fdflhs ;'/If0f sfo{qmdx s]lGt ug{ g;lsg', ljleGg lgsfoxaf6 ;~rflnt
ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{qmdxaLr ;dGjosf] cefj /xg', Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{x kof{Kt gx'g'
Pjd\ gLlt, of]hgf / ah]6 sfo{qmdaLr ;dfgh:o gx'g'h:tf ;d:ofx ljBdfg 5g\ .
;\VofTds kn] ul/aLsf] tYofdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] b]lvP tfklg cfly{s c;dfgtf sfod g} /x]sf]
b]lvPsfn] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] sfo{ yk hl6n ag]sf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf] k|of;nfO{ tLj|tf lbFb} ef}uf]lns, n}ls, hftLo / cfo ju{aLr /x]sf]
ul/aLsf] df/ / c;dfgtfsf] cGt/nfO{ sd ug'{, Go"g cfly{s j[l4, ljgfzsf/L e"sDk /
;LdfIf]qsf] Jofkfl/s cj/f]waf6 l;lh{t ;d:ofaf6 ul/aLsf] cj:yfdf k/]sf] k|lts"n c;/ l56f]
lgjf/0f ug'{, ;Lk, k'FhL / k|ljlwdf ax';\Vos hgtfsf] cfjZos kx'Fr gePsf] cj:yfdf
:j/f]huf/ k|j4{g ug'{, Gsf] cGTo eP klg k"0f{ zflGtsf] k|Tofe"lt ;'lglZrt gePsf]n]

262 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f s'l07t xF'bf gofF /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x l;h{gf ug'{ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf
hfg]nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{' r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .
cgf}krfl/s If]qdf cTolws kdf s]lGb|t ljBdfg a9\bf] cb[Zo a]/f]huf/LnfO{ 36fpg',
s[lifdf cfl>t cfjZostfeGbf a9L hg;\VofnfO{ qmlds kn] u}/s[lif If]qdf :yfgfGt/0f
u/fpg', gofF /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug'{, :yfgLo ;Lk, k'FhL / k|ljlwdf kx'Fr ePsf :jb]zL
pBdLxsf] lgldQ :j/f]huf/ k|j4{g ug'{, cf}krfl/s jf ;\ul7t If]qdf ;+o'Qm nufgLdf
cfwfl/t pBf]usf] dfWodaf6 bIf hgzlQmnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x pknAw u/fpg' tyf
k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df ;'/lIft j}b]lzs /f]huf/L k|j4{g ug'{ / ;x/L tyf u|fdL0f Pjd\ ljleGg
ef}uf]lns If]q / ;d"xxaLrsf] vf8n cem} sd ug{' r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
ljleGg lgsfoxaf6 ;~rfng x'g] o;;DaGwL sfo{qmdxsf] ;dGjo / cg'udgsf]
dfWodaf6 o; sfo{df kl/rfng x'g] 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] ;|f]t;fwgnfO{ ul/a 3/kl/jf/sf] klxrfg
u/L pgLxsf] ;d[l4sf nflu kl/nlIft ug{ u/fpg ;lsg] cj;/ l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
ul/a 3/ kl/jf/ klxrfg / kl/rokq ljt/0fsf] ;'?jft;Fu} ul/a nlIft sfo{qmd cl3
a9fpg] cj;/ k|fKt x'g]5 . s[lif, ko{6g, lgdf{0f tyf cGo ;]jf If]qsf] lj:tf/n] cfly{s j[l4
Pjd\ /f]huf/L l;h{gf eO{ ul/aL 36fpg] alnof] cj;/ k|fKt 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
pTkfbgsf ;fwg tyf cj;/xdf kx'Fr j[l4, cfo / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ j[l4 ub}{ ul/aL
Go"gLs/0f / cfly{s ;d[l4 .
#=@ nIo
lg/k]If ul/aL lgjf/0f ub}{ cfly{s ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;\Vof !& k|ltztdf Nofpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/L tyf cj;/xsf] clej[l4 ug]{ .
2. cfly{s j[l4dfkm{t ;[hgf x'g] /f]huf/Lnufotsf ;Dk"0f{ cj;/xsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f /
;dtfd"ns ljsf; x'g]u/L ;Da4 ;a} If]qut gLltxnfO{ kl/nlIft ug]{ .
3. /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o nufgL;xof]u, j}b]lzs ;xfotf Pjd\ u}/;/sf/L ;\3
;+:yfxaLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo / ;xsfo{nfO{ ;'b[9 ub}{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / cfly{s
;d[l4sf nflu ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{ .

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 263

 4. ul/aL lgjf/0f / cfly{s ;d[l4;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg If]qdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg]
sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfxsf] ;DefJotfsf] cWoog u/L dfudf cfwfl/t nlIft sfo{qmdx
;~rfng ug]{ .
5. ul/aL Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfo{qmdxsf] k'g;{+/rgf Pjd\ k|fyldsLs/0f ub}{
;Da4 gLlt tyf sfo{qmdxnfO{ k"jf{g'dfgof]Uo agfpg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/LnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fvL /fli6o ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ljsf; cfof]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog ubf{ >dd"ns k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg
ul/g]5 . -!_
3. ul/aL 36fpg / cfly{s ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ tof/ ug{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;Gt'lnt
Joj:yfkg tyf pkof]udf hf]8 lbOg]5 . -@_
4. klxrfg ePsf ul/axnfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/If0fsf] dfWodaf6 Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
5. s[lif, ko{6g, pmhf{, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / ;fgf pBdxnfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0f pGd'v
t'NofOg]5 . -@_
6. dWo tyf ;'b"/klZrdsf pRr kxf8L e]u / dWo t/fO{sf ul/a tyf ljkGg
3/kl/jf/nfO{ nlIft u/L Ifdtf ljsf;, cfocfh{g tyf /f]huf/d"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -@_
7. ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu ljleGg lgsfoaf6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmdaLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo
ul/g]5 . -#_
8. ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu ;~rflnt sfo{qmdxsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"Nofg ul/g]5 . -#_
9. ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] cGt/f{li6oIf]qLo ;\3;+:yf tyf ljsf; ;fem]bf/;Fu
;dGjo / ;DaGw lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -#_
10. ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfoxaf6 ;~rflnt ul/aL lgjf/0fsf
sfo{qmdxsf] ;dGjo ub}{ sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tf NofOg]5 . -#_
11. cfly{s ;d[l4sf If]q klxrfg u/L tL If]qdf nufgL j[l4 ul/g]5 . -#_
12. ul/a 3/kl/jf/ klxrfg tyf juL{s/0f u/L kl/rokq pknAw u/fOg]5 . -$_
13. ljleGg If]q / ;d'bfodf /x]sf] ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu pTkfbgd"ns sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -$_
14. u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L ul/aLnfO{ nlIft u/L sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ . -$_
15. ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmdxsf] cWoog / ;"rgf ;ng ul/g] / xfn ljleGg
lgsfoxdfkm{t sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf ;fdflhs ;'/If0fsf dfWodxsf] k|f]kmfOn /
dfkb08 tof/ ul/g]5 . -$_

264 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 16. lbuf] ljsf; nIo -ul/aL;Fu ;DalGwt nIo_ sf] sfo{qmd / ;"rsxsf] k|ult cg'udg
ul/g]5 . -%_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwg tyf ;Lksf] k|of]u u/L ul/aL lgjf/0fd'vL k|ljlwxsf] ljsf; .
2. ul/aL lgjf/0f gLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu ;d'bfo tyf
k|b]z nlIft pTkfbgd"ns / /f]huf/Ld"ns sfo{qmd .
3. ;\3Lo ;/sf/L lgsfo, k|fb]lzs ;/sf/L lgsfo, bft[ lgsfo / /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxaf6 ;~rflnt ul/aL lgjf/0f;DaGwL sfo{qmdxsf] cBfjlws
ljj/0f tof/ ug]{, Psf/ k|0ffnLf/f ;dGjo ug]{ / bf]xf]/f]kg x6fpg] .
4. ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmdxsf] cWoog / ;"rgf ;ng u/L xfn ljleGg
lgsfoxdfkm{t sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf ;fdflhs ;'/If0fsf dfWodxsf] k|f]kmfOn, 8f6fa];
cBfjlws dfkb08 tof/ .
5. ul/a 3/kl/jf/ klxrfg / kl/ro kq Joj:yfkg tyf ljt/0f sfo{qmdnfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{
/ klxrfg ePsf 3/kl/jf/nfO{ nlIft u/L ;zQmLs/0f Ifdtf ljsf; tyf cfocfh{gsf
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng .
6. klxrfg ePsf 3/kl/jf/sf] Ifdtf ljsf; tyf cj;/xdf kx'Fr j[l4 ug{], ;fdflhs
;'/Iff / klxrfg ePsf ul/a 3/kl/jf/;DaGwL cWofjlws ljj/0f .
7. ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if, u|fdL0f :jfjnDag sf]if, o'jf tyf ;fgf pBdL :j/f]huf/ sf]if /
;xsf/L ljsf; sf]ifnufot ul/aL lgjf/0f;Fu ;DalGwt cGo lgsfosf] /sdnfO{
pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL ug{ PsLs[t k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; .
8. ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfo, ;xsf/L / u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] If]qdf ;~rflnt
sfo{qmdxsf] clen]vLs/0f u/L ;kmn tyf k|efjsf/L 7xl/Psf sfo{qmd / c;n
Jojxf/xsf] lj:tf/ .
9. lbuf] ljsf; nIo -ul/aL;Fu ;DalGwt k|ToIf nIo_ sf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng tyf cGo
lgsfoxaf6 ;~rflnt ul/aL lgjf/0f;DaGwL sfo{qmd tyf cg'udg ;"rssf]
Joj:yfkg .
10. ;x/L ul/aL 36fpg cfocfh{g / Ifdtf ljsf; tyf cj;/xdf kx'Fr j[l4 .
11. ul/aL lgjf/0f;DaGwL P]g, sfg'g tyf gLltxsf] k|f]kmfOn tof/ u/L ul/asf nflu
cfwf/e"t sfg'gL ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng, Ifdtf ljsf; tyf cj;/df kx'Fr j[l4 .
12. k|fs[lts k|sf]k tyf df};d kl/jt{gsf sf/0f l;lh{t ul/aLsf] hf]lvddf k/]sf /
cltljkGg JolQm, kl/jf/ / ;d'bfoxsf] klxrfg u/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf tfTsflng
/fxt .

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 265

 13. Go"gtd hLjg:t/ lgjf{xsf dfkb08x ljsf; u/L /f]huf/d"ns sfo{qmd / cj;/df
j[l4 .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
ul/aL Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx k"jf{g'dfgof]Uo ePsf] / bL3{sfnLg ul/aL
Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug{ gLltut cfwf/ tof/ ePsf] x'g]5 . ljleGg lgsfoxaf6
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf If]qdf /fxt tyf ljsf;fTds sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ tYok"0f{ cfwf/ tof/
ePsf], ul/a 3/kl/jf/ klxrfg ePsf], ;fdflhs ;'/If0fsf cf}hf/x klxrfg eO{ ljt/0f;d]t
ePsf] x'g] / ul/aL !& k|ltztdf em/L cfly{s ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ tof/ ePsf] x'g]5 .

&=@ ;\3Lotf, k|fb]lzs tyf ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ng

&=@=! ;\3Lotf tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] /fHozlQmsf] k|of]u ;\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo u/L tLg txsf] ;+/rgfaf6
x'g] Joj:yf u/L 5'f5'} Pjd\ ;femf clwsf/x;d]t :ki6 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] Joj:yfaf6
;/sf/nfO{ hgtfsf] glhs k'ofO{ zlQm / ;|f]tdfly gful/ssf] kx'Fr :yflkt ug]{ / ljsf; tyf
;]jf k|jfxdf :yfgLo ;xeflutf / :jfldTj sfod x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
o;af6 hgtfnfO{ jf:tljs kd} ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg t'NofO{ zf;gdf pgLxsf] cy{k"0f{
;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ub}{ nf]stGqnfO{ :yfgLo txb]lv g} ;+:yfut / dha't agfpg] cj;/ k|fKt
ePsf] 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gcGtu{t :yfgLo ;'zf;g, u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t ;]jf k|jfxdf
;a}sf] ;xh kx'Fr, :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, nlIft ju{ tyf If]qsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0f
Pjd\ ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;fdflhs kl/rfng, ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf tyf ljsf;, :yfgLo
hLljsf]kfh{g Pjd\ /f]huf/L, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / :yfgLo txdf ;~rfng ul/g] cleofgd"ns
/rgfTds s'/fxsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
ljut 8]9 bzseGbf nfdf] ;dob]lv lgjf{rg x'g g;Sbf :yfgLo lgsfodf hjfkmb]lxtf
sdhf]/ x'g uPsf] 5 . ;fy}, :yfgLo lgsfoxsf] ;do ;fk]If k'g;{+/rgf / Ifdtf ljsf; ug{',
;\3Lo ;+/rgf cg';f/ k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf sd{rf/Lxsf] Joj:yfkg ug{', ljifout lgIf]k0fsf]
sfo{ k|efjsf/L agfpg', :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ gofF ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfcg'k :yfgLo ;/sf/df
kfGt/0f u/L /fhgLlts, cfly{s, k|zf;lgs ;]jf k|jfx / ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6n] ;Ifd
PsfOsf] kdf :yflkt ug{' k|d'v r'gf}tLx x'g\ .

266 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

cj;/
;+ljwfg hf/L ePkZrft\ hgtfsf] ljZjf;sf ;fy ljsf; sfo{ cufl8 a9\g] jftfj/0f tof/
x'g', s]GLo :t/sf sfo{qmdx qmdzM :yfgLo :t/df sfof{Gjog x'g] u/]af6 cg'ej / bIftf
j[l4 x'g', :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cEof;n] hgtfdf zf;gk|ltsf] ;r]tgf, ;xeflutf tyf
clwsf/k|ltsf] rf;f] a9\b} hfg', :yfgLo txdf j8f gful/s d~rnufot ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
;\3;:yfx u7g eO{ ;/sf/L Pjd\ :yfgLo lgsfox;Fu ;xsfo{ x'g' tyf ljsf; k|lqmofdf
:yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xeflutf / :jfldTj a9\g'h:tf cj;/ /x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;\3Lo ;+/rgf cg's"n ;xeflutfd"ns, ;dfj]zL, ;dGoflos, pQ/bfoL / :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;g .
#=@ nIo
hgk|ltlglwd"ns Pjd\ pQ/bfoL :jfoQ zf;g k4ltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0ff/f ;fwg;|f]t tyf
cj;/xdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g tyf ;xeflutfd"ns k4ltsf dfWodaf6 hgtfnfO{ cfwf/e"t ;]jf
;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. :yfgLo ;+/rgfxsf] :yfkgf, Joj:yfkg / lqmofzLntf a9fpg] .
2. :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g / ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .
3. ;fdflhs kl/rfng tyf nlIft sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] . :yfgLo zf;gdf
hg:jfldTj :yfkgf ug{ hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf of]hgf th{'df, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg
k|0ffnL] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .
4. afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;gnfO{ d'n'se/ lj:tf/ ug]{ .
5. lbuf] cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf;, jftfj/0fd}qL u'0f:t/Lo :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ tyf k|efjsf/L
;]jf k|jfxf/f ;Lk ljsf; / cfo cfh{gsf cj;/nfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf
6]jf k'ofpg] .
6. hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng tyf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo{xdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf
a9fO{ ;dGjofTds kdf jftfj/0fd}qL :yfgLo zf;g k|j4{g ug]{ .

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 267

#=% sfo{gLlt
1. :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{ tyf ;]jf k|jfxsf] nflu cfjZos ;|f]t;fwg,
;+:yfut ;+/rgf tyf hgzlQm Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
2. :yfgLo lgsfoxsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ;DefJo PsfOsf] kdf k'g;{+/rgf u/L :yfgLo ;]jf
k|bfossf] kdf :yflkt ul/g]5 . -!_
3. :yfgLo txdf ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
4. :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;]jfu|fxLk|lt a9L pQ/bfoL agfpg] u/L sfo{k|0ffnLnfO{ kf/bzL{
agfOg]5 . -@_
5. :yfgLo tYofLo k|0ffnL tyf clen]vnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L Jojl:yt
ul/g]5 . -@_
6. :yfgLo :t/df ;~rfng x'g] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf sfo{qmdxnfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]
;dGjodf ;~rfng x'g] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
7. j8f gful/s d~r / gful/s ;r]tgf s]GnfO{ yk ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -#_
8. ljkGg Pjd\ ;LdfGts[t 3/w'/Lsf dlxnfxnfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ gful/s ;r]tgf s]Gsf]
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -#_
9. ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf k|0ffnLnfO{ a:tL txb]lv g} cfa4 u/L :yfgLo txsf] of]hgf
th{'df k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -$_
10. :yfgLo txsf] of]hgf th{'df sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / nfesf] lx:;]bf/Ldf :yfgLo
;d'bfosf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt x'g] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -$_
11. ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L :yfgLo txsf] of]hgfnfO{ /fli6o of]hgf;Fu cfa4 x'g]
Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -$_
12. cg'udgnfO{ cfof]hgf rqmsf r/0fxsf] cleGg csf kdf ljsf; u/L glthfd"ns
cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -$_
13. cfof]hgfsf] ;fdflhs k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOnufotsf ;fdflhs
pQ/bfloTjsf ljlwxsf] dfWodaf6 :yfgLo txsf] ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ kf/bzL{ tyf
pQ/bfoL agfOg]5 . -$_
14. :yfgLo txdf afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;g /fli6o sfo{of]hgf k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -%_
15. :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf cfjZos k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf / k|fljlws dfkb08
Pjd\ lgodsf] kfngf u/L u'0f:t/ sfod ul/g]5 . -^_
16. >dd"ns, cfw'lgs / jftfj/0f cg's'n k|ljlwsf] pko'Qm ;+of]hg ub}{ :yfgLo k"jf{wf/
tyf cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf;sf sfo{x ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -^_

268 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 17. :yfgLo txdf e"pkof]u gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -^_
18. jftfj/0fd}qL :yfgLo zf;gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ / :yfgLo ;|f]t kl/rfng ubf{
jftfj/0fd}qL pkfox cjnDag ul/g]5 . -&_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= ;\3Lo ;+/rgf Joj:yfkg
1. ;\3Lo, k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo txsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f, Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf k"jf{wf/
ljsf; .
2. ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / p2]Zoadf]lhd ljifout dGqfnoxsf If]qut sfo{x k|b]z /
:yfgLo txdf lgIf]k0f .
3. ;\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLcg';f/ :yfkgf x'g] k|b]zxsf] cfjlws tyf jflif{s of]hgf
th{'df k|lqmofsf] Joj:yfkg .
v= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
1. lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{ :yfgLo zf;gdf g]t[Tj ljsf; .
2. ;"rgf, lzIff tyf ;~rf/sf] dfWodaf6 gful/sxsf] ;zQmLs/0f tyf :yfgLo
;'zf;g k|j{4g / cTofjZos If]qdf ;fdflhs kl/rfng .
3. :yfgLo of]hgf tyf ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{ :yfgLo
lgsfosf j8fxdf cfwf/e"t txsf] gful/s d~r / 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf tyf
gful/s ;r]tgf s]Gb| k'gu{7g / ;~rfng .
4. gu/kflnsfxdf Jojl:yt / of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf nflu ;dli6ut ;x/L ljsf;
of]hgf, e"pkof]u of]hgf, gu/kflnsf oftfoft u'?of]hgf, :yfgLo ljkb\
Joj:yfkg of]hgf, Jojl:yt cfjf; ljsf; of]hgf;lxtsf] cfjlws of]hgf th'{df
Pjd\ sfof{Gjog .
5. :yfgLo lgsfoxdf ;fdflhs k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f / ;fj{hlgs
;g'jfOh:tf ljlwxsf] k|of]u u/L ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj clej[l4 .
u= ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ;'b[9Ls/0f
1. ;fj{hlgs ljQ Joj:yfkgsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L :yfgLo txdf glthf tyf k|lqmofdf
b]lvg] ljQLo ;'zf;g hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljQLo ;'zf;g sfo{of]hgf
sfof{Gjog .
2. /fli6o k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ljQ cfof]usf] u7g u/L /fh:j tyf cg'bfg afF8kmfF8sf]
9fFrf lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf lj:t[t cWoog cg';Gwfg Pjd\ ;+ljwfg k|bQ cGo
sfo{xsf] sfof{Gjog .

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 269

 3. :yfgLo txsf] cg'bfg j}1flgs, Gofof]lrt Pjd\ glthfd"ns agfpg ;"qdf
cfwfl/t afF8kmfF8 k4ltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f .
3= ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf clen]v Joj:yfkg
1. ;"rgfdf cfwfl/t :yfgLo of]hgf k4lt :yflkt ug{ :yfgLo txdf ;[hgf x'g]
;"rgfnfO{ ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ;ng, k|zf]wg / kl/rfng .
2. ;\3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo cg'udg tyf d"Nofg k|0ffnLnfO{ cfw'lgs / Jojl:yt
t'Nofpg ljifout dGqfno ah]6 ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/ .
3. ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t k|ltj]bg k|0ffnL, cfly{s tyf ljQLo k|0ffnL, of]hgf
cg'udg tyf ljZn]if0f k|0ffnL / Go"gtd ;t{ sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgsf] k|of]u tyf
;'b[9Ls/0f .
4. ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ .
= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
1. Ho]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, blnt, nf]kf]Gd'v, cflbjf;L / hghflt Pjd\ czQm,
ckftf ePsf gful/sxnfO{ k|bfg ul/Fb} cfPsf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf a}l
k|0ffnLdfkm{t ljt/0f .
2. ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf] k|efj, lbuf]kgf / cGo kIfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L
PsLs[t, lbuf], j}1flgs / Jojl:yt ub}{ cfjZostf cg';f/sf yk gofF sfo{qmd
Joj:yf .
3. hgtf lgj[lQe/0f of]hgf nfu' ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnf dGqfnoxsf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df
sfg'gL ;+/rgf tof/ .
r= ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
1. ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf /fHo k'g;{+/rgf / zf;sLo :jkadf]lhd :yfgLo
lgsfonfO{ ;fdflhs, k|zf;sLo tyf ljQLo kdf ;an / k|efjsf/L PsfOsf]
kdf kfGt/0f .
2. lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL nufotsf ;fdflhs If]qdf nufgL clej[l4 .
3. of]hgf / cg'udg tyf d"Nofg k|0ffnL b'j}nfO{ glthfdf cfwfl/t t'Nofpg
sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/ u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df d"Nofg ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; .
4. ;fd'bflos d]nldnfksf] dfWodaf6 ;;fgf d]nldnfkof]Uo em}emu8fsf] :yfgLo
:t/df g} ;dfwfg;DaGwL sfo{ lj:tf/ .
5. ;a} gful/snfO{ ;fIf/ agfpg ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdnfO{ :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/sf]
g]t[Tjdf sfof{Gjog / cg'udg .
6. ufpF tyf gu/ If]qxdf gu/ tyf 3'DtL oftfoft k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / ;~rfng .

270 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

$= ck]lIft pknlAw
:yfgLo txsf] k'g;{+/rgf eO{ gful/sxsf nflu k|jfx x'g] ;]jf yk k|efjsf/L ePsf],
;dfj]zL tyf nlIft sfo{qmdxsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 eO{ ljkGg, lk5l8Psf] If]q /
;LdfGts[t ju{ tyf ;d'bfo yk nfeflGjt ePsf x'g]5g\ . To;}u/L ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd
a}l k|0ffnLdf k"0f{ cfa4 eO{ Jojl:yt ePsf], afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;g sfo{qmdaf6
afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{L0f ljsf;df pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ ePsf] / lbuf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;,
k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfxf/f ;Lk ljsf; / cfocfh{gsf cj;/nfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf
6]jf k'u]sf] x'g]5 . dft[ lzz' tyf kf]if0fsf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ / tbg';f/ dft[lzz' tyf
afnaflnsfsf] bL3{ s'kf]if0f Go"gLs/0f eO{ cfdfxsf] zf/Ll/s 3gTj ;"rsf ;'wf/ /
aRrfxsf] k'8\sf]kgfdf Ps ltxfOn] sdL cfPsf], ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, cfocfh{gsf
lqmofsnfkx ;~rfng ePsf], ;r]tgf clej[l4 tyf ;zQmLs/0f lqmofsnfkxdfkm{t
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;j{;fw/0fsf] ;Gt'li6 clej[l4 ePsf] / ljQLo ;'zf;g sfod ePsf] x'g]5 .
&=@=@ k|fb]lzs tyf ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ng
!= k[i7e"ld
Nffdf] ;dob]lv ;Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf;sf] dfGotfadf]lhd k5fl8 k/]sf ju{, ;d'bfo /
If]qnfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df NofO{ ;dfg kdf ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn pknAw u/fpg] k|of; x'Fb}
cfPsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] oxL cGt/j:t'nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ ljsf;sf b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf
If]qnfO{ k|fyldstf lbFb} ;Gt'lnt, jftfj/0f cg's"n, u'0f:t/Lo tyf lbuf] kdf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;
ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 . ljutsf cfjlws of]hgfxdf klg s]Gb|Lo :t/ tyf :yfgLo
lgsfoxdfkm{t ;~rfng ul/g] ljsf; of]hgfsf cltl/Qm s0ff{nL ljsf; cfof]u, ;'b"/klZrd
ljsf; cfof]uh:tf ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf ;fy} :yfgLo lgsfo cg'bfg sfo{qmd, b'u{d If]q ljsf;
sfo{qmd, sfdsf nflu vfBfGg, ul/aL lgjf/0f cfof]hgf, s0ff{nL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd, ;LdfjtL{ If]q
ljsf; sfo{qmd, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmdh:tf ljz]if sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/Psf lyP .
;\3Lo ;+/rgfsf] ;Gbe{df klg ;\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaLr k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgk|ltsf] clwsf/
/ pknAw ;|f]t;fwgsf] afF8kmfF8 ubf{ ljleGg k|b]zxsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
cfTd;ft\ u/L pknAw ;|f]t ;fwg / cj;/df ;dfg kx'Fr;lxt ;dGoflos ljsf;sf]
;'lglZrttf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
ljsf;df k5fl8 k/]sf If]qxdf ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf] sf/0f k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf sl7gfO x'g',
ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/xsf] ;xof]unfO{ ljs6 7fFpxdf k'ofpg'', b'u{d tyf kxf8L If]qdf k"jf{wf/
ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug'{, e"sDkkZrft\sf] k'glg{df{0f, ;\3Lotf
sfof{Gjog / bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf lgoldt sfo{qmd / cof]hgfxsf aLrdf tfbfDotf NofO{

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 271

;|f]t;fwgsf] ;Gt'lnt ;+of]hg sfod ug'{, :yfgLo txdf hg;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTj
k|j4{g u/L ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug'{ / nlIft sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
cj;/
;jf{L0f ljsf;sf] :yfgLos/0fsf] ck]Iff;lxt ;\3Lotf;lxtsf] ;+/rgf sfof{Gjogdf
cfpg', ;+j}wflgs kdf g} lk5l8Psf] If]q / ju{nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg] gLltut Joj:yf x'g',
ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd;lxt ;+:yfut Joj:yf x'g', ljsf;
sfo{qmdxsf] dfudf cTolws j[l x'g' / hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf :yfgLo of]hgf th'{df /
sfof{Gjog ul/g] k|j[lQdf a9f]Q/L x'g', b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qdf cGt/f{li6o nufgL / ;xof]u
j[l x'g' ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf cj;/ x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
k|fb]lzs tyf ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ng / gful/sxaLrsf] hLjg:t/df ;dfgtf .
#=@ nIo
;a} k|b]z / ef}uf]lns If]qdf ;Gt'lnt ljsf; u/L hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. Eff}uf]lns kdf ljs6 / lk5l8Psf] If]qdf :yfgLo pTkfbg / /f]huf/Ldf j[l4 ug'{ .
2. ;a} If]qsf hgtfnfO{ b}lgs cfjZostfsf j:t' tyf ;]jfdf ;dGoflos kdf ;xh
kx'Fr k'ofpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. :yfgLo :t/df ;Defjgf klxrfg u/L tL If]qdf nufgL j[l4 ug]{ .
2. ljleGg k|b]zxsf aLr ;x;DaGw sfod u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ultljlwxnfO{
cufl8 a9fpg] .
3. k5fl8 k/]sf If]q, ;LdfGts[t JolQm, ju{ / ;d'bfosf] pTyfg tyf ;+/If0fsf] nflu
ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. ;DefJo k|fs[lts Pjd\ dfgjLo ;Dkbfxsf] klxrfg u/L To;sf] pRrtd pkof]u ub{}
t'ngfTds kdf a9L k|ltkmn lbg] cfof]hgfsfo{qmdnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf
lbOg]5 . -!_
2. lghL If]q cfslif{t x'g] t'ngfTds nfesf s[lif tyf u}/s[lif If]qxsf] klxrfg u/L
To:tf If]qdf lghL nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . -!_

