Made by: pjbo

Pointers to Review: Types of Reaction:

1) Balancing Chemical Equations 1) Combustion
2) Types of Chemical Reactions Basically, burning
2.1) Combustion Easily identified by the release of
2.2) Synthesis heat
2.3) Decomposition 3 things needed: Fuel, Oxygen
2.4) Single Displacement and Heat
2.5) Double Displacement Usually occurs between a
3) Properties of Gases hydrocarbon and oxygen gas
4) Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) The products always include:
5) How Fast Reactions Occur 2 2
Written in the form of: +
----------------------------------------------------------
2 2 + 2
Chemistry the branch of science that
deals with the study of matter
Examples:
and its properties.
1.1) 2H2 C2 O4 + O2 4CO2 + 2H2 O
Chemical Reactions
1.2) C2 H5 OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2 O
- Chemical changes that involve the 1.3) C4 H11 SH + 8O2 4CO2 + 6H2 O + SO2
breaking and reforming of bonds to - Sulfur burns to form SO2
produce new substances
- Must always be balanced 2) Synthesis or Combination
Two or more simple substances
- Indications that these occur: combine to form a more complex
a) Production or Absorption of substance (compound)
energy such as heat and light May also involve the combination
b) Release of gas of an element and a compound or
c) Formation of precipitate (liquid two simple compounds
that is separated from a solid Basically written as: A + B AB
substance)
d) Change in colour
e) Difficult to reverse Examples:
2.1) Metal + Oxygen Metal oxide
Balancing Chemical Equations Mg + O2 MgO

- The number of atoms of each 2.2) Non-metal + Oxygen Non-metal

element on the reactant side must be oxide
equal to that of the product side. C + O2 CO2

- Example: 2 + 2 2 2.3) Metal + Non-metal Salt

2 + 2 2
In the example, the coefficient of 2 was
2K + Br2 2KBr
added to NaCl so that the number of Chlorine
atoms will be balanced; the same goes for
the 2 in Na.
2.4) Metal + Water Metal hydroxide 4.1) A is a Metal:
2K + 2H2 O 2K(OH) + H2 Cu + Ca(ClO) Ca + Cu(ClO)
CaO + H2 O Ca(OH)2 Ba2 C + Pb 2Ba + PbC

2.5) Non-metal + Water Acid 4.2) A is a Halogen:

3 + 2 2 4 Br2 + CoF2 CoBr2 + F2
- Sulfite Ion combined with Water will 2NaI + Cl2 2NaCl + I2
yield Sulfuric Acid
5) Double Displacement/Replacement
3) Decomposition Called Ionic Reaction
A complex substance Characterized by the exchange of
(compound) breaks down into elements or ions between two
two or more simpler compounds compounds
or elements Written as: AB + CD AD + CB
Basically written as: AB A + B
Examples: Examples:
3.1) Compound element1 + element2 5.1) HCl + Na(OH) NaCl + H2 O
2LiF 2Li + F2 5.2) H2 SO4 + 2KOH K 2 SO4 + 2H2 O