272 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 3. ;\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaLr k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwg tyf /fh:jsf] kl/rfng ubf{ ljleGg
k|b]zxsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ul/g]5 . -@_
4. :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwgdf cfwfl/t cfly{s ljsf; sfo{qmddfkm{t pBdzLntf / /f]huf/L
;[hgf ul/g]5 . -@_
5. ;\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaLr j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg / lgjf{w cfjfudgsf] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 . -@_
6. k|b]zk|b]z / :yfgLo txx hf]8\g] ;8s k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf; u/L k|b]z tyf :yfgLo
txxsf aLr ;x;DaGw / ;Defjgfxsf] pRrtd pkof]u ul/g]5 . -@_
7. k5fl8 k/]sf If]qdf ljz]if nlIft cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmdxsf]
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
8. dfgjLo ;fwgsf] ljsf;df kl5 k/]sf If]qdf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;sf sfo{qmd
k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. ;\3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo txdf pknAw k|fs[lts / dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] k|f]kmfOn tof/
tyf pkof]u .
2. k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo ljlzi6tf, ;|f]t;fwgsf] pknAwtf, cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df lghL
If]q cfslif{t x'g] t'ngfTds nfesf If]qxsf] klxrfg, ljsf; / k|j4{g .
3. ;fj{hlgslghL / ;\3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr cfly{s;fdflhs tyf
;dfj]zL ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] If]qxsf] klxrfg / ljsf; .
4. cGt/k|fb]lzs / cGt/:yfgLo cfjfudg / Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f .
5. cGt/k|b]z / :yfgLo tx hf]8\g] ;8s / kl/k"/ssf] kdf k|of]upkof]u ug{ ;Sg] cGo
k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf; .
6. :yfgLo /f]huf/L k|j4{g tyf nlIft ljsf; sfo{qmd .
7. cfwf/e"t cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / jftfj/0fLo ljsf;sf tYof tyf ;"rsfsf]
cfwf/df ;"qdf cfwfl/t s]Gb|Lo ;|f]t tyf ah]6sf] ljlgof]hg .
8. dfgj ;+;fwg tyf ;Lk / Ifdtf ljsf; .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
:yfgLo txdf ;dfj]zL tyf nlIft sfo{qmdxsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf clej[l4 eO{ ljkGg,
lk5l8Psf] If]q / ;LdfGts[t ju{ tyf ;d'bfo yk nfeflGjt ePsf], afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;g
sfo{qmdaf6 afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{L0f ljsf;df pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ ePsf] x'g]5 . To;}u/L k|efjsf/L
;]jf k|jfxf/f ;Lk ljsf; / cfo cfh{gsf cj;/nfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf 6]jf k'u]sf],

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 273

dft[ lzz' tyf kf]if0fsf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ cfPsf], ;r]tgf clej[l4 tyf ;zQmLs/0f
lqmofsnfkxdfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;Gt'li6 clej[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .
&=# zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kgf
!= k[i7e"ld
;z:q GkZrft\ lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfcg';f/ ;'? ePsf] zflGt k|lqmof ;+ljwfg;efaf6
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eP;Fu} ;d[4, zfGt / Gofok"0f{ g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] lbzfdf cufl8 a9]sf] 5 .
o;sf] nflu ljleGg cfGbf]ngsf qmddf hLjg pT;u{ u/]sf ;lxbxsf] ;Ddfg, a]kQf kfl/Psf
JolQmxsf] vf]hL, cfk;L ;b\efj / ;lxi0f'tf clej[l4 ug]{ ;f]r;lxt ;dfhdf lbuf] zflGt /
;'Joj:yf sfod u/L /fVg] nIo lnO{ GkZrft\ /fHosf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ef}lts
k"jf{wf/xsf] lgdf{0f, /fxt tyf k'g:yf{kgf, k'gP{sLs/0f, d]nldnfk / ;\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo
k|bfgsf nflu ;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfk / a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmsf] 5fglag cfof]u
u7gnufotsf pknlAw xfl;n ePsf 5g\ .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
Gf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:y{fkgfsf afFsL sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9\un] zL3| sfo{fGjog
ug{', ljleGg kIfx;Fu ePsf jftf{ / ;xdltnfO{ Jofjxfl/s kdf sfof{Gjog ug{', ;z:q
Gsf] dgf];fdflhs c;/nfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{', ;z:q Gsf qmddf ePsf dfgj clwsf/sf]
uDeL/ pNn\3g tyf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwsf] 36gfdf ;+nUgsf] ;TotYo cGj]if0f, 5fglag
tyf lgk0f u/L lbuf] zflGt sfod ug{' cem} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
cj;/
;+ljwfg lgd{f0f eO{ b]zsf] ;du| zflGt k|lqmof lgisif{df k'Ug] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g', zflGt /
ljsf;sf nflu hgtfdf r]tgf j[l4 x'g', ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fsf sfo{x / /fxt tyf
k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmddfkm{t ;dfhdf lbuf] zflGt, ;b\efj / Pstf j[l4 x'Fb} hfg' / ;\qmd0fsfnLg
Gofo;DaGwL sfd ug{ a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag ug{ / ;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfk u/fpg
cfof]ux u7g eO{ lqmofzLn /xg'nfO{ cj;/sf] kdf lng ;lsG5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
d]nldnfk, cfk;L ;b\efj / ;'zf;gdfkm{t lbuf], zfGt / ;d[4 Pjd\ Gofok"0f{ g]kfn
lgdf{0f .
#=@ nIo
Gf]Q/ zflGt k|lqmofsf ;a} kIfnfO{ lgisif{df k'ofpg] tyf k'glg{df{0f sfo{nfO{ ;DkGg
ug]{ .

274 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

#=# p2]Zo
Gsf sf/0faf6 Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfxsf] k'glg{df{0f tyf ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pjd\ dfgjLo
Iflt / k|efjnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. G k|efljt JolQm, kl/jf/ tyf ;d"xxsf nflu kl/k"/0f, Ifltk"lt{, k'g:yf{kgf Pjd\
k'gP{sLs/0fsf sfd ;DkGg ug{] .
2. Gsf sf/0faf6 Iflt ePsf / xfn lgdf{0ffwLg ;+/rgfxsf] k'glg{df{0f sfo{ ;DkGg
ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. ljutdf ePsf G tyf cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f kLl8t JolQm tyf kl/jf/nfO{ Ifltk"lt{
lbnfOg]5 . -!_
2. G k|efljt JolQm tyf ;d"xxnfO{ ;fdflhs k'g:yf{kg Pjd\ k'gM ;fdflhsLs/0f ug]{
qmddf cfjZos dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{nufotsf ;]jf pknAw u/fOg]5 . -!_
3. ;dfhdf Gsf sf/0fx klxrfg u/L To;sf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu zflGt ;+j]bgzLn gLlt
tyf sfo{qmd nfu' ul/g]5 . -!_
4. :yfgLo txdf ul7t :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltdfkm{t zflGt k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -!_
5. Gaf6 Iflt eO{ k'glg{df{0f ug{ afFsL /x]sf ef}lts k"jf{wf/xsf] k'glg{df{0f sfo{ ;DkGg
ul/g]5 . -@_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= k'glg{df{0f
1. Gaf6 Iflt ePsf ef}lts ;+/rgfxsf] k'glg{df{0f .
2. ;fdflhs ;b\efj tyf lbuf] zflGtsf nflu k|To]s k|b]zdf zflGtu|fdsf] :yfkgf .
v= k'g:yf{kgf tyf cGo sfo{qmd
1. k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmdcGtu{t /fxt, Ifltk"lt{ tyf cfly{s ;xfotfsf]
Gofof]lrt / kf/bzL{ ljt/0f .
2. a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmsf] 5fglag cfof]u / ;Tolgk0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]udfkm{t
;\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;Fu ;DalGwt kl/k"/0f .
3. :yfgLo :t/df x'g] GnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u .
4. lbuf] zflGtsf nflu ljsf; .
5. G kLl8t JolQmxsf nflu dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ ;]jf tyf kL8f ;dg sfo{qmd
;~rfng .

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 275

 6. lbuf] zflGtsf nflu zflGt ;+j]bgzLn ljsf; gLlt cjnDag .
7. G Go"gLs/0f, k'gP{sLs/0f tyf /f]huf/:j/f]huf/ .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
/fxt, k'g:yf{kgf, k'gP{sLs/0f, d]nldnfk / ;\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo k|flKt ePsf] x'g]5 .
Gaf6 Ifltu|:t ePsf lgdf{0ffwLg ;+/rgfxdWo] sl/a @@)) cf]6f ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f k"/f
ePsf] / /fxt kfpg afFsL G k|efljt JolQm tyf kl/jf/sf nflu /fxt tyf k'g:yf{kgf;DaGwL
sfo{qmdx ;DkGg ePsf] x'g]5 .
&=$ zf;sLo ;'wf/
&=$=! k|zf;sLo ;'zf;g
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf /fHosf gLltcGtu{t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5, lgikIf, kf/bzL{,
e|i6frf/d'Qm, hgpQ/bfoL / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpFb} /fHoaf6 k|fKtx'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf hgtfsf]
;dfg / ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ s'/f pNn]v 5 . ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljleGg k|of; eO/x]sf 5g\ . rfn' of]hgfdf x]nf] ;/sf/
tyf u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg, e|i6frf/lj4sf] sfo{of]hgf, /fli6o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfdf glthfdf
cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL, /fi6;]js sd{rf/Lxsf] cfrf/;+lxtfh:tf sfo{x yk
k|efjsfl/tfsf ;fy ;'rf? ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] Joj:Yff u/]sf k|zf;lgs
k'g;{+/rgfsf sfo{xnfO{ tbfstfsf ;fy cufl8 a9fpg k|zf;sLo k'g;{+/rgf cfof]usf]
k|ltj]bgdf ePsf l;kmfl/;xsf] sfof{Gjogsf cltl/Qm cfjZos kg]{ sfg'gxsf] th'{df sfo{
cufl8 a9fOPsf 5g\ . ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] b}lgs sfd kg]{ / k|ToIf hg;Dks{ x'g] s]xL
ljefux / cGtu{tsf sfof{noxdf Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] gful/s a8fkq nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/L
sfof{noxdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5 . lglZrt cjlwleq ;a}sf] nflu
tflndsf] Joj:yf ldnfpgsf cltl/Qm ljleGg tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfxaf6 k|bfg ul/g]
tflndnfO{ ;d;fdlos / Jofjxfl/s agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
;+ljwfgn] Joj:Yff u/]sf k|zf;lgs k'g;{+/rgfsf sfo{xnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf ;~rfng
ub}{ ;\qmd0f sfnsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg u/L hgtfsf 3/b}nf]df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf]
;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{', cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo ug{' / cfjZos ;fwg ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug'{,
hg;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf tyf hjfkmb]lxtf a9fpg', ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] g}ltstfsf]
clej[l4 u/L pTk|]/0ff a9fpg', ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] k|jfxNffO{ ;xh / k|efjsf/L agfpg', ;fj{hlgs
;]jfdf /x]sf /fi6;]jsxdf /fi6k|lt ;dk{0f / hgtfk|ltsf] ;]jfefjsf] efjgf hufpg'h:tf
r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .

276 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

cj;/
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5, lgikIf, kf/bzL{, e|i6frf/d'Qm, hgpQ/bfoL / ;xeflutfd"ns
agfpFb} /fHoaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf hgtfsf] ;dfg / ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L ;'zf;gsf]
Joj:yf ug]{ eGg] ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;'Zff;g k|j4{g ug]{ ljleGg
P]glgodxsf] Joj:yf tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] a9\bf] k|of]u cj;/sf kdf /x]sf
5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
hgd'vL, :jR5, hjfkmb]xL ;\3Lo zf;g Joj:yf .
#=@ nIo
;Dk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL / ;]jfd"ns tyf ljsf;d}qL agfpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5, kl/0ffdd'vL, hjfkmb]xL / kf/bzL{ agfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfx
/ ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. ;fj{hlgs ;]jfxnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Frof]Uo agfpg ;\3Lo
k|0ffnLcg'k k|zf;g ;+oGqsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ .
2. ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf sfd sf/afxL;DaGwL ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr a9fpg] .
3. /fi6;]jsxnfO{ sfdk|lt kl/0ffdd'vL / pQ/bfoL agfpg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgadf]lhd tLgtxsf] zf;g k4ltcg'k xfnsf] k|zf;g oGqsf]
k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo, ;dfj]zL Pjd\ ;xh agfpg ljB'tLo zf;g
k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag u/L k|zf;lgs sfo{ljlwnfO{ ;/nLs/0f / ;\If]kLs/0f ul/g]5 . -!_
3. hgtfsf cTofjZos :yfgLo ;]jfx :yfgLo txaf6 Jojl:yt kdf k|jfx ug]{
Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -!_
4. ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ hgd'vL / ;]jfd"ns agfpg Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] a8fkq qmdzM sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -!_
5. hgu'gf;f]nfO{ k|ToIf kdf cg'e"t ug{] u/L Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . -@_
6. ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf ;"rgfdf
sfg'gadf]lhd gful/ssf] kx'Fr clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 277

 7. cfof]hgf :yndf cfof]hgf;DaGwL ljj/0f v'n]sf] xf]l8{ af]8{ /fVg] Joj:yfnfO{ clgjfo{
agfOg]5 . -@_
8. ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] g]t[Tj ug]{ kbflwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/L / st{JonfO{ hjfkmb]xLk"0f{
agfpg ;"rs;lxt sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf ug}{ kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -#_
9. e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGwdfkm{t JoQm ul/Psf k|lta4tfcg'k x'g] u/L
e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] gLltcg'kf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;bfrfl/tf
clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -#_
10. ;/sf/L sd{rf/L tyf pgLxsf cfl>t kl/jf/sf] nflu b'3{6gf / :jf:Yo ladf nfu'
ul/g]5 . -#_
11. cGt/f{li6o k|rng / ;Ldfdf /xL lghfdtL sd{rf/L 6]8 o'lgognfO{ Jojl:yt
ul/g]5 . -#_
12. lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;Ifd / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. lghfdtL ;]jf;DaGwL /fli6o gLlt th{'df, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnLdf
;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg .
2. lghfdtL ;]jf / cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t /fi6;]js sd{rf/LxnfO{ ;\3, k|b]z /
:yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg ug{sf nflu sfg'gsf] th{'df tyf ;dfof]hg .
3. ;/sf/sf txut sfo{ ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df ;7g ;+/rgf u/L hgzlQm Joj:yfkg .
4. lghfdtL sd{rf/Lxsf] dgf]an / pTk|]/0ff clej[l4sf nflu sd{rf/Lxsf] ;fdflhs
;'/Iff sfo{qmd h:t}M :jf:Yo tyf b'3{6gf ladf, sd{rf/L cfjf;, lzz':ofxf/ s]G,
lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;Gtlt 5fqj[lQ, lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;Gtltsf nflu cfjf;Lo ljBfno
/ lghfdtL sd{rf/L c:ktfn ;~rfng tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f .
5. lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lxsf ;a}sf nflu tflnd .
6. lghfdtL sd{rf/LxnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos ePsf] ljifodf :jb]z tyf
ljb]zdf cWoog tyf tflnd .
7. ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/f/f ljB'tLo k|0ffnLsf] clwstd k|of]u u/L :jrflnt
sfo{k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/ .
8. lgoldt Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f .
9. sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL cjnDag u/L JolQmsf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{
lghsf] sfof{nosf] sfo{ k|ult;Fu cfa4 .

278 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 10. ;]jf lgj[Qxsf] 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf / cg'ejsf] pkof]u ug{ ;]jflgj[Q sd{rf/L kl/ifb\sf]
Joj:yf .
11. hgu'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO 6ofls k4lt -Grievance Handling
Tracking System_ sf] ljsf; .
12. gful/s a8fkqnfO{ :yfgLo efiffdf ;d]t lgdf{0f u/L df]afOn PK; tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
pkof]udfkm{t k|of]u Pjd\ Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] gful/s a8fkqsf] k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df
;]jf k|jfx .
13. g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, sd{rf/L k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgnufotsf cGo ;/sf/L
tflnd k|bfos lgsfosf] hgzlQm / ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; / Ifdtf clej[l4 .
14. lghfdtL sd{rf/L / ltgsf cfl>t kl/jf/sf nflu lghfdtL sd{rf/L c:ktfnnufot
cGo c:ktfnsf] ;xsfo{df b'3{6gf tyf :jf:Yo ladf .
15. lghfdtL sd{rf/L 6]8 o'lgogsf] cfrf/;+lxtf th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog .
16. ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfo / ;a} tx tyf g]t[Tj txsf kbflwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/L / st{JonfO{
hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ agfpg ;"rs;lxt sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf .
#=^ ck]lIft pknlAw
;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cg'ksf] k|zf;lgs k'g;+{/rgfsf nflu cTofjZos gLlt / P]g
sfg'gx th{'df eO{ sfof{Gjog ePsf x'g]5g\ . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx tyf pgLxsf cfl>t
kl/jf/sf] :jf:Yo tyf b'3{6gf ladf nfu' ePsf] x'g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/f/f
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ljB'tLo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] kdf cl3 a9fO{ ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{noxdf
:jrflnt sfo{k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/ ePsf] x'g]5 . ;]jf k|jfxdf Go"g nfut, pRr u'0f:t/ / ;/n
kxF'rsf] ;'lgZrttf ePsf]] x'g]5 . /fi6;]js sd{rf/Lxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 eO{ ;]jf k|jfx
k|efjsf/L ePsf] x'g]5 / g]t[Tj txdf ul/g] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Demf}tfaf6 ;/sf/L lgsfoxsf]
:ki6 lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj ls6fg ePsf] x'g]5 .
&=$=@ Gofo Joj:yf
!= k[i7e"ld
nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf] lbuf] cfwf/ Gofosf] ;'lglZrttf xf] . hgtfsf] ^ bzseGbf
nfdf] cys ;\3if{sf] kl/0ffd:jk ev{/} k|fKt ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] Gofo Joj:yfsf]
cfwf/e"t vfsf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgk|bQ df}lns xs ;+/If0f u/L hgtfdf Gofo ;'lglZrt
ug{ s]an ;+ljwfgdf xsx pb\3f]if u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g, Goflos k4ltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
;'lglZrt x'g}kb{5 . GofoJoj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6 dfq ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfn] kl/sNkgf
u/]sf] sfg'gsf] zf;g, df}lns xs / dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g tyf zflGt, ;'zf;g /
ljsf;sf dfWodaf6 /fli6o hLjgsf ;a} If]qdf Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod ug{ ;Dej x'G5 .

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 279

 rfn' of]hgf cjlwdf b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtf ljw]os Joj:yflksf ;+;b\df k]; ul/Psf],
ljBdfg sfg'gnfO{ ;dfj]zL / n}lsd}qL agfpg ljleGg sfg'gx ;+zf]wg ul/Psf, sfg'gL
lzIff ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf], jlsnxdf Jofj;flos bIftfsf] ljsf;, ef}lts
k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f, Goflos sfd sf/afxLdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/, afn Gofok|0ffnLnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg]tkm{ ;+:yfut tyf sfo{ljlwdf ;'wf/Hf:tf sfo{x ePsf 5g\ . ;d:t Gofo
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/lagf ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog / b]zsf] ;du| ljsf; x'g g;Sg] ePsfn]
Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ ljsf;sf] d]?b08sf] kdf :yflkt ug'{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
/fHosf txx s]Gb|Lo, k|b]z / :yfgLo u/L tLg tx x'g] ePsf]n] :yfgLo tx;Dd g} Gofo
k|zf;g ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{ s'/f ;+j}wflgs kdf kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] / To;cg';f/ ;a} txdf
hgzlQmsf] kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ug{', ePsf ef}lts ;+/rgfx ufEg', vf/]h ug'{, k'glg{df{0f
tyf gofF lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug'{ / ;dfhdf b]lvg] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu j}slNks pkfox
cfjZos kdf cjnDag ug'{, d'2fxsf] rfkdf j[l4 / To;sf] ;xL Joj:yfkg ug{' cfsng
aflx/sf kmf}hbf/L ck/fw If]qdf cfPsf gofF gofF of]hgfx / To;sf] ;dfwfg ug'{ km};nf
sfof{Gjog, Gofo k|zf;gdf ;dlk{t hgzlQmxsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff, ;'ljwf / pTk|]/0ff hufpg]
jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{h:tf ljifox r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
jt{dfg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] sfg'gL zf;g, dfgj clwsf/ tyf ;dfj]zLo'Qm ;fd"lxs efjgf
ufFl;Psf] Gofo k|zf;gsf] ljsf;nfO{ gofF 9\un] Jojl:yt u/]sf]df /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgfaf6
k|zfl;t x'g] Gofo k|zf;gn] w]/} ;Defjgfx af]s]sf] cj:yf 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
:jtGq, ;Ifd, :jR5, lgikIf Pjd\ k|efjsf/L Gofok|0ffnLdfkm{t ;a}sf nflu Gofo .
#=@ nIo
gful/ssf] hLp, wg, ;dfgtf / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f u/L sfg'gsf] zf;g, df}lns xs /
dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g tyf ;fdflhs Gofosf] dfWodaf6 /fli6o hLjgsf ;a} If]qdf
Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf], ;j{;'ne, ldtJooL, lgikIf, k|efjsf/L / hgpQ/bfoL
agfpg' .
2. ;a}sf nflu Gofo ;'lglZrt ug{ Gofodf ;xh kx'Fr sfod u/fpg' .

280 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 3. :jtGq / lgikIf Gofosf] l;4fGtnfO{ s'l07t agfpg] u/L /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, ;Dk"0f{
Gofo k|zf;g / ;dflhs If]qaf6 x'g] lj;\ult / clgoldttfsf] u'gf;f]nfO{ Go"gLs/0f
ug]{ pkfox cjnDag u/L e|i6frf/d'Qm sfg'gL /fHosf] :yfkgfy{ cu|;/tf b]vfpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. Goflos k4ltdf ;'wf/ NofO{ Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{ .
2. Goflos k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n, emGem6d'Qm / cg'dfgof]Uo agfpFb} Gofok|0ffnLdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr
k'ofpg] .
3. ;dfj]zL nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotfcg'ksf] ;Ifd Gofo k|zf;gsf] ljsf; u/L gful/s
pGd'v sfg'gL zf;g sfod ug'{sf ;fy} dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{ .
4. ;dfhdf ePsf / x'g;Sg] ljjfbxnfO{ k|f/lDes r/0fd} :yfoL ;dfwfg ug{ ljjfb
;dfwfgsf j}slNks pkfoxnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
5. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]cg'k :yfgLo tx;Dd Goflos Joj:yfsf] ;+/rgf
tof/ u/L Gofok|0ffnLsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L sfg'g ;+lxtf zL3| kfl/t u/L k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
2. cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;'\b[9Ls/0f ub}{ ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw k|of]unfO{ ;+:yfut ul/g]5 . -!_
3. Gofodf ;xh kx'Fr clej[l4sf] nflu cfjZos sfg'gL k"jf{wf/x tof/ u/L k|efjsf/L
kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
4. gful/ssf df}lns xsxsf] k|efjsf/L ;+/If0f / k|rngsf nflu g]kfn kIf ePsf
cGt/f{li6o ;lGw;Demf}tfcg'ksf sfg'gL Joj:yf l;h{gf ug{ Gofo k|zf;g;Fu
;DalGwt sfg'gxsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g]5 . -!_
5. ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgfnfO{ :jR5, lgikIf, j}1flgs, j:t'ut / k|efjsf/L
agfpg ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L Jofj;flos hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
6. ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] /0fgLlts of]hgf k|efjsf/L kdf
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
7. ;dfhdf cgfjZos kdf d'2fdfldnf ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt u/L
;/f]sf/jfnfxnfO{ pQ/bfloTjsf] af]w u/fpg d'2fdfldnfdf nfUg] vr{nfO{ kf/bzL{
u/fpg] / lhTg] kIfnfO{ xfg]{ kIfaf6 nfu]sf] vr{ e/fpg] k4ltsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
8. km};nf sfof{Gjog k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;DalGwt lgsfoxnfO{ lhDd]jf/
agfOg]5 . -@_

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 281

 9. ul/a, c;xfo tyf lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfosf JolQmxsf] Gofodf ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{
/0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmd th'{df ul/g['sf ;fy} ;f]sf nflu cfjZos ;fwg Joj:yf u/L
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
10. ;dfj]zL nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotfcg'ksf] ;Ifd Gofo k|zf;gsf] ljsf; u/L gful/s
pGd'v sfg'gL zf;g sfod ug'{sf ;fy} dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f ul/g]5 . -#_
11. Gofofnodf sfo{af]emsf] cg'kftdf cfjZos hgzlQm pknAw u/fO{ Gofo k|zf;gnfO{
Jofj;flos kdf bIf agfpg Gofo;]jfnfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds / cfsif{s x'g] ljleGg
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
12. d]nldnfk k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'sf ;fy} ljjfb ;dfwfgsf cGo j}slNks
pkfoxsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]usf] nflu cfjZos of]hgfx to ul/g]5 . -$_
13. sfg'gL lzIff tyf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -$_
14. cbfntxsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L cfw'lgs dfkb08cg'k t'NofOg]5 . -%_
15. :yfgLo tx;Dd Goflos Joj:yfsf] ;+/rgf tof/ u/L Gofok|0ffnLsf] k'g;+{/rgf
ul/g]5 . -%_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. ;+ljwfg cg''s"n x''g] u/L Gofo k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg / ;f];Fu
;DalGwt lgsfoxsf] k'g;{+/rgf .
2. Gofo k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfo / clwsf/Lxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 .
3. sfg'gL ;xfotf;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] k|j4{gsf] nflu PsLs[t sfg'gL ;xfotf gLlt th'{df .
4. b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf kl/dfh{g .
5. d'2f Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg j}1flgs k4ltsf] ljsf; / cjnDag .
6. cbfntx, dxfGofoflwjQmf / cGtu{tsf sfof{noxsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f,
;fy} d'2fsf clen]vxsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/xsf] Joj:yf .
7. km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;+:yfut ;'wf/, Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf
;/f]sf/jfnfxsf] ;xof]usf] kl/rfng .
8. Goflos sfd sf/afxLxdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf] lj:tf/ .
9. Gofodf ;xh kx'Fr clej[l4 tyf Goflos k|0ffnL k|ltsf] hgcf:yf clej[l4 ug{ lgMz'Ns
sfg'gL ;xfotf tyf sfg'gL lzIff ;r]tgf .
10. ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu j}slNks pkfoxsf] k|j4{g ug{ ;d'bfo
:t/df d]nldnfk s]Gb|xsf] Joj:yfkg .
11. cgfjZos kdf d'2f dfldnf ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ tyf d'2fdf nfUg] vr{nfO{
kf/bzL{ agfpg] / lhTg] kIfnfO{ xfg]{ kIfaf6 nfu]sf] vr{ e/fpg] ;DaGwdf cfjZos
sfg'gsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog .

282 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 12. g]kfn kIf ePsf cGt/f{li6o ;lGw ;Demf}tfcg'ksf bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;lGw ;DkGg ug]{
lgb]{lzsf th'{df / sfof{Gjog .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
sfg'gL zf;g tyf sfg'gL /fHosf] :yfkgfy{ zflGt tyf ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f u/L
gful/ssf] df}lns xsclwsf/ / dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ul/Psf], Gofo k|zf;gsf]
k'g;+{/rgfdfkm{t cfw'lgsLs/0f eO{ ;do;fk]If Goflos k4ltdf ;'wf/ cfO{ ;Dk"0f{ Gofo k|zf;g
l56f]5l/tf] tyf :jR5 ePsf], Joj:yfk|lt gful/ssf] hgljZjf; / hgcf:yf a9]sf] /
b08xLgtfsf] cGTo g} Gofo k|zf;gsf] d'vl/t p2]Zo /x]sf]n] ;a} gful/s sfg'gsf] kl/lwleq
x'g'kg]{ st{Joaf]w ePsf] x'g] .
&=$=# e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f
!= k[i7e"ld
;/sf/L sfo{k|0ffnLdf hgck]Iffcg'ksf] ;'wf/ ub}{ hgtfdf k|jflxt x'g] j:t' / ;]jf
kf/bzL{, pQ/bfoL, hgd'vL / sfg'g;Ddt kdf ;xh / ;/n tl/sfn] pknAw u/fO{ ;a} tx /
ksf e|i6frf/ Pjd\ clgoldttfnfO{ lgoGq0f u/L ;bfrf/o'Qm, g}ltsjfg\ Pjd\ ;';+:s[t g]kfnL
;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ug'{k/]sf] 5 . g]kfn kIf /fi6 ag]sf] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf]
;+o'Qm /fi6 ;\3Lo dxf;lGwn] ;b:o /fi6xsf] sfg'g, ;\u7g / Jojxf/df c;/ kfg]{u/L
Jofks / lj:t[t kdf e|i6frf/ lj?4 pko'St ljlw cjnDag ug]{ / ;f] ljlwcGtu{t e|i6frf/
lg/f]w, sfg'g sfof{Gjog, cGt/f{li6o ;xof]u, ;DklQsf] k'gk|f{lKt, k|fljlws ;xof]u / ;"rgf
cfbfgk|bfg tyf sfof{Gjog;DaGwL ;+oGqnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . kIf /fi6 ag]kl5
dxf;lGwn] l;h{gf u/]sf bfloTj k"/f ug{ g]kfn ;b}j k|lta4 /x]sf] 5 .
rfn' of]hgfsf] ;dLIff cjlwdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf x'g] e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfk,
clgoldttf, l9nf;':tL tyf clg0f{oh:tf ljs[ltxsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]un] ;]jfu|fxL, gful/s ;dfh, ;~rf/ hut\ tyf cfd hg;d'bfo;Fu oyfy{k/s
;"rgf, hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpgsf nflu 6]lnkmf]g, ofS;, O{d]n / 6f]nk|mL gDa/sf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . ljleGg lhNnfdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf :yfgLo hg;xeflutf ljifos cGtlq{mof tyf
hgr]tgfd"ns ;fd'bflos lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
e|i6frf/nfO{ ;fdflhs ck/fwsf] kdf :yflkt ug'{, e|i6frf/hGo ck/fwn] gofFgofF
:jk / cfofd lnFb} uPsf]df ;f]cg'ksf] cg';Gwfg / txlssft;DaGwL Ifdtf ljsf; ug{',
e|i6frf/sf] ph'/L lbg], ;fIfL a:g] JolQm tyf cleof]hg ug]{ sd{rf/Lxsf] plrt ;+/If0f ug'{,
bIf hgzlStsf] sdL /xg' cflb r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 283

 cj;/
e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;\3Lo dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/L;s]sf] e|i6frf/
lj?4sf sfg'gL ;+/rgfx t'ngfTds kdf ;Ifd ePsf] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu gful/s
;dfh tyf ;~rf/ hut\nufot ;fdflhs ;~hfnxsf] alnof] ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ /x]sf]
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6o ;xof]u, ;xsfo{ / ;dGjosf ;fy} clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] If]qLo / ;Dks{ sfof{noxsf] :yfkgfn] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] cleofgnfO{
k|efjsf/L kdf cufl8 a9fpg] cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfksf] lgoGq0f u/L :jR5 ;dfh lgdf{0f .
#=@ nIo
e|i6frf/hGo sfo{sf] z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] gLltdfkm{t ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfksf] lgoGq0f u/L ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;xof]u ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. ;a} e|i6frf/hGo sfdsf/afxL ck/fw x'g] sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf
dfWodaf6 To:tf] e|i6frf/hGo sfddf z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] gLlt cjnDag ug]{ .
2. e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;\3Lo dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog ub}{ lgjf/0ffTds pkfo
cjnDag u/L e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ug]{ .
3. e|i6frf/;Fu ;DalGwt kmf}hbf/L ljifo, ;k'b{uL / kfl/:kl/s sfg'gL ;xof]usf nflu kIf
/fi6xaLrsf] ;xof]unfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .
4. e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu k|fljlws ;xfotf / ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf]
Joj:yfnfO{ oyf;Dej sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. ;'zf;g;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg'gsfo{ljlwxdf ;fdlos kl/dfh{g;+zf]wg u/L
sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -!_
2. ;/sf/n] lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] /fli6o /0fgLlt tyf
lgsfout sfo{of]hgfsf] cfjlws sfo{k|ultsf] cg'udg;lxt o;nfO{ ;d;fdlos
kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 . -!_
3. e|i6frf/hGo ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, txlssft / cleof]hg;d]tsf r/0fxdf cfjZos
kg]{ 1fg, ;Lk / cGt/f{li6o c;n cEof;xsf] a9LeGbf a9L pkof]u ug]{ u/L
lgofds lgsfosf hgzlQmnfO{ Ifdtfo'Qm agfOg]5 . -!_

284 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 4. e|i6frf/ lj?4 cfjfh / hgdt l;h{gf ug]{ gful/s ;dfhu}/;/sf/L ;+:yf Pjd\
;fd'bflos ;+:yf / ;~rf/ If]qaf6 ePsf ;Tk|of;sf] plrt sb/;lxt ;Ddfg ug]{u/L
sfg'gdf ljz]if Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -!_
5. ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f sfo{nfO{ b'T;fxg ug{ df}h'bf sfg'gnfO{ yk sfo{d'vL agfOg]5 .
o;pk/ sf/afxL ug]{ lgofds lgsfoxnfO{ cfjZos ;|f]t;fwgo'Qm / lqmofzLn
t'NofOg]5 . -!_
6. e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] /fi6 ;\3Lo dxf;lGwn] Joj:yf u/]sf cj;/ tyf bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{
u/L /fli6o sfg'gnfO{ ;d;fdlos kl/dfh{gJoj:yf;lxt sfof{Gogdf NofOg]5 . -@_
7. e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fGo"gLs/0fdf lqmofzLn ;+:yfxsf ;fy} ;'zf;g sfod ug{
lqmofzLn ;fj{hlgs lgodgsf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ lglZrt sfo{of]hgf;lxt sfo{;Dkfbgsf]
dfkg ug]{u/L kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
8. e|i6frf/;Fu ;DalGwt kmf}hbf/L ljifo, ;DklQ lkmtf{;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f, ;'k'b{uL /
kf/:kl/s sfg'gL ;xof]usf nflu kIf /fi6xaLrsf] ;xof]unfO{ k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -#_
9. e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu k|fljlws ;xfotf / ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf]
Joj:yfnfO{ oyf;Dej sfof{Gjog ub}{ nlug]5 . -$_
10. ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfonfO{ Jojl:yt, k|lt:kwL{, kf/bzL{
/ pQ/bfoL agfOg]5 . -$_
11. e|i6frf/hGo s;'/ ck/fw / k|zf;lgs cg'lrt sfo{sf] cg';Gwfg tyf 5fglagsf
qmddf cGt/lgsfo ;dGjo Pjd\ ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfgnfO{ ;3g / k|efjsf/L agfO{ ul/g]
sf/afxLnfO{ e/kbf]{ljZj;gLok|dfl0ftof]Uo t'NofOg]5 . -$_
12.;a} ;]jfsf /fi6;]js sd{rf/LxnfO{ cfcfgf Jofj;flos lgi7f;lxt sfo{:yndf
;fbf hLjg / ;xof]uL Jojxf/;lxt ;]jfu|fxLd}qL ;]jf k|jfx ug{ k|]l/t u/L ;f]sf]
cg'udg ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgadf]lhd /fli6o gLlt / sfg'gsf]
kl/dfh{g, cfjZos sfg'g th{'df / sfof{Gjog .
2. e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] /fli6o /0fgLlt tyf lgsfout sfo{of]hgfsf] cfjlws sfo{k|ultsf]
cg'udgsf cfwf/df ;d;fdlos kl/dfh{g;lxtsf] sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog .
3. e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;DaGwL sfg'gxsf] kl/kfngf / sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cGt/fl{\i6o
;fem]bf/L, ;dGjo / ;l7t k|of;nfO{ clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos gLltut, ;+/rgfut /
sfo{ut Joj:yf .

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 285

 4. e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] gful/s ;r]tgf clej[l4sf nflu s]Gb]lv :yfgLo tx;Dd e|i6frf/
lj?4 k|jw{gfTds Pjd\ lg/f]wfTds sfo{qmd;DaGwL .
5. e|i6frf/sf] hf]lvdk"0f{ If]qsf] klxrfgsf] nflu cfwf/e"t ;"rssf] lgwf{/0f u/L cfjZos
cWoog / cg';Gwfg .
6. e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;Fu ;Da4 lgsfoxsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu cfw'lgs
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u .
7. cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ j}1flgs, j:t'k/s / glthfd"ns agfpg Ifdtf clej[l4 .
8. ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfoxnfO{ sfdsf] u'0f:t/k|lt
pQ/bfoL agfpg k|fljlws k/LIf0f / lj:tf/ .
9. c;n Jojxf/xsf] k|of]u, g}lts d"No / dfGotfdf hf]8, ;fdflhs cf8Da/df lgoGq0f,
hgr]tgf clej[l4 / ;'zf;g k|j4{g .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf cfk;L ;xof]u / ;xsfo{sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ePsf], e|i6frf/ lj?4
lgof]lht kdf cleofg ;~rfng eO{ o;sf ;a} ;f/, k / /sf] lgoGq0f ePsf] x'g]5 .
o;sf ;fy} ;/sf/sf] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] gLltnfO{ an ldn]sf], e|i6frf/
lgoGq0fsf] va/bf/Ldf gful/s ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ j[l4
ePsf] / e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] sf/afxLdf cfjZos ;dGjo Pjd\ ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfgdf k|efjsfl/tf
cfPsf] x'g]5 .
&=$=$ ;'/Iff Joj:yf
!= k[i7e"ld
k|efjsf/L ;'/Iff k|aGw ;'zf;g / ljsf;sf] k"j{;t{ xf] . d'n'sdf zflGt ;'/Iff / ;'Joj:yf
sfod u/L hgtfsf] lhp, wg / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{, zflGtk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf/
;'lglZrt ug{ / pRr, km/flsnf] / ;dfj]zL cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ;d]t k|efjsf/L ;'/Iff
Joj:yf x'g cfjZos 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
;'/Iff lgsfoxsf]] cfw'lgsLs/0f ug'{ e/kbf]{ ;"rgf ;~hfnsf] Joj:yf ug{ v'nf
;Ldfgfsf] sf/0f x'g] ;fgf tyf cj}w xltof/sf] k|of]u lgoGq0f ug'{, ;/sf/L Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs
;DklQsf] a9\bf] cltqmd0f /f]Sg' oy]i6 ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug'{, ;'/Iffsf] nflu lhDd]jf/
lgsfoxaLrsf] ;dGjo sfod ug'{ tyf dfgj a]rlavgh:tf ;d:ofx /f]Sg' r'gf}tLsf kdf
/x]sf 5g\ .

286 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

cj;/
;'/Iff lgsfoxsf ;+/rgfx d'n'se/ lj:tf/, hgr]tgfdf cfPsf] ;'wf/, cg';Gwfg
k|ljlwdf ljsf;, ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf; / ;~rf/ ;'ljwfsf] tLj| lj:tf/ o; If]qsf cj;/
x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
gful/s :jtGqtf, ljlwsf] ;fzg / dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdfkm{t zfGt / ;'/lIft ;dfh
lgdf{0f .
#=@ nIo
b]zdf e/kbf]{ zflGt ;'/Iff / ;'Joj:yf sfod ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. d'n'sdf zflGt, ;'Joj:yf / cdgrog sfod u/L hgtfsf] lhp, wg / :jtGqtfsf]
;+/If0f ug'{ .
2. gful/s ;'/Iff / ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf nflu pko'Qm k|ljlw / k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf / ljsf;
ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. gful/ssf] lhp, wg, :jtGqtf tyf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff ug{sf] lglDt ;'/Iff
lgsfonfO{ cfw'lgs, Jofj;flos tyf ;fwg;|f]t ;DkGg agfpg] .
2. ;'/Iff k|zf;gdf ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fvL hgtfnfO{ ;'zf;gsf]
k|Tofe"lt lbg] .
3. dfgj a]rlavg, ck/fw lgoGq0f tyf nfu' cf}ifw lgoGq0f ug]{ .
4. ljkb\ Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. gful/s ;'/Iffsf nflu lghfdtL lgsfo, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an / /fli6o
cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ ;dGjofTds kdf kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
2. clt ;+j]bgzLn Pjd\ dxjk"0f{ k|lti7fg tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljz]if ;'/Iff k|aGw
ldnfOg]5 . -!_
3. ;fd'bflos k|x/Ldf ljz]if hf]8 lbOg] tyf k|x/LnfO{ hgd}qL agfOg]5 . -@_
4. ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f k|0ffnLnfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;~hfndf cfa4 u/L ;'/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{ k|ljlwo'Qm
agfOg]5 . -@_
5. ck/fw lgoGq0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug] gofF k|ljlwnfO{ k|of]udf NofOg]5 . -@_

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 287

 6.
d'n'ssf] /fli6o lxtcg'k /fli6o ;'/Iff gLlt, k|lt/Iff gLlt, /fli6o ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfg'g
lgdf{0f u/L k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
7. nfu' cf}ifwsf] cj}w pTkfbg, laqmL ljt/0f Pjd\ cf];f/k;f/nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy lgoGq0f
ul/g]5 . -#_
8. dfgj a]rljvgh:tf] cdfgjLo sfo{nfO{ lgoGq0f ul/g]5 . -#_
9. dfgj clwsf/ pNn\3gstf{nfO{ sfg'gsf] bfo/fdf NofO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f /
;+j4{g ul/g]5 . -#_
10. ljkb\sf] cj:yfdf tTsfn vf]h, p4f/ / /fxt ljt/0f ug{ tflnd k|fKt bIf hgzlSt
tof/ ug'{sf ;fy} If]qLo txdf cfktsfnLg p4f/sf nflu uf]bfd :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= gLltut tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/
1. u[x tyf cfGtl/s k|zf;g -g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, /fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefu /
sf/fuf/ k|zf;g_ sf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f .
2. zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug{ cfk/flws lqmofsnfkx Tfyf ;l7t ck/fw lgoGq0f ug{sf]
nflu k|ljlwd}qL ck/fw cg';Gwfg .
3. cfGtl/s ;'/Iff gLltsf] kl/dfh{g .
4. ;+ljwfg cg's"n x'g] u/L ljBdfg sfg'gxsf] ;+zf]wg, kl/dfh{g Pjd\ cfjZos gofF
sfg'gxsf] lgdf{0f .
5. ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;7gfTds k'g;{+/rgf .
v= cGo sfo{qmd
1. ljB'tLo zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog .
2. /fli6o kl/rokqsf] tof/L tyf ljt/0fsf] yfngL .
3. pkTosf k|j]znufot ljleGg :yfg / k|d'v $) ;x/xdf Snf]h ;ls{6 6]lnlehg
h8fg .
4. nfu' cf}ifwsf] dfu 36fpg, cfk"lt{ lgoGq0f ug{ tyf Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;+:yfut
;'b[9Ls/0f tyf ;r]tgf, /f]syfd / k'g:yf{kgf .
5. cj}w ufFhf / clkmd v]tL lg?T;flxt ug{ sfg'gL sf/afxL ;Fu;Fu} s[lif, kz'kfng
tyf cGo /f]huf/d"ns Joj;fosf] k|j4{g .
6. nfu' cf}ifw lgoGq0f / cg'udgdf k|efjsfl/tf / k'gP{sLs/0f tyf ;dfhdf
k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf .
7. cWofudg tyf k|j]zf1f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ / Jojl:yt ;"rgf k|0ffnL .

288 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 8. :yfgLo k|zf;g ;'b[9Ls/0f .
9. af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL / cGo k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug{ l56f] / 5f]6f]
hfgsf/L tyf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL lj:tf/ .
10. dxTjk"0f{ k|lti7fg, ;+/rgf / cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ;'/Iff .
11. xltof/ tyf v/vhfgf / ljz]if u/L ;fgf xltof/sf] laulauLaf6 cfGtl/s ;'/Iffdf
vnn k'Ug uO{ ;fdflhs j}dgiotf a9\g] vt/fnfO{ k"0f{tof /f]s nufpg xltof/ tyf
v/vhfgf;DaGwL P]g lgodxsf] kl/dfh{g tyf ;+zf]wg .
12. e"sDk, af9L, klx/f], v8]/L, cltj[li6, cl;gfh:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]k / cGo dfgjhGo
k|sf]ksf] ;Defljt IfltnfO{ Go"g u/fpg ;r]tgf / ;'/Iffsf pkfo;DaGwL r]tgf
hufpg] / ljkb tyf k|sf]kkl5sf] l:yltnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnO{ k'g:yf{kgf;DaGwL
sfo{sf] Joj:yfkg .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf ;a} ljifout If]qdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ePsf] x'g] IfltnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{
k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ePsf] x'g] ;'/Iff lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf ;\u7g
;'b[9Ls/0f eO{ hgtfdf sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsfl/tf, b08xLgtfsf] cGTo, ck/fwsf
36gfxsf] Go"gLs/0f tyf ;fdflhs zflGt sfod ePsf] x'g]5 .
&=$=% hg;xeflutf
!= k[i7e"ld
hgtf;Fu k|ToIf kdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljsf; k|lqmofxdf hgtfsf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf
cfjZos x'G5 . ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] th'{dfsf] r/0fdf dfq} geP/ sfof{Gjog / cg'udg tyf
d"Nof\sgsf r/0fxdf ;d]t hg;xeflutf x'g'kb{5 . xfn;Ddsf kxnxaf6 ljleGg k|sf/sf
;fd'bflos ;+:yfxdfkm{t ljsf; lgdf{0fsf ;fy} ;d'bfosf] ljsf;df hgtf k|ToIf kdf
;xefuL xF'b} cfPsf 5g\ . cfly{s ultljlwx :jtGq kdf ;~rfng ug{, ;fdflhs hLjgsf
ljleGg kIfxdf ;+nUg x'g / tNnf] txb]lv /fli6o :t/;Ddsf ;/sf/x r'Gg] / kl/jt{g
ug{;d]t hgtf ;Ifd x'g' cfjZos 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
hgtfdfkm{t ;~rflnt x'g] cfof]hgfxdf hjfkmb]lxtf sdhf]/ x'g', ljsf; lgdf{0fdf
hg;xeflutfsf] gfpFdf 7]s]bf/L k|yf a9\b} hfg', ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg ;fd'bflos ;+:yfxaLr
:j:y k|lt:kwf{ tyf ;dGjosf] sdL x'g', :yfgLo lgsfox nfdf] ;do;Dd hgk|ltlglwljxLg
x'g', hg;xeflutfnfO{ kmnbfoL agfpg g;lsg' cflb o; If]qsf r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 289

cj;/
b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;xefuL ePsf ;fd'bflos tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx
/ ufpF tyf 6f]n ;'wf/ tyf ljsf; ;ldltxsf] ;\Vof pNn]Vo kdf j[l4 ePsf], :yfgLo
:t/sf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf sfo{qmdxdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf a9\b} uPsf], cf
cfgf] If]qdf u/]sf] ljsf; sfo{qmd / k'ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] cfwf/df ljleGg txdf
hgk|ltlglwx rog x'g] cj:yf ePsf] cflb sf/0fn] ljleGg If]qsf] ljsf;df hg;xeflutf
clej[l4 ug]{ cj;/ l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
/fi6 lgdf{0fsf nflu ljsf; k|lqmofdf cy{k"0f{ hg;xeflutf clej[l4 .
#=@ nIo
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ljsf; k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf; k|lqmofsf ljleGg r/0fxdf gful/ssf] cy{k"0f{
;xeflutf clej[l4 ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. ljsf:f lgdf{0fsf x/]s r/0f / ;]jf k|jfxdf hg;xeflutf k|j4{g ug]{ .
2. :yfgLo:t/df sfo{/t ;fd'bflos tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
3. gful/s;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{qmd / lgjf{rgnufotsf ;fj{hlgs
dxjsf lqmofsnfkdf gful/sxsf] e"ldsf a9fpg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf gful/sxsf] e"ldsf af/]df
hgr]tgf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
2. :yfgLo :t/df ;~rfng x'g] ljsf; sfo{qmdcfof]hgfsf] th'{dfsf] r/0fb]lv
sfof{Gjog / cg'udg tyf d"Nof\sgsf r/0f;Dd hgtfnfO{ ;xefuL agfOg]5 . -!_
3. ljleGg If]qxaf6 hgtfdf k|jfx x'g] ;]jfxnfO{ ;xh, e/kbf]{ / kf/bzL{ agfpg
hg;xeflutf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
4. ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;fdfhsf cu'jf, ;fdflhs cleoGtf,
;fdflhs kl/rfns, ;fd'bflos tyf u}/;/sf/L :f+:yfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
5. pkef]Qmf ;ldlt / ltgsf lqmofsnfknfO{ kf/bzL{ agfOg]5 . -@_

290 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 6. ;fj{hlgs dxjsf lqmofsnfkdf gful/s ;r]tgf hufpg /fHo ;~rfngdf x'g'kg]{
gful/sxsf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df hgtfdf ;r]tgf hufO{ ljleGg txsf] lgjf{rg k|lqmofdf
;lqmo kdf ;xefuL aGg pTk|]l/t ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgcg';f/ ;a} txdf lgjf{rgf/f hgk|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf .
2. /fli6o, ;\3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo :t/sf of]hgf k|lqmofdf :yfgLo txb]lv g}
hg;xeflutf clej[l4 .
3. of]hgf k|0ffnLdf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO / sfof{Gjogdf ;fj{hlgs n]vfk/LIf0f .
4. jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO, s[lif, hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng sfo{qmd,
:jR5 pmhf{ / ljkb\ Joj:yfkgh:tf If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ ;a} lgsfo Pjd\ ljsf;
;fem]bf/nfO{ ;dGjofTds kdf kl/rfng .
5. hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t ;f}o{ ;8s tyf ;fj{hlgs :yn pmhf{ sfo{qmd / ;x'lnotk"0f{
lghL cfjf;Lo ;f}o{ tyf cGo j}slNks pmhf{ sfo{qmdnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfsf ;fy
sfof{Gjog .
6. :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] kl/rfng u/L ;fgf l;FrfO ;fd'bflos ejg, n3' pmhf{ nufotsf
;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmdxsf dfWodaf6 /f]huf/L / cfo .
7. nfut ;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ lqmofsnfk ;~rfng .
8. :yfgLo ;|f]t, ;fwg, ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, cfo cfh{g, /f]huf/L /
Ifdtf ljsf; .
9. jl~rltdf k/]sf jf lk5l8Psf ju{, If]q / ;d'bfosf] a9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf .
10. :yfgLo hgtfsf] nfut ;xeflutfdf :yfgLo 3gf a:tLxdf cfly{s s[ofsnfkxsf]
lj:tf/ tyf ;x/L ;'/Iffsf] k|j4{g .
11. ;x/L ;f}Gbo{ sfod ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'ofpg] p2]Zon] :yfgLo dfusf cfwf/df
hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t ;f}o{ ;8s aQL .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
:yfgLo txsf gLlt, ljsf;, ;]jf k|jfxdf ;dfj]zL kdf pkef]Stfsf] ;xeflutf eO{
;~rflnt sfo{qmdxsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf clej[l4 eO{ ljkGg, lk5l8Psf] If]q / ;LdfGts[t ju{
tyf ;d'bfo yk nfeflGjt ePsf x'g]5g\ . lbuf] cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf;, jftfj/0fd}qL
u'0f:t/Lo :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ tyf k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfxf/f ;Lk ljsf; / cfocfh{gsf cj;/
lj:tf/ ub}{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf 6]jf k'u]sf], ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, cfo cfh{gsf
lqmofsnfkx ;~rfng ePsf] x'g], ;r]tgf clej[l4 tyf ;zQmLs/0f lqmofsnfkx dfkm{t
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;Gt'li6 clej[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 291

&=% ljQLo ;'zf;g
!= k[i7e"ld
k|efjsf/L ljQLo Joj:yfkgdfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] bIf Pjd\ ;jf]{Qd kl/rfng, To;sf]
n]vf\sg, k|ltj]bg tyf n]vfk/LIf0fdfkm{t ljQLo Joj:yfkgdf kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4
u/L e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f / ;bfrf/ k|j4{g ub}{ hg;fwf/0fnfO{ ljQLo z';f;gsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg'
;/sf/sf] bfloTj xf] . ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkgnfO{ kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg, /fHosf]
;fj{hlgs vr{ / ;fj{hlgs cfosf] cBfjlws l:yltsf] n]vf\sg tyf k|ltj]bg k|0ffnLnfO{
lgoldt / Psktf sfod u/L k|efjsf/L agfpFb} n}hfgsf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t
ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbFb} Psn vftfsf]if k|0ffnL / /fh:j Joj:yfkg ;"rgf
k|0ffnLxsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] kf/blz{tf clej[l4 ug{ ;/sf/L lgsfosf
sfo{qmd tyf vr{xnfO{ ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ug]{ k4ltsf] ;d]t ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
ah]6 cg'dfg sfo{qmddf cfwfl/t tyf oyfy{k/s agfpg', ;dod} sfo{qmd :jLs[t u/L
jflif{s vl/b of]hgf tof/ ug{', ;dodf 7]Ssf aGbf]a:t ug'{, rfn' vr{sf] dfqfTds j[l4 sd u/L
k'FhLut vr{ j[l4 ug'{, cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f tyf lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f ug'{, clGtd
n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ j:t'ut agfpg', a]?h'sf] dfqf 36fO{ a]?h' g} gx'g]u/L vr{ Joj:yfkg ug'{h:tf
r'gf}tLx /x]sf 5g\ . ;fy}, vl/b sfo{nfO{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] dd{cg'k ldtJooL /
k|lt:kwL{ agfpFb} nuL cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf dfq cTolws vr{ ug{] k|j[lQdf /f]s nufpg]
sfo{x yk r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L n]vfk|0ffnLnfO{ gubdf cfwfl/t k|0ffnLaf6 qmdzM
k|f]befjL k|0ffnLdf kfGt/ ub}{ cGt/f{li6o :t/sf] kdf ljsf; ug'{ yk r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
cj;/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg k|To]s jif{ h]7 dlxgfsf] !% ut] ;\3Lo ;+;b\df
k]; ug'{kg]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf, ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] nflu Psn
vftfsf]if k|0ffnL, dGqfnout ah]6 ;"rgf k|0ffnL / /fh:j Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;,
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljQLo k|ltj]bg k|0ffnLnfO{ cGt/f{li6o :t/sf] agfpg cGt/f{li6o ;fj{hlgs
;]jf n]vfdfg (IPSAS) sf] cfwf/df g]kfn ;fj{hlgs ;]jf n]vfdfg (NPSAS) tof/ u/L
;f]cg';f/sf] k|ltj]bg k|0ffnL, ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] kf/blz{tf clej[l4 ug{ e'QmfgL x'g] lanxsf]
;fj{hlgsLs/0f ;fy} dxfn]vf k/LIfs, ;+:fbLo ;ldlt, clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u,
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{noh:tf lgofds lgsfosf] a9\b} uPsf] ;lqmotf ljQLo ;'zf;g
k|j4{gsf nflu cj;/sf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

292 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
ljQLo ;'zf;gdfkm{t k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkg .
#=@ nIo
;fj{hlgs cfo / vr{nfO{ Jojl:yt, kf/bzL{ / cg'dfgof]Uo agfO{ ;du| ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{
k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
;fj{hlgs cfo / vr{ k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{] .
2. ;fj{hlgs cfoJoo / vl/bnfO{ k|efjsf/L, Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{ agfpg] .
3. cfGtl/s lgoGq0f / n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ ljZj;gLo tyf k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. ljQLo Joj:yfkg;DaGwL lgsfosf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ljQLo cg'udg lgsfo tyf n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 . -!_
3. ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf ;a} If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
4. ;+;b\df jflif{s ah]6 k|:t'lt;Fu} jflif{s vl/b of]hgf tof/LnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/g]5 . -@_
5. ljsf; cfof]hgfxsf] 7]Ssfkf lgwf{l/t ;doleq} ug]{ tyf ljB'tLo af]nkq
(E-bidding) sf] bfo/fnfO{ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
6. cfly{s jif{sf] clGtd tLg dlxgfdf jflif{s sfo{qmd ;+zf]wg ug]{ / ljlgof]lht ah]6sf]
%) k|ltzteGbf a9L vr{ ug]{ k|j[ltdf /f]s nufOg]5 . -!_
7. a]?h'nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t agfOg'sf ;fy}
n]vf pQ/bfoL clwsf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/ t'NofOg]5 . -@_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= ah]6 Joj:yfkg
1. ah]6 ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL / dGqfnout ah]6 ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut u/L
ah]6 lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ qmdzM sfuhljxLg agfpg];DaGwL sfo{qmd .
2. nfut / nfesf] ljZn]if0f;lxt of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd cjlw olsg u/L jflif{s ah]6
ljlgof]hg .

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 293

 3. ax'jifL{o 7]Ssf Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf tof/ .
4. jflif{s sfo{qmd / cfjlws of]hgfaLr tfnd]n / rqmLo ;DaGw sfod ug{
dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf ;+:yfut .
v= ;fj{hlgs cfoJoo / vl/b Joj:yfkg
1. ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no / /fli6o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f .
2. ;fj{hlgs vl/b of]hgfsf] lgwf{l/t ;doleq} :jLs[lt tyf ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog .
3. ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf tyf sfof{Gjog .
4. dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6 x'g] clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f, cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f tyf
lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ .
u= ;"rgf k|0ffnL
1. ah]6 ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL, ljQLo ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL, j}b]lzs ;xfotf
Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL / cfof]hgf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rgf k|0ffnLaLr ;"rgf
cfbfgk|bfgsf] Joj:yf .
2. eG;f/ ;"rgf k|0ffnL / d"No clej[l4, cGtMz'Ns tyf cfos/;DaGwL ;"rgf
k|0ffnLnfO{ cfa4 u/L s/ 5nL tyf k'FhL knfog x'g]h:tf cj}wflgs lqmofsnfkdf
/f]s .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
jflif{s vl/b of]hgf lgwf{l/t ;dod} tof/ eO{ vl/b sfo{ ePsf], /fh:j kl/rfng
k|efjsf/L kdf ePsf], ;fj{hlgs vr{ Jojl:yt eO{ a]?h' sd ePsf] / cfGtl/s tyf clGtd
n]vfk/LIf0f k|efjsf/L ePsf] x'g]5 .
&=^ dfgj clwsf/
!= k[i7e"ld
;+o'Qm /fi6;\3sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 dfgj clwsf/sf] :yfkgf, ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / k|j4{gdf
cGt/f{li6o k|of;sf] yfngL ePsf] xf] . dfgj clwsf/nfO{ zflGt / ljsf;sf] d"n cfwf/sf kdf
:jLsf/ ub}{ ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;\3sf] dxf;efn] !) l8;]Da/ !($* df dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL
3f]if0ffkq hf/L u/]sf] lyof], h;df klxnf] k6s dfgjsf hGdl;4 Pjd\ g};lu{s clwsf/xnfO{
dfgj clwsf/sf kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+o'Qm /fi6;\3sf] a8fkq / dfgj clwsf/sf]
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ dfgj clwsf/sf ljljw kIfxnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L ;+o'Qm
/fi6;\3f/f dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljleGg cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGwx hf/L x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .
rfn' of]hgf cjlwdf dfgj clwsf/ pNn\3g tyf Hofbltsf lj4 cg';Gwfg u/L
kL8snfO{ sf/afxL / kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf], ;LdfGts[t

294 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

;d'bfosf nflu OG6g{;Lk sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf], dfjg clwsf/ ;DaGwdf cled'vLs/0f
tflnd ;~rfng ul/Psf], ljBfnosf lzIfssf nflu dfgj clwsf/ ;|f]t k'l:tsf, @)&) tof/
ul/Psf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
;+ljwfg, sfg'g / cGt/f{li6o k|lta4tfcg'k ;+:yfut / ;+/rgfut tyf kof{Kt
;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf u/L cfd gful/snfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{
sfo{ /lxcfPsf] 5 .
cj;/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf If]qut sfo{qmdxdf dfgj clwsf/nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg', dfgj
clwsf/;DaGwL hgr]tgf a9fpg', g]kfn dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL d'Vo b:tfj]hx / gf} d'Vo
dxf;lGwxdWo] ;ft;d]t u/L dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL @@ cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGwxsf] kIf /fi6
aGg', dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{Gfsf] nflu g]kfnn] hgfPsf cGt/f{li6o k|lta4tfx /
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/Psf gful/ssf ljleGg df}lns xsx dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f
tyf ;+j4{gsf lglDt cj;/ x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;a} k|sf/sf lje]bx cGTo u/L ;dfj]zL, dof{lbt /
;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] ljsf; .
#=@ nIo
dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ;+:yfxaLr ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ / ;xeflutf a9fO{ dfgj clwsf/
;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
dfgj clwsf/k|ltsf] k|lta4tfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s kdf ;'lglZrt ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. dfgj clwsf/ pNn\3gsf 36gfsf] cg';Gwfg tyf dfgj clwsf/ cj:yfsf] cg'udg
ug]{ .
2. dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ljsf;sf d'2fx;Fu ;+/rgfut / sfof{Tds kn] hf]8\g] .
3. dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o bfloTj sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
#=$ sfo{gLlt
1. dfgj clwsf/ pNn\3gsf 36gfsf] cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -!_

ul/aL lgjf/0f, zflGt tyf ;'zf;g | 295

 2. dfgj clwsf/ cj:yfsf] lgoldt kdf cg'udg ul/g]5 . -!_
3. ljkGg, ;LdfGts[t Pjd\ lk5l8Psf ju{sf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . -!_
4. dfgj clwsf/sf If]qdf sfo{/t /fli6o ;+:yfxnfO{ ;'b[9 ub}{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f
tyf ;+j4{gdf 6]jf k'ofOg]5 . -!_
5. dfgj clwsf/nfO{ d'n'ssf] cfjlws ljsf; of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt gLltxdf ;+/rgfTds
/ sfof{Tds kdf ;dflxt ul/g]5 . -@_
6. dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / k|f]T;fxg ug]{ qmddf ljBdfg cj/f]wxnfO{ x6fO{
dfgj clwsf/ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
7. dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwdf /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o bfloTj sfof{Gjog u/L dfjg
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfoxsf]
;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f .
2. /fHosf gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdx th{'df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ubf{ clwsf/df
cfwfl/t k4lt cjnDag ug]{ / ;f]sf nflu hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; .
3. dfgj clwsf/ / dfgjLo sfg'gsf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L lgsfoxsf cltl/Qm gful/s
;dfh, clwsf/sdL{x tyf ;~rf/hut\;d]tsf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df ;r]tgfd"ns
sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
4. dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL /fli6o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6o k|lta4tfxsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g tyf
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljBdfg sfg'gxsf] ;+zf]wg, kl/dfh{g ;fy} cfjZos
gofF sfg'g th{'df .
5. dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / k|j4{gdf hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 .
6. dfgj clwsf/ sfo{of]hgfn] klxrfg u/]sf ljifoxnfO{ ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] jflif{s
sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z .
7. g]kfnn] kIf /fi6sf kdf a'emfpg'kg]{ cfjlws k|ltj]bgx ;dodf g} a'emfpg
;DalGwt lgsfoxaLr ;dGjo .
8. ljZjJofkL cfjlws ;dLIff k|ltj]bgdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf k|lta4tfxsf] sfof{Gjogdf
k|efjsfl/tf .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL sfg'gx k'g/fjnf]sg eO{ gofF sfg'gxsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] / dfgj
clwsf/;DaGwL /fli6o ;+:yfx ;'b[9 ePsf x'g]5g\ . To;}u/L dfgj clwsf/sf ljifox /fli6o
gLltxdf ;+/rgfTds / sfof{Tds kdf ;dflxt ePsf] / dfgj clwsf/ ;+:s[ltsf] k|j4{g
ePsf] x'g]5 .

296 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 kl/R5]b M *
of]hgf k|lqmof, tYof\s k|0ffnL Pjd\ cg';Gwfg
*=! of]hgf th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog
!= k[i7e"ld
nlIft ljsf; k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ oyfy{k/s / Jofjxfl/s of]hgf th{'df tyf ;f]sf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] cu|0fL e"ldsf /xG5 . t]x|f}F of]hgfdf of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{ ;"rgf tyf tYo
/ k|df0fdf cfwfl/t, glthfd'vL / oyfy{k/s agfpg cfjlws of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf tof/ u/L
sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] / dWosfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfnfO{ yk yyfy{k/s agfpFb} nluPsf] 5 . ;fy}
nlIft ;d"xsf] ;xeflutf / ;dfj]lztfnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf], /fli6o cg'udg tyf d"Nof\sg
lbUbz{g@)&) hf/L eO{ PsLs[t glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof\sg k|0ffnL ljsf; ul/Psf] /
sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/ -;Demf}tf_ sf] k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
ljsf;sf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r th{'df u/L ;f]cg';f/ of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd th{'df ug{',
;|f]t;fwgsf] ;'lglZrttf u/L cfjlws of]hgf / jflif{s ah]6aLr ;fd~h:otf sfod ug{',
k'glg{df{0f sfo{qmd th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L agfpg', ;\3Lotfcg'k of]hgf
th{'df;DaGwL ;\u7gfTds ;+/rgf, k|lqmof tyf ljlwdf ;'wf/ ug{' / of]hgf th{'df;DaGwL
hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{' of]hgf th{'df k|lqmofdf b]lvPsf
r'gf}tLx x'g\ . To:t} of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfoxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{', sfof{Gjogdf
;+nUg hgzlQmsf] pTk|]/0ff / sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ clej[l4 ug{', of]hgf sfof{GjognfO{ k|fyldstfdf
/fVg' / ;fj{hlgs vl/b tyf hUuf k|flKt;DaGwL sfg'gL tyf k|lqmofut hl6ntf x6fpg' of]hgf
sfof{Gjog;DaGwL d'Vo r'gf}tL x'g\ .
cj;/
lbuf] ljsf; nIoxsf] sfof{Gjog tyf bL3{sfnLg cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf; /0fgLlt
th{'dfsf] r/0fdf /x]sf], ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog tyf ;\3Lo 9fFrfcg'k of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{ yk
;Gt'lnt, ;dGoflos / ;dfj]zL agfpg], ljsf; ;fem]bf/nufotsf] ;xof]usf] a9\bf] k|lta4tf,
e"sDkkl5sf] k'glg{df{0fsf] qmddf k|sf]k pTygzLn of]hgf th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog / lzIffdf
a9\bf] nufgLsf sf/0f bIf hgzlQmsf] a9\bf] pTkfbg / pknAwtf of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg] cj;/sf kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
tYok/s / glthfd'vL of]hgf th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog k|0ffnL .

of]hgf k|lqmof, tYof\s k|0ffnL Pj+ cg';Gwfg | 297

#=@ nIo
ljsf; of]hgf, sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfnfO{ lgwf{l/t kl/df0f, nfut, u'0f:t/ / ;dodf ;DkGg
ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. of]hgf th{'df k4ltnfO{ k|fljlws kdf ;an, Jofjxfl/s kdf sfof{Gjogof]Uo /
;+:yfut kdf ;'b[9 agfpg' .
2. ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sfof{Gjog Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf
cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. ;\3Lo ;+/rgf cg's"n x'g]u/L ljBdfg of]hgf th'{df k|0ffnL tyf sfof{Gjog
Joj:yfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf ljsf; ug]{ .
2. of]hgf th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo Pjd\ lghL, ;xsf/L tyf
;fd'bflos If]qsf] Ifdtf ljsf; tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L u|x0fIfdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. ;\3Lo ;+/rgf cg's"n ;\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf of]hgf k|0ffnL ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ;\3Lo ;+/rgfcg'k x'g]u/L of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
3. k|df0fdf cfwfl/t glthfd'vL of]hgf / dWosfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfnfO{ ;+:yfut u/L
of]hgfsf ljleGg tx / cjojaLr sfo{d"ns ;DaGw sfod ul/g]5 . -!_
4. ;fj{hlgs vl/b, k|fs[lts ;fwg;|f]t tyf hgzlQm kl/rfng;DaGwL sfg'gL, gLltut,
;+:yfut / k|lqmofut ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
5. of]hgf th{'df tyf sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg x'g] hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; tyf hjfkmb]lxtf
clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
6. ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] ;/f]sf/jfnfxsf] ;+:yfut tyf hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf] k|fk
1. jflif{s, cfjlws, k|fb]lzs tyf If]qut of]hgfxaLr tfbfDotf sfod u/L /fi6sf]
;jf{L0f ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] k/]vf;lxtsf] g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf]
bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tof/ .
v= ;\3Lo k|0ffnL cg'k of]hgf th'{df
1. ;\3Lo ;+/rgf cg's"nsf] of]hgf ;+/rgf / k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; .

298 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 2. qmdfut kdf ;~rflnt sfo{qmdcfof]hgfxsf] l:ylt ;dLIff / txut
;/sf/nfO{ lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/0f .
3. of]hgf th'{df k|lqmofdf cfjZos tYof tyf ;"rgfsf] k[i7kf]if0f ug{ cWoog,
cg';Gwfg tyf ;j]{If0f .
4. cg'udg tyf d"Nofg glthfnfO{ of]hgf th'{dfsf] k|To]s r/0f / k|lqmofdf k|of]u .
5. dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f .
u= of]hgf sfof{Gjog kIfdf ;'wf/
1. ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnLdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg .
2. sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L hUuf k|flKtdf ;/nLs/0f .
3. of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfoxsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f .
4. ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg x'g] lghL sDkgLxsf] lgodg;DaGwL sfg'gL tyf
;+:yfut Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ tyf Ifdtf ljsf; .
5. ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg ;xsf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfxsf] k|f]T;fxg
tyf Ifdtf ljsf; .
6. cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg tyf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f .
7. of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg x'g] hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; .
8. sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg x'g] hgzlQmsf] nflu sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/ tyf k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL .
9. gbLhGonufot ;a} lsl;dsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] ljsf;d}qL lbuf] pkof]u .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
;\3Lo :jk;Fu tfbfDo x'g] u/L of]hgf k|0ffnL ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog Joj:Yff ePsf]]
x'g]5 . ;fy} dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf ;+:yfut ePsf], jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd / cfjlws
of]hgfaLr tfnd]n sfod ePsf] x'g]5 . To;}u/L of]hgf th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog lgsfoxsf]
;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ePsf], ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg ;/f]sf/jfnfxsf] Ifdtf clej[l4
ePsf], of]hgf th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog;DaGwL tflnd Joj:yf ePsf], sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/ tyf
k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL nfu' ePsf], hUuf tyf cGo k|fs[lts ;fwg;|f]t kl/rfng;DaGwL P]g tyf
lgodfjnLdf ;'wf/ ePsf] / sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf lgwf{l/t u'0f:t/, nfut Pjd\ ;doleq}
;DkGg ePsf] x'g]5 .
*=@ cg'udg tyf d"Nofg
!= k[i7e"ld
ljsf; of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ k|efjsf/L, glthfd'vL /
hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ agfpg cg'udg tyf d"Nofgsf] e"ldsf /xG5 . t]x|f}F of]hgfdf cg'udg tyf
d"NofgnfO{ glthfd"ns agfpg of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf tof/ ul/Psf], glthfd"ns cg'udg

of]hgf k|lqmof, tYof\s k|0ffnL Pj+ cg';Gwfg | 299

tyf d"Nofg lbUbz{g sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] / cg'udg tyf d"Nofg ljw]ossf] d:of}bf tof/
ug{'sf ;fy} Ifdtf ljsf;df hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] . o;}u/L ljsf; cfof]hgfxsf] k|ult k|ltj]bg
ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / glthfd"ns agfpg cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg ;"rgf
k|0ffnLsf] ;6j]o/ ljsf; u/L kfOnl6;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} tLgcf]6f cfof]hgfsf] cfGtl/s /
!) cf]6f cfof]hgfsf] t];|f] kIfaf6 :jtGq d"Nofg u/fOPsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
;\3Lo, k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo txdf of]hgf k|lqmof tyf cGt/;DalGwt cg'udg tyf
d"Nofg k4ltnfO{ ;+:yfut ug'{, lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo nufotsf c;/ tyf k|efjtxsf
;"rsxsf] v08Ls[t Pjd\ ;j]{If0fdf cfwfl/t ;"rgf l;h{gf ug{' / ljleGg tx tyf lgsfodf
cg'udg tyf d"Nofg;DaGwL Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{ / bIf hgzlQmnfO{ o; sfo{df cfslif{t
u/L/fVg' k|d'v r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
gof+ ;+ljwfg cg'k k|zf;sLo k'g;{+/rgfsf qmddf ;f\u7lgs k'gu{7g tyf Ifdtf
ljsf; ubf{ cg'udg tyf d"Nofg;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ yk ;'b[9 ug{ ;lsg] / lbuf] ljsf;sf
nIosf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof\sgnfO{ hf]8 lbg]u/L ;g\ @)!^ b]lv @)@) ;Ddsf] cGt/f{li6o
d"Nofg sfo{;"rL NofOPsfn] ljsf; ;fem]bf/nufotsf] ;xof]udf ;d]t o;nfO{ yk ;+:yfut
ug{ ;lsg] cj;/ 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nofg Joj:yfdfkm{t ;dfj]zL, ;dGoflos tyf lbuf] ljsf; .
#=@= nIo
ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfnfO{ nlIft kl/df0f, u'0f:t/, nfut / ;dodf ;DkGg u/fO{
of]hgfsf nIox xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u ug'{ .
#=# p2]Zo
of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf nIox xfl;n ug{ cfjZos ;"rgf ;dod}
pknAw u/fpg ;Sg]u/L ;a} txdf glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofgnfO{ ;+:yfut ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. sfg'gL / gLltut Joj:yf Pjd\ ;'wf/ u/L ljsf; of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf
cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofgnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ .
2. d"Nof\sgnfO{ :jtGq / :t/Lo u/fpg'sf ;fy} lg0f{o k|lqmofdf d"Nof\sgsf glthfsf]
k|of]unfO{ Jojl:yt ug]]{ .
300 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
 3. cg'udg tyf d"Nofg;DaGwL lgsfo / hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf;nfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. cg'udg tyf d"Nof\sg sfg'g th{'df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
2. lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo;d]tsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof\sg ug{ ;lsg] u/L glthfd"ns
cg'udg tyf d"Nofg k|0ffnLnfO{ yk ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
3. cg'udg tyf d"Nof\sgdf ;xeflutfd"ns ljlwx cjnDag ub}{ nlug]5 . -!_
4. t];|f] kIfaf6 ul/g] d"NofgnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{'sf ;fy} yk u'0f:t/Lo agfOg]5 . -@_
5. d"Nofgstf{xsf ;\u7g;Fu ;dGjo u/L d"Nofgsf] ;xhLs/0f ug]{, d"Nof\sg ug]{
/ o;sf ;'emfjxsf] k|of]u ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
6. gLlt, of]hgf tyf cfof]hgf th{'dfnfO{ :t/Lo ;"rgfdf cfwfl/t u/fpg /fli6o of]hgf
cfof]udf ;"rgf jf tYofsf] clen]vLs/0f ul/g]5 . -@_
7. ljleGg lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L cg'udg tyf d"Nofg sfo{df ;+nUg hgzlQmnfO{
tflnd tyf cGo sfo{qmddfkm{t Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -#_
8. ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9fO{ cg'udg tyf d"Nofg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmd
s= gLltut Joj:yf
1. cg'udg tyf d"Nofg;DaGwL P]g / lgodfjnLsf] th'{df .
2. /fli6o cg'udg tyf d"Nofg lbUbz{g, @)&) df lbuf] ljsf;sf nIoxnfO{
cfGtl/sLs/0f ub}{ kl/dfh{g tyf sfof{Gjog .
3. rf}wf}F of]hgfsf] glthfvfsfsf] tof/L tyf k|of]u .
v= ;"rgf k|ljlw
1. ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t cfof]hgf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rgf k|0ffnLdfkm{t ;a} cfof]hgfsf]
k|ult k|ltj]bg / ;dLIff .
2. sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfxsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofg k|ltj]bg clgjfo{ kdf
;DalGwt lgsfosf] j]j;fO6df /fVg] .
u= Ifdtf ljsf;
1. glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nofg;DaGwL tflndxsf] ;~rfng .
2. cg'udg tyf d"Nofg ;Da4 sd{rf/LnfO{ ;"rgfk|ljlwsf] k|of]u;DaGwL tflnd
;~rfng .
3. ljZjljBfno tyf ljleGg tflnd k|lti7fgxdf cg'udg tyf d"Nofg;DaGwL
k|lzIf0f .
4. of]hgf, cg'udg tyf d"Nofg;DaGwL sfo{df ;++nUg cg'ejL hgzlQmnfO{ sfo{k|lt
pTk|]l/t ug]{ ljz]if Joj:yf .

of]hgf k|lqmof, tYof\s k|0ffnL Pj+ cg';Gwfg | 301

3= d"Nofg
1. /fli6o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 5flgPsf sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfxsf] cfGtl/s / t];|f]
kIfaf6 d"Nofg .
2. ;a} ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt dGqfnoxaf6 aflif{s sDtLdf Pp6f cfof]hgf jf
sfo{qmdsf] cfGtl/s d"Nofg .
3. ;xeflutfTds cg'udg tyf d"Nofg ljlwxsf] k|of]udf j[l4 .
4. /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o d"Nofgstf{ ;+:yf / d"Nofgstf{xsf] :jtGq ;\u7g;Fu
;~hfnLs/0f / ;xsfo{ u/L k|efj d"Nofg / Ifdtf clej[l4sf sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
5. lbuf] ljsf;sf nIoxsf] d"NofgnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg ;+o'Qm /fi6;\3Lo
lgsfox, d"Nofgstf{xsf ;\u7g;d]tsf] ;dGjodf ljZj d"Nofg sfo{;"rL
cg's"n x'g]u/L n}ls tyf ;dtfd}qL PsLs[t d"Nofg sfo{of]hgfsf] tof/L tyf
sfof{Gjog .
= cg'udg
1.
Joj:yflksf;+;b\df g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|:t't u/]sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] ljz]if
cg'udg .
2. /fli6o of]hgf cfof]usf ;b:oxnfO{ PsPs k|b]zsf] lhDd]jf/L tf]sL ToxfF
;~rflnt cfof]hgfxsf] lgoldt cg'udg .
3. /fli6o uf}/j, k|yd k|fyldstfdf /x]sf / ;d:ofd"ns sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfxsf]
pRr kbflwsf/Lx ;d]taf6 ljz]if cg'udg .
4. lj1;d]tsf] ;]jf lnO{ s]xL ljifout If]q jf sfo{qmdsf] ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] 6ofls
;j]{If0f .
5. ljleGg lgsfox ;+nUg 6f]nLaf6 ;+o'Qm cg'udg tyf d"Nofg .
6. cg'udg tyf d"Nofgdf n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] ;d]t cfwf/ lng] Joj:yf .
r= ;+:yfut ;lqmotf tyf k|efjsfl/tf
1. /fli6o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt tyf dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg
;ldltsf] a}7snfO{ glthfk/s agfO{ ;f] a}7saf6 ePsf lg0f{oxsf] sfof{Gjogsf]
cg'udg .
2. cg'udg tyf d"Nofgdfkm{t ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf k|j4{g ug{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
3. cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxaf6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmdxsf] cg'udg tyf
d"NofgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;dfhsNof0f kl/ifb\sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
cg'udg tyf d"Nofg;DaGwL P]g hf/L ePsf] / /fli6o cg'udg tyf d"Nofg lbUbz{g
@)&) lbuf] ljsf;sf nIod}qL ePsf]] x'g]5 . To;}u/L cg'udg tyf d"Nofgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
k|of]u a9]sf], ljleGg txdf #)) hgfn] glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof\sg;DaGwL tflnd
k|fKt u/]sf], cfGtl/s / afXo u/L sDtLdf !% cf]6f cfof]hgf jf sfo{qmdsf] d"Nof\sg ul/Psf],
302 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
gLlt tyf lg0f{o k|lqmof ;"rgfdf cfwfl/t ePsf] x'g] / ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 ePsf]
x'g]5 .
*=# tYof k|0ffnL
!= k[i7e"ld
tYof, of]hgf / ljsf;sf] lqcfoflds ;'b[9 ;DaGwn] oyfy{k/s of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog
/ ;f]sf] cg'dug tyf d"Nofg ;Dej eO{ lbuf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug;Sb5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIosf]
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffdf klg tYof ljsf; tyf ;dofg's'n pGgogsf nflu ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] 5
. ;do;fk]If, lj:tfl/t, v08Ls[t, e/kbf]{ / dfu;fk]If tYofsf] lgoldt cfk"lt{ / pRrtd
k|of]un] g} tYodf cfwfl/t ljsf; cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ ;lsg] x'Fbf rfn' of]hgfdf tYofnfO{
/fHosf] s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo tx / ljifout If]qsf of]hgf tyf gLlt th'{dfdf pkof]u ul/g]5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
;do;fk]If tYof P]gsf] th'{df ug'{, s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo :t/sf tYofLo lqmofsnfkxdf
;dGjo ug'{, ;\3Lo / :yfgLo lgsfoxsf] tYof Joj:yfkg / ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{', pTkflbt
tYofdf bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fpg', tYofsf] pkof]u j[l4 ug'{, hgzlQmsf] bIftf j[l4 ug'{ / cgflws[t
tYof\ssf] k|of]u x6fpg' k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\ .
cj;/
g]kfnsf] /fli6o tYof k|0ffnLdf d"ntM dfu / k|of]udf lj:tf/ x'g', b]lvPsf] a9\bf] Pjd\
lj:tfl/t hfustf x'g', gofFgofF tYofLo k|ljlwxsf] ljsf; x'g', ljsf; ;fem]bf/xaf6
tYofLo ljsf;df rf;f] / ;xof]u x'g', gofF tYof P]gsf] ckl/xfo{tf dx;'; x'g', ;DalGwt
lgsfoxdf tYofLo hgzlQmn] cfh{g u/]sf] k]zfut lj1tf ljBdfg x'g' d'Vo cj;/ x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
k|efjsf/L, ;dGjofTds / lqmofzLn /fli6o tYof k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf .
#=@ nIo
of]hgf tyf ljsf;sf gLltsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ tYof tyf tYofLo ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
1. tYodf cfwfl/t gLlt lgdf{0ffy{ kl/df0fhgs / kl/0ffdhGo tYof pTkfbg u/L
;/sf/sf ;a} txsf k|of]ustf{xsf] dfu / cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug'{ .
2. nfutk|efjL tYofLo ljsf; / ultljlwxsf nflu ;fGble{s gLlt, cEof; / Ifdtf
ljsf; ug'{ .

of]hgf k|lqmof, tYof\s k|0ffnL Pj+ cg';Gwfg | 303

#=$ /0fgLlt
1. pRr u'0f:t/Lo tYof pTkfbg, ;'wf/ / cfk"lt{ ug]{ .
2. tYofsf pTkfbgsf ;a} ;DefJo ljlw / ;|f]txsf] pkof]u ug]{ .
3. ;\3Lo ;+/rgfcg';f/ tYofsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. pko'Qm sfg'gL k"jf{wf/ tof/ u/L /fli6o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6o k|of]ustf{xsf] dfusf]
clwstd ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L tYofsf] pTkfbg ul/g]5 . -!_
2. /fli6o tYof kl/ifb\nfO{ lqmofzLn agfO{ cflwsfl/s tYofsf pTkfbsxsf] e"ldsf /
clwsf/ If]qnfO{ ;':ki6 ul/g]5 . -!_
3. /fli6o tYof k|0ffnLleq dfkb08, cjwf/0ffx, kl/efiffx, juL{s/0fx / k|rlnt
Pjd\ ;d'lrt tYofLo ljlwxnfO{ Psfsf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
4. /fli6o tYof k|0ffnLnfO{ PsLs[t 9df lqmofzLn t'NofOg]5 . -@_
5. s]Gb|Lo tYof ljefusf] ;7g k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 . -#_
6. lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIoxsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofgsf nflu lgwf{l/t /fHosf ;a} txsf
;"rsx cfk"lt{ ug{sf nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ u0fgf / ;j]{If0fx ;~rfngsf ;fy}
Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL tyf k|zf;lgs b:tfa]hxsf] ;fdlos / u'0f:t/Lo
Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . -$_
7. g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYof ;]jfsf ljleGg kbxsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf, ;]jf
;~rfng, ;]jfsf ;t{x, tflnd / j[lQ ljsf;sf cGo cj;/ cflbdf ;'wf/ ub}{
nlug]5 . -%_
8. of]hgf cjlwdf /fli6o tYof k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] :yfkgfy{ k|f/lDes tof/Lx ;DkGg
ul/g]5 . -%_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
s= gLltut, sfg'gL / ;+:yfut Joj:yf
1. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhdsf] tYof ;Da4 clwsf/sf] cfwf/df
s]Gb|Lo tYof ljefu / k|b]z tyf :yfgLo :t/df /xg] tYof sfof{noxsf]
;7g ;+/rgf tyf sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f u/L lj:t[t sfo{ljlw tof/ .
2. tYof ljsf;sf nflu /fli6o /0fgLlt :jLs[t u/L] rqmLo / r/0fa4 sfof{Gjog .
3. gofF tYof P]g / lgodfjnL th'{df .
4. g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfoxdf /x]sf] tYof PsfOsf] ;f7lgs ;'wf/ .