3.2) Metal Hydroxide Metal Oxide +

Properties of Gases:
Water
2K(OH) K 2 O + H2 O 1. Highly compressible
a) When pressure is exerted, a
3.3) Metal Carbonate Metal Oxide + gass volume decreases
Carbon Dioxide significantly.
Be(CO3 ) BeO + CO2
2. Expands
3.4) Metal Chlorate Metal chloride + b) When temperature is
Oxygen increased with constant
2Rb(ClO3 ) 2RbCl + 3O2 pressure, gases expand and
fill their container.
3.5) Oxy-acids (Acids with oxygen)
Water + Non-metal oxide 3. Flows easily
H2 (NO2 )2 H2 O + N2 O3 c) The low viscosity (resistance
of fluids to flow) of a gas
4) Single Displacement/Replacement allows it to flow through pipes
also known as Substitution freely and enables it to
Reaction escape through small
A more active element replaces a openings.
lesser one in the compound
If A is a metal: A + BC AC + B 4. Low Density
If A is a halogen: A + BC BA + C d) Compared to solids and
liquids
5. Miscible
Examples:
 e) Gases are able to mix with
other gases completely in any
proportion.
* Due to these properties, gases are
described as fluids that do not have a volume
of their own.
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT):
- The characteristics of gases can be
explained in terms of their molecular
motion.
- This was formulated by Rudolf,
Clausius, James Maxwell and Ludwig
Boltzmann.
- These are its postulates:
a) A gas consists of very small particles
that move in a constant, random and
straight-line motion. Property 2.
b) The particles of gas are separated by
distances much larger than their size.
The attractive forces between
particles are insignificant as they act
independently from one another.
Property 1.
c) The gas particles collide with each
other and with the walls of a container
in a perfectly elastic manner. Thus,
the total kinetic energy remains the
same all throughout. The collisions
exert a force that creates pressure.
Property 3 and 5.
d) The average kinetic energy of gas
particles is directly proportional to the
absolute (kelvin) temperature. As
temperature increases, the gas
particles move faster thereby
colliding more often. This, in turn,
produces greater pressure.
How Fast Reactions Occur:
* According to the collision theory, a chemical
reaction will occur if the reacting particles
collide with one another with sufficient
energy.
* This is what we call Activation Energy
( ). It is needed to break the so-called
energy barrier for reactions to occur. If the
reactants do not have enough activation
energy to break the energy barrier, no
reaction will occur. However, if they have
energy greater than or equal to the energy
barrier, a reaction will occur and products will
be formed.
* During chemical reactions, energy is
involved in two ways:
- At the start, energy is used to break
the existing bonds of the elements so
that they may form new bonds.
- As the atoms recombine and form
new bonds, energy is released
* We can classify chemical reactions based
on whether energy is absorbed or released
in the reaction process.
1) Exothermic Reaction
- When there is more energy released
in the formation of new bonds
compared to the energy required to
break bonds.
- Usually associated with combustion
and decomposition reactions.
- Example: the combustion of fuel
C3 H3 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2 O
+ energy
2) Endothermic Reaction
- When more energy is required to
break old bonds and less energy is
released in the formation of new
ones.
 - Usually associated with synthesis or concentration of reactants colliding to
combination reaction another would produce more energy.

- Example: Photosynthesis in plants - The higher the concentration of

6CO2 + 6H2 O + energy (light) reactants, the faster the rate of
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 reaction.

3) Temperature

- KMT Postulate d., same goes for

other particles. So, with greater
collision, comes greater energy.

- The higher the temperature, the

faster the rate of reaction.

4) Presence of a Catalyst
- A catalyst is a substance that, when
added to a reaction mixture,
increases the rate of reaction but is
not changed or used up after the
reaction. This only hastens the
reaction process by providing
Factors Affecting the Rates of Reaction:
alternative pathways with lower
1) Surface Area of Reactants required activation energy.

- As the exposed or total surface area - Biological catalysts within humans

of reactants increases, so does the are called enzymes.
rate of reaction.
- If a reaction, on the other hand, must
- Example: Burning a block of wood be slowed down, we use substances
would take a long time, so by turning called inhibitors
it into smaller blocks and burning
them at the same time, it would take
a lesser time. The exposed or total
surface area of the smaller blocks is
larger than that of the one block.

- In simple terms, the smaller the size

of the reactants, the faster the
reaction.

2) Concentration of Reactants

- Since reactants require collision to

react with each other, a higher
Try This: TRUE/FALSE
* You may use your period tables * 12) ______________. Energy is involved
1) C3 H3 HNO2 + O2 at the beginning and end of chemical
reactions.

13) ______________. For chemical

2) Carbon dioxide combines with Water reactions to occur, energy barriers
will yield
are needed.

14) ______________. The surface area

3) Decompose Ferric carbonate of products is one of the factors
affecting the rate of reaction.

4) K 3 PO4 + Cl2
15) ______________. The particle size
5) RaS + H2 O affects the rate of reaction.

Give Two Properties of Gases 16) ______________. The rate of

{ 6)
7)
reaction is faster if the temperature is
high because the particles collide
Give Two Postulates under KMT more often.
8)

{ 9)
17) ______________. Collision
produces great energy and pressure.

18) ______________. The use of

10 11) Differentiate endothermic from
exothermic reaction. catalysts can affect the products of
the reaction.

19) ______________. There are

biological catalysts within humans
which are called hormones.

20) ______________. Inhibitors slow

down chemical reactions.