304 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 5. g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYof ;]jfcGtu{tsf] of]hgf ;d"xsf] lqmofzLntf .
6. /fli6o tYof k|lzIf0f tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf . ljifout kdf cGt/
dGqfnolgsfout tYof sfo{ ;d"xsf] :yfkgf .
7. g]kfn ;/sf/sf tYof pTkfbg ug]{ ljleGg lgsfoxaLr sDo'6/ ;~hfnsf]
dfWodaf6 PsLs[t ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ;+oGq :yfkgf .
8. /fli6o tYof clen]vg sfo{sf] If]q lj:tf/ u/L cGo lgsfosf tYofxnfO{
s]Gb|Lo tYof ljefusf] /fli6o tYof clen]v ;+oGqdf ;dfj]z / tYof k|bfos,
pTkfbs / k|of]ustf{xaLrsf] lqcfoflds ;DaGw ljsf; .
9. g]kfn :t/Lo juL{s/0f tyf lgb]{lzsfx tof/ .
v= ljleGg /fli6o u0fgf tyf ;j]{If0f
1. afx|fF} /fli6o hgu0fgf, @)&* sf] tof/L .
2. klxnf] /fli6o cfly{s u0fgf .
3. cf}Bf]lus u0fgf, @)&$ .
4. t];|f] >dzlQm ;j]{If0fsf] ljZn]if0f;lxtsf] glthf k|sfzg .
5. rf}yf] g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f .
6. >d;Fu ;DalGwt ;dopkof]u ;j]{If0f .
7. /fli6o s[lif u0fgf, @)&* sf] tof/L .
u= cGo sfo{qmd
1. /fli6o n]vf tYofsf] cfwf/ jif{ kl/jt{g tyf /fli6o n]vf k|0ffnL, @))* cg's"n
x'g] u/L n]vfx tof/ .
2. t];|f] cfk"lt{ / pkof]u tflnsf .
3. lbuf] ljsf;sf nIoxsf] k|ult dfkgsf nflu rflxg] tYof Joj:yfkg .
4. /fli6o, k|b]z, :yfgLo tx tyf ljwfut kdf lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo ;"rsxsf]
lgwf{/0f, pTkfbg tyf k|sfzg .
5. k|zf;lgs clen]vxnfO{ k|of]u u/L PsLs[t tYof Joj:yfkg .
6. hgu0fgf, s[lif u0fgf cfly{s u0fgf, cf}Bf]lus u0fgf / hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;j]{If0f,
jflif{s 3/kl/jf/ ;j]{If0fnufot cGo /fli6o :t/sf ;j]{If0fxnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
u0fgf If]q gS;fg .
7. lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox;Fu ;DalGwt cfwf/ jif{sf a]~rdfs{ ;"rsx tof/Lsf
nflu ljBdfg tYof cfwf/sf] yk k|zf]wg tyf cfjZostfg';f/ ;j]{If0f .

of]hgf k|lqmof, tYof\s k|0ffnL Pj+ cg';Gwfg | 305

 8. xfn pknAw ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL / k|zf;lgs b:tfa]hxsf] ;d]t pko'Qm
Joj:yfkg / pkof]usf nflu PsLs[t tYofLo ;~hfn :yfkgf .
9. s]Gb| tyf :yfgLo:t/df k|of]ustf{ nlIft tYof ;fIf/tf .
10. s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] q}dfl;s k|sfzg .
11. pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsf;DaGwL sfo{ .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
tYof ljsf;sf nflu /fli6o /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] tyf /fli6o tYof k|0ffnLsf]
sfg'gL / ;+:yfut ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 . ;fy} s]Gb|Lo tYof ljefusf] k'g;{+/rgf ePsf], tYofLo
hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ePsf], gjLg tYofLo ljlw / k|ljlwsf] cg';/0f;lxt u'0f:t/Lo
tYofsf] dfu, cfk"lt{ / k|of]udf j[l4 ePsf] Pjd\ gLlt lgdf{0f / of]hgfsf nflu tYof
ckl/xfo{ tjsf kdf :yflkt eO{ d'n'ssf] ljsf;;Fu PsLs[t ePsf] x'g]5 .
*=$ cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;
!= k[i7e"ld
ljsf;sf] k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljsf;;Da4 lqmofsnfkdf ljBdfg ;d:of, r'gf}tL
/ cj;/sf] klxrfg ug{ / cfjZos ;'wf/sf] dfu{ klxNofpg ljleGg ljifo If]qut cWoog /
cg';Gwfgsf] uxg e"ldsf /xG5 . xfn;Dd klxrfg gePsf ;|f]t;fwg klxrfg u/L ltgLxsf]
Jojl:yt kl/rfng ug]{ tf}/tl/sf kQf nufpg, pknAw ;|f]t;fwgsf] kl/rfngsf] cj:yf
cfsng u/L ltgLxsf] cTo'Qd pkof]u ug{ / ckof{Kt ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu dfu{
k|z:t ug{ ;d]t cg';Gwfg / ljsf; dxjk"0f{ dflgG5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
ljsf;;Da4 cg';Gwfgsf nflu oyfy{k/s / ;fdlos ;"rgf tyf tYofx dfucg'k
pknAw u/fpg', gLlt lgdf{0f, ljZn]if0f / k[i7kf]if0f;Fu cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] Jojl:yt /
k|efjsf/L ;DaGw ljsf; ug{', k|To]s ljifo If]qdf cWoog cg';GwfgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{', cWoog
/ cg';GwfgnfO{ :t/Lo / ljZj;gLo agfpg', cg';Gwfgsf] If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg', cWoog
ePsf ljifosf lgisif{xnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{' / ljleGg ljifo If]qdf ul/g'kg]{ cWoog cg';Gwfgsf]
cfjZostf klxrfg ug{' k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\ .
cj;/
ljsf; k|lqmofdf cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf] dxj :yflkt x'g', d'n'ssf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd
th'{df ubf{ cWoog cg';Gwfgsf lgisif{xsf] k|of]u a9\b} hfg', cg';Gwfgsf] nflu ah]6
ljlgof]hg ug{ ;'? x'g', cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] nflu cGt/f{li6o:t/df ;fem]bf/L lj:tf/ x'Fb}

306 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

hfg'h:tf cj;/x /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L ;DkGg ePsf cWoog cg';Gwfgsf glthfxnfO{
gLltut tyf sfo{ut kdf sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg] / gLlt lgdf{0f txdf /x]sf JolQmxn]
k[i7kf]if0fsf] kdf pkof]u ug]{ kl/kf6L a9]/ hfg', ljsf;;Da4 ljifodf u'0ffTds tyf
kl/df0ffTds cg';Gwfgsf nflu ;|f]t / ;fwg kl/rfng x'Fb} hfg' k|d'v cj;/ x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
cg';Gwfg / ljsf;af6 e/kbf]{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pjd\ k|fljlws ljsf; Joj:yfkg .
#=@ nIo
cg';Gwfgsf lgisif{df cfwfl/t gLltlgdf{0f, of]hgf th'{df / sfo{qmd to ug]{ k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf; ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
u'0ffTds cWoog cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t ljsf; gLlt, glthfd"ns of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf
cg'udg / d"Nofg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. t'ngfTds kdf ljsf;sf ;Defjgf a9L ePsf If]qxdf cg';Gwfg / ljsf;nfO{
;+:yfut ug]{ .
2. cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf nflu lghL If]q;Fu /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o :t/df ;xsfo{ ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf;sf ;Defjgfxsf] klxrfgsf nflu k|fyldstfsf If]qxdf
s]lGb|t cg';GwfgnfO{ k|>o lbOg]5 . -!_
2. cWoog cg';Gwfgsf nflu ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]q / z}lIfsk|fl1s If]qsf ljifo
lj1xnfO{ kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
3. cWoog cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;sf If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg u/]sf ;]jflgj[Q /fi6;]js
Pjd\ :jtGq JolQmTjnfO{ cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] sfddf cfslif{t u/L kl/rflnt
ul/g]5 . -!_
4. cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf cfjZos hgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu z}lIfs ;+:yfxsf
kf7\oqmddf ;f] ljwfnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g]5 . -!_
5. cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ nufgL ;'lglZrt ug{ ljifo If]qut
lgsfoxdf 5'} ah]6sf] Joj:yf ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . -!_
6. k|To]s ljifo If]qut lgsfoxdf /x]sf of]hgf;DaGwL ;+/rgfnfO{ cg';Gwfg PsfOsf]
kdf ;d]t sfd ug{]u/L Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -!_
of]hgf k|lqmof, tYof\s k|0ffnL Pj+ cg';Gwfg | 307
 7. cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf k|fljlws hgzlQmnfO{ cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;+nUg x'g k|f]T;fxg
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
8. cg';Gwfg;DaGwL bIftf clej[l4sf] nflu z}lIfs ;+:yfx;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . -@_
9. cg';GwfgfTds 1fg / ;Lk ljsf;sf] nflu cg';Gwfg / ljsf;;DaGwL ljifonfO{
dfWolds :t/b]lvs} kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ug{ ;'? ul/g]5 . -@_
10. cWoog cg';Gwfgsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfox;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . -@_
11. cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf If]qdf /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o ;xof]u / ;xsfo{df lj:tf/
ul/g]5 . -@_
12. lghL If]q ;Ifd ePsf If]qxdf k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L lghL If]q;Fusf]
;xsfo{df cWoog cg';GwfgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -@_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx
1. cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy Jojl:yt ug{ s]Gb|, k|b]z /
:yfgLo txdf ;+/rgfut Joj:yf .
2. ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L / z}lIfs tyf k|fl1s If]qaLr lgoldt cGt/lqmof .
3. cg';Gwfg;DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; tyf tflnd .
4. cfly{s j[l4 ug{ k|ToIf of]ubfg ug]{ k|d'v kfFr If]qxsf] cg';Gwfg;lxtsf] ljZn]if0f .
5. cfly{s j[l4sf afws / cj/f]wxsf] cg';Gwfg tyf ljZn]if0f .
6. ;fj{hlgslghL cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; PsfOsf] :yfkgf .
$= ck]lIft pknlJw
cfly{s;fdflhsnufotsf If]qdf ug'{kg]{ ljsf; / ;Defjgfxsf] tYok/s / j}1flgs
kdf klxrfg ePsf] x'g]5 . ;dli6ut pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj, pBdzLntf / l;h{gzLntfsf]
;+:sf/ ljsf;sf nflu ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/ tof/ ePsf], cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf] If]qdf cfjZos
hgzlQm ljsf; / pkof]u ePsf], lj1 cg';Gwfgstf{xsf] ;]jf k|fKt eO{ cg';Gwfg sfo{ yk
kl/is[t ePsf], ;DalGwt sfo{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ nufgL ;'lglZrt ePsf] / cg';Gwfg tyf
ljsf; sfo{df /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ h'6L cg';Gwfg sfo{ u'0f:t/Lo ePsf]
x'g]5 .

308 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 kl/R5]b M (
rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf
(=! k[i7e"ld
of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg ljifout If]qsf] gLltut vfsfsf] tof/L, glthf
;"rsxsf] lgwf{/0f / cfof]hgfxn] ;d]t nuk|m]d agfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf bzf}F of]hgfb]lv k|f/De
ul/Psf] xf] . t]x|f}F of]hgfdf of]hgf, sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgfaLr ;"rssf dfWodaf6 cGt/;DaGw
:yfkgf ug]{ / glthf ;"rssf cfwf/df of]hgfsf] ;dLIff ug{ ;3fp k'ofpg] u/L glthf vfsf
sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] lyof] . ljutsf cg'ejaf6 l;Sb} s]xL gofF ljz]iftf;lxt o; rf}wf}F
of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . of] glthf vfsf tof/ ubf{ s'n !% cf]6f k|d'v glthf
If]q -Key result areas_ lgwf{/0f u/L ;f];Fu ;a} ljifout If]q tyf pkIf]qsf] of]ubfgnfO{
cGt/;DalGwt u/fpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . w]/} ljifout pkIf]q tyf lgsfoxn] ;femf c;/ tyf
k|efj xfl;n ug{ of]ubfg k'ofpg] ePsfn] klg o;/L k|d'v glthf If]qdf ;d"xLs[t u/L
glthfvfsf agfpg h?/L b]lvPsf] xf] . o;n] of]hgfnfO{ lgsfo -Agency_ cjwf/0ffaf6 ljifo
If]qut -Sectoral_ cjwf/0ffdf n}hfg d2t k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o;df /x]sf glthf
;"rsxdfkm{t of]hgfsf] k|ult cg'udg u/L lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ k|df0fdf cfwfl/t agfpg Pjd\
glthfk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
(=@ glthf vfsfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf ljifox
ljsf; of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfxsf] sfof{Gjog ug{] lhDd]jf/L /x]sf ;Da4
dGqfno tyf s]Gb|Lo lgsfoxsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf tyf ;xof]udf /fli6o of]hgf cfof]uaf6
tof/ ul/Psf] o; glthf vfsfn] b]xfosf ljifox ;d]6]sf] 5 M
-s_ k|:t't glthf vfsfdf !% cf]6f k|d'v ljifout glthf If]q lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]sf
cfwf/df tLg txsf glthf -k|ltkmn, c;/ / k|efj tx_ kl/eflift u/L ltgLxsf]
cGt/;DaGw olsg ul/Psf] 5 .
-v_ plNnlvt k|ltkmn, c;/ / k|efjsf] dfkgsf nflu ljifo If]qut glthf ;"rsxnfO{
kl/dfh{g u/L Jofjxfl/s agfOPsf] 5 .
-u_ oL ;"rsxsf] cfjlws cg'udg tyf d"NofgnfO{ ;lhnf] agfpg ;Dej eP;Dd
x/]s ;"rsxsf] cfwf/ tYof / rf}wf}F of]hgf cjlwe/sf nflu jflif{s nIo /
tYof pknAw u/fpg] k'i6\ofOFsf] ;|f]t;lxt lhDd]jf/ lgsfo k|i6 ul/Psf] 5 .
-3_ ljifo If]qut kdf /flvPsf k|ltkmn, c;/ / k|efj ;"rsx xfl;n ug{sf nflu
cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd afXo jftfj/0fLo kIf tyf ;Defljt hf]lvd cg'dfg ul/Psf]
5.

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 309

(=# glthf vfsfsf] k|of]u
glthf vfsfsf] th{'dfsf ;fy;fy} cj:yfdf klg o;sf] k|of]u a9fpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
dGqfnox tyf cGo s]Gb|Lo lgsfodf sfo{/t hgzlQmnfO{ o;sf] k|of]u / dxTj af/]df
cled'vLs/0f Pjd\ k|lzIf0f lbg h?/L ePsfn] /fli6o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 o:tf sfo{qmdx
;~rfng ul/g]5 . of]hgf tyf cg'udgdf ;+nUg hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ePkl5 o;sf] k|of]u
gofF cfof]hgf th'{df, ah]6 k|lqmof / cg'udg tyf d"Nofgdf ;d]t a9fpg ;lsG5 . o;
glthf vfsfsf] k|of]u of]hgf k|lqmofsf ljleGg r/0fxdf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g ;Sb5 M
-s_ jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf ah]6nfO{ glthfd"ns agfpg o;sf] k|of]u ug{'kb{5 . jflif{s
ljsf; sfo{qmd tof/ ubf{ ;Da4 ljifo If]qut v08df o; glthf vfsfsf ;"rsx
d"ntM k|ltkmn, c;/ / k|efj txsf ;"rsx ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 . o;n] s'g} vf; cfly{s
jif{df ;Da4 ljifout If]qdf xfl;n ug]{ glthfnfO{ k|i6 kfb{5 .
-v_ dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg klg o; vfsfdf /x]sf ;"rsxsf] k|of]u
ug'{kb{5 . ;fy}] dWodsfnLg sfo{;Dkfbg vfsf -Medium-term performance framework_ sf]
kdf ;d]t o;n] sfd ub{5 .
-u_ j}b]lzs ;xof]u lng'kbf{ cfof]hgf jf sfo{qmdn] ljifo If]qut / /fli6o :t/sf nIox
xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u u5{ egL hfGg pT;'s x'G5g\ . o:tf] l:yltdf pgLxsf] ;xof]u /xg]
cd's cfof]hgfn] ;Da4 ljifout If]qsf] k|ltkmn, c;/ x'Fb} k|efj xfl;n ug{ k'ofpg]
of]ubfg olsg ug{ o;n] d2t k'ofpF5 .
-3_ cfjlws of]hgfsf ljifo If]qut k|fjwfgxsf] ;dLIff u/L jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{
o;sf] dxTj /xG5 .
Tflnsf (=! M rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf
;f]rM :jfwLg, ;d'Ggt tyf ;dfhjfb pGd'v /fli6o cy{tGq Pjd\ ;d[4 g]kfnL .
nIoM ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo x'Fb} dWod cfo ePsf d'n'ssf] :t/df k'Ug] .
p2]ZoM pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L pGd'v / Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f;lxtsf] pRr cfly{s j[l4f/f b|'t ul/aL
Go"gLs/0f ub}{ cfly{s;fdflhs kfGt/0f ug{' .
/0fgLltx
Kf|d'v glthf If]qx != @= #= $= %=
qm=;+
-c;/x_ pTkfbg k"jf{wf/ dfgj ;'zf;g cGt/;DalGwt
j[l4 lgdf{0f ljsf; k|j4{g ljifo
! ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj /
ljsf;
@ pBf]u, ko{6g / ;]jfIf]qsf]

ljsf;
# s[lif pTkfbg j[l4 / vfB

;'/Iff

310 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 $ k|fs[lts :f|f]t Joj:yfkg,

jftfj/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g
% Jofkf/ / cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg
^ ;fdflhs tyf dfgj ljsf;
& pmhf{ ljsf;
* Eff}lts k"jf{wf/, oftfoft /
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
( Kf|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo

k"jf{wf/
!) ;\3Lotf tyf :yfgLo

:jfoQ zf;g
!! Efjg, cfjf; / ;x/L ljsf;
!@ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / Kf'glg{df{0f
!# >d tyf /f]huf/L Joj:yfkg
!$ lj1fg, ;"rgf tyf k|ljlw
!% Zff;sLo If]q / ;'zf;g

tflnsf (=@ M k|d'v glthf If]q, tfTsflns / ljifo If]qut c;/x

k||d'v glthf
qm=;+= tfTsflns c;/x ljifo If]qut c;/x
If]qx
! ;dli6ut cfly{s ljQLo If]qsf] lj:tf/ tyf ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj
:yfloTj / ljsf; lbuf]kgf sfod ePsf] x'g] xfl;n ePsf] x'g]
df}lb|s If]qsf] of]ubfg;lxtsf]
cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ePsf] x'g]
afXo If]qsf] ljsf; tyf lbuf]kgf
xfl;n ePsf] x'g]
@ pBf]u, ko{6g / Jofj;flos jftfj/0f ;'wf/ ePsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf
;]jf If]qsf] x'g] cf}Bf]lus tyf ;]jf If]qsf]
ljsf; pTkfbsTj j[l4 ePsf] x'g] of]ubfg a9]sf] x'g]
pkef]Qmfsf] lxt ;+/If0f ePsf] x'g]
ko{6g k|j4{g ePsf] x'g]
# s[ lif pTkfbg j[ l4 pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ePsf] s[lif If]qsf] j[l4b/ a9]sf]
/ vfB ;'/Iff x'g] x'g]
vfB ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/ ePsf] x'g]
s[ifsxsf] cfDbfgL j[l4 ePsf]
x'g]

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 311

 k||d'v glthf
qm=;+= tfTsflns c;/x
If]qx
jftfj/0f cg's"ng ;DaGwdf
l/lhn]G; a9]sf] x'g]
$ k|fs[lts :f|f]t jg tyf hnfwf/sf] lbuf] kdf
Joj:yfkg / Joj:yfkg x'g]
jftfj/0f h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f tyf
;+j4{g ePsf] x'g]
e"ldsf] Joj:yfkg / k|of]udf
;'wf/ ePsf] x'g]
% Jofkf/ / cfk"lt{ Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f ePsf] x'g]
Joj:yfkg Jofkf/ 3f6fdf sdL ePsf] x'g]
vfBfGg / g"g cfk"lt{ ;xh ePsf]
x'g]
^ ;fdflhs tyf :t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Fr j[l4
dfgj ljsf; ePsf] x'g]
lzIff If]qdf kxF'r, u'0f:t/ /
;dtfsf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ ePsf] x'g]
u'0f:t/Lo vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO
;]jfdf kx'Fr j[l4 ePsf] x'g]
;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdxsf]
lj:tf/ ePsf] x'g]
& pmhf{ ljsf; hnljB't\ Ifdtf @,#)! d]ufjf6
k'u]sf] x'g]
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] k|j4{g ePsf]
x'g]
* Eff}lts k"jf{wf/, :t/Lo k"jf{wf/xsf] lj:tf/ tyf
oftfoft / ;"rgf kx'Frdf clej[l4 ePsf] x'g]
tyf ;~rf/
( Kf|fb]lzs tyf Kf|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo
:yfgLo k"jf{wf/ k"jf{wf/xsf] lj:tf/ tyf kx'Frdf
clej[l4 ePsf] x'g]
!) ;\3Lotf tyf Kf|fb]lzs ;+/rgf / :yfgLo tx
312 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
ljifo If]qut c;/x
k|fs[lts :f|f]tsf] ;+/If0f,
k'g:yf{kgf / ;b'kof]u
ePsf] x'g]
jftfj/0fLo :jR5tfsf]
l:yltdf ;'wf/ ePsf] x'g]
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf
lgsf;Lsf] of]ubfg a9]sf]
x'g], Jofkf/ 3f6f 36]sf]
x'g]
;'ky d"Nodf j:t' tyf
;]jf pknAw ePsf] x'g]
Dffgj ljsf;sf] l:yltdf
;'wf/ ePsf] x'g]
k|ltJolQm ljB't\ vkt
a9]sf] x'g]
s[lif, pBf]u, ko{6g / ;]jf
If]qsf] j[l4b/ a9]sf] x'g]
Kf|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo
txdf s[lif, pBf]u, ko{6g
/ ;]jfIf]qdf cg's"n k|efj
k/]sf] x'g]
zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtfsf]
 k||d'v glthf
qm=;+= tfTsflns c;/x ljifo If]qut c;/x
If]qx
:yfgLo :jfoQ k'g;{+/rgf ePsf] x'g] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ePsf]
zf;g :yfgLo txsf] ;]jf k|jfx yk x'g]
k|efjsf/L ePsf] x'g] ;'zf;gsf] k|j4{g ePsf]
/fHoaf6 pknAw ;]jf ;'ljwfdf x'g]
hgtfsf] kx'Frdf clej[l4 ePsf] ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] cfwf/
x'g] lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g]
!! Efjg, cfjf; / PsLs[t ;/sf/L sfof{no ejg, ;x/L If]qsf] hLjg:t/df
;x/L ljsf; hgtf cfjf; lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g] ;'wf/ ePsf] x'g]
PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; ePsf] x'g]
xl/t ;x/L ljsf; ePsf] x'g]
ljkb\ k|lt/f]wL cfjf; lgdf{0f
ePsf] x'g]
:df6{ ;x/xsf] ljsf; ePsf] x'g]
!@ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg k'glg{df{0f / gj lgdf{0fdf ljkb ljkb\ pTyfgzLn
/ Kf'glg{df{0f hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ePsf] x'g] ;d'bfosf] ljsf; ePsf]
hf]lvdk"0f{ a:tL pko'Qm :yfgdf x'g]
:yfgfGt/0f ePsf] x'g] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;xof]u
k'u]sf] x'g]
!# >d tyf /f]huf/L j]/f]huf/L / cw{ a]/f]huf/L b/ d'n'sleq} jflif{s rf/ nfv
Joj:yfkg 36]sf] x'g] /f]huf/L l;h{gf ePsf] x'g]
c;n >d ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ePsf] lgs[i6 k|s[ltsf] afn>dsf]
x'g] pGd"ng ePsf] x'g]
bIf >dzlQmsf] ljsf; ePsf] x'g]
!$ lj1fg, ;"rgf lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf j}1flgs cg';Gwfg lj:tf/
tyf k|ljlw ;\VofTds / u'0ffTds eO{ ljsf; k|lqmofdf
hgzlQmsf] yk ljsf; ePsf] x'g] of]ubfg k'Uf]sf] x'g]
;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]usf] ljsf; ljB'tLo ;'zf;g nfu' eO{
ePsf] x'g] ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ ePsf]
x'g]
!% Zff;sLo If]q, Gofodf kx'Fr j[l4 ePsf] x'g] Zff;g Joj:yfdf
zflGt / ;'zf;g Gsf] Joj:yfkg zflGtk"0f{ Kff/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf
tl/sfn] ug]{ k|0ffnL ljsf; ePsf] clej[l4 ePsf] x'g]
x'g]
Gsf] ;dodf elTsPsf

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 313

 k||d'v glthf
qm=;+= tfTsflns c;/x ljifo If]qut c;/x
If]qx
;+/rgfxsf] k'glg{df{0f ;DkGg
ePsf] x'g]
cfGtl/s zflGt / cdgrogsf]
l:yltdf ;'wf/ ePsf] x'g]
;'/Iffsf ;a} If]qdf cfw'lgsLs/0f
/ Ifdtf ljsf; ePsf] x'g]

tflnsf (=# M ljifout c;/x, pkIf]q / k|d'v glthf If]q

qm=;+= Kf|d'v glthf If]qx ljifout If]q ljifout If]qsf k|d'v glthf If]qx
! ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj / cfly{s If]q art, nufgL,
ljsf; ;fj{hlgs If]q /fh:j, ;fj{hlgs vr{, ;fj{hlgs
C0f, j}b]lzs ;xof]u
ljQLodf}lb|s a}l tyf ljQ, ladf, kF'hLahf/
If]q ljb]zL ljlgdo, j}b]lzs Jofkf/,
afXo If]q j}b]lzs nufgL
@ pBf]u, ko{6g / ;]jf If]qsf] pBf]u / ;]jf cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0f / pTkfbsTj
ljsf; If]q j[l4,
ko{6g ko{6sLo If]q, cfudg, a;fOF, cfo
# s[lif pTkfbg j[l4 / vfB s[lif s[lif pTkfbsTj / pTkfbg
;'/Iff l;FrfO l;l~rt If]q
kz'kfng kz'kfng
vfB ;'/Iff vfB ;'/Iff
$ k|fs[lts :f|f]t Joj:yfkg / Jfg Jfg, e";+/If0f,
jftfj/0f e"ld;'wf/ Ef"ld;'wf/, gfkL
jftfj/0f jftfj/0f
hnjfo' kl/jt{g hnjfo' kl/jt{g
% Jofkf/ / cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg Jffl0fHo, cfk"lt{ Jffl0fHo, cfk"lt{
^ ;fdflhs tyf dfgj ljsf; lzIff k|ff/lDes afn ljsf;, cfwf/e"t,
dfWolds, pRr, k|fljlws,
cgf}krfl/s
:jf:Yo :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f
o'jf tyf v]ns'b o'jf, v]ns'b

314 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

qm=;+= Kf|d'v glthf If]qx ljifout If]q ljifout If]qsf k|d'v glthf If]qx
n}ls ;dfgtf / n}lus ;dfgtf, dlxnf, afnaflnsf,
;fdflhs ;+/If0f Ho]i7 gful/s, ckftf ePsf JolQm,
lszf]/lszf]/L,
;dfj]zLs/0f nlIft ;d'bfo / If]q
Vffg]kfgL, vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO,
;/;kmfO
Hfg;\Vof hg;\Vof
;+:s[lt ;+:s[lt
& pmhf{ ljsf; HfnljB't\ hnljB't\, pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
* Eff}lts k"jf{wf/, oftfoft / Eff}lts k"jf{wf/ /0fg}lts ;8s, k"n, xjfO{, /]n tyf
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ cGo oftfoft
oftfoft oftfoft Joj:yf
;"rgf tyf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
;~rf/
( Kf|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ k|fb]lzs k"jf{wf/ ;8s, vfg]kfgL, l;FrfO, emf]n'] k'n,
:yfgLo k"jf{wf/ n3' hnljB't\, Nof08lkmn ;fO6,
a:tL ljsf;
!) ;\3Lotf tyf :yfgLo ;\3Lotf ;\3Lotf, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g,
:jfoQ zf;g :jfoQ zf;g k|fb]lzs tyf ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ng
!! Efjg, cfjf; / ;x/L ljsf; Efjg tyf Efjg tyf cfjf;
cfjf;
;x/L ljsf; ;x/L ljsf;
!@ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / Kf'glg{df{0f ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ljkb\ Joj:yfkg
Kf'glg{df{0f Kf'glg{df{0f
!# >d tyf /f]huf/L Joj:yfkg >d Joj:yf >d Joj:yf, :jb]zL /f]huf/L
/f]huf/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/L
!$ lj1fg tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw lj1fg, ;"rgf lj1fg, ;"rgf k|ljlw
k|ljlw
!% Zff;sLo If]q, zflGt / Zff;sLo ;'wf/ k|zf;sLo ;'zf;g, ljQLo ;'zf;g,
;'zf;g of]hgf k|lqmof dfgj clwsf/, zflGt
of]hgf k|lqmof tyf sfof{Gjog,
tYof, cg'udg tyf d"Nofg

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 315

(=$ glthf ;"rs
(=$=! ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj / ljsf;
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
k|efj
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -cf=j= ?= 2248.7 2396.9 2570.0 2778.3 /fli6o s]=t=lj=
@)&#&$ sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_ ca{df n]vf
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -rfn' ,,
2248.7 2564.7 2942.4 3403.6
d"Nodf_
cfly{s j[l4b/ k|ltzt 0.77 6.5 7.2 7.9 ,, ,,
s[lif If]qsf] j[l4b/ ,, 1.33 4.5 4.7 4.9 ,, ,,
u}/s[lif If]qsf] j[l4b/ ,, 0.63 7.6 8.4 9.3 ,, ,,
c;/
a]/f]huf/L b/ k|ltzt 2.7 2.4 2.2 2 3/kl/jf/ ,,
;j{]If0f
s'n ufx{:Yo art -s'n ,, 5.3 7 8.5 10.5 /fli6o s]=t=lj=
ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf]] n]vf g]=/f=a}+=
cg'kftdf_

316 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
/fli6o art (s'n ufx{:Yo ,, 42.9 43.6 44.3 45 ,, ,,
pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf_
pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsf ,, 9.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 jflif{s g]=/f=a}+=
l:ylt
;dLIff
lj:t[t d'b|f k|bfo j[l4b/ ,, 19.5 17.0 18.5 19.0 ,, ,,
e'QmfgL ;Gt'ng ?= ca{ 191.24 ,, ,,
lghL If]qdf hfg] shf{ k|ltzt 23.2 20.0 19.5 20.4 ,, g]=/f=a}+=
jflif{s j[l4b/
s'n cfGtl/s shf{ jflif{s ,, 17.4 25.0 20.5 21.0 ,, ,,
j[l4b/
Jofkf/ 3f6fs'n ufx{:Yo ,, Jofkf/ g]=/f=a}+,
pTkfbg tYof s]=t=lj=
31.3 32.0 31.0 30.0
/fli6o
n]vf
k|ltkmn
-!_ cfly{s If]q
cfoft ,, 773.6 910.7 1012.1 1136.1 ,, ,, ljb]zL ljlgdodf lglZrt

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 317

 glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
;LdfeGbf a9L 36a9
gePdf
lgof{t ,, 70.12 90 100 115 ,, ,,
Jofkf/ 3f6f ,, 703.48 820.7 912.1 1021.1 ,, ,,
s'n /fh:j ,, cfly{s d=n]=lg=sf=
482.8 550.3 668.7 814.9 ;j]{If0f cy{
dGqfno
s'n ah]6 ,, 600.2 1046.6 1210.5 1430.9 ,, ,,
j}b]lzs cg'bfg ,, 43.1 106.0 124.2 141.7 ,, ,,
s'n vr{ ?= ca{ 494.6 903.1 1042.7 1212.4 ,, ,,
rfn' vr{ ,, 371.3 618.8 685.1 751.4 ,, ,,
k'FhLut vr{ ,, ,, ,, cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgdf
123.3 284.3 357.6 461.1
pNn]Vo ;'wf/ ePdf
ljQLo Joj:yf ,, 39.2 209.6 249.7 255.9 ,, ,,
s'n C0f ,, 131.5 347.6 414.9 471.5 ,, ,,
cfGtl/s C0f ,, 87.8 123.5 166.1 190.5 ,, ,,
afXo C0f ,, 43.8 224.1 248.8 281.0 ,, ,,
nufgL ,, 562.0 716.4 903.9 1183.4 /fli6o s]=t=lj=

318 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
n]vf g]=/f=a}=
;/sf/L ,, 132.6 275.2 357.6 471.5 ,, ,,
lghL ,, ,, ,, lghL If]qsf] nufgL
429.4 396.6 493.0 644.4 k|If]k0f cg'dfg cg'k
nufgL ePdf
;xsf/L ,, ,, ,, ;xsf/L If]qsf] nufgL
44.5 53.3 67.5 k|If]k0f cg'dfg cg'k
nufgL ePdf
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf of]hgfsf] gLltut zLif{sdf ;dfj]z /x]sf] .

(=$=@ pBf]u, ko{6g / ;]jf If]qsf] ljsf;

glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
k|efj
/fli6o
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf of]ubfg
n]vf / p=d=
-s_ pBf]u k|ltzt 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.4 Jo=;"=k|= ;+=k=gf=p=d=
-v_ ko{6g ,, 2.6 3 3.5 4

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 319

 glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
c;/
pBf]u
cf}Bf]lus nufgLdf jflif{s j[l4 k|ltzt 15.69 13.8 7.11 8.2 ,, ,,
nufgL jftfj/0f
pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u If]qdf lghL jflif{s
?= s/f]8df 134074 23900 25600 27700 pBf]u d= ;sf/fTds
If]qsf] nufgL k|sfzg
ePdf
lgof{tdf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf]
k|ltzt 35 36 38 40 Jo=;"=k|= pBf]u d=
c+z
pBf]u If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf
;\Vof
-7"nf, demf}nf, ;fgf, 3/]n' / n3' 3197 168 174 181 ,, ,,
-xhf/df_
pBf]u_

ko{6g cd]l/sL /fli6o

;+=k==gf= lghL If]qsf]
ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g 8n/ 4978 5940 8004 10800 n]vf /
p=d= ;xeflutf /x]df
nfvdf Jo=;"=k|=
hgf ;+=k==gf=
ko{6s cfudg &=! * !) !@ Jo=;"=k|= ,,
-nfvdf_ p=d=
k|lt ko{6s a;fO{ cjlw lbg !@=$ !#=% !$ !% ,, ,, ,,

320 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
cd]l/sL
k|lt ko{6s k|ltlbg vr{ 53 55 58 60 ,, ,, ,,
8n/
hgf ,, cf=
/f]huf/L l;h{gf 90 25 40 45 ,, ,,
-xhf/df_ ;j{]If0f
k|ltkmn
pBf]u
>d ;DaGwdf
;d:of gcfPdf
7"nf pBf]u btf{ ;\Vof 855 85 90 100 Jo=;"=k|= pBf]u d+= P]g sfg'g
;dod} :jLs[t
ePdf
demf}nf pBf]u btf{ ,, 1481 85 90 100 ,, ,, ,,
;\Vof
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u btf{ 270 20 20 20 ,, ,, ,,
-xhf/df_
n3' pBdLsf] :t/f]Gglt ,, 18 17 19 21 ,, ,,
n3' pBdL l;h{gf ,, 103 19 21 23 ,, ,,
l;d]G6 pBf]usf] nflu kx'Frdfu{ ef}=k"=of= k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f
ls=ld= 456.8 75 75 75 ,,
lgdf{0f d= cg'dflgt ;do

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 321

 glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
/ nfutd}
;DkGg ePdf
pks/0f vl/b
tyf hgzlQmsf]
vfgL cGj]if0fsf] If]qkmn j=ls=ld= 41600 25 25 25 ,, pBf]u d=
k"lt{df ;d:of
gcfPdf
vlgh cGj]if0ffTds l8ln ld6/ 1435 600 250 150 ,, ,,
vlgh cGj]if0ffTds ;j]{ x]S6/ 1500 300 350 400 ,, ,,
u'0f:t/ k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf /
;\Vof 5 1 2 2 ,, ,,
;~rfng
;\Vof
sDkgL btf{sf] l8lh6fOh]zg 153 16 18 20 ,, ,,
-xhf/df_
pkef]Qmf
u'=tyf
pBf]u btf{sf] l8lh6fOh]zg ,, 65 23 25 25 ,, ;r]tgf
gf=tf}=lj=
clej[l4 ePdf
g]kfn u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ;\Vof 880 40 40 40 ,, ,,
g]kfn u'0f:t/ k|df0f lrGx
,, 271 25 25 25 ,, ,,
Ohfht
ljz]if cfly{s If]q lj:tf/ ,, 1 1 2 ,, lj=cf=lj=;
322 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
 glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
cf}Bf]lus If]q lj:tf/ ,, 11 1 1 ,, cf}=If]=Jo=ln
ko{6g ,,
;+=k==gf=
jif}{el/ ;~rfng x'g] ljdfg:yn ,, 22 25 27 30 ,,
p=d=
g]kfn cfpg] cGt/f{li6o ljdfg
;\Vof 26 27 29 31 ,, ,,
;]jf
ko{6g :t/sf] xf]6n / a]8 xf]6n
;\Vofdf yk j[l4 ;\Vof 1067 73 66 82 ,, ,, lghL If]qsf]
% tf/] nufgL lg/Gt/
!$ tf/] j[l4 ePdf
cGo
xf]d:6]
;~rfngdf
xf]d:6]sf] ;\Vof / Ifdtf ;\Vof ,, ,,
:yfgLo
;xeflutf /x]df
ko{6g If]qdf pTkflbt bIf ;\Vof
10 1 2 ,, ,,
hgzlQm -xhf/df_
lgld{t gofF kbdfu{sf] nDafO
ls=ld= 100 15 15 20 ,, ,,
-u|]6 lxdfnog 6]n;d]t_

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 323

 glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
:t/f]Ggltgjlgdf{0f ePsf
;\Vof 957 58 50 60 ,, ,,
ko{6sLo ;Dkbf
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf of]hgfsf] gLltut zLif{sxdf ;dfj]z /x]sf] .

(=$=# s[lif pTkfbg j[l4 / vfB ;'/Iff

cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf]
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# ;|f]t
lhDd]jf/ lgsfo cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
k|efj /fli6o
k|ltzt 1.4 4.5 4.7 4.9 s]=t=lj=
s[lif If]qsf] j[l4 b/ n]vf
s'n ufx{:Yo
pTkfbgdf of]ubfg 31.7 31.1 30.4 29.5 ,, ,,
k|ltzt
-s[lif If]q_
s'n ufx{:Yo
pTkfbgdf of]ubfg k|ltzt ,, ,,
-;xsf/L If]q_
c;/
s[lif
k|ToIf /f]huf/L hgf 100 25 33 33 Jo=;"=k|= s[=lj=d=

324 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf]
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# ;|f]t
lhDd]jf/ lgsfo cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
-xhf/df_
vfBj:t' pTkfbg
l;FrfOsf] ;xh
xhf/
Wfg 4299 4950 5198 5561 ,, s[=lj=d=, jf=d= Joj:yfkg ePdf
d]=6g
df};d cg's'n ePdf
,, 1570 1975 2074 2219 l;FrfOsf] ;xh
ux'F ,, ,,
Joj:yfkg ePdf
ds} ,, 2231 2400 2520 2696 ,, ,, ,,
cfn' ,, 2850 3000 3100 3250 ,, ,, ,,
t]nxg ,, 225 210 221 236 ,, ,, ,,
bnxg ,, 360 390 410 438 ,, ,, ,,
pv' ,, 3750 3600 3500 3400 ,, ,, ,,
kmnkm"n ,, 1096 1211 1339 1480 ,, ,, ,,
t/sf/L ,, 3580 3700 3800 4000 ,, ,, ,,
lrof ,, 23.18 26 27 30 ,, ,, ,,
Dff5f ,, 77.67 87.6 95 103 ,, ,, ,,
vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 325

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf]
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# ;|f]t
lhDd]jf/ lgsfo cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{ s[lifhGo j:t'sf] pknAwtf
/f;folgs dnsf] ;xh
k|ult s[=lj=d= k=lj=d= cfk"lt{ / ljt/0f ;+oGq
k|ltj]bgx ;'b[9 ePdf
vfBfGg 302 323 347 376
s]=hL= ;j]{If0f kz'kG5L /f]usf]
k|ltj]bgx c:jfefljs k|sf]k
gb]lvPdf
bnxg ,, 12.38 12.57 12.76 13.15 ,, ,, ,,
cfn' ,, 82.1 86.9 88.7 89.2 ,, ,, ,,
t/sf/L ,, 109.6 110.4 110.7 112.5 ,, ,, ,,
kmnk"mn ,, 36.1 38.2 40 42 ,, ,, ,,
t]n ln6/ 2.94 3.05 3.18 3.36 ,, ,, ,,
b"w ,, 66.7 73.32 81.78 91.17 ,, ,, ,,
df5f s]=hL= 2.75 2.93 3.1 3.26 ,, ,, ,,
df;' ,, 11.7 12.42 13.5 14.66 ,, ,, ,,
cG8f uf]6f 44.4 48.74 51.65 55.18 ,, ,, ,,
s[lif If]qdf nfu]sf cd]l/sL s[lif s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltn]
794 831 868 905 s[=lj=d=
k|lt >ldssf] jflif{s 8n/df ljsf; k|If]k0f u/] cg';f/ kof{Kt

326 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ lgsfo
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# ;|f]t
cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
pTkfbsTj /0fgLlt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePdf
k|ult u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f
k|ltj]bg, nufot l;FrfO / s[lif
;j]{If0f ;8s nufot cfjZos
k|ltj]bgx k"jf{wf/x ljsf; ePdf
vfBhlgt ul/aL k|ltzt 24 22.4 20.8 19 ,, ,, ,,
% jif{d'lgsf sd tf}n hg;+lVos ,,
ePsf 26.5 :jf:Yo
,, 30.1 28.0 24 s[=lj=d= :jf=d=
afnaflnsfxsf] ;j]{If0f
;\Vof k|ltj]bgx
;xsf/L ;\Vof
61 28 32 33 Jo=;"=k|= ;=u=lg=d=
k|ToIf /f]huf/L -xhf/df_
;xsf/L ;\3;+:yfsf]
?=ca{df 210 215 220 225 ,, ,,
s'n art
;xsf/L ;\3;+:yfsf]
,, 185 200 220 245 ,, ,,
C0f nufgL
;xsf/L ;\3;+:yfsf]
?=ca{df 65 70 75 80 ,, ,,
;]o/ kF'hL

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 327

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf]
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# ;|f]t
lhDd]jf/ lgsfo cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
l;FrfO hgf
,,
/f]huf/L l;h{gf -xhf/df_ 9000 10800 13000 l;=d=
s[lifof]Uo e"lddWo]
x]S6/ 1392177 48085 55530 56880 ,, ,,
l;l~rt If]qkmn
kz'kG5L
/f]huf/L l;h{gf ;\Vof 29 50 80 100 ,, k=lj=d=
-xhf/df_
d]=6g w"nf] b"wsf] cfoft /
b"w 1854 2031 2296 2594 ,, ,,
-xhf/df_ To;sf] d"No c;/o'Qm
d]=6g lsl;dn] kl/jt{g gePdf
df;' 318 344 379 417 ,, ,, b"w, df;' / cG8f pTkfbg
-xhf/df_
ug]{ kz'kG5Lsf /f]usf]
uf]6f c:jfefljs k|sf]k
cG8f 120 135 145 157 ,, ,,
-s/f]8df_ gb]lvPdf
ljBdfg ue{wf/0f b/ /
s[lqd uef{wfg -g:n ;\Vof
491 500 600 700 ,, ,, t/n gfO6f]hgsf]
;'wf/sf] nflu_ -xhf/df_
kof{Kttfdf sdL gcfPdf
kz'kG5L kfngdf ;d"xut kdf sfo{ ug]{
;\Vof 18762 19000 19500 20000 ,, ,,
;+nUg s'n ;lqmo k|j[lQdf sdL gcfPdf

328 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf]
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# ;|f]t
lhDd]jf/ lgsfo cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
s[ifs ;d"x
:yfgLo lgsfo tyf
k=lj=d=sf] lgodg e"ldsf
;'wf/ ul/Psf] :j:y
,, 741 815 896 986 ,, ,, j[l4 ePdf
df;' k;n
:j:y df;';DaGwL
r]tgfdf j[l4 ePdf
vf]k pTkfbgsf] k|:tfljt
kz'kG5Lsf] vf]k ;\Vof
258 275 303 333 ,, ,, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ;dod}
pTkfbg nfvdf
;DkGg ePdf
cfjZos vf]k pknAw
kz'kG5Ldf vf]k ;]jf ,, 43.12 50 55 60
ePdf
kz'kG5Lsf] pkrf/ lj/fdL kz'kG5Lsf] pkrf/
,, 26.1 28 30 35 ,, ,,
;]jf af/]df l/kf]l6 u/]df
jflif{s 3fF;sf] lap 3fF; nufpg] If]qsf]
d]=6g 375 468 571 685 ,, ,,
pTkfbg pknAwtfdf sdL gcfPdf
k|ltkmn
s[lif cg';Gwfg
;|f]t lap pTkfbg d]=6g 1220 1550 1700 1850 ,, ,, df};d cg's"n ePdf

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 329

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf]
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# ;|f]t
lhDd]jf/ lgsfo cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
kl/df0f
lap lahgpGgt hft
dnvfb d]=6g ;j]{If0f rfn' cf=j=sf] cg'kftdf
258.9 350 500 650 ,,
-/f;folgscuf{lgs_ -xhf/df_ k|ltj]bgx ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePdf
;fgf l;FrfO x]S6/ 2969 4272 5022 7022 ,, ,, ,,
vfB k|of]uzfnfsf]
k|Tofgg (Accreditation) lsl;d 27 27 29 30
sf] bfo/f
zLt3/ ;\Vof 7 10 12 14
;xsf/L k|fylds, dGqfnoljefu
,, 32663 1000 1000 1000
;xsf/L ;\3;+:yf ltLo l8=;=sf=
;xsf/L ;\3;+:yfsf] ;\Vof
52 1 1 1 ,, ,,
s'n ;b:otf -nfvdf_
;xsf/L ;\3;+:yfsf] ?=
63 0.5 1 1.5 ,, ,,
;]o/ k'FhL ca{df
;xsf/L ;b:onfO{
,, 185 10 12 14 ,, ,,
C0f k|jfx
;xsf/L v]tL of]hgf ;\Vof 30 5 10 15 ,, ,,

330 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf]
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# ;|f]t
lhDd]jf/ lgsfo cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
-rSnfaGbL ;d]t_
;xsf/L ;fgf tyf
demf}nf pBf]u ,, 21 100 150 200 ,, ,,
;~rfng
dlxnf ;b:o
k|ltzt 45.97 48 49 50 ,, ,,
;xeflutf
dlxnff/f ;~rfng
;\Vof 4011 ,, ,,
ul/Psf] ;xsf/L ;+:yf
v'b art -gfkmf_df
;~rflnt ;\3 cg'kft 75 80 85 90 ,, ,,
;+:yfsf] cg'kft
l;FrfO
l;l~rt If]qkmn
lj:tf/ pko'Qmk|ljlwsf] pkof]u
;tx l;FrfO ,, l;=d= / hUuf k|flKtdf ;xhtf
x]S6/ 740659 6155 8610 10980
cfof]hgfxaf6 ePdf
l;l~rt If]qkmn
lj:tf/
e"ldut l;FrfO ,, 408093 37730 42670 41700 ,, ,, ,,

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 331

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf]
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# ;|f]t
lhDd]jf/ lgsfo cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
cfof]hgfxaf6 l;+lrt
If]qkmn lj:tf/
gofF k|ljlw l;FrfO ,,
5900
sfo{qmdaf6 l;l~rt ,, 4200 4250 4200 ,, ,,
If]qkmn lj:tf/
dd{t;Def/af6 x'g]
cfjZos ah]6 / ls;fgsf]
l;l~rt If]qkmn ,, ,,
x]S6/ 324600 324600 324600 324600 ;xeflutf ePdf
;/sf/ Jojl:yt
s[ifs Jojl:yt ,, 237525 21300 17400 16200 ,, ,, ,,
l8k 6\o'j]n ,, 950 1400 800 ,, ,, ,,
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf of]hgfsf] gLltut zLif{sxdf ;dfj]z ePsf]

(=$=$ k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0f

cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# ;|f]t lgsfo
k|efj
/fli6o
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf k|ltzt s]=t=lj=
n]vf
jg If]qsf] of]ubfg

332 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# ;|f]t lgsfo
c;/
jg tyf e" ;+/If0f Jo=;"=k|= j=e"=;+=d=
>d lbg
/f]huf/L l;h{gf 370 390 400 410
-xhf/df_
;j]{If0fJo
jg If]qn] cf]u6]sf] If]q k|ltzt $$=& $$=& $$=& $$=& ,,
=;"=k|=
;3g jgn] cf]u6]sf]
,, 40.36 40.36 40.36 40.36 ,, ,,
If]q
;+/lIft If]qn] cf]u6]sf]
,, @#=#@ @#=#@ @#=#@ @#=#@ ,, ,,
If]q
jg If]qaf6 cg'dflgt
?= ca{ 0.92 1.25 2 2.5 ,, ,,
/fh:j /sd
;+/If0fsf] of]hgfdf
ah]6sf] ;'lglZrttf
/x]sf hLjsf k|hfltsf] ;\Vof 10 6 8 9 ,, ,,
ePdf
;\Vof
;+/If0fsf] of]hgfdf ,,
/x]sf jg:kltsf ,, 3 5 5 5 ,, ,,
k|hfltsf] ;\Vof

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 333

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# ;|f]t lgsfo
e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf
>d lbg
/f]huf/L l;h{gf 58 22 18 d'=s=,x=sf= e"=;'=Jo=d=
-xhf/df_
k|ltkmn
jg tyf e";+/If0f ,, ,,
e"sDkaf6 Wj:t
uf]6f 31 85 84
;+/rgf k'glg{df{0f
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg
;d"xx jg
Joj:yfkgsf nflu
,, 308 579 500 500 ,, j=e"=;+=d= Joj:yfkgdf lg/Gt/
;d"x u7g tyf jg
;xefuL ePdf
x:tfGt/0f
uf]6f
la?jf pTkfbg 10454 16260 15000 15000 ,, ,, df};d k|lts"n gePdf
-xhf/df_
cltqmd0f x6fpg]
k|ltj4tf ePdf
jg If]qsf] cltqmd0f
x]S6/ 1680 1620 2000 3000 ,, ,, jg If]qdf ;'s'Djf;L
x6fOPsf] If]qkmn
g/fVg] gLlt cjnDag
ePdf

334 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# ;|f]t lgsfo
jg pBdsf] ljsf; nufgLd}qL gLlt nfu'
uf]6f 23 25 35 40 ,, ,,
tyf k|j4{g ;xof]u ePdf
;+/lIft jg If]q ,, 12 1 1 ,, ,,
Hff]lvddf k/]sf
:yfgLo hgtfsf]
k|hfltsf] ;+/If0f tyf k|hflt 5 3 3 4 ,, ,,
;xeflutf lg/Gt/ /x]df
Joj:yfkg
h8La'6Lu}/sfi7 jg
k}bfjf/ ks]6 ljz]if ,, 15 12 15 15 ,, ,, ,,
If]q k|j4{g
kfgL d'xfg, kf]v/L
;+/If0f / l;d;f/ If]q uf]6f 484 300 400 400 ,, ,,
Joj:yfkg
klx/f] Joj:yfkg ,, 612 280 800 1020 ,,
/]8sf] k/LIf0fsf] kdf ax';/f]sf/jfnfaLr
lhNNff 12 12 12 ,, ,,
sfof{Gjog ;dGjo ePdf
tNnf] t6Lo gbL If]qdf
ah]6sf] ;'lglZrttf
l/e]6d]G6 tyf t6aGw ls=ld= 227 27 30 35 ,, ,,
ePdf
lgdf{0f

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 335

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# ;|f]t lgsfo
j[If/f]k0f ul/Psf] j[If/f]k0fdf
x]S6/ 3600 4000 4000 4000 ,, ,,
If]qkmn hg;xeflutf h'6]df
;d'bfoaf6 Jojl:yt jg Joj:yfkgdf
x]S6/ 218948 35000 30000 30000 ,, ,,
jgsf] If]qkmn hg;xeflutf h'6]df
sf7sf] pTkfbg 3g lkm6 ;d'bfo / :yfgLo
11 25 30 40 ,, ,,
-nfvdf_ -nfvdf_ lgsfosf] ;sf/fTds
bfp/f pTkfbg rf ;\Vof 1500 3000 3500 4000 ,, ,, ;xof]u ePdf
e"ld Joj:yf
d'Qm sd}of kl/jf/sf] :yfgLo hg;d'bfo tyf
k'g:yf{kgf - ;\Vof 26563 1940 1940 ,, e"=;'=Jo=d+= lgsfoaf6 ;xof]u ePdf
;fegf{;d]t_
tflnd k|fKt ug]{ d'Qm d'Qm sd}ofxsf]
hgf 19531 180 180 ,, ,,
sd}of ;xeflutf ePdf
d'Qm xlnofsf nflu kl/jf/ d'Qm xlnofsf]
381 357 900 743 ,, ,,
hUuf vl/b cg'bfg ;\Vof ;xeflutf ePdf
d'Qm xlnofsf nflu kl/jf/
328 521 1800 2579 ,, ,,
3/ lgdf{0f cg'bfg ;\Vof
d'Qm xlnofsf nflu kl/jf/ 568 11900 1728 5000 ,, ,,

336 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# ;|f]t lgsfo
3/ dd{t cg'bfg ;\Vof
e"clen]v ;"rgf
Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLaf6
ahf/df ;]jf k/fdz{sf]
hUuf k|zf;g;DaGwL sfof{no 6 10 30 33 ,, ,,
pknAwtf ePdf
cgnfO{g ;]jf k|jfx
lj:tf/
gfk gS;f tyf e"ld
Joj:yfkgdf tflnd
hgf 4224 250 250 250 ,, ,,
k|fKtsd{rf/L
-e"=Jo=k|=s]=af6_
dfnkf]t sfof{nodf
If]q Pjd\
sDKo'6/ k|lji6 8f6fsf] 16 48 16 16 ,, ,,
lhNnf
k/LIf0f
ejg lgdf{0f -dfnkf]t k|ult
;\Vof 4 10 10 df=kf]=sf=
sfof{nox_ k|ltj]bg
cgnfOg ;]jf lj:tf/ ;\Vof 10 30 35 ,, e"=;'=Jo=lj= ,,
ejg lgdf{0f gfkL ,,
;\Vof 10 10 10 ,,
-gfkL ljefu_ sfof{nox

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 337

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# ;|f]t lgsfo
gfk gS;f tof/ gfkL ,,
x]S6/ 2000 2000 ,,
-ufpF Ans_ sfof{nox
#= jftfj/0f tyf
hnjfo' kl/jt{g
jftfj/0fLo k|efj ,,
cfof]hgf 259 30 35 40 k|fKt k|:tfj :t/Lo /
d"Nofg ePsf h=jf=d=
;\Vof sfg'g adf]lhd ePdf
cfof]hgfxsf] k/LIf0f
hl8t :jrflnt ,, cfjZos ;fdu|L /
;\Vof 15 25 25 20 ,,
hndfkg s]Gb| hgzlQm pknAw ePdf
df};dL /f8f/ :yfkgf ;\Vof 1 1 1 ,, ,, ,,
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf of]hgf ;DalGwt gLltut zLif{sxdf ;dfj]z ePsf] .

(=$=% Jofkf/ / cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg

cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
@)&@&# ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
k|efj
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf jfl0fHo k|ltzt 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 /fli6o s]=t=lj=

338 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
@)&@&# ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
If]qsf] of]ubfg n]vf
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg cg'kftdf
k|ltzt 31.3 32 31 30 Jo=;"=k|= jf=d=
Jofkf/ 3f6f
c;/
jfl0fHo
hgf
/f]huf/L l;h{gf 1382 49 49 50 ,, ,,
-xhf/df_
j:t'sf] lgof{tcfoft cg'kft cg'kft 1M11 1M10.1 1M10.1 1M9.9 ,, ,,
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg j:t'
k|ltzt 3.12 3.5 3.4 3.4 ,, ,,
lgsf;L cg'kft
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf j:t' /
k|ltzt 6 8 10 12 ,, ,,
;]jf lgsf;L cg'kft
Jofkf/ 3f6f /sd ?= ca{df 710 1001 1112 1251
j:t'sf] cfoft ?= ca{df 781 911 1012 1136 ,, ,,
j:t'sf] lgof{t ?= ca{df 70 90 100 115 ,, ,,
k|ltkmn
jfl0fHo
jfl0fHo If]qdf lghL If]qsf] ?=s/f]8d 13951 1002 1003 1005 Jo=;"=k|= jf=d=

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 339

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
@)&@&# ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
nufgL f
jfl0fHo kmd{ ;\Vof -xhf/df_ 462 22 22 22 ,, ,,
u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnfx
cf]6f 5 6 7 8 ,, ,,
:yfkgf / ;~rfng
g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLltn]]
?= ca{df 20 25 30 35
klxrfg u/]sf j:t'xsf] lgof{t
cn}FrL ;'sfpg cfw'lgs 8fo/sf]
cf]6f 45 70 100 150 ,, ,,
lgdf{0f
cfk"lt{ d]=6g 9'jfgLdf Jojwfg
15 15.6 18 19 ,, cf=d=
@@ b'u{d lhNnfdf vfBfGg 9'jfgL -xhf/df_ gcfPdf
/fli6o vfB ;'/Iff e08f/df afXo jftfj/0fLo
d]=6g
vfBfGg e08f/ 25 25 25 25 ,, ,, k|efj vfBfGg
-xhf/df_
e08f/0fdf gk/]df
;fs{ vfB ;'/Iff a}df vfBfGg
,, 8 8 8 8 ,, ,, ,,
df}Hbft
b'u{d lhNnfxdf cfof]l8go'Qm
,, 72169 94256 94256 94256 ,, ,, ,,
g"g 9'jfgL
k]6f]lnod kbfy{ e08f/0f Ifdtf lbg 15 30 60 90 ,, ,,

340 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
ahf/ cg'udg k6s 4000 5710 6500 7000 ,, ,,
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf of]hgf ;DalGwt zLif{sxdf ;dfj]z ePsf] .

(=$=^ ;fdflhs tyf dfgj ljsf;

cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
k|efj
dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s ;"rsf 0.540 0.57
dfgj ;DklQ ;"rsf+s ,, 68.7
ck]lIft cfo' jif{ jif{ 69 70 71 72
s]=t=lj=,
k|f}9 ;fIf/tf b/ k|ltzt 80 81 82 83 nf;
k|ltj]bg
c;/
lzIff lgoldt tYof pknAw
88.6 89 90 92 /fli6o lz=lj=, c=
!% b]lv @$ jif{ ePdf
,, hgu0fgf lz= s]=
pd]/;Ddsf] ;fIf/tf b/

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 341

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
sIff Psdf afn ljsf;sf]
cleefjssf] r]tgf:t/
cg'ej;lxt egf{ x'g ,, 62.4 67 72 78
/ ;xof]u /x]df
cfpg] afnaflnsfsf] b/
v'b egf{ b/
:yfgLo lgsfo, lghL
96.6 97 98 98.5 nf; lz=d+= tyf cGo If]qsf]
-sIff !%_ ,,
k|ltj]bg lz=lj= ;xeflutf / ljsf;
;xof]u lg/Gt/ /x]df
-sIff !*_ ,, 89.4 91 92.5 94 ,, ,, ,,
-sIff (!@_ ,, 37.7 40 42 45 ,, ,, ,,
pRr lzIffdf ;xh} b]lvg] 17.1 17.5 18 20 ,, ,, ,,
,,
s'n egf{b/
sIff * ;Ddsf] l6sfpb/ ,, 69.7 72.5 76 80 ,, ,, ,,
sIff !) ;Ddsf] l6sfpb/ k|ltzt 37.9 41 45 50 ,, ,, ,,
ljBfno 5f8\g] b/ ,, ,, ,,
-sIff !%_ ,, 3.9 3.4 3 2.5 ,, ,, ,,
-sIff ^*_ ,, 4.5 4.2 3.8 3.5 ,, ,, ,,

342 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
-sIff (!)_ ,, 4.9 4.5 4.2 3.6 ,, ,, ,,
n}ls ;dtf b/ ,, ,, ,,
ljBfno lzIff 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 ;a} lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6
cg'kft ,, ,, 5fqf egf{sf] lg/Gt/
k|of; /x]df
pRr lzIff ,, 1.05 1.00 1.00 1.00 ,, ,, ,,
;\Vof
k|ToIf /f]huf/L l;h{gf 15 18 20 ,, ,,
-xhf/df_
:jf:Yo ljsf;sf
dft[ d[To'b/ -k|lt nfv g]=h=:jf ;fe]mbf/xsf] ;xof]u
hgf 258 151 148 145 :jf=d= /x]df
hLljt hGd_ =;=
% jif{ d'lgsf] afn d[To'b/ 34 ,,
,, 38 38 30 ,, ,,
-k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGd_
gjhft lzz' d[To'b/ ,,
,, 23 23 21 20 ,, ,,
-k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGd_
s'n k|hgg b/ k|ltzt 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 ,, ,, ,,
% jif{d'lgsf afn ,, 37 36 34 32 ,, ,, ,,

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 343

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
aflnsfdf ePsf]
k'8\sf]kgf
Ifo/f]usf] cg'dflgt
;\Vofsf] cfwf/df /f]u k|ltzt 81 85 86 87 Jo=;"=k|= :jf=d=
lgbfg ePsf] b/
klxrfg ePsf Ifo/f]uLdWo] k|ltzt 90 90 90 90
,, ,,
pkrf/sf] ;kmntf
;\Vof
k|ToIf /f]huf/L ,, ,,
-xhf/df_
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ,, ,,
cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgL
:yfgLo ;xeflutf /
;]jfaf6 nfeflGjt k|ltzt 83.6 86 88 90 ,, ,,
d'xfg ljjfb gk/]df
hg;\Vof
pRrdWod:t/ vfg]kfgL vfg]kfgL tyf
ah]6 ;'lglZrttf
;'ljwfaf6 nfeflGjt ,, 15 20 25 30 ,, 9n lgsf;
ePdf
hg;\Vof ljefu
;/;kmfO ;'ljwfaf6 ,, 81 84 87 89 ,, ,, :yfgLo ;xeflutfdf

344 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
nfeflGjt hg;\Vof lg/Gt/tf /x]df
hgf ,,
/f]huf/L l;h{gf 9 11 13 15 ,, ,,
-xhf/df_
k|ltkmn
lzIff 12700 1000 1000 :yfgLo lgsfo / lghL
nf;
kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cf]6f 1000 lzIff d= tyf cGo If]qsf]
k|ltj]bg
;'ljwf;lxt zf}rfno lgdf{0f ;xeflutf /x]df
ePsf ljBfno ;\Vof
gofF sIff sf]7f lgdf{0f -xhf/df_ 76.8 8 8 8 ,, ,, ,,
OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf k'u]sf] ,,
;\Vof 1748 6300 7000 8000 ,, ,,
ljBfno
u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf tyf ,,
,, 15 30 50 80 ,, ,,
k|Tofog k|fKt SofDk;
5fqj[lQ ,, ,, ,,
342553
-sIff !!)_ ,, 3563459 3425534 3425534 ,, ,, bf]xf]/f]kgf gePdf
4
-sIff !!!@_ ,, 61094 62907 62907 62907 ,, ,, ,,

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 345

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
;Lkd"ns Jofj;flos ;\Vof ahf/sf] dfu /xg
45 50 55 60 ,, ,,
tflnd -xhf/df_ ;s]df
;fIf/tf cleofg ;\Vof
:jf:Yo
kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] g]=h=:jf
k|ltzt 49.6 50 55 60 :jf=d=
cfw'lgs ;fwg k|of]u b/ =;=
:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|;'lt
,, 55 60 65 70 ,, ,,
;]jfsf] pkef]u
:jf:YosdL{f/f k|;'lt ;]jf g]=h=:jf
k|ltzt 50 55 65 70 :jf=d=
k|fKt ug]{ =;=
rf}yf] k6s;Dd ue{jtL
,, 59 61 63 65 ,, ,,
hfFr ug]{ dlxnf
le6fldg P k|fKt ug]{
,, 53 60 65 70 ,, ,,
ue{jtL dlxnf
8L=kL=6L= x]k= vf]k t];|f]
,, 92 93 93 93 ,, ,,
k|fKt ug]{ afnaflnsf
bfb'/f vf]k k|fKt ug]{ k|ltzt 88.2 90 90 90 ,, ,,

346 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
afnaflnsf
lgMz'Ns d'6' /f]u pkrf/
hgf 927 1150 1180 1200 ,, ,,
kfpg]
cf}nf] /f]u kQf nfu]sf]
;\Vof 1352 1000 1000 1000 ,, ,,
la/fdL
jflif{s gofF Pr=cfO{=eL=
,, 1480 1200 1200 1200 ,, ,,
;+qmldt
ue{jtL dlxnfdWo]
kL=Pd=6L=;L=6L= ;]jf k|ltzt 30 40 40 40 ,, ,,
kfPsf ue{jtL dlxnf
lgMz'Ns cf}ifwLsf]
k|sf/ 70 70 70 70 ,, ,,
pknJwtf
;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff
lhNnf 3 25 50 75
-:jf:Yo ladf_ lj:tf/
o'jf tyf v]ns'b 130 130 150 k|ult
hgf 408 o'=v]=d=
o'jf cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg k|ltj]bg
u|fdL0f o'jf pBd ;d"x ;\Vof 0 240 240 240 ,, ,,

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 347

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
lgdf{0f
o'jf ;Lk tyf g]t[Tj ;\Vof tflnd k|bfos
4.05 0.5 1 1 ,, ,,
ljsf; tflnd k|fKt o'jf -xhf/df_ lgsfoxsf] pknAwtf
/fi6klt /lg l;N8
k|ltof]lutfsf] ;~rfng k6s 450 81 81 81 ,, ,,
-lhNnf, If]q / s]Gb|_
:sfp6xsf] ;\Vofdf
xhf/df 56 10 10 10 ,, ,,
j[l4
:sfp6 :jo+;]js
,, 17 20 20 20 ,, ,,
kl/rfng
o'jf :jo+;]js kl/rfng ,, 10 350 350 290 ,, ,,
k|lzIf0f k|fKt ug]{ v]nf8L ,, 37 15 15 15 ,, ,,
11 11 11 ;dodf lj:t[t
lqms]6 d}bfg lgdf{0f cf]6f 11 ,, ,, cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg
-lgdf{)ffwLg_ -lgdf{)ffwLg_ -lgdf{)ffwLg_ tof/ ePdf
lhNnf:t/Lo se8{ xn ,,
,, 37 14 14 10 ,, ,,
lgdf{0f

348 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
:yfgLo:t/df v'Nnf :yfg
,, 1055 405 100 100 ,, ,,
;lxtsf] v]n d}bfg lgdf{0f
lgjf{rg If]q:t/Lo v]n 240 240 240
,, 240 ,, ,,
d}bfg lgdf{0f -lgdf{)ffwLg_ -lgdf{)ffwLg_ -lgdf{)ffwLg_
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ,,
ah]6sf] ;'lglZrttf
gofF vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf ;\Vof 2332 1500 1500 vf=;=d=
/x]df
k'gM lgld{t vfg]kfgL ,,
,, 1379 1000 1200 1621 ,, ,,
cfof]hgfk|0ffnL
v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]q lbuf]kgfsf] ;'lglZrttf
,, 2274 2810 3157 ,, ,,
3f]if0ff ePsf uflj; /x]df
v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]q ,,
,, 122 169 217 ,, ,,
3f]if0ff ePsf gu/kflnsf
v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]q ,,
,, 38 60 75 ,, ,,
3f]if0ff ePsf lhNnf
v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]q ,,
,, 2 ,, ,,
3f]if0ff ePsf c~rn

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 349

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
;/;kmfO sfo{qmd ,,
;\Vof 2110 2810 3157 ,, ,,
;~rflnt uf=lj=;=
;/;kmfO sfo{qmd ,,
,, 89 169 217 ,, ,,
;~rflnt gu/kflnsf
;/;kmfO sfo{qmd ,,
,, 35 60 75 ,, ,,
;~rflnt lhNnf
dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf
;dfh sNof0f
Ho]i7 gful/s lbjf ;]jf lhNnf 48 49 cfjlws d=af=;=
s]Gb| / lhNnf s]Gb| k|ltj]bg s=d=
;\Vof 70 87 97 107 :ynut
cg'udg
lgdf{0f ePsf] j[4f>d ;\Vof ^$ ^* &# &* cfjlws d=af=;=s=d
k|ult =
k|ltj]bg
;Lkd"ns tflnd k|fKt ,, ,,
,, #)) @%) @%) @%)
ckftf ePsf JolQm
ckftf ePsf JolQmsf] ,, !%) !%) !%) ,, ,, ,,

350 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
k'g:yf{kgf
cgfy afnaflnsfsf] ,, ,, ,,
,, ^^* #)) #)) #))
afnu[xdf k'g:yf{kgf
afnu[xxnfO{ dfkb08 ,, ,, ,,
,, !)# $& @% @%
cg's"n agfpg]
dlxnf ;xsf/L ,, ,,
,, 1828 179 242 327
;+:yfxsf] u7g
dlxnf ;+:yfxsf] ef}lts ,, ,,
;\Vof 157 100 135 182
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd j8f
3225 245 330 445 ,, ,,
lj:tf/ ;\Vof
Joj;fod"ns ;Lk ljsf;
tflnd k|fKt dlxnf xhf/df 48.3 28.3 38.2 51.6 ,, ,,
;\Vof
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf
nlIft ;d"x ;b:oxsf] ,, 1043 66=9 70 71 ,, ,,
;xeflutf ;\Vof
n}ls lx+;f lgjf/0fsf] ;\Vof 1098 896 1210 1633 ,, ,,

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 351

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
nflu j8f ;ldlt u7g
ePsf uf=lj=;=
k|ToIf n}ls pQ/bfoL
k|ltzt 22.27 24 25.5 27 ,, cy{ d=
ah]6 ljlgof]hg cg'kft
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf of]hgfsf] ;DalGwt zLif{sxdf ;dfj]z ePsf] .

(=$=& pmhf{ ljsf;

glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
k|efj
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf hnljB't\ /fli6o
k|ltzt s]=t=lj=
/ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] of]ubfg n]vf
c;/ P]g lgodxdf
hnljB't ;do;fk]If ;'wf/
k|ltzt 26 25 24.5 24 Jo=;"=k|= pmhf{ d= ePdf
ljB't\ r'xfj6
2892 40 40 28 ;doleq k|;f/0f
ljB't\df kx'Fr k|fKt uflj; ;\Vof ,, ,,
nfO{g lj:tf/ ePdf

352 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
/fli6o ljB't\ k|0ffnLaf6 ljB't\df ;\Vof ,,
2870 150 150 150 ,, ,,
kx'Fr k|fKt 3/w'/L -xhf/df_
/fli6o ljB't\ k|0ffnLaf6 ljB't\df 58 66 ,,
k|ltzt 62 70 ,, ,,
kx'Fr k|fKt ug]{ hg;\Vof
k|ltJolQm ljB't\ vkt lsnf]jf6 ,,
141 145 150 160 ,, ,,
306f
/f]huf/L l;h{gf hgf 18 18 ,,
15 ,, ,,
-xhf/df_
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f
n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't\
d]ufjf6 24 4.5 3.5 3 ,, h=jf=d= ePdf
cfof]hgfaf6 ljB't\ pTkfbg
3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't\ k|0ffnLaf6 ljB't\ ,,
,, 18.58 5 5 6 , ,,
pTkfbg
jfo' pmhf{ k|0ffnLaf6 ljB't\ ,,
lsnf]jf6 64 100 200 700 , ,,
pTkfbg
/f]huf/L l;h{gf hgf ,,
408 6 6 6 , ,,
-xhf/df_
k|ltkmn
hnljB't
rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 353
 glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
hnljB't\ pTkfbg Ifdtf d]ufjf6 851 200 850 400 ,, pmhf{ d= P]g lgodxdf
;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ /
cGt/ lgsfo
;dGjo k|efjsf/L
ePdf
lgdf{0f sfo{ ;' ul/g] ljB't\ ,,
,, 1852 480 240 1430 ,, ,,
cfof]hgf Ifdtf
k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0f 100 175 ,,
ls=ld= 2970 510 ,, ,,
-^^ s]=eL= / ;f]eGbf a9L_
u|fdL0f
ljB'tLs/0fsf]
## s]=le= k|;f/0f nfOg lj:tf/ ,, 4345 171 300 300 ,, ,, k|efjsf/L lj:tf/
ePdf
!! s]=le= k|;f/0f nfOg lj:tf/ ,, 30110 350 600 600 ,, ,, ,,
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
;'wfl/Psf] r'nf] h8fg ;\Vof 724 300 300 300 ,, h=jf=d= gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf]]
-xhf/df_ bLuf] ljsf; ePdf
3/fo;L afof]UofF; KnfG6 h8fg ,, 364 60 70 70 ,, ,, ,,
;+:yfut / ;fd'bflos afof]UofF; ;\Vof 21 150 200 250 ,, ,, ,,

354 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
KnfG6 h8fg
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf of]hgfsf] ;DalGwt zLif{sdf ;dfj]z ePsf] .

(=$=* ef}lts k"jf{wf/, oftfoft / ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/

cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
k|efj
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf
/fli6o
oftfoft tyf ;~rf/ If]qsf] k|ltzt s]=t=lj
n]vf
of]ubfg
c;/
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ hgf
/f]huf/L l;h{gf -;8s_ -xhf/df_ 38 45 45 Jo=;"=k|= ef}=k"=of=d=
/f]huf/L l;h{gf -/]n tyf cGo
,, 3 4 4 ,, ,,
oftfoft_
/f]huf/L l;h{gf -;"rgf tyf
,, 3 3 3 ,, ,,
;~rf/_

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 355

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
lghL If]qsf]
6]lnkmf]g 3gTj -k|lt;o
k|ltzt 110.25 113 115 117 ,, ;"=;+=d= ;xeflutfdf
JolQmdf_
lg/Gt/tf /x]df
OG6/g]6 u|fxssf] 3gTj
,, 46.46 53 57 65 ,, ,,
-k|lt;o JolQmdf_
k|ltkmn
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
/0fg}lts tyf If]qLo ;8s
ls=ld= 29031 600 700 700 ,, ef}=k"=of=d=
lgdf{0f
;8s :t/f]Gglt, k'glg{df{0f / ,,
,, 12233 900 1000 1100 ,, ,,
;'b[9Ls/0f
cfjlws dd{t;Def/ ,, 600 600 600 Jo=;"=k|= ef}=k"=of=d= ,,
lgoldt dd{t;Def/ ,, 9200 9500 10000 10500 ,, ,, ,,
k'n lgdf{0f ;\Vof 1952 100 100 100 ,, ,, ,,
oftfoft
;jf/L ;fwg s/ s/f]8df 707 1025 1080 1105 ,, ,,
;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq ;\Vof 80 500 1000 1000 ,, ,,

356 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
-:df6{ sf8{_ ljt/0f
/]n oftfoft cfjZos hgzlSt,
lgld{t 6ofs nDafO j}b]lzs ;xof]usf]
ls=ld= % @% $) ,, ,, lg/Gt/tf /
d'cfAhfsf nflu
ah]6 pknAw ePdf
:t/f]Gglt ePsf] /]ndfu{sf] ls=ld= ,, ,, ,,
$@ @@ !*
nDafO
8L=kL=cf/= k|ltj]bg ,, 372 270 934 372 ,, ,, ,,
d]6f] /]n 8L=kL=cf/= k|ltj]bg ,, 78
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
lghL If]qsf]
cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g -PSTN_ ;\Vof
8.47 9 9.5 10 ,, ;"=;+=d= ;xeflutf lg/Gt/
u|fxs -nfvdf_
/x]df
df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g u|fxs ,, 280 290 300 310 ,, ,, ,,
hDdf 6]lnkmf]g ,, 288 299 310 321 ,, ,, ,,
OG6/g]6 u|fxs ,, 121 130 145 155 ,, ,, ,,
PaLaLP; (ABBS) ;]jf ;\Vof 34 68 71 75 ,, ,,

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 357

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
;~rfng ug]{ x'nfs art a}
sfpG6/ c6f]d];g ePsf
,, 40 50 60 75 ,, ,,
x'nfs
x'nfs 6]ln;]G6/ Ifdtf ljsf; cf]6f 200 300 401 ,, ,,
j}b]lzs b'|t 8fFs ;]jf ePsf
;\Vof 38 42 45 50 ,, ,,
d'n's
gful/s p8\oog
afx|} dlxgf ;~rfng x'g] ;+=k=gf=p=d+= lghL If]qsf]
;\Vof @@ @% @& #) ,,
ljdfg:yn g]=gf=p=k|f= ;xeflutf x'g]
g]kfn cfpg] cGt/fli6o ,,
;\Vof @^ @& @( #! ,, ,,
ljdfg ;]jf
;\Vof
g]kfn cfpg] cGt/f{li6o
-jflif{s 80,00 81,00 83,00 85,00 ,,
ljdfgdf pknAw l;6
xhf/_
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf ;DalGwt zLif{sdf ;dfj]z ePsf]

358 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

(=$=( k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/
cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
k|efj k|ltzt Jo=;"=k|= ;=df=:yf=
u|fdL0f If]qsf] cfly{s j[l4 lj=d=
c;/ hgf
51 23 27 25 ,, ,,
:yfgLo txdf /f]huf/L l;h{gf -xhf/df_
t/fO{df Ps 306f / kxf8df b'O{
306fleq oftfoft ;]jfdf kx'Fr k|ltzt 45 50 56 65 ,, ,,
k'u]sf] hg;\Vof
;'wfl/Psf] vfg]kfgL ;|f]tdfly lbuf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]
kx'Fr ePsf u|fdL0f 3/w'/L -jif{el/ ,, 68.2 70 73 78 ,, ,, sf/0fn] d'xfgx
kfgL rNg] vf=kf=cf=_ g;s]df
;/;kmfO ;'ljwf kfPsf yk u|fdL0f
k|ltzt ,, ,,
hg;\Vof
k|ltkmn j}b]lzs;xfotf
:yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ls=dL= 38915 1420 1560 1590 ,, ,, k|fKt ePdf
gofF u|fdL0f ;8s lgdf{0f tyf dd{t
u|fdL0f ;8s :t/f]Ggltk'gM:yfkgf
ls=dL= 12790 2290 1620 1825 ,, ,,
u|fe]n
rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 359
 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
u|fdL0f ;8s sfnf]kq] ls=dL= 1605 195 200 150 ,, ,,
:yfgLo ;8s k'n lgdf{0fsf] ;\Vof cf]6f 317 118 145 115 ,, ,,
emf]n'] k'n lgdf{0f ;\Vof cf]6f 6566 522 500 500 ,, ,,
:oflg6/L NofG8lkmn ;fO6sf] ljsf; ;Vof 10 12 14 24 ,, ,,
n3' hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf] ;8ssf] ljkb\af6
ls=jf= 1600 250 246 255 ,, ,,
;~rfngaf6 pTkflbt ljB't\ Ifdtf Go"g Iflt ePdf
;fgf l;FrfO k'u]sf] If]qkmn x]S6/ 65000 18177 18800 22026 ,, ,,
;x/L ljsf;
gofF ;x/xsf] lgdf{0f k|ult k|ltzt ,, ;=lj=d=
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf of]hgfsf] ;DalGwt zLif{sdf ;dfj]z ePsf] .

(=$=!) ;\3Lotf, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g

glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
k|efj
k|ltzt
:yfgLo txsf] cfly{s j[l4
c;/ ?= s/f]8df 1021 1205 1459 1600 Jo=;"= ;=df=:yf=lj=

360 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
:yfgLo lgsfosf] cfGtl/s cfo k|= d=
:yfgLo lgsfosf] xfn;Ddsf] a]?h' /sd ?= s/f]8df ,, ,,
:yfgLo lgsfosf] s'n vr{dWo] a]?h' /sd k|ltzt 5 4.5 4 3.5
:yfgLo txdf k|jflxt ;]jfk|lt nfeu|fxLsf]
;\Vof 7 14 21 ,, ,,
;Gt'i6L dfkg ;j{]If0f -:yfgLo tx_
Go"gtd zt{ tyf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg lh=lj=;= 91 95 98 100 Jo=;"=k|= ;=df=:yf=lj=d=
-MCPM_ pQL0f{ ePsf :yfgLo lgsfox g=kf= 83 90 94 97 ,, ,,
- k|ltzt_ uf=lj=;= 60 72 86 95 ,, ,,
k|ltkmn
k|ltzt 100 100 100 100 ,, ,,
;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ u/]sf :yfgLo lgsfo
JolQmut 36gf btf{ ,, 80 85 90 95 ,, ,,
s'n /fli6o ah]6df :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ uPsf]
,, 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 ,, ,,
lgMzt{ cg'bfg
dGqfnosf] s'n ah]6df :yfgLo lgsfonfO{
,, 23.07 27.09 30 33 ,, ,,
uPsf] lgMzt{ cg'bfg
sDKo"6/df cfwfl/t n]vfkfng ug]{ :yfgLo lh=lj=;= 73 2 ,, ,,

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 361

 glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
lgsfo g=kf= 191 26 ,, ,,
uf=lj=;= 240 100 100 110 ,, ,,
;x/L ;8s u'?of]hgf tof/ kf/]sf
;\Vof 73 43 101 ,, ,,
gu/kflnsf
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf of]hgfsf] ;DalGwt zLif{sdf ;dfj]z ePsf] .

(=$=!! ejg, cfjf; / ;x/L ljsf;

cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
k|efj /fli6o
k|ltzt s]=t=lj
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf of]ubfg n]vf
c;/
ejg, cfjf; / ;x/L ljsf; hgf
134 33 40 45 Jo=;"=k|= ;=lj=d=
/f]huf/L l;h{gf -xhf/df_
lbuf] ;x/L ljsf; ;"rsf -gofF_
cfg} :jfldTjsf] 3/df a;f]jf;
k|ltzt 85.26
ug]{xsf] ;\Vof

362 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
k|ltkmn
ejg tyf cfjf;
;/sf/L sfof{no ejg lgdf{0f ;\Vof 151 20 40 20 ,, ,,
nfeu|fxLxsf nflu
hUuf pknAw ePdf
gLltut lg/Gt/tf
hgtf cfjf;dfk{mt\ lgld{t 3/ ,, 6192 4000 9000 7000 ,, ,, ePdf
sfo{ljlw tyf
df]8fln6L :jLs[lt
;dod} ePdf
k|wfgdGqL cfjf; of]hgf cGtu{t Jo=;"=k|= ;=lj=d=
;\Vof 0 1500 1500
lgld{t cfjf; PsfO
k"jf{wf/;lxtsf] gd"gf PsLs[t a:tL
,, 7 qmdfut qmdfut
ljsf;
;|f]t pknAw ePdf
s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] nflu k|zf;lgs ;fljssf sfof{nox
,, 1 1 1 ,, ,,
Knfhf lgdf{0f ;xh} k'g:yf{kgf
ePdf

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 363

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu
kof{Kt / pko'Qm hUuf
PsLs[t ;/sf/L sfof{no ejg *
;\Vof 5 9 7 ,, ,, pknAw ePdf
lgdf{0f qmdfut
kof{Kt ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf
ePdf
ljz]if cfjf; -pRr kb:y ,,
kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/Lxsf] nflu_ ,, 14 qmdfut qmdfut
lgdf{0f
bIf hgzlQm pknAw
% ePdf
;ef xn lgdf{0f ,, 1 3 2 ,, ,,
qmdfut ;|f]tsf] plrt k|aGw
ePdf
;x/L ljsf; ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;xL
,, ,, k|of]u ePdf
PsLs[t ;x/L ;]jf s]Gb| lgdf{0f ,, 2 3 2
pko'Qm hUuf k|flKtdf
%% ;d:of gePdf
PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; ,, 20 30 20 ,, ,,
qmdfut sfo{qmd ;DaGwdf
hg;xeflutf / dfu

364 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
l;h{gf ug{ ;d:of
gePdf
cfgf] ;fljssf] a:tL
5f8\g tof/ ePdf
@% #) sfo{ljlw k|i6 ePdf
Ps ;x/ Ps klxrfg cGtu{t Jo=;"=k|= ;=lj=d=
,, 18 qmdfut qmdfut hgzlQm pknAwtf /
PsLs[t ;x/L ljsf;
;d]t ;d]t gLltut l:y/tf ePdf
tYof Joj:yfkg x'g
;s]df
:df6{ l;6Lsf kdf ;x/xnfO{
;\Vof 13 qmdfut qmdfut ,, ,, hg;\Vof /
ljsf;
k"jf{wf/jLr tfnd]n
ldnfpg ;xh ePdf
xl/t k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd cJojl:yt
cGtu{t ;x/L kfs{ Pjd\ kf]v/L ,, 10 5 9 7 ,, ,, a;f]jf;nfO{ x6fpg
lgdf{0f ;d:of gePdf
vfB xl/ofnL ;x/-k'm8 lu|g l;6L_
,, 3 qmdfut qmdfut
sf kdf ;x/xsf] ljsf;
b]zsf ljleGg :yfgxdf :df6{
,, 50 50 50
len]hxsf] ljsf;

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 365

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo
9n lgdf{0f ls=ld= 125 100 200 100 ,, ,, hUuf k|flKtdf ;d:of
gePdf
;tx gfnL lgdf{0f ,, 147 100 200 177 ,, ,, :yfgLoxsf] cj/f]w
gePdf
15 Jo=;"=k|= ;=lj=d=
a;kfs{ lgdf{0f ;\Vof 10 15 10
qmdfut
;8s :t/f]Gglt ls=dL= 130 100 300 100 ,, ,,
:yfgLo nfeu|fxL;Fu
hUuf ljsf; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog x]S6/ 200 30 50 20 ,, ,,
;xsfo{ x'g ;s]df
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf of]hgfsf] ;DalGwt zLif{sdf ;dfj]z ePsf] .

(=$=!@ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / k'glg{df{0f

cfwf/ jif{ nIo lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
k|efj
k|sf]k ;+j]bgzLn ljsf; glthf
c;/ Gf]Q/ zflGt tyf Uf[=d=
3893 285 2409 2944
k'gM lgld{t ;+/rgfxsf] ;~rfng k'glg{df{0f kl/of]hgf /f=k'=k|f=

366 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
k|sf]k Joj:yfkg Ifdtfdf j[l4 ,, u[= d+=
/f]huf/L l;h{gf lbg
617 396 1383 1590 ,, zf=k'=d+=
-s_ zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f -xhf/df_
hgf
-v_ hn pTkGg 10 12 13 ,, l;=d+=
-xhf/df_
k|ltkmn
k'glg{df{0f
e"sDkaf6 Iflt ePsf ;+/rgfxsf] 31 Uf[=d=
lhNNff 11 31 ,,
tYof ;ng tyf cWofjlws /f=k'=k|f=
PsLs[t a:tL ljsf;sf nflu 11 20 ;=lj=d+= /
cfjZos kg]{ :yfgsf] vf]hL u/L ,, ,,
/f=k'=k|f=
nut tof/
k'gM lgld{t ;+/rgfxsf] ;\Vof ;\Vof ,, ,,
JolQmut cfjf; ,, ,, ,,
/f=k'=k|f=/
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ,, ,,
;+=k=gf=p=d=
hn pTkGg ls=ld=

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 367

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
yk t6aGwsf] lgdf{0f *%& #) #) #) ,, l;FrfO d=
afof] OlGhlgol/ u/]sf] If]qkmn x]S6/ % % % ,, ,,
a:tL, ahf/ ;+/If0f ;\Vof 9 13 13 13 ,, ,,
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf of]hgfsf] ;DalGwt zLif{sdf ;dfj]z ePsf] .

(=$=!# >d tyf /f]huf/L Joj:yfkg

cfwf/ jif{ nIo lhDd]jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^
;"rgfsf] ;|f]t lgsfo cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
g]=lh=;j]{If0f >=/f]=d=
k|efj
k|ltzt 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.5 >d ;j]{If0f
/f]huf/Lsf] j[l4b/
cf=;j]{If0f
kfl/jfl/s cfodf j[l4 -?= /f=n]vf 3=a=
32.5 36.8 42.1 48.4 g]=/f=a}=+
-dfl;s_ xhf/df_ ;j]{If0f
c;/ g]=lh=;j]{If0f lghL If]qsf] nufgL j[l4 x'Fb} uPdf
a]/f]huf/L b/ >d ;j]{If0f cGt/f{li6o >d ahf/df g]kfnL
k|ltzt 3.6 3.0 2.5 2.0 >=/f]=d= sfdbf/sf] dfu a9]df
cf=;j]{If0f
Jo=;"=k|=

368 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo
;"rgfsf] ;|f]t lhDd]
jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ lgsfo
/sd ljk|]if0f j[l4sf] ljut rf/ jif{sf]
ljk|]if0f cfo 679 828 1011 1233 ,, cy{ d++=
-?=ca{_ cf}ift j[l4b/ lg/Gt/ /x]df
k|ltkmn bIf >dzlQm pTkfbg;DaGwL
hgf
>d Joj:yf / /f]huf/L 17 20 20 20 Jo=;"=k|= ,, ;+/rgfxsf] :t/f]Gglt / ;lqmotf
-xhf/_ ePdf
/f]huf/d"ns tflnd
;Lk ljsf; tflnd
;\Vof 3 2 2 3 Jo=;"=k|= >=/f]=d=
s]Gb|xsf] :t/f]Gglt
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hgf
,, ,,
hfg]sf] ;\Vof -xhf/_
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf
uGtJo d'n'sxdf ;\Vof 5 5 5 5 ,, ,,
;'/lIft >du[xsf] lj:tf/
;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifdf hgf ;fdflhs ;''/Iff P]g, @)&#
700 50 50 50 ,, ,,
;xefuLxsf] ;\Vof -xhf/_ sfof{Gjogdf cfPdf
;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifdf ?= ,,
1210 15 16 17 ,, ,,
hDdf ePsf] /sd s/f]8df
;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifaf6 ;\Vof 4 2 3 ,, ,, ,,

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 369

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo
;"rgfsf] ;|f]t lhDd]
jf/
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ lgsfo
;~rfng ePsf
cfof]hgf
lkIfLo >d ;Demf}tf
b]z 6 2 2 2 ,, ,,
ePsf d'n's
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf of]hgfsf] ;DalGwt zLif{sdf ;dfj]z ePsf]

(=$=!$ lj1fg tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw

cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
k|efj
lj1fg k|ljlw If]qsf] s'n /fli6o k|If]k0f
k|ltzt lj=k|=d=
pTkfbgdf of]ubfg ;j]{If0f
c;/ hgf -
/f]huf/L l;h{gf -xhf/df_ Jo=;"=k|= ,,
cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] k|of]u ;\Vof %) *) () ,, ,,
k|ltkmn
lj1fg tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw

370 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo ;"rgfsf] lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
lj1fg cWoog s]Gb| :yfkgf ,, & !) &% &% ,, ,,
cg';Gwfg j[lQ pknAwtf ,, - @) #) %) ,, ,,
cGt/ lgsfo
Olen]h ;~rfng ,, @* !% !& !% ,, ,,
;dGjo ePdf
h}ljs ljljwtf cg';Gwfg ,, - !) !% !) ,, ,,
/;fog tyf
- cGo ;fdu|Lx
dlns'n/ afof]6]Sgf]nf]hL cg';Gwfg ,, % % % ,, ,,
ljb]zaf6
cfoft ug'{kg]{
g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|lti7fgsf
Jo=;"=k|= lj=k|=d=
k|of]uzfnfxsf] :t/f]Gglt
cWoogcg';Gwfgdf k]mnf]l;k ;\Vof %$) %) !)) !)) ,, ,,
cg';Gwfg s]Gb| :yfkgf ,, 3 4
cWoogcg';Gwfgsf] ;\Vof ,, @) @) @) ,, ,,
cWoogcg';Gwfgsf] k|of]u ,, 5 5 5 ,, ,,
l8PgP 8f6fj]; ,, !)) @)) @%) @)) ,, ,,
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf of]hgfsf] ;DalGwt zLif{sdf ;dfj]z ePsf]

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 371

(=$=!% zf;sLo If]q, zflGt / ;'zf;g
nIo
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%& lgsfo
^
k|efj 6fG;k/]G;L e|i6frf/ lj?4sf]
e|i6frf/;DaGwL :yfg 130 125 120 115 OG6/g]zgnsf] k|=d=d=k=sf= cleofgn] Jofkstf
;"rsf c+s 27 28 29 29 k|ltj]bg kfPdf
ljZj a}sf]
:yfg 13.46 17 22 23
;/sf/L k|efjsfl/tf ljZj zf;g k|=d=d=k=sf=
;"rsf+s 1.04 0.90 0.85 0.80
k|ltj]bg
:yfg 26.92 27.00 28.00 29.00
sfg'gsf] zf;g ,, ,,
;"rsf+s 0.70 0.65 0.40 0.30
kf/blz{tf;DaGwL
,, ,,
;"rsf
l;PkmPP (CFAA) Jo=;"=k|=
cy{
;"rsfsf] l:ylt d=dn]lgsf
c;/
/f]huf/L l;h{gf
1 1 2 ,, zf=k'=d=
-s_ zflGt tyf hgf 617

372 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 nIo
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%& lgsfo
^
k'glg{df{0f -xhf/df_
k|ltkmn
zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f
k'glg{df{0f eO;s]sf
;\Vof 3557 200 900 1100 Jo=;"=k|= zf=k'=d=
cfof]hgf
zflGtsf nflu ljsf;
,, 336 126 1200 2400 ,, ,,
sfo{qmdaf6 lgdf{0f x'g]
#^%@ cfof]hgf
;~rfngdf /x]sf
,, 2200 2000 1100 ,, ,, @)&%&^ kl5 klg
qmdfut cfof]hgf
qmdfut /xg]
zflGt u|fd :yfkgf ;\Vof 3 4
clVtof/
ph'/L km5of}{6 k|ltzt - 65 67 69 Jo=;"=k|= c=b'=c=cf=
d'2fdf ;kmntf ,, - 88 88 88 ,, ,,
dxfn]vf kl/Ifs

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 373

 nIo
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%& lgsfo
^
n]vfk/LIf0f tflnd k6s 7 20 20 25 ,, d=n]=k=sf=
;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
k|ltzt 33 33 33 ,, ,,
pkof]u / lj:tf/
of]hgf tyf tYof
k|0ffnL
ljifo If]qut cWoog
cf]6f 5 7 9 ,, /f=of]=cf=
cg';Gwfg
of]hgf;DaGwL tflnd hgf 150 150 200 ,, ,,
cg'udg;DaGwL tflnd ,, 150 150 200 ,, ,,
t];|f] kIfaf6 d"Nofg
;\Vof 36 3 3 3 ,, ,,
ul/g] cfof]hgf
cfGtl/s d"Nofg ,, 3 2 2 2 ,, ,,
/fli6o :t/sf] ;j]{If0f ,, 2 2 2 ;j]{If0f s]=t=lj=
tYof;DaGwL tflnd ,, 75 75 100 Jo=;"=k|= ,,
sfg'g tyf Gofo
-Gofo Joj:yf_

374 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 nIo
glthf ;"rsx PsfO cfwf/ jif{ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx
@)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%& lgsfo
^
k|sflzt gLlt
PsLs[t sfg'gL
1 / jflif{s sf=Gof=;+=Ao=d=
;xfotf gLlt th'{df
k|ltj]bg
;lGw ;DkGg ug]{
1 ,, ,,
lgb]{lzsf th'{df
sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf
;\Vof 25 10 10 10 ,, ,,
clej[l4
ck/fw ;j]{If0f ,, 1 1 1 1 ,, ,,
sfg'gL lzIff /
,, 185 40 70 75 ,, ,,
;]rtgf clej[l4

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 375

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t
@)&@&# lgsfo hf]lvdx
;fdfGo k|zf;g k|sflzt gLlt
lghfdtL ;]jf;DaGwL ;do /
2074 c;f/ ;f=k|=d=
/fli6o gLlt th'{df tyf ;Ldf jflif{s
sfof{Gjog k|ltj]bg
;fj{hlgs lgsfosf
g]t[Tj txsf
kbflwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/L /
st{JonfO{ hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ ,,
2074 c;f/ lg/Gt/ lg/Gt/ ,, ,,
agfpg ;"rs;lxt sfo{
;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf;DaGwL
sfg'g th'{df tyf
sfof{Gjog
lghfdtL sd{rf/L 6]8
,,
o'lgogsf] cfrf/;+lxtf 2074 c;f/ lg/Gt/ lg/Gt/ ,, ,,
th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog
ljleGg s]Gb|Lo tyf lgsfout dGqfno 10,
lg/Gt/ lg/Gt/ ,, ,,
lhNnfl:yt ;fj{hlgs ;\Vof ljefu 10,

376 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
;]jf k|jfx ug]{ s]Gb|Lo
sfof{noxsf] lgsfo 10
Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f lhNnf:t/
sfof{no 70
hgu'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf]
nflu u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO ;do 2074 c;f/ jflif{s
lg/Gt/ lg/Gt/ ;f=k|=d=
6ofls k4ltsf] ;Ldf / lg/Gt/ k|ltj]bg
sfof{Gjog
;]jf k|jfxnfO{ kx'Frof]Uo
/ ;xh agfpg
,, 2074 c;f/
;fj{hlgs lgsfoxdf lg/Gt/ lg/Gt/ ,, ,,
/ lg/Gt/
ljB'tLo sfo{ k|0ffnLsf]
cjnDag
gful/s a8fkqnfO{
:yfgLo efiffdf ;d]t
,, 2074 c;f/
lgdf{0f u/L df]afOn PK; lg/Gt/ lg/Gt/ ,, ,,
/ lg/Gt/
tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
pkof]udfk{mt k|of]u

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 377

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
;]jfsfnLg tflnd ;\Vof 43 59 65 70 ,, ,,
;]jf k|j]z tflnd ;\Vof 12 22 15 15 ,, ,,
cg';Gwfgk/fdz{ ,, 10 12 15 18 ,, ,,
:6fkm sn]hsf] cfGtl/s
,, 16 20 25 24 ,, ,,
Ifdtf ljsf;
sd{rf/L k|lzIf0f
k|lti7fgaf6 tflnd k|fKt ,, 8524 3000 4000 4500 ,, ,,
sd{rf/L
lghfdtL c:ktfnaf6 hgf c:ktfnsf] Ifdtf
600 650 700 ,, ,,
alx/ ;]jf k|bfg k|ltlbg lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPdf
cfGtl/s cfDbfgL k|lt jif{ la/fdLsf] ;\Vof
14 15 16 ,, ,,
-lghfdtL c:ktfn_ -?= s/f]8_ j[l4 ePdf
;'/Iff lgsfo
u[x -;'/Iff Joj:yf_
/ :yfgLo
zflGtk"j{s afFRg kfpg] ;\Vof u[=d= cfd r]tgfdf
2721 2000 1000 500 k|zf;gsf]
clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf -k6s_ k|=k|=sf= clej[l4 ePdf
l/kf]l6{,
-aGb x8\tfn Go"gLs/0f_
Jo=;"=k|=
pkTosfsf ;a} k|j]z ;\Vof 4 4 4 jflif{s k|ltj]bg ,,

378 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
gfsf / l;+xb/af/ k|=k|=sf=
k|j]zf/xdf e]lxsn
:Sofg/ h8fg
b]zsf k|d'v ;x/xdf
;L;L6LeL -Snf]h ;ls{6 ;\Vof 5 15 20 ,, ,,
6]lnlehg_ h8fg
/fli6o kl/ro kqsf]
lhNnf 3 12 25 ,, ,,
tof/L k"/f u/L ljt/0f
nfu' cf}ifw
lgdf{0f sfo{df
k|of]ustf{xnfO{ pkrf/ jflif{s k|ltj]bg u[=d=
;\Vof 1 1 2 3 cgk]lIft cj/f]w
ug{ k|To]s k|b]zdf k|=k|=sf= k|=k|=sf=
gcfPdf
k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| :yfkgf
cfly{s ljsf; / ;'/Iff lgsfo /
;d[l4sf nflu nufgLd}qL ;\Vof :yfgLo k|zf;gsf]
16 5 2 0 ,, ,,
;'/lIft jftfj/0f -rGbf -cf]6f_ Ifdtf clej[l4 x'Fb}
c;'nL Go"gLs/0f_ uPdf
zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug]{ ;xefuL ,,
5000 3500 3500 ,, ,,
sfo{ k|efjsf/L kdf ;\Vof

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 379

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
;~rfng
-zflGt ;'/Iff sfo{df
vl6g] ;'/IffsdL{xnfO{
;'/Iff tflnd k|bfg_
nfu' cf}ifw b'Jo{;g
lgoGq0f
-nfu' cf}ifw b'Jo{;g ;\Vof 19 23 23 23 ,, ,,
lj?4 cled'vLs/0f
sfo{qmd_
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf lgdf{0f sfo{df
;]jf s]Gb| ;~rfngdf cgk]lIft cj/f]w
lhNnf
/x]sf !% lhNnfxdf 14 1 ,, ,, gcfPdf
;\Vof
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; -
ejg lgdf{0f_
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf
;]jf ;DaGwdf ;Lk jflif{s k|ltj]bg u[=d=
;\Vof 23 60
ljsf; tflnd tyf
uf]i7L ;~rfng

380 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
k//fi6
ljb]zl:yt lgof]udf
;\Vof 3 4 7 10 ,, k=d=
ejghUuf vl/b
ljsf; s"6gLltsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;\Vof 37 5 5 5 ,, ,,
tyf cg'udg
k|=d=tyf d=k=sf]
sfof{no
-dfgj clwsf/ tyf
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f_
;/sf/L lgsfoxsf
cltl/Qm gful/s ;dfh,
clwsf/sdL{ tyf ;~rf/
hut\;d]tsf] ;dGjo /
;\Vof lg/Gt/ lg/Gt/ ,, k|=d=d=k=sf=
;xsfo{df ;r]tgfd"ns
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng /
ljBfno:t/sf]
kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] glthf vfsf | 381

 cfwf/ jif{ nIo lhDd]jf/ cg'dfg tyf
glthf ;"rsx PsfO @)&@&# @)&#&$ @)&$&% @)&%&^ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t lgsfo hf]lvdx
dfgj clwsf/
jflif{s
sfo{of]hgfn] klxrfg
k|ltj]bg
u/]sf ljifox ;DalGwt k|ltzt lg/Gt/ lg/Gt/ k|=d=d=k=sf=
jflif{s
dGqfnosf] jflif{s
sfo{qmd
sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z
s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo tx;Dd
e|i6frf/ lj?4
k|=d=d=k=sf=
k|j4{gfTds Pjd\ lg/Gt/ lg/Gt/ ,,
/f=;=s]Gb|
lg/f]wfTds sfo{qmdx
;~rfng
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf of]hgfsf] ;DalGwt zLif{sdf ;dfj]z ePsf] .

382 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf

 cg';"rL
cg';"rL ! M rf}wf}+ of]hgf th'{df ubf{ ckgfOPsf] k|lqmof
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5sf] klxnf] tyf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] ?kdf
k|:t't of]hgf ;+ljwfgn] lgb]{z u/]sf ljsf;sf gLltx?nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ lbuf] ljsf;
nIox?;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . of] of]hgf th'{dfsf ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgsf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx, /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf / To;sf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf]
tof/LnfO{ k|d'v cfwf/sf kdf lnOPsf] 5 . oL cfwf/xnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L of]hgf th{'df
k|lqmof lgDgfg';f/ cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 .
bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] cjwf/0ff
rf}wf}+ of]hgfn] :jfwLg, ;d'Ggt tyf ;dfhjfb pGd'v /fli6o cy{tGq Pjd\ ;d[l4sf]
;f]rsf ;fy ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo x'+b} dWod cfo ePsf] d'n'ssf] :t/df
k'Ug] nIo /fv]sf] 5 . ;fy}, cGt/f{li6o txdf g]kfnn] u/]sf] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox k|ltsf]
k|lta4tf;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ of]hgfsf /0fgLlt / ljifoIf]qut sfo{gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th'{df
ul/Psf] 5 .
cfwf/kqsf] tof/L
o; of]hgfsf] d"n b:tfj]h tof/L k"j{ o;sf] cjwf/0ff kq tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm
cjwf/0ff kqnfO{ ;xeflutfTds 9+uaf6 th'{df ug{ /fhgLlts bnsf k||ltlglw, ljifo lj1,
of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg /x]sf kbflwsf/Lx;+u s]Gb| tyf ;ft j6} k|b]zdf lj:t[t 5nkmn,
cGtlqm{of tyf uf]i7L u/L k|fKt ;'emfjxnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L of]hgfnfO{ jf:tljs / j:t'lgi7
agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
s]Gb|Lo :t/df cGtlqm{of
of]hgfnfO{ jf:tljs tyf j:t'lgi7 agfP/ ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug{ th'{dfsf]
qmdb]lv g} ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmof ckgfpg' cfjZos kb{5 . oxL s'/fnfO{ dgg u/L o;
of]hgfsf] th'{dfsf] qmdb]lv g} s]Gb| / k|b]z:t/df /fhgLlts bn, lj1, gful/s ;dfh, ljleGg
ju{, If]qnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ k];fut ;d'bfo tyf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x;+u ljleGg r/0fxdf
lj:t[t 5nkmn tyf cGtlqm{of u/L ;'emfj tyf k|ltlqmof lnOPsf] xf] .
k|b]z :t/df ul/Psf uf]i7L
cfwf/kqsf] d:of}bfpk/ ;'emfj tyf k|ltlqmof ;+sngsf nflu k|b]z:t/df /fhgLlts
bn, gful/s ;dfh, lhNnf:t/Lo ljifout lgsfosf k|ltlglwx, :yfgLo ;+3;+:yfxsf
k|ltlglw, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf k|ltlglw, lzIfs, kqsf/ Pj+ ;j{;fwf/0fx;+u ;d]t cGtlqm{of

cg';'rL | 383
tyf uf]i7L ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . o;k|sf/sf cGt/lqmof tyf uf]i7Lxdf /fli6o of]hgf
cfof]usf pkfWoIf, ;b:oxnufot cGo sd{rf/Lx/sf] ;d]t ;xeflut /x]sf] lyof] .
lj1 ;'emfj
of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq tyf lj:t[t of]hgfnfO{ clGtd k lbg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg r/0fdf
If]qut lj1xsf] ;'emfjx ;d]t lnOPsf] lyof] . o:tf lj1xn] ;DalGwt ljifoIf]qsf] ljutsf]
k|ult ;dLIff tyf of]hgfn] ;d]6\g' kg]{ ljifosf] ;DaGwdf Jofjxfl/s ;'emfjx cfof]u;dIf
k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
/fli6o ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] lgb]{zg
ljleGg r/0fdf ;d'bfo tyf lj1xaf6 k|fKt ;'emfxnfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
cfwf/kqsf] d:of}bf :jLs[ltsf nflu /fli6o ljsf; kl/ifb\df k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . /fhgLlts
bn, /fli6o hLjgdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf dxfg'efjx, a'l4hLjL, dlxnf, dw];L, blnt,
hghflt, ckf+u, ;dfh;]jL, ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lnufot g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqL Pj+
;lrjx;d]t ;dfj]z u/L ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] k'gu{7g ul/Psf] lyof] . k'gu{l7t /fli6o ljsf;
kl/ifb\sf] sf7df8f}+df ePsf] Jofks cGt/lqmofTds 5nkmnn] /fli6o of]hgf cfof]usf] tk{maf6
k|:t't cfwf/kqsf] d:of}bfnfO{ ;'emfj;lxt clGtd k lbg lgb]{zg lbPsf] lyof] .
cfwf/kqsf] :jLs[lt tyf k|sfzg
/fli6o ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] a}7saf6 k|fKt ;'emfj tyf lgb]{zgxnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L /fli6o
of]hgf cfof]un] cfwf/kqnfO{ clGtd k lbO{ @)&# c;f/df k|sfzg ul/;s]sf] 5 .
dGqfno tyf cGo ;fj{hlgs lgsfoxsf] ;+nUgtf
/fli6o ljsf; kl/ifb\af6 k|fKt ;'emfj;d]t ;dfj]z u/L k|sfzg ul/Psf] of]hgfsf]
cfwf/kqsf] cfwf/df /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u cGtu{t ul7t ljifout lj1xsf] ;d"xdf ljleGg
dGqfno tyf ;lrjfnoxsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . ;fy}, pQm ;d"xnfO{ ;xhLs/0f
ug{sf nflu lj1x;d]tnfO{ ;+nUg u/fOPsf] lyof] . pQm ljifout lj1xsf] ;d"xdf of]hgfsf]
;dli6ut vfsf / If]qut sfo{qmd aLrsf] cfa4tf sfod ug]{ u/L of]hgfsf] lj:t[t b:tfj]h
tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
d"n b:tfj]hsf] d:of}bf tyf k|sfzg
ljleGg r/0fdf ePsf] 5nkmnsf cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] lj:t[t b:tfj]hnfO{
/fli6o of]hgf cfof]un] efiffut z'4fz'l4 ;d]t ;RofO{ hg;dIf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .

384 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf