Estimation and Valuation Guide for Civil Engineering Projects

ESTIMATION AND VALUATION 10CV73
ESTIMATION
AND
VALUATION
Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 1

ESTIMATION & VALUATION

Subject Code : 10CV73 IA Marks: 25
No. of Lecture Hours/Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03
Total No. of Lecture Hours: 52 Exam Marks: 100
PART - A
ESTIMATION: Study of various drawings with estimates, important terms, units of
measurement, abstract Methods of taking out quantities and cost center line method, long
and short wall method or crossing method. Preparation of detailed and abstract estimates for
the following Civil Engineering works Buildings RCC framed structures with flat, sloped
RCC roofs with all Building components.
16 Hours
PART - B
ESTIMATE: Different type of estimates, approximate methods of estimating buildings, cost
of materials. Estimation of wooden joineries such as doors, windows & ventilators.
5 Hours
ESTIMATES: Steel truss (Fink and Howe truss), manhole and septic tanks, RCC Culverts.
6 Hours
SPECIFICATIONS: Definition of specifications, objective of writing specifications,
essentials in specifications, general and detail specifications of common item of works in
buildings.
5 Hours
PART - C
RATE ANALYSIS: Definition and purpose. Working out quantities and rates for the
following standard items of works earth work in different types of soils, cement concrete of
different mixes, bricks and stone masonry, flooring, plastering, RCC works, centering and
formwork for different RCC items, wood and steel works for doors, windows and ventilators.
6 Hours
MEASUREMENT OF EARTHWORK FOR ROADS: Methods for computation of
earthwork cross sections mid section formula or average end area or mean sectional area,
trapezoidal & prismoidal formula with and without cross slopes.
6 Hours

CONTRACTS: Types of contract essentials of contract agreement legal aspects, penal

provisions on breach of contract. Definition of the terms Tender, earnest money deposit,
security deposit, tender forms, documents and types. Acceptance of contract documents.
Termination of contract, completion certificate, quality control, right of contractor, refund of
deposit. Administrative approval Technical sanction. Nominal muster roll, measurement
books procedure for recording and checking measurements preparation of bills.
Valuation- Definitions of various terms, method of valuation, Freehold & Leasehold
properties, Sinking fund, depreciation and method of estimating depreciation, Outgoings.
8 Hours
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Estimating & Costing, B. N. Dutta, Chand Publisher
2. Quantity Surveying- P.L. Basin S. Chand : New Delhi.
3. Estimating & Specification - S.C. Rangwala :: Charotar publishing house, Anand.
4. Text book of Estimating & Costing- G.S. Birde, Dhanpath Rai and sons: New Delhi.
5. A text book on Estimating, Costing and Accounts- D.D. Kohli and R.C. Kohli S. Chand:
New Delhi.
6. Contracts and Estimates, B. S. Patil, University Press, 2006.

INTRODUCTION
Estimate: An estimate is a computation or calculation of the quantities required and

expenditure likely to be incurred in the construction of the work. The primary objective of an
estimate is to enable one to know beforehand, the cost of the work. The estimate is a
probable cost of a work and is determined theoretically by mathematical calculations based
on plans and drawing and current rates.
Actual cost: The actual cost of the work is known after the completion of the work.
Purpose of estimate
1. Probable cost to be made ready for taking a project.
2. To obtain administrative approval in case of public construction
3. To ascertain the qualities of the labour.
4. To fix up a construction schedule
5. To justify the benefit cost ratio
6. To invite tenders and prepare bills for payments
TYPES OF ESTIMATES
The estimates may be divided in to the following categories:-
1. Preliminary or Approximate estimate.

2. Rough cost estimate based on plinth area.
3. Rough cost estimate based on cubic contents.
4. Detailed estimate.
5. Annual repair estimate.
6. Special repair estimate.
7. Revised estimate
8. Supplementary estimate.
1. Preliminary or Approximate estimate
This estimate is prepared to decide financial aspect, policy and to give idea of the cost
of the proposal to the competent sanctioning authority. It should clearly show the necessity of
the proposal and how the cost has been arrived at

The calculations for approximate estimate can be done with the following data. The
data can be had from a similar construction already complete in the nearby area, excuted by
the department.
For example: To calculate approximate estimate for a Hospital, per bed cost is
calculated from the recent completed hospital and is multiplied with the number of beds
required. Similarly for a house, per square metre plinth area is calculated and is multiplied
with the proposed covered area. The specifications should also be same. For a road,
expenditure of per kilometre length is taken, width also plays the role.
The following documents should be attached with it.
a) Detailed report
b) Site plan of the proposal
c) It should also clearly mention about the acquisition of land, Provision of electric
and water supply etc.
2. Plinth area Estimate (Based on Rough Cost)
Plinth area of a building means Length x Breadth ( roofed portion only ) excluding
plinth offsets. The estimates are prepared on the basis of plinth areas of the various buildings
proposed to be constructed. The rates are being arrived at the dividing the total cost of
construction with its plinth area. For example if total cost of a building is Rs. 2 lac and its
plinth area is 50 sq. m. then plinth area rate =2,00,000 = Rs.4000/- per 50 sq.m. Using this
rate as basis of the next construction, approximate or rough cost of the proposal can be
arrived at by multiplying the plinth area of the proposed building with this plinth area rate.
The following documents are attached with the estimate.
a) Line plan with brief specifications.

b) Cost of various services added i.e. electric and water supply etc.
c) North line should be shown clearly on line plan.
3. Cubic Contents Estimate (Based on Rough Cost)
The cubic contents of a building means plinth area x height of the building. The
height is taken from top of floor level to top of roof.

The cubic contents of the proposed building are multiplied with cubic rates arrived at
for the similar construction i.e. total cost of construction divided by cubic contents = cost per
cubic metre.
Documents attached are as in No. 2
(Administrative approval is granted on rough cost estimate)
4. Detailed Estimate
After getting Administrative approval on rough cost estimate, detailed estimates are
prepared.
In this, the estimate is divided in to sub-heads and quantities of various items are
calculated individually.
In the end of the detailed quantities, an abstract of cost giving quantities of each item
and rate of every item according to the sanctioned schedule of rates shall be attached. In case
of non-schedule rates i.e. rates which are not given in the sanctioned schedule of rates, proper
analysis of rates shall be attached. If however the work proposed to be constructed is located
in a remote place, the provision for the carriage of the material shall be added in the estimate
to avoid any excess over the administratively approved estimate later on. Detailed
specifications & report should also be attached with the estimate. Technical sanction is given
on detailed estimate.
The detailed estimate shall also provide for the cost of approach road, water supply,
electric installations and acquisition of land etc, so as to call it a comprehensive estimate.
5. Annual repair estimate
In order to keep building and roads in perfect condition, annual repairs should be
carried out as follow:-
(i) In case of a building-white washing, oiling and painting of doors and windows,
cement plaster repairs (inside & outside), repairs of floors etc. In no case this annual repair
amount should increase more than 11/2% to 2% of the capital cost of the building.
(ii) In case of a road-filling patches, maintenance of berms etc.
6. Special repair estimate

If the work cannot be carried out of the annual repair funds due to certain reasons
resulting in the genuine increase in cost, then special repairs estimate is to be prepard.
The reason of increase may be:-
(i) In case of a building-opening of new doors, change of floors, plastering walls

etc.
(ii) (ii) In case of roads-if the whole surface is full of corrugation & patches, then
the total surface is to be scarified. The old metal is taken out, consolidation by
adding more metal is done and top surface is repainted.
7. Revised estimate
When the sanctioned estimate exceeds by 5% either due to the rate being found
insufficient or due to some other reasons, a fresh estimate is prepared which is called a
Revised Estimate. A comparative statement on the last page of the estimate is attached giving
there in the reasons of the increase of cost in case of each item.
8. Supplementary Estimate
This is fresh detailed estimate in addition to the original sanctioned estimate prepared
when additional works are deemed necessary during the progress of a work to supplement the
original works. The abstract of cost should show the amount of the original sanctioned
estimate as well as the supplementary amount of the original sanctioned estimate as well as
the supplementary amount for which sanction is required.
METHODS OF TAKING OUT ESTIMATES
The calculations of quantities of materials can be done using various methods of

estimates. The application of an individual method depends upon the design and shape of the
building. The different methods are as under:
1. Centre line method.
2. Crossing method.
3. Out to out and in to in method.
4. Bay method.

5. Service unit method.
1. Centre line method
This method is suitable only if the offsets are symmetrical and the building is more or
less rectangular in shape. The centre line of the building is determined carefully after doing
deductions for repeated measurements (as explained in the next problem). This centre line
acts as length for the complete calculations of the estimate. If the deduction is not cared for
the results of estimates may be wrong. All the walls should have the same section.
2. Crossing Method
In this method, lengths and breadths of the masonry walls at plinth level are taken
(internal dimension of the room + thickness of the walls) for calculating quantities. The
symmetrical offsets are a must as in the case of centreline method.
3. Out to out & in to in Method
This method is most practicable under all circumstances and is generally followed in
the P.W.D. for computing the quantities of various items. The estimation in this book has
been done using this method.
4. Bay Method
This method is useful and is generally followed in case of building having several
bays. The cost of the one class room is worked out and then multiplied by the number of bays
in that building. The extra cost of the end walls and difference in framing. If there is any,
should be made, so as to arrive at the correct cost.
5. Service Unit Method.
This method is followed in cases such as school building where there are so many
class rooms. The cost of one class room us worked out and then multiplied by the number of
class rooms to be construed. In case of Hospitals, the service unit is a bed, in case of Water
Tank, it is a litre and in case of Cinema Hall, the service unit is a seat.

Part A
METHOD OF ESTIMATING
Detailed estimate: Preparation of detailed estimate consists of working out the quantities of
different items of work and then working out the cost i.e. the estimate is prepared in two
stages
1. Details of measurement and calculation of quantities: the whole work is divided

into different items of work as earthwork, concrete, brickwork etc. and items are
classified and grouped under different sub-heads, and details of measurement of each
item of work are taken out and quantities under each item are computed in prescribed
form.
Details of Measurement form -
Height
Item Length, Breadth, or Quantity,
Particulars of items No. Explanation
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
2. Abstract of estimated cost: The cost under item of work is calculated from the
quantities already computed at workable rate, and the total cost is worked out in
prescribed form. A percentage of 3 to 5 percent is added for contingencies, to allow
for petty contingent expenditures, unforeseen expenditures, changes in design,
changes in rates, etc. which may occur during execution of the work.
Abstract of Estimate form -
SI Rate,
Particulars Quantity Unit Per Amount, Rs
No. Rs

Data required to prepare an estimate
1. Drawings i.e. Plans, elevations, sections etc.

2. Specifications.
3. Rates.
Drawings: If the drawings are not clear and without complete dimensions the preparation of
estimation become very difficult. So, It is very essential before preparing an estimate
Specifications
a) General Specifications: This gives the nature, quality, class and work and materials in
general terms to be used in various parts of wok. It helps no form a general idea of building.
b) Detailed Specifications: These gives the detailed description of the various items of work
laying down the Quantities and qualities of materials, their proportions, the method of
preparation workmanship and execution of work.
Rates: For preparing the estimate the unit rates of each item of work are required.
1. For arriving at the unit rates of each item.

2. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction.
3. The cost of transport materials.
4. The wages of labour, skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, Mazdoor, etc.,
Main items of work
1. Earthwork
2. Concrete in foundation
3. Soling
4. Damp proof course
5. Masonry
6. Arch Masonry work
7. Lintels over openings
8. R.C.C work
9. Flooring and roofing
10. Plastering and pointing
11. Doors and windows

12. Wood work

13. Iron work
14. White washing or colour washing or distempering
15. Painting
Units of measurements in metric system
The principle for dimensions and measurements is to use millimetre (mm) for minute
dimensions, centimetre (cm) for small dimensions and metre (m) for big dimensions.
Particulars of materials and

Dimensions
work
1 Bricks, stone blocks etc. All dimensions in cm
Length and breadth are
Files, slates, wall board, glass
2 in cm or m and
panes A.C. sheets
thickness in mm
Height and breath are
3 Doors and windows
in cm or m
Length and height are
4 Masonry (brick or stone etc.)
in m
Length and breadth or
5 Painting
height are in m

METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE
The dimensions, length, breadth and height of depth are to be taken out from the drawing-
plan, elevation and section. From the drawings, the dimensions are to be taken out correctly.
Method 1: INDIVIDUAL WALL METHOD
In this method, measure or find out the external length of walls running in the longitudinal
direction generally the long walls out-to-out, and the internal lengths of walls running in
transverse direction in-to-in. the same rule is applicable to the excavation in foundation, to
concrete in foundation and to masonry. Care should be taken to note the difference in
dimensions at different height due to offset or footings.
Long wall length out-to-out = centre to centre + half breadth on one side + half breadth on
other side = centre to centre length + one breadth
Short wall length in-to-in = centre to centre length one breadth
That is, in case of long wall add one breadth and in case of short wall subtract one breadth
from the centre length to get the corresponding lengths.
Example 1: The diagram represents the plan of the superstructure wall of a single room
building of 5m x 4m, and sections represent the cross-sections of the walls with foundation.
Estimate the quantities of earthwork in excavation in foundation, concrete in foundation,
brickwork in foundation and plinth, brick work in superstructure.
Length of long wall centre to centre = 5 + * 0.30 + * 0.30 = 5.30 m
Length of short wall centre to centre = 4 + * 0.30 + * 0.30 = 4.30 m

Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
Earthwork in excavation in
1
foundation
L = 5.30 + 0.90 =
Long walls 2 6.20 0.90 0.90 10.04 6.20 m

S = 4.30- 0.90 =
Short walls 2 3.40 0.90 0.90 5.51 3.40 m
Total 15.55
cu.m
2 Concrete in foundation
L = 5.30 + 0.90 =
Long walls 2 6.20 0.90 0.30 3.35 6.20 m
S = 4.30- 0.90 =
Short walls 2 3.40 0.90 0.30 1.84 3.40 m
Total 5.18
cu.m
1st class brickwork in
3
foundation and plinth
Long walls
L = 5.30 + 0.60 =
1st footing 2 5.90 0.60 0.30 3.65 5.90 m
L = 5.30 + 0.50 =
2nd footing 2 5.80 0.50 0.30 1.74 5.80 m
L = 5.30 + 0.40 =
Plinth walls 2 5.70 0.40 0.60 2.74 5.70 m
Short walls
S = 4.30-0.60 = 3.70
1st footing 2 5.50 0.80 0.20 1.76 m
S = 4.30-0.50 = 3.80
2nd footing 2 5.60 0.70 0.10 0.78 m
S = 4.30-0.40 = 3.90
Plinth walls 2 5.90 0.40 0.80 3.78 m
Total 14.45
cu.m
4 Damp proof course
2.5 cm thick c.c
L = 10.60 + 0.40 =
Long walls 2 11.00 0.40 - 8.80 11.00 m
S = 6.30-0.40 = 5.90
Short walls 3 5.90 0.40 - 7.08 m
Total 15.88
sq.m
1st class brickwork in lime
5
mortar in superstructure
L = 5.30 + 0.30 =
Long walls 2 5.60 0.30 3.50 11.76 5.60 m
S = 4.30-0.30 = 4.00
Short walls 2 4.00 0.30 3.50 8.40 m
Total 20.16
cu.m

Example 2: Estimate the quantities of the following items of a two roomed building from the
given plan and section- Earthwork in excavation in foundation, Lime concrete in foundation,
1st class brickwork in cement mortar 1:6 in foundation and plinth, 2.5 cm c.c. damp proof
course and 1St class brickwork in lime mortar in superstructure.
Long wall c/c length = 4 + 6 + 0.30 + 2 * 0.30/2 = 10.60 m
Short wall c/c length = 6 + 2 * 0.30/2 = 6.30 m

Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
Earthwork in
1 excavation in
foundation
Long walls 2 11.70 1.10 1.00 25.74 L = 10.60 + 1.10 = 11.70 m
Short walls 3 5.20 1.10 1.00 17.16 S = 6.30 - 1.10 = 5.20 m
Total 42.90
cu.m
Lime Concrete in
2
foundation
Long walls 2 11.70 1.10 0.30 7.72 L = 10.60 + 1.10 = 11.70 m
Short walls 3 5.20 1.10 0.30 5.15 S = 6.30 - 1.10 = 5.20 m
Total 12.87
cu.m
1st class brickwork
3 in foundation and
plinth
Long walls
1st footing 2 11.40 0.80 0.20 3.65 L = 10.60 + 0.80 = 11.40 m
2nd footing 2 11.30 0.70 0.10 1.58 L = 10.60 + 0.70 = 11.30 m
3rd footing 2 11.20 0.60 0.10 1.34 L = 10.60 + 0.60 = 11.20 m
4th footing 2 11.10 0.50 0.10 1.11 L = 10.60 + 0.50 = 11.10 m
Plinth walls 2 11.00 0.40 0.80 7.04 L = 10.60 + 0.40 = 11.00 m
Short walls
1st footing 3 5.50 0.80 0.20 2.64 S = 6.30-0.80 = 5.50 m
2nd footing 3 5.60 0.70 0.10 1.18 S = 6.30-0.70 = 5.60 m
3rd footing 3 5.70 0.60 0.10 1.03 S = 6.30-0.60 = 5.70 m
4th footing 3 5.80 0.50 0.10 0.87 S = 6.30-0.50 = 5.80 m
Plinth walls 3 5.90 0.40 0.80 5.66 S = 6.30-0.40 = 5.90 m
Total 26.10
cu.m
4 Damp proof course
2.5 cm thick c.c
Long walls 2 11.00 0.40 - 8.80 L = 10.60 + 0.40 = 11.00 m
Short walls 3 5.90 0.40 - 7.08 S = 6.30-0.40 = 5.90m
Total 15.88
sq.m
1st class brickwork
5 in lime mortar in
superstructure

Long walls 2 10.90 0.30 4.20 27.47 L = 10.60 + 0.30 = 10.90 m

Short walls 3 6.00 0.30 4.20 22.68 S = 6.30-0.30 = 6.00 m
Total 50.15
cu.m
Deduct
Door Opening 2 1.20 0.30 2.10 1.51
Window Opening 4 1.00 0.30 1.50 1.80
Back of shelves 10 cm thick
Shelves 2 1.00 0.20 1.50
0.60
wall
Lintel over doors 2 1.50 0.30 0.15 0.14 Bearing 15 cm
Lintel over windows 4 1.30 0.30 0.15 0.23 Bearing 15 cm
Lintel over shelves 2 1.30 0.30 0.15 0.12 Bearing 15 cm
Total deduction 4.40
Net Total 45.75
cu.m
Method 2: CENTRE LINE METHOD
In this method the sum total length of centre lines of walls, long and short has to be found
out. Find the total length of centre lines of walls, of same type, long and short having same
type of foundation and footings and then find the quantities by multiplying the total centre
length by the respective breadth and the height.
In this method, the length of wall remains same for excavation in foundation, for concrete in
foundation, for all footings and for superstructure. This method is quick but requires special
attention and consideration at the junctions, meeting points of partition or cross walls, etc.
For buildings having cross or partition walls, for every junction of partition or cross wall with
the main walls, special considerations have to be made to find out the quantities accurately.
For each junction half breadth of the respective item should be deducted from the total centre
line length. Thus in the case of building having one partition wall, there are two junctions, for
earthwork in foundation trench and foundation concrete deduct one breadth of trench or
concrete from the total centre length (2 x = one for two junctions).
For buildings having different types of walls, each et of walls shall have to be dealt
separately. Find the total centre length of all walls of one type and proceed in the same
manner as described above. Similarly find the total centre length of walls of second type and
deal this separately, and so on.

In the case of buildings having different types of walls, suppose the outer walls are of A type
and inner cross walls are of B type, then all the A type walls shall be taken jointly first and
then B type walls shall be taken together separately. In such cases no deduction of any kind
need to be made for A type walls, but where B type walls are taken, for each junction
deduction of half breadth of A type wall (main wall) shall have to be made from the total
centre length of walls.
It may be noted that at the corners of the building where two walls are meeting no subtraction
or addition is required.
Example 3: Solve Example 1 problem by Centre Line method
Total centre length of walls = AB + BC + CD + DA = 5.30 + 4.30 + 5.30 + 4.30 = 19.20 M
If the total centre length is multiplied by the breadth and the depth we get the quantity of
earthwork in excavation.
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
Total centre
1 1 19.2 0.9 0.9 15.55 length of all walls
foundation = 19.20 m
cu.m
2 Concrete in foundation 1 19.20 0.90 0.30 5.18

cu.m

3
1st footing 1 19.20 0.60 0.30 3.46
2nd footing 1 19.20 0.50 0.30 2.88
Plinth wall 1 19.20 0.40 0.60 4.61
Total 10.94
cu.m
5 mortar in superstructure 1 19.2 0.3 3.5 20.16
cu.m

Example 4: Solve Example 2 problem by Centre Line method
In this problem there are two junctions of the inner wall with the main wall
Total centre length of wall = 2 x c/c of long wall + 3 x c/c of short wall
= 2 x 10.60 + 3 x 6.30 = 40.10 m
Diagram
If the total centre length is multiplied by the breadth and depth, at the junction the portions A
and B shown by hatch lines come twice and we get the quantity in excess by these portions,
and these excesses shall have to be deducted. The deduction may be effected reducing the
centre length by half breadth for each junction
Thus the quantity of earthquake in excavation
= [Total centre length (2x1/2 breadth)] x breadth x depth
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
total centre
length =
40.10m
Earthwork in excavation in L = 40.10 - 2 x
1 1 39.00 1.10 1.00 42.90 1.10/2 = 39.00 m
foundation
cu.m
Lime Concrete in
2 1 39.00 1.10 0.30 12.87
foundation
cu.m
3
1st footing 1 39.30 0.80 0.20 6.29
2nd footing 1 39.40 0.70 0.10 2.76
3rd footing 1 39.50 0.60 0.10 2.37
4th footing 1 39.60 0.50 0.10 1.98
Plinth wall above footing 1 39.70 0.40 0.80 12.70
Total 26.10
4 1 39.70 0.40 15.88 L = 40.10 -
Damp proof course
2x0.40/2 = 39.70
Deduct door sill 2 1.20 0.40 0.96
Total 14.92

sq.m
1st class brickwork in lime L = 40.10- 2 x
5 mortar in superstructure 1 39.80 0.30 4.20 50.15 0.30/2 = 39.80 m
cu.m
Deduct
Door Opening 2 1.20 0.30 2.10 1.51
Window Opening 4 1.00 0.30 1.50 1.80
Shelves 0.60 Back of shelves 10
2 1.00 0.20 1.50 cm thick wall
Lintel over doors 2 1.50 0.30 0.15 0.14 Bearing 15 cm
Lintel over windows 4 1.30 0.30 0.15 0.23 Bearing 15 cm
Lintel over shelves 2 1.30 0.30 0.15 0.12 Bearing 15 cm
Net Total 45.75
cu.m
Estimation of quantities from both the methods will be exactly same.

Example 5: The accompanying figure below shows the details of a two roomed building.
Estimate the quantities and cost of the following items of works: Earthwork in excavation for
the foundation in hard soil at Rs 14/m3, Lime concrete bed 1:2:4 for all walls at Rs. 1200/m3,
First class brick work (CM 1:4) in foundation and plinth at Rs. 2000/m3, First class brick
work (CM 1:4) in superstructure at Rs. 2200/m3, RCC 1:2:4 for roof slab

Sol: Long wall and short wall method
c/c length of long walls of rooms = 4.50 + 0.30 + 4.00 + 2 x 0.30/2 = 9.10 m
c/c length of short walls of rooms = 3.60 + 2x 0.30/2 = 3.90 m
c/c length of partition walls of rooms = 3.60 + 2 x 0.30/2 = 3.90 m
c/c length of front long wall of verandah = (4.5 + 0.3 = 4.0 + 2x0.30) 2x0.20/2 = 9.20 m
c/c length of verandah side walls = 1.60 + 0.30/2 + 0.20/2 = 1.85 m
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
1
foundation
9.1 + 2 x 0.9/2 =
Long Walls 2 10.00 0.90 0.90 16.20 10.00 m
3.9 - 2x0.90/2 = 3.00
Short walls 3 3.00 0.90 0.90 7.29 m
Partition wall verandah front 1 3.00 0.90 0.90 2.43

9.20 + 2x0.7/2 =
Long Wall 1 9.90 0.70 0.90 6.24 9.90m
Verandah sides
Short wall 2 1.05 0.70 0.90 1.32 1.85 - 0.90/2 -0.70/2

=1.05
(1 + 0.3/2) - 0.7/2 =
Steps 1 2.60 0.80 0.15 0.31 0.80 m
Total 33.79
cu.m
2 Lime concrete bed 1:2:4

Rooms
Long walls 2 10.00 0.90 0.30 5.40
Short walls 3 3.00 0.90 0.30 2.43
Partition wall 1 3.00 0.90 0.30 0.81
Verandah
Front long wall 1 9.90 0.70 0.30 2.08
Side short walls 2 1.05 0.70 0.20 0.29
Steps 1 2.60 1.00 0.15 0.39
Total 11.40
cu.m

First class brick work (CM

1:4) in foundation and
plinth rooms
3
Long walls
9.1+2X0.60/2 = 9.70
1st footing 2 9.70 0.60 0.20 2.33 m
9.1 + 2x0.5/2 = 9.60
2nd footing 2 9.60 0.50 0.20 1.92 m
9.1 + 2x0.4/2 = 9.50
up to plinth 2 9.50 0.40 0.80 6.08 m
Short walls
3.9 - 2x 0.6/2 = 3.30
1st footing 3 3.30 0.60 0.20 1.19 m
3.9 - 2x0.5/2 = 3.40
2nd footing 3 3.40 0.50 0.20 1.02 m
3.9 - 2x0.4/2 = 3.50
up to plinth 3 3.50 0.40 0.80 3.36 m
Total 15.90
cu.m
First class brick work (1:6)

4
in super structure
9.10 + 2x0.3/2 = 9.40
Long walls 2 9.40 0.30 3.60 20.30 m
3.90 - 2x0.3/2 = 3.60
Short walls 3 3.60 0.30 3.60 11.66 m
Vearandah over lintel
9.02 + 2x0.2/2 = 9.40
long Wall 1 9.40 0.20 0.90 1.69 m
Side short wall 2 1.60 0.20 0.90 0.58
1.85 - 0.3/2 - 0.2/2 =
Pillars 5 0.20 0.20 2.70 0.54 1.60 m
Total 34.78
cu.m
Deductions
Doors 2 1.20 0.30 2.10 1.51
Windows 8 1.10 0.30 1.50 3.96
Shelf 1 1.10 0.20 1.50 0.33
Lintels
4.5+0.3+4.0+2x0.30+
Main walls 1 20.20 0.30 0.15 0.91 3x3.6 = 20.20
4.5+0.3+4.0+2x0.30+
Verandah 1 12.60 0.20 0.15 0.38 2x1.6 = 12.60 m
Shelf Opening 1 1.30 0.20 0.15 0.04 1.1 + 2x0l.1 = 1.30
Net Total 27.65
cu.m

0.30 + 3.6 +0.3 +1.6

5 RCC 1:2:4 for roof slab 1 9.40 6.00 0.10 5.64 +0.2 = 6.00 n
cu.m
Steel Reinforcement
(1% of RCC= 5.64 x 0.001 x 7850) 0.5 ton
Abstract of Cost
SI
Particulars Quantity Unit Rate, Rs Per Amount, Rs
No.
1 Earthwork excavation in foundation 31.36 cu.m 140.00 cu.m 4390.40
2 Lime concrete bed 1:2:4 10.74 cu.m 1200.00 cu.m 12888.00
First Class brick work (1:4) in
3 15.90 cu.m 2000.00 cu.m 31800.00
First class brick work(1:6) in
4 27.65 cu.m 2200.00 cu.m 60830.00
superstructure
5 RCC 1:2:4 for roof slab 5.64 cu.m 3800.00 cu.m 21432.00
6 Steel reinforcement 0.50 ton 3800.00 ton 1900.00
133240.40
Taking 10% extra 13324.04
Total 146564.44
Example 6: The details of a residential building are shown in the below plan. Workout the
quantities and cost of the following items of work by centre line method
1. Earthwork excavation for foundation in soft soil at Rs.102/m3
2. Size stone masonry in CM 1:6 for foundation and basement at Rs.2400/m3
3. BBM with 1:6 CM in super structure at a rate of Rs.3650/m3
Sol: c/c line length of 30 cm wall =
[0.30/2 + 2.5 + 0.30 + 1.0 +0.3 +3.5 + 0.30/2] x 2 + [0.30/2 + 3.5 + 0.3 + 5.0 + 0.30/2] x 2
+ [0.30/2 + 3.5 + 0.30 + 6.5 + 0.30 + 1.7 + 0.30/2] x 3 + [0.30/2 + 3.5 + 0.30/2] = 75.60 m
No. of junctions of 30 cm wall with 30cm is 4

Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
1 1 73.60 1.00 0.90 66.24 75.6 - 4(1.00/2)
foundation
cu.m
2 Size Stone Masonry (1:6)

75.6 - 4(0.75/2) =
1st footing 1 74.10 0.75 0.75 41.68 74.10m
75.6 - 4(0.45/2) =
2nd footing 1 74.70 0.45 0.45 15.13 74.70m

Total 56.81
cu.m
3 Burnt Brick Masonry

75.6 - 4 (0.30/2) =
for 30 cm wall 1 75.00 0.30 3.00 67.50 75m
for parapet wall 1 41.00 0.15 0.75 4.61
Total 72.11
cu.m
Deduct
Opening for 30 cm wall
Door, D 7 1.20 0.30 0.30 0.76
D2 1 0.90 0.30 2.10 0.57
Window W 6 1.50 0.30 1.35 3.65
W1 1 1.50 0.30 1.20 0.54
V 1 0.90 0.30 0.45 0.12
Deductions for lintel
All round lintel 1 41.00 0.30 0.20 2.46
Lintel over internal walls
D 5 1.20 0.30 0.20 0.36
D2 1 0.90 0.30 0.20 0.05
Net Total 63.61
cu.m
Abstract of Cost
SI Amount,
Particulars Quantity Unit Rate, Rs. Per
No. Rs.
1 Earthwork excavation in foundation 66.24 cu.m 102.00 cu.m 6756.48
2 Lime concrete bed 1:2:4 56.81 cu.m 2400.00 cu.m 136344.00
First Class brick work (1:4) in
3 63.61 cu.m 3650.00 cu.m 232176.50
375276.98
Taking 10% extra 37527.70
Total 412804.68

Example 7: Estimate by centre line method the quantities of the following items of a
residential building: 1) Earthwork in excavation in foundation, 2) Lime concrete in
foundation, 3) First class brickwork in 1:6 cement sand mortar in foundation and plinth, 4)
Damp proof course and 5) First class brickwork in lime mortar in superstructure.
[Type a quote from the

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Sol: Total centre length of all 30 cm walls of main rooms = Total centre length of walls of
drawing and left side bed room + Total centre length of walls of bed rooms right side.
= (2 x c/c length of long wall + 3 x c/c length of short wall) + (2 x c/c length of long wall + 2
x c/c length of short wall) = (2 x 10.60 + 3 x 5.30) + (2 x 9.60 + 2 x 4.80) = 65.90 m.
Number of junctions = 6 with main walls of 30 cm.
Total centre length of all 20 cm walls of front verandah, back verandah and bath room
= (c/c length of front wall + c/c length of side wall) + (c/c length of back verandah long wall
including bath + 2 x c/c length of cross walls of bath room) = (9.65 + 2.25) + (9.65 + 2 x
2.75) = 27.05 m.
Number of junctions = 5 with walls of 30 cm and 1 with walls of 20 cm.
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
1
foundation
Walls of main room (6 L = 65.90 -
1 63.20 0.90 1.00 56.88 6x0.90/2 = 63.20 m
junctions)
L = 27.05 -
Walls of verandah (5 and 1
1 24.50 0.60 0.50 7.35 5x0.90/2 -1x0.60/2
junctions) = 24.50 m
Total 64.23
cu.m
2 Lime Concrete in foundation
Walls of main rooms L = 65.90 -
1 63.20 0.90 0.30 17.06 6x0.90/2 = 63.20 m
Walls of verandah and bath L = 27.05 -
1 25.50 0.60 0.20 3.06 5x0.50/2 - 1x0.60/2
=225.50 m
Total 20.12
cu.m
3 foundation and plinth in 1:6
cement mortar
Walls of main rooms
L = 65.90 -
1st footing 1 64.10 0.60 0.20 7.69 6x0.60/2 = 64.10 m
L = 65.90 -
2nd footing 1 64.40 0.50 0.20 6.44 6x0.50/2 = 64.40 m
L = 65.90 -
Plinth wall above footing 1 64.70 0.40 0.90 23.29 6x0.40/2 = 64.70 m

Walls of verandah and bath

L = 27.05 -
footing 1 25.85 0.40 0.20 2.07 5x0.40/2-1x0.40/2
= 25.85 m
L = 27.05 -5x0.40/2
Plinth wall above footing 1 25.90 0.30 0.70 5.44 -1 x 0.30/2 = 25.90
m
Total 44.93
cu.m
4 2.5 cm Damp proof course
L = 40.10 -
Walls of main rooms 1 64.70 0.40 25.88 2x0.40/2 = 39.70
Verandah pillars 4 0.50 0.30 0.60
Bath room (total 3 walls) 1 7.30 0.30 2.19 L = 7.30 m
Total 28.67
sq.m

5 mortar in superstructure
L = 65.90 -
Walls of main rooms 1 65.00 0.30 4.00 78.00 6x0.30/2 = 65 m
L = 27.05 -
Walls of verandah and bath 1 26.20 0.20 3.05 15.98 5x0.30/2 - 1x0.20/2
= 26.20 m
Total 93.98
cu.m

Part B
ESTIMATION OF SEPTIC TANKS
Example 1: Prepare an detailed estimate of a septic tank with soak pit for 25 users from the
given drawing
Septic tank shall be of first class brickwork in 1:4 cement mortar the foundation and floor
shall be of 1:3:6 cement concrete. Inside of septic tank shall be finished with 12mm cement
plaster and floor shall be finished with 20 mm cement plaster with 1:3 mortar mixed with
standard water proofing compound. Upper and lower portion of soak-pit shall be of second
class brickwork in 1:6 cement mortar and middle portion shall be dry brickwork. Roof
covering slabs and baffle wall shall be of precast RCC. The length of the connecting pipe
from latrine seat may be taken as 3 m. Assume suitable rates.

Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
1 Earthwork in excavation
H = 140 + 30 + 20
Septic tank 1 2.80 1.70 1.95 9.28 +5 = 1.95 m
Soak pit up to 3 m depth 1 3.13 3.00 9.39
Soak pit lower portion 1 1.53 0.20 0.31
Total 18.98
cu.m
2 Cement concrete 1:3:6
Floor and foundation 1 2.80 1.70 0.20 0.95
Sloping floor 1 2.00 0.90 0.05 0.09
Total 1.04
cu.m
First class brickwork in 1:4
3
CM in septic tank
Long walls
1st step 2 2.60 0.30 0.60 0.94
2nd step 2 2.40 0.20 1.15 1.10
Short walls
1st step 2 0.90 0.30 0.60 0.32
2nd step 2 0.90 0.20 1.15 0.41
Total 2.78
cu.m
2nd class brickwork in 1:6
4
cement mortar
Soak pit
Upper portion 1 3.77 0.20 0.50 0.38
Lower portion 1 3.77 0.20 0.20 0.15
Total 0.53
cu.m
2nd class dry brickwork in

5 3.77 1.88
soak pit 1 0.20 2.50
cu.m
Precast RC work finished
smooth including steel
6 reinforcement complete laid
in position
Roof cover slab of septic tank 1 2.40 1.30 0.08 0.23

Roof cover slab of soak pit 1 1.54 0.08 0.12

Baffle wall in septic tank 1 1.00 0.04 0.45 0.02
Total 0.37
cu.m
7 12 mm cement plaster
1:3 with standard water
proofing compound in septic
tank
Long walls 2 2.00 1.70 6.80
Short walls 2 0.90 1.70 3.06
Total 9.86
sq. m
8 20 mm cement plaster
1:3 with standard water
proofing compound in floor of 1.80
septic tank 1 2.00 0.90
sq. m
9 50 mm size brick aggregate
Outer side of soak pit 1 4.87 0.15 2.50 1.83
At bottom of soak pit 1 0.80 0.20 0.16
Total 1.99
cu.m
Coarse sand outer side of
10 2.18
soak pit 1 5.81 0.15 2.50
cu.m
Iron footsteps of 16 mm dia
11 4 nos
bar 4
12 100 mm dia SW pipe
laying and jointing with 1:3
Inlet end from latrine to septic
3.00
tank 1 3.00
Outer end from septic tank to
3.30
soak pit 1 3.30
S W Tee 100 mm dia with
13 1 no
one leg of 40 cm 1
14 S W Bend 100 mm dia 1 1 no
50 mm dia C I Ventilating
15 2rm
pipe 1 2.00
50 mm dia CI cowl at top of
16 1 no
ventilating pipe 1

Example 2: Prepare a detailed estimate of a manhole from the given drawing and general
specifications
General Specifications: Foundation and floor concrete shall be of 1:3:6 cement concrete with
brick ballast. Brickwork shall be of first class in 1:4 cement mortar and inner faces of wall
shall be ponted with 1:2 cement mortar. Inside channles and benching floor shall be finished
with 20 mm thick plastering with 1:3 cement mortar.

Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
1 Earthwork in excavation 2.80 1.90 2.90 15.43
cu.m
Cement concrete 1:3:6
2
with brick ballast
Foundation and bed 1 2.80 1.90 0.20 1.06
Benching 1 1.80 0.90 0.40 0.65
Total 1.71
cu.m
Deduct
Upper portion of main
1 1.80 0.64 0.15 0.17
channel
Upper portion of branch
1 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.01
channel
total deduction 0.18
Net Total 1.53
cu.m
I class brickwork in 1:4
3
cement mortar
Long walls 1st step 2 2.60 0.40 0.90 1.87
Long walls 2nd step 2 2.40 0.30 1.00 1.44
Long walls 3rd step 2 1.00 0.20 0.70 0.28
Short wall 1st step 2 0.90 0.40 0.90 0.65
Short wall 2nd step 2 0.90 0.30 1.00 0.54
Short wall 3rd step 2 0.90 0.20 0.70 0.25
Total 5.03
cu.m
4 Cement pointing 1:4
Long walls up tp slab 2 1.80 1.50 5.40
Short wall up to slab 2 0.90 1.50 2.70
Short-left face 1 0.90 0.82 0.74
Short-right face 1 0.90 0.70 0.63
Remaining face 2 0.60 0.82 0.98
Total 10.45
sq.m
20 mm thick cement
5 plaster 1:3 in floor and 1 1.80 1.20 2.16
channels
sq.m
RCC Slab including steel
6
complete work of

Working chamber 1 1.35 1.20 0.12 0.19

Roof slab of shaft 1 0.80 1.10 0.10 0.09
Total 0.28
cu.m
Deduct
Manhole cover 1 0.16 0.10 0.02
Net Total 0.27
cu.m
CI manhole cover 42 cm
7 1 1 No.
dia including frame
Iron foot steps of 16 mm

8 7 7 Nos.
dia bar

SPECIFICATIONS
Definition
A Specification is a statement of particulars. Construction Specification may be

defined as written instructions distinguishing and describing in detail the construction work to
be undertaken.
Purpose of Specification
The Specifications are generally written to supplement the information shown on

drawings. The Specification, when included in the contract documents of a project, serve the
following purposes.
1) Specification serves as a contract document between the owner and contractor,

limiting and describing their responsibilities.
2) Specifications enable the estimators to arrive at a fair price for the work involved.
3) Specifications serve as a guide for the fabrication and installation of materials and
equipment.
Specification should be clear and there should not be any issues. From the study of the
specifications one can easily understand the nature of the work and what the work shall be.
Drawings do not furnish the details of different items of work, the quantity of
materials, proportion of mortar and workmanship which are described in the specifications.
Thus, drawings and specifications form important parts of contract document.
Specifications depend on the nature of the work, the purpose for which the work is
required, strength of the materials, availability of materials, quality of materials etc.
Specifications are of two types:
1) General Specification or Brief Specification

2) Detailed Specification
General Specification: It gives the nature and class of the work and materials in general
terms, to be used in the various parts of the work, from the foundation to the superstructure. It
is a short description of different types of the work specifying materials, proportions,
qualities etc.

Detailed Specification: It specifies the qualities and quantities of materials, the proportion of
mortar, workmanship, the method of preparation and execution and the method of
measurement. The detailed specification of different items of work are prepared separately
and describe what the works should be and how shall be executed and constructed.
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
General specifications give the idea and class of work in general terms and are generally
attached with the rough cost and detailed estimates.
1. General Specifications of First Class Buildings
Foundation and Plinth: - Shall be of first class burnt bricks in lime or cement
mortar(1:6)over a bed of cement concrete. (1:6:12 or 1:8:16)
Superstructure:- Shall be of first class burnt brick work in lime or cement mortar (1:6)
Damp Proof Course:- Shall be of a cm thick cement concrete (1:2:4) with on-layer of
bitumen laid hot or any other specified water proof material.
Roofing:- Shall be of R.C.C. slabs (1:2:4) covered with two coats of bitumen lalid hot and a
layer of lime or cement concrete 8 cm. thick over it with a tile flooring with cement flush
with cement flush pointed on the top.
Flooring:- Shall be of TERRAZO in drawing, dining, bath and W.C., 4 cm thick plain
conglomerate polished floors in bed rooms and in other rooms.
Doors and Windows:- Doors and windows shall be of teak wood, panelled or panelled and
glazed with gauze shutters to outer doors and fixed wire gauze to windows and ventilators
Fittings shall preferably of brass or good quality metal.
Finishing:- The inside and outside walls shall have 1.25 cm. thick cement plaster. Drawing,
dining and bed rooms inside of walls shall have 2 coats of distemper and other rooms shall
have three coats of white washing. The outside of the wall shall have two coats of colour
washing over one coat of white washing.
Painting:- Doors and windows shall be given three coats of white lead where exposed and
white zinc or cream or grey silicate paint elsewhere.

Miscellaneous:- First class buildings shall be provided with first class sanitary and water
supply fittings and electrical installations. A plinth protection 1.50 m. wide of bricks sloped
away from the building shall be provided all round the building. Plinth Area Rate Rs. 4500.00
to Rs. 5,500 per sq. meter. (Rates variable).
2. General Specifications of Second Class Buildings
Foundation and Plinth:- All walls shall be built of first class burnt bricks laid in mud mortar
over a bed of lime concrete or cement concrete. Top course of the plinth shall be laid in
cement mortar(1:6)
Superstructure: - All walls shall be built of first class burnt bricks laid in mud mortar.
The Following portions to be built in cement mortar (1:6.)
a) Shills of windows, C. windows.

b) Top course of parapet.
c) Jambs of doors, windows, C. windows.
d) Drip course, cornice and weather course etc.
e) Two courses below the R.C.C. slab and roof battens.
Damp proof Course: - Damp proof course 4 cm thick shall be of Portland cement concrete
(1:2:4) with one coat of bitumen laid hot.
Roofing:- All main rooms shall have R.B. roof or R.C. roof and first class or second class
mud roofs over other rooms.
Floors:- the main rooms shall have conglomerate floors and verandahs shall have flat or
brick on edge floors over cement concrete and sand.
Doors and Windows:- Interior and exterior surface of wall shall be cement plastered 1.25
cm thick, covered with three coats of white washing.
Painting: - Doors and windows shall be painted with three coats of chocolate paint or any
other approved paint.
Miscellaneous:- Roof drainage shall be carried by means of Gargolyes and khassi parnalas.
Plinth protection1.50 m. wide of bricks shall be provided all-round the building. Plinth Area
Rate: Rs. 2500 to Rs.3000 per sq.m

3. General Specification of Third Class Buildings
Foundations and Plinth: - All walls shall be built of second class burnt laid in mud mortar
over bed on lime concrete.
Superstructure: - All walls shall be built of second class burnt bricks laid in mud mortar.
Roofing:- All rooms shall have second class mud roof and the verandahs shall have G.I. sheet
roof.
Floors:- Floors everywhere shall be of brick over mid concrete and cement pointed.
Doors and Windows: - Doors and windows shall be of kail, Chir, Mango or any other soft
wood, ledged, battened and braced type.
Finishing: - Interior surface of walls shall be mud plastered and covered with three coats of
white washing. The outside surface shall be flush lime pointed.
Painting: - Doors and windows shall be give two coats of ordinary chocolate paint.
Plinth Area Rate: - Rs. 1500.00 to Rs. 1800.00 per sq.m.
4. General Specifications of Fourth Class Buildings
Foundation and Plinth:- All walls shall be built of se3cond class brick work laid in mud
mortar.
Superstructure: - All walls shall be built of sand moulded sun dried bricks laid in mud
mortar with the exception of the following which shall be built in second class brick work in
mud.
1. Two courses underneath the roof battens.
2. Jambs of doors and windows.
3. Pillars under the roof beams.
4. Sills of windows, C. windows.
Roofing:- Third class mud roof. Floors: - Mud floors(2.5cm) mud plaster over the rammed
earth.

Doors and Windows:- Doors and windows shall be of kail, chir or any other soft wood
batten doors. Finishing:- mud and mud plaster inside and outside.
Painting: Two coats of ordinary paint.
Plint Area Rate:- Rs. 800.00 to Rs. 1000.00 per sq.m.
Detailed Specifications
Detailed specifications give the method of constructions and specify the nature of work.
EARTHWORK IN EXCAVATION/BACKFILL
1. General
All work shall be executed accurately to the dimensions indicated on the drawings or
as directed by the Engineer.
The contractor is responsible for inspecting, testing and making his own decision as to
the actual nature of the ground to the excavated and any available trail hole data must
not be Taken as a guarantee that similar conditions prevail on the site.
The contractor shall advice the Engineer when trail pits or trial hole data are available
for examination so as to determine the bearing ability of the ground for foundation.
The contractor shall report to the Engineer when excavations are ready to receive
foundation concrete and shall obtain consent before depositing concrete.
In the event of excavations being made larger than the sizes indicated on the drawings
or as directed by the Engineer. The contractor shall fill in the excavated void to the
correct profile with mass concrete at his own expenses and as directed by the
Engineer.
2. Site Clearance
The sites of structures shall be cleared of all trees, bushes, scrubs, crops and all other
vegetable growth including grubbing up all roots rubbish and grubbing matter shall be
burned or disposes of, off site at tips to the provided by the contractor and approved
by the Engineer. All combustible materials and excavated surface soil shall be spread
and followed for the disposal.
All attempts must be made to maintain those trees and shrubs which are identified and
instructed by the Engineer as the ones to be retained and to disturb plant life as little
as possible. Where large shrubs and trees are positioned at our very near the location
of a building, fence or any alternative structures or positions for structures considered.

3. Site Excavation
The contractor shall excavate the site throughout the area shown on the site layouts.
Foundations Levels: The contractor shall determine the levels of the foundations in
relation to the structural drawing and the excavated site level. Where undulations
occur the contractor must place the top of the foundation at a level where surface
water will not undermine the foundation.
Poor Ground: Top soil, loose soil, bad ground or cavities met within any part of the
excavations for foundations and floor slabs of structures shall be excavated to a solid
formation and filled to foundation level with hard-core or other approved materials
properly compacted to the Engineers approval. Beneath all strip footings, the excess
excavated materials shall be replaced with concrete.
3.1 Excavation in Rock
Any excavation where chiselling or blasting is necessary will be classified as
excavation in rock, Removal of boulders of sizes up to approx. 0.5m3 shall not be
classified as rock excavation.
The contractor shall notify the Engineer on each occasion he considers he is entitled
or payment for excavation in rock and shall not fill any excavation concerned until it
has been inspected by the Engineer. No payment or excavation in rock shall be made
unless the Engineer has inspected the excavation and certified in writing the quantity
involved. Engineers decision shall be final and binding.
In the event of use of explosives being permitted the contractor shall obtain prior
approval of all relevant authorities and shall conform to safety standards and shall be
fully responsible for storage and usage.
4. Shoring Excavations
The contractor shall, to the satisfaction of the Engineer shore the sides of excavations
foe structures. Trenches and pits to prevent them from slipping or failing. Should any
slips, falls or settlement nevertheless occur they shall be made good by the contractor
at his own expense with selected ill or with mass concrete as may be directed by the
Engineer. Excavation shall be kept intact without backfilling for required period in
case of basement retaining walls etc.
In removing shoring from the sides of excavations, care shall be taken to avoid
bringing loads on to any concrete until it has hardened sufficiently to carry loads.

Timber or other materials used for shoring the sides of excavations shall be removed
as the work proceeds except when ordered to be left in by the Engineer.
5. Backfilling
Backfilling for retaining walls, basement, etc. shall be done only after the supported
slab is cast, cured and de-shuttered and given lateral stability to walls, Backfilling
shall start only after the approval of Engineer.
Retaining walls, foundations, trenches, column, bases and the like are to be backfield
with selected excavation materials or imported filling, well rammed and consolidated
to the satisfaction of the Engineer, in lavers as directed but not exceeding 150mm
thick and sufficiently watered during consolidating to achieve maximum
consolidation. The maximum size of the material shall not be greater than 50mm, not
more than 15% shall pass the 200 Sieve and it shall be free of all debris, vegetable
matter and like. The density after compaction shall not be less than maximum dry
density obtained in Test II of B.S. 1377.
6. Disposal of surplus excavated materials
Surplus excavated material shall be removed from the site and disposed off to a site to be
approved by the Engineer. All necessary permits and approvals of local authorities shall
be the responsibility of the contractor.
7. Trimming of slopes
The slopes of cutting and embankments shall be trimmed by hands or by approved
mechanical means to uniform batters of maximum 33 degrees as directed by the Engineer. A
tolerance of plus or minus 100mm measured at right angles to the batter will
be permitted. A channel 600mm wide x 300 mm deep shall be formed at the base of slopes to
divert rainwater.
Any rock or boulder appearing in the face of a cutting shall trimmed back to ithin the
tolerance specified above and in addition any rock or boulder which in the opinion of
the Engineer is unstable shall be completely removed and the resulting void filled
with compacted materials to the approval of the Engineer.
8. Keeping Excavations free from water
The contractor shall be responsible foe keeping all excavations free from water from
whatever cause arising and shall provide such pumping capacity and other temporary
works as may be necessary for this purpose.

The contractor shall make good as his own expense any damage that may result from
his failure to keep the excavations free from water.
9. Compacted fill, Granular fill Beneath Slabs, footings etc.
The fill is to be non-plastic granular material, well graded strong, with maximum
particle with size of 50mm with no more than 15% passing a 200 sieve, free of all
debris, vegetable mater and the like.
The fill is to be compacted using a vibrating compactor of not less than 1.5 tones. The
fill is to be thoroughly compacted in layers as directed but not more than 150mm
thick. Adequate water is to use for compaction and the density after compaction shall
not be less than maximum dry density obtained in Test II of B.S.1377.
BRICK WORK
1. Scope
This specification covers the construction of brick masonry in foundations, arches,
walls, etc. at all elevations. Only masonry with first class burnt clay brick is dealt
with in this Section.
The provision of the latest revision of IS: 2212 shall be complied with unless
permitted otherwise and any other I.S Codes (latest revision) shall form a part of this
specification to the extent it has been referred to or applicable with this specification.
2. Materials
Bricks shall conform to the requirements of I.S. 1077. Specification for common
burnt clay building bricks, and shall be of the first class quality. Bricks shall be of
uniform deep red, cherry or copper colour, thoroughly burnt. Without being vitrified,
regular in shape and size and shall have sharp and square sides, edges and parallel
faces to ensure uniformity in the thickness of the courses of brickwork.
Bricks shall be sound, hard, and homogenous in texture and omit a clear ringing
sound on being struck.
Brick shall be of the local standard size. Any other similar size may be accepted, but
no dimension shall vary more than 3 mm from the accepted size.
All bricks which absorb water more than 20% of their own dry weight after being
immersed in water for 24 hours shall be rejected.

All bricks shall have to be approved by the Engineer. Any lot of bricks found not up
to the specification, must be removed from the site immediately at Contractors own
cost.
Representative samples of bricks to be used shall be submitted to the Engineer and his
approval taken before bulk purchase.
The samples shall be kept sealed with the Engineer for future reference and
comparisons. All bricks supplied shall conform to these approved to these approved
samples in all respects.
Bricks shall be carefully and systematically stacked at locations an directed in an approved
manner. East stack shall contain equal numbers of bricks preferably not more than 3000.
Water
Water shall be clean and free from deleterious matter such as oil, acid, alkali, salt and
vegetable growth.
Cement
Portland cement conforming to Indian standard specification IS: 269 shall be used. Cement
shall be stored in weatherproof sheds on dry platforms and protected from rain and moisture.
Cement which has partially set shall not be used.
Sand
Sand shall conform to IS: 383, 100% of the sand shall pass through IS. Sieve No. 240 and not
more than 15% to 35% through I.S. sieve No. 30. Sand shall have a fineness modulus
between 2.1 and 2.5. Sand shall be clean and free from dirt, clay or other impurities.
Percentage of clay or total impurities shall not be more than 5% by weight.
3. Mortar
Mortar for brickwork except for half brick or lower thickness walls shall be 1 part
cement and 6 parts sand by volume.
Mortar for half brick and lower thickness brick walls shall be 1 part cement and 4
parts sand by volume.
The unit of measurement for cement shall be a bag of cement weighing 50 Kg. and
this shall be taken as 0.035 cu. Meter. Other ingredients in specified proportions shall
be measured in boxes of suitable size. Sand shall be measured on the basis of its dry
volume. In case of damp sand, its quality shall be increased suitably to allow for
bulkage.

Cement and sand shall be mixed dry thoroughly on clean approved platform and
water shall then be added to obtain a mortar of the consistency of a stiff paste, care
being taken to add just sufficient water for the purpose.
Mortar shall be used as soon as possible after mixing and within 2 hours after the
cement is mixed wet.
Mortar unused for more than 2 hours shall be rejected and removed from the site of
work.
Mixture of lime putty and sand can be kept for a period of 72 hours, provided it is
kept damp and not allowed to dry.
4. Workmanship
All workmanship shall be of best standard as approved by the Engineer.
Laying
Bricks shall be soaked in water before use for at least six (6) hours. The contractor
shall provide tanks of sufficient capacity to allow the specified immersion. Bricks
shall be laid in water by hand and not thrown. The bricks shall not be too wet at the
time of use, as they are likely to slip on the mortar bed and there will be difficulty in
plumbness of the wall.
Bricks shall be laid with a shore joint in full mortar beds and thoroughly slushed up
with mortar at every course. Face bricks shall be laid on full mortar beds and have all
vertical joints completely filled with mortar. All brick work shall be plumb, square
and true to dimensions shown on drawings and in approved bond.
All brick work shall be built tightly against columns, floor slabs or other structural
parts, around window and door frames with proper distance to permit caulked joint.
Where drawings indicated that structural Steel column and spandrel beams are to be
partly or wholly covered with brick work, the bricks shall be built closely against all
flange and webs with all spaces between the steel and the brickwork filled solid with
setting mortar with not less than 10 mm in the thickness.
Bricks shall be laid in joints not more than 12 mm thick, where stucco finish is
specified, the joints of brickwork shall be raked to a minimum depth of 10 mm to
ensure good bond of stucco with brick work.
Racking out joints
Joint of brick work shall be raked out to a depth of 12 mm at time of laying and face of
brick work shall be kept clear of all mortar.

5. Brick-On-Edge Coping, Plinth Projection And Cut Brick Corners

The top course of all plinths, parapets, steps and tops of walls below RCC slabs, beams,
etc. shall be laid with brick on-edge, unless specified otherwise, Care shall be taken that
bricks forming the top corners and ends of walls shall be properly radiated and keyed into
position in IS: 2212. Plinths of all buildings shall be protected by brick on edge paring of
minimum width of 750 mm, inter spaces filled with cement mortar (1 : 6).
Cavity walls
Damp proof course as one of 500 gauge polythene sheet on foundation connecting &
over lapping floor polythene. One extra layer of 40 cm stripped polythene sheet is to
be placed on foundation under the first brick course in outer wall and going to third
course of inner wall. A cement bank slopes from inner wall to outer wall. See detail.
All brick walls are executed in exposed quality to both sides with half brick bonds and
even joints according to standards set on drawings.
Bricks shall be laid on foundation in 2 parallel layers at stretchers with approximately
6-8 cm gap between the bricks. The outer wall measure shall be 30 cm. Following
layers shall be placed with half brick bond all over.
In the horizontal joints for 4th course shall be placed a Z-wire tie for every 60 cm
interval continuously. Vertically the layers of wires shall be staggered alternately in
30 cm swifts. Z-wire ties are to be produced of 8 gauge G.I. wire and in placement a
slight slope towards the outer wall should be observed.
Cleaning of cavity for surplus mortar has to be observed either during laying of bricks
or from missed bricks in first courses (later to be inserted ) from where scraping can
be done.
Bricks on edge is placed on all windows sills.
Core reinforcement in cavity walls are done according to drawings.
One brick 9 partitions are constructed similar to cavity walls by stretchers in half
brick bond. Z-wire transverse bonds are done in every 4th layer per 60 cm staggered
vertically . Partition walls shall be executed with fair-face to both sides.
6. Curing and Protection
Masonry during and after construction shall be kept moist and cured properly as per
IS: codes of as directed by the Engineer. The brick work shall be kept moist for a period of at
least 10 days.
7. Scaffolding

Double scaffolding having two sets of vertical supports shall be provided except in
case of building upto two storeys where single scaffolding may be used if permitted by the
Engineer. The supports shall be sound and strong and of steal tubular construction unless
otherwise permitted by the Engineer. The vertical posts shall be tied together with horizontal
pieces over which the scaffolding planks shall be fixed. In cases where single scaffolding has
been allowed by the Engineer, the inner ends of horizontal. Scaffolding poles shall rest in a
hole provided in the header course only. One header for each hole shall be left out. Such
holes, however, shall not be allowed in pillars under one matter in width, or immediately near
the skew backs or arches. The holes left in masonry work for supporting the scaffoldings
shall be immediately filed and made good before plastering.
8. Methods of Measurement
a) Wall thickness shall be measured in terms of nominal brick size which shall be deemed to
be inclusive of mortar joints.
b) Actual volume of work done shall be measured in cu.m. and deductions for openings,
lintels, sills, conduits, ducts, pipes, etc. shall be made, but no deduction shall be made for
openings upto 0.1 .SQ.M. in area each. No deduction shall be made for inserts and embedded
fixtures nor any extra be made for the mortar used for fixing or for necessary cutting of
bricks.
c) For encasing of steel beams, columns, etc. the sizes as shown on drawings shall be
measured, and no deduction shall be made for the volume of steel beams, columns, etc.
d) No extra payment shall be made for any cutting of bricks for encasing of beams, columns
etc. and/or bricks cut for any other purposes.
e) Half brick thick walls shall be measured in Sq.M. and deductions made for all openings,
lintels, sills, conduits, ducts, pipes, etc. but no deduction shall be made for openings up to 0.1
sq.m. in area each. No additions or deductions shall be made for embedded fixtures.
STONE MASONRY
1. Scope
This section covers the layout and construction of stone masonry in foundations
superstructures, wall, arches, etc. at all elevations. Only masonry with good quality of quarry
stones is dealt with in this section.
2. Materials
Stone

All stone used for this work should be hard, uniform in texture, locally the best
available from the nearest quarry or elsewhere approved by the site engineer/supervisor.
Samples, which are not similar to the samples supplied shall be rejected . No round stone
shall be used unless broken. Stones shall be fairly regular in size and every stone shall be
fitted to the adjacent stones. No stone shall be less than 15 cm in size.
Face stones shall be comparatively larger and uniform in size and colour to given a
good appearance, and breadth of face stones shall be grater than the height. Face stones
should tail into wall to a sufficient depth to bound well. Stones shall be broken and faces of
wall shall be truly in plumb. Corner stones or quoins should be a good stone and dressed
correct to angle and laid as headers and stretches.
Mud
Mud to be used shall be of approved quality, obtained from foundation cuttings or
borrow pits at least 1 M. below ground level. It shall be free from gravel or other foreign
bodies. Soil so brought up from cuttings shall be collected first and allowed to dry
completely, after which it shall be beaten down into smaller particles before being passed
through a standard 20 gauge wire mesh to remove course material.
The fine sieved portion shall then be collected in a pit of appropriate size before
addition of water as required to produce a homogeneous mass. The mud shall be thoroughly
kneaded according to local practice being taken to area of work.
Water
Water shall be clean and free from deleterious matter such as oil, acid, alkali, salt and
vegetable growth
Cement
Portland cement conforming to Indian standard specification IS: 269 shall be used.
Cement shall be stored in weatherproof sheds on dry platforms and protected from rain and
moisture. Cement which has partially set shall not be used.
Sand
Sand shall conform to IS: 383, 100% of the sand shall pass through IS. Sieve No. 240
and not more than 15% to 35% through I.S. sieve No. 30. Sand shall have a fineness modulus
between 2.1 and 2.5. Sand shall be clean and free from dirt, clay or other impurities.
Percentage of clay or total impurities shall not be more than 5% by weight.
3. Mortar
Mud Mortar

The mud mortar shall be made by thoroughly mixing clay with water . The quality of
clay is to be used as mentioned above and must be approved by the site engineer. The
ingredient clay shall be checked thoroughly for aggregate etc. and evenly mixed, care being
taken not to add more water than is required.
Cement Mortar
Cement mortar shall be of proportions of 1:6 ( 1 cement; 6 course sand). The
ingredient shall be accurately gauged by measure and shall be well and evenly mixed together
in a mechanical pan mixer, care being taken not to add more water than is required. No
mortar that has begun to set shall be used. Not more than one bag of cement shall be mixed
one time, which shall be consumed within half an hour of its mixing. The work shall be well
watered for a fortnight.
4. Construction
Random Rubble Masonry ( Uncoursed )
The stones shall be dressed rough to approximate shape and size before use. The
Maximum bushing for unplastered faces for stones shall be limited to 25 mm. On the surface
to be plastered this shall not exceed 10 mm so as to incorporate lime plastering thickness
within a margin of 5 mm. stones used on facing shall be to the possible extend equal in
texture. The gaps between the stones should be properly filled up by spalls. The gaps should
not exceed 50 mm either way and they should never be left hollow. The joints should be well
packed with mortar with a porker. In no case water should be allowed to be poured into
joints. Only mortar to the required consistency shall be permitted. Bond stones shall be
provided to the full width of the wall or to the tailed length of such stones. Quoins and corner
stones are to be provided properly dressed to angles. The length of quoins shall be to full wall
width and size suitably selected to match the courses. Care should be taken to see that joints
of adjacent coursed are not in one vertical line. The mortar joints shall not exceed 25 mm in
any case. Mortar used for the masonry shall be generally mud mortar unless otherwise
specified. The stones to be used in jambs, reveals, sills and other places of such nature should
be properly selected and dressed. All the joints should be raked out to depth 15 mm to enable
pointing or lime plastering or cement plastering.
Coursed Rubble Masonry
The stones for such works shall be properly selected and each course shall be of same
height. Stones should be semi-dressed at quarry and the final dressing shall be done at site of
work by chisel and hammer. The bushings shall not exceed 20 mm. Corner stones should be
properly dressed to angles. The bond stones shall be spaced 1.5 meters apart.

The height of quoins should not exceed the height of the course. Vertical joints should
be avoided. The joints should be raked out to a depth of 15 mm to enable pointing or lime
plaster washing or cement plastering.
Ashlar Masonry
The stones shall be hard, tough and durable from a approved quarry. Stones shall be
chisel-dressed on all edges to have perfectly square or rectangular faces so that they may be
laid in perfect horizontal and vertical joints. Minimum height of stones shall be 20 cm and
breadth not less than 1.5 times height. Stones shall be laid alternate headers and streachers
with breadth joints in two consecutive layers. Each course shall be truly horizontal and each
stone shall be laid on its natural bed. The wall shall be truly in plumb. No joint shall he
thicker than 3.5 mm. Not more than 60 mm height of masonry shall be constructed at a time.
Mortar shall be mud mixed thoroughly to get a uniform workable consistency. If
mortar specified as cement mortar is used it shall first have water added slowly and gradually
and mixed thoroughly to get a uniform mortar of workable consistency. Fresh mortar shall be
used. At the end of days work the masonry shall be flooded with 25 mm water at the upper
surface in case of cement mortar. All stones shall be the roughed before use. Usually,
exposed faces of stones are rough chiselled.
5. Workmanship
General construction techniques shall be in accordance with the best local traditions.
The contractor shall ensure that only the most experienced of local masons are
employed on random rubble works in foundation.
The selection of stone or blocks for foundation shall be convenient, placing them in
position to obtain a good bond while restriction in cutting of the stones to removal of
inconvenient corners only. The stones shall be laid on their natural beds as nearly as
possible at right angles to the direction of the load or thrust.
Wetting of stones shall be necessary only in the case of very dry porous stones.
Impervious stones, however, do not have to be wetted before being laid. Water
absorbing natures of the various stones shall first be ascertained on samples and as far
as is practicable only stones of approximately the same porosity shall be used
throughout any length of walling.
Quoins shall be built up in advance of the main body of the wall to a height of 50 cm
and adjacent wall on both sides stepped down. Quoins stones shall be more regular in
shap than the main wall and shall be selected and set out on the ground before hand.

They shall be carefully dressed to produce regular corners. The masonry shall be
brought to courses at every 50 cm intervals. Method of wall construction shall be as
per the best local traditions, using as far as possible stones that are broad on the bed
and which tail-in well with adjacent stones. Void spaces shall be filled with hearting
stones selected to bond in with the rest. Stones chips shall be used only to fill voids
between hearting stones and to avoid use of excessive mortar. All stones shall
however, be solidly and well bedded in mortar, all voids being packed with mortar.
The random rubble wall shall be brought to courses at convenient heights but not
exceeding 50 cm. The course height shall correspond with the quoin stones or their
multiples, as necessary. All projecting stones at levels where width of footings change
shall be headers, with the long side tailing under the footing. Stones for face walling
inside and outside has to be minimum dressed in order to receive evenly joints on all
four sides.
Bonds shall be both transverse (across the thickness of the wall) and longitudinal.
Transverse bonds shall be achieved by use of bond stones of lengths extending the full
width of the wall. These shall be placed at approximately 60 cm. Vertical and
horizontal intervals, staggering the stones between the two faces.
Joints in the wall shall be not less than 6 mm thick in to any part of the bed and shall
be thick enough throughout to take up any irregularities of the stones without making
a stone-too stone contact. Interior wall of 30 mm thickness shall have stones
extending to the full thickness of the wall. It should be break joints with stones at least
half the thickness of the wall.
At ground level, the wall shall be brought to course and the top finished off level with
a thick layer of cement mortar (1:4) not less than 20mm thick. In the case of sloping
grounds, random rubble work shall be coursed and finished level as above at the
lower. Levels at the corners of the top most course shall be checked for uniformity
before proceeding with further works.
Protective measures consisting of covering by sacking, tarpaulins or other material
shall be taken during rains to prevent mortar being washed out of the joints before it
has set.
6. Measurements
The measurement shall be in cubic meter of product of length, breadth or thickness
and depth ot height. All thickness of stone walls shall be measured and will be as per

drawings. Deductions for floors, windows, and other openings including lintels shall be made
to arrive at the net quantity of work. Nothing shall be paid extra for forming such openings.
Stone work covering to R.C.C. structures and in continuation of the main wall shall be
measured in thickness nearest to the figures shown in the drawing. Unless otherwise specified
nothing extra shall be admissible for cutting in stone works to suit R.C.C. structure, wall in
any shape other than straight, any cutting necessary for shaping the walls to structural design.
Rate shall be inclusive of all necessary scaffolding, materials, labour, curing, etc.
CEMENT CONCRETE
1. Ingredients: Cement, sand, brick or stone aggregate, gravel or shingle and water
Cement
Cement shall be Portland cement of the Indian standard Specifications as perIS: 269.
All cement shall be brought to the site of work in bags with the seals in tack. Fresh and from
moisture. All cement shall be gauged by weight and shall be added at the mixture in whole
50kg.bags.
Fine Aggregate (Sand)
It shall consist of clean, hard, uncoated grains of natural sand or crushed stone sand
rushed gravel sand or combination of any of these free clay, loam, silt, organic or other
deleterious substances. The sand shall be washed before using trough for washing sand.
Coarse Aggregate
It shall consist of good hard tough and clear water worn bajri obtained from natural
streams. The girl shall be free from dirt, clay, leaves or other organic matter and soft or
decayed stone and shall be of the gauge specified according to the nature of the work.
Water
Water used in construction shall be clean, free from earthly, vegetable or organic
impurities: like alkalis, salts etc. which cause efflorescence and affect setting time of mortar.
2. Mixing
In all proportions of cement concrete except 1:1:3, 1:2:4 and 1:3:6, the measured
quantity of cement is to be placed on top of the measured quantity of the aggregate (fine and
coarse) and the whole mass mixed three or four times so that it shall be thoroughly
incorporated. The required quantity of water (clean, rather drinking water) shall then be
added and the entire wet mass shall be turned over unto the homogeneous mixture of the
required consistency is obtained.

3. Laying and Consolidation of Cement Concrete In Foundations

Concrete shall be handed from the mixing platform to the place of final deposit as
rapidly as possible. It shall be laid slowly and gently in layers of 15cm (not thrown from a
height) and thoroughly consolidated with 5.5 kg. Rammers.
4. Reinforced Cement Concrete
The standard mix for reinforced cement concrete is (1:2:4). In addition to this, round
steel bars are embedded to make the structure strong to take up all the tensile stresses.
5. Mixing
The two ingredients i.e. cement and sand shall be hand mixed dry, three or more times
until the mix comes to a uniform colour. The measured quantity of coarse aggregate shall
then be added to the mixture and whole mixed dry thoroughly. The required quantity of water
shall then be added. Reinforcement Round steel bars as far as possible shall be used in
preference to square bars. The bars shall be thoroughly cleaned of rust, scale and of coatings
that might destroy or reduce bond. The ends of all bars shall be properly hooked and bends
shall be made as per drawing and design supplied. In case of joints in reinforcement an
overlay of not less than 40 diameters shall be given for tension member.
6. Placing and Handling the Concrete
Concrete shall be handled from the mixing platform to the final deposit as rapidly as
possible. After depositing, the concrete is to be ridded, vibrated, tamped or worked to ensure
that no hollow places are left.
7 Forms and Centring
Forms wherever required shall be sufficiently rigid and strong to withstand the weight
placing and putting of concrete and the movement of labor, material and plant. Forms shall be
sufficiently water right to prevent leakage of mortar. Forms shall be supported or fixed by
wedges of the load being eased and the forms removed without sock to the work and without
hammering.
8. Laying
Before depositing the concrete, the reinforcement shall be correctly laid in position
and secured against displacement by tying with soft iron wire. The bars shall remain in
position 20 mm. above the surface of centring.
9. Curing
The concrete when laid shall be carefully protected from the extremes of weather and
temperature and from unequal or too repaid drying. It shall be thoroughly kept wet for at least
15 days.

10. Expansion Joints

In every long lengths of slab work, expansion joints shall be provided at intervals of
about 9 m. to 12m.
11 Measurement
Measurements are taken in cubic meters.
TILE FLOORING
Consists of first class burnt bricks or tiles laid flat or on edge over a bed of 10cm,
thick lime concrete or cement (1:6:18) and 10cm. thick sand.
Laying: All bricks or tiles or tiles shall be laid in lime or cement mortar with bed and vertical
joints full of mortar1:4 simple lipping at the edge shall not be permitted. The laying shall
be in plain, diagonal, herring bone or other pattern as desired by the Engineer-in-charge. The
work shall be protected from the effect of sun, frost and rain during construction.
Soaking: Before use, all bricks or tiles shall be soaked in clean water in tanks for at least one
hour.
Joints: The joints shall not exceed 6mm in thickness. The mortar in the joints shall be struck
off flush with s trowel. Care shall be taken that no mortar shall spreed over the edge of the
bricks or tiles.
Curing: The floor must be kept wet for seven days after laying. If cement pointing is done, it
shall be kept moist for at least 15days after the pointing has been done.
TERRAZO FLOORING
A rough foundation of ordinary cement concrete 1:2:4 to within 29mm below the
required finish grade shall first be provide. The material of the terrazzo consisting of 1 parts
of very small marble chips machine crushed and free from marble dust and foreign matter, 6
to 13 mm, to one part cement shall then be laid and floated over the rough surface, so that flat
sides of the chips lay evenly at the top if the marble chips do not show up sufficiently, the
defective parts may be filled up by hand.
After the terrazzo concrete has hardened enough to prevent dislodgement of
aggregate, it shall be ground down with an approved type of grinding machine shod with free
rapid cutting carborundum stones to expose the coarse aggregate. The floor to be kept wet
during grinding process. After this the finish shall be scrubbed with warm water and soft soap
and mopped dry.

MARBLE FLOORS
The marble flooring shall consists of marble tiles laid on 12mm thick mortar bed over
the usual base courses of 10cm base concrete 1:8:16 and 10cm said or stone filling in case of
ground floor or over R.C.C slabs. In case of upper floors the mortar bed shall be of 1:3
cement sand mortar.
The marble slabs should be of approved quality and thickness 20mm to 25mm with
truly plane surface. The size of marble slab shall be slightly oversize to permit cutting to
actual size of tiles at the site of work.
Curing: During the progress of work and for 10days after laying, each section of floor shall
be kept flooded. Three clear days shall be allowed for setting before the pavement is walked
over and no weight should be rested upon the surface, until 7days after laying is completed,
Polishing is done, as in case of Terrazzo flooring and no first cutting is usually needed.
ASBESTO CEMENT CORRUGATED SHEET ROOFING

1. Materials
The asbestos cement sheet shall be of the best quality and free from cracks. The side
lap of the sheet shall be of half a corrugation and an end lap of 15cm minimum.
2. Frame Work
The sheets shall be laid on purlin and battens as per working drawing. The minimum
spacing of purlin under the sheet shall be 1.6 m in the case of 7 mm sheet. For 6 mm
thick sheets the spacing of purlins be 1.4 m. The top bearing surface of all the purlins
and other members shall be in one plane so that the sheets can be fixed on the purlins
without exerting any force.
3. Laying and Fixing
Fixing of sheets with steel purlins shall be done using 8 mm diameter galvanised hook
bolts
4. Slope
The roof slope shall not be flatter than 1 vertical to 5 horizontal. Normal slope shall
be 1 vertical to 2 horizontal or as specified.
5. Ridges and hips
Ridges and hip shall be covered by special ridge and hip sections with end and side
laps of at least 30 cm. These shall be secured to purlins or sheets with hook or G.I.
bolts with washers.
6. Measurements

Measurements are taken in square metres.

DOORS & WINDOWS
Doors and windows may range from the humble ledged and braced doors and
windows which are usually, fitted to out houses, to the multiple, panelled and panelled and
fitted with ornate moulding and panelled, and which are usually associated with the entrances
to important buildings.
In all cases the construction shall be such as to ensure that the door shall be
satisfactory in service.
1. Timber
All doors, windows, clerestory windows and all almirahs with their chowkats shall be
made of well-seasoned deodar wood or any other food timber free from sapwood, large knots,
shakes cracks and other serious defects.
2. Panels
In case of panelled doors, the panels shall not be less than 13 mm thick.
3. Sash
Bars In case of glazed doors, Sash Bars shall be of the full thickness of the leaf and 38
mm. in width and shall be moulded and metered on the outside and rebated from inside. The
width of the rebate shall be 13 mm.
PAINTING, WHITE WASHING, POLISHING, ETC

1. Scope
This specification covers painting, polishing, etc. of both interior and exterior surfaces
of masonry, concrete plastering, false ceiling, structural and other miscellaneous steel items,
rain water down comer, floor and roof drains, soil, waste and service water pipes and other
ferrous as well as non-ferrous metal items as shown on drawings or as directed by the
Engineer.
If surface to be finished cannot be put in suitable condition for painting by customary
preparatory methods, the contractor shall notify the Engineer in writing or assume
responsibility for all rectification and unsatisfactory finishing that results.
Before commencing painting, the contractor shall obtain the approval of the Engineer
in writing regarding the scheduling of work to minimize damage, disfiguration or staining by
other trades. He shall also undertake normal precautions to prevent damage, disfiguration or
staining to work of other trades or other installations.

2. Installation
Materials
Materials shall be highest grade products of well-known approved manufacturer and
shall be delivered to the site in original sealed containers, bearing brand name,
manufacturers name and colour shade, with labels intact and seals unbroken. All materials
shall be subject to inspection, approval by the Engineer. It is desired that materials of one
manufacturer only shall be used as far as possible and paint of one shade be obtained from
the same manufacturing batch.
All paint shall be subjected to analysis from random samples taken at site from
painters bucket, if so desired by the Engineer. All prime coats shall be compatible to the
material of the surface to be finished as well as to the finishing coats to be applied.
All specified materials such as shellac, turpentine or linseed oil shall be of the highest
quality available and shall, conform to the latest I.S. standards. All such materials shall be
made by reputable recognized manufacturers and shall be approved by the Engineer.
All colours shall be as per painting schedule and tinting and matching shall be done to
the satisfaction of the Engineer. In such cases, where sampled are required, they shall be
eccicuted in advance with specified materials for the approved of the Engineer.
White Washing
Shall be done from pure shall lime or fat lime, or a mixture of both as instructed by
the Engineer and shall conform to IS : 712 latest edition. Samples of lime shall be submitted
to the Engineer for approval and lime as per approved sample shall be brought to site in
unslaked condition. After slaking, it shall be allowed to remain in unslaked condition.
After slaking, it shall be allowed to remain in a tank of water for two days and then
stirred up with a pole. Until it attains the consistency of thin cream. 100 grams of gum to 6
litres of white wash water and a little quantity of indigo or synthetic ultramarine blue shall be
added to the lime.
Water-proof cement paint
Shall be made from best quality white cement add lime resistant colours with
accelerations, water proofing agents and fungicides. The paint shall conform to IS : 5410.
Synthetic Enamel Paint
Shall be made from synthetic resins and drying oil with rutiletitanius dioxide and
other selected pigments to give a smooth, hard, durable and glossy finish to all exterior
surfaces. White and pastel shade shall resist yellowing and darkening with ageing. The paint
shall conform IS : 2932 and IS : 2933.

3 Storage
The contractor shall arrange for safe and proper storage of all materials and tools.
Paints shall be kept covered at all times aqnd mixing shall be done in suitable containers. All
necessary precaution shall be taken by the contractor to prevent fire.
4 Preparation of Surface
Before starting the work the contractor shall obtain the approval of the Engineer regarding the
soundness and readiness of the surface to be painted on.
Masonry, Concrete and Plastered Surface
Surface shall be free from all oil, grease efflorescence, mildew, loose paint or other
foreign and loose materials. Masonry cracks shall be cleaned out and patch filled with mortar
similar to the original surface and uniformly textured. Where this type of resurfacing may
lead to the finishing paint being different in shade from the original surface, the resurfaced
area shall be treated with minimum one coat of cement primer which should be continued to
the surrounding area from a distance of minimum 100 mm.
Surface with mildew or efflorescence shall be treated as below :
a) Mildew: All mildewed surface shall be treated with an approved fungicide such as
ammonia cal wash consisting of 7 gm., of copper carbonate dissolved in 80 ml liquid
ammonia and diluted to 1 litre with water, or 2.5 per cent magnesium silicofluoride
solution and allowed to dry thoroughly before paint is applied.
b) Efflorescence: All efflorescence shall be removed by scrubbing affected surface
with a solution of muriatic acid in water (1:6 to !:8) and washed fully with clear and
allowed to dry thoroughly.
Metal
All metal surface shall be absolutely clean, dry and free from was, grease or dried
soap films. All steel and iron surface in addition shall be free from rust. All galvanized iron
surface shall be pretreated with a compatible primer according to the manufacturers
direction. Any abrasion in shop coat shall be touched up with the same quality of paint as the
original coat.
5 Applications
General
The method of application shall be as recommended by the manufacturer. In case of selection
of special shades and colour (not available in standard shades) the contractor shall mix
different shades and prepare test panels of minimum size 1 meter square as per instruction of

the Engineer and obtain his approval prior to application of finishing paint. Proper tools and
implements shall be used. Scaffoldings if used shall be independent of the surface to be
painted to avoid shade differences of the freshly repaired anchor holes.
Painting shall be done by skilled labours in an workmanlike manner. All materials
shall be evenly applied, so as to be free of sags, runs, crawls or other defects. All coats shall
be of proper consistency. In case of application by brush, no brush marks shall be visible.
The brushes shall be clean and in good condition before application of paint.
All priming undercoats for painting shall be applied by brush only and rollers , spray
equipment etc. shall not be used.
No work shall be done under conditions that are unsuitable for production of good
results. No painting shall be done when plastering is in progress or is drying. Application
of paint which seals the surface to moisture shall onlu be done after the moisture on and
below the surface has dried out.
All coats shall be thoroughly dry before being sand papered or before the succeeding
coat is applied. Coats of painting as specified are intended to cover surface. Perfectly. in case
the surface is not covered properly by applying the specifying number
of coats, further coats shall be applied by the Contractor when so directed by the Engineer.
All primers and undercoats shall be tinted to approximate the colour of the finishing
coats. Finished coats shall be of exact colour and shade as per approved samples and all
finish shall be uniform in colour and texture. All parts of moulding and ornaments shall be
left clean and true to finish.
White Washing
The surface where white washing is to be applied shall be cleaned of all loose
materials and dirt. All holes and irregularities of the surface shall be filled up with lime putty
and shall be allowed to dry up before application of the lime solution.
One coat of white wash shall consist of one stroke from top downwards, another from
bottom upwards over the first stroke and another from left to right before the previous one
dries up. Second coat shall be applied after the first coat dries up completely and similarly
third coat shall be applied and in case the Engineer feels that one or more coats are required
the Contractor shall do so without any extra coat to the Owner. No brush marks shall show on
the finished surface. The inner plastered surfaces of walls shall be given 3 or more coats of
white washing.

Water-proof paint
Surface to be coated with cement paint shall be washed and brushed down. As soon as
the moisture has disappeared, the surface shall be given one coat of paint. Care shall be taken
so that the paint does not dry out too rapidly. After 4 to 6 hours, the water shall be sprinkled
over the surface to assist ouring and prevent creaking. After the first coat has dried (24 to 48
hours), the second coat shall be applied in a similar manner. The finished surface shall be
kept moist by occasional sprinkling with water for seven days after painting.
Synthetic Enamel Paint
Shall be applied on properly premiered surface. Subsequent coat shall not be applied
till the previous coat is dry. The previous coat shall be lightly sand papered for better
adhesion of subsequent coats.
6 Cleaning Up
The Contractor shall, upon completion of painting, etc. remove all marks and make
good surfaces, where paint has been spilled, splashed or splattered, including all equipment,
fixtures, glass, furniture, fittings etc. to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

Part C
ANALYSIS OF RATES
1. Lime Concrete in Foundation with 40 mm gauge Stone Ballast, White lime and Sand
(Proportion 1:2:4) unit 1 cu.m
Sol: Take 10 cu.m
Quantity Cost,
Particulars Unit Rate, Rs. Per
or Nos Rs.
Materials
Stone Ballast 40 mm gauge 8.80 cu.m 1800.00 cu.m 15840.00
Sand 4.40 cu.m 900.00 cu.m 3960.00
White lime Slaked 2.20 cu.m 800.00 cu.m 1760.00
Total 21560.00
Labour
Mistri (Head Mason) no. 350.00 day 175.00
Mason 1 no. 300.00 day 300.00
Mazdoor 12 nos. 220.00 day 2640.00
Coolie 12 nos. 200.00 day 2400.00
Bhisthi 2 nos. 200.00 day 400.00
Miscellaneous Lump sum 100.00 100.00
Total 6015.00
Total of materials and labour 27575.00
Add 1.5% of Water charges 413.63
Add 10% Contractor's profit 2757.50
Grand Total for 10 cu.m 30746.13
Rate per cu.m = Rs. 30746.13/10 = Rs. 3074.50
Approximate method of calculation of materials for 100 cu m.
Lime concrete 1:2:4 = Lime = 152 / (1+2+4) = 22 cu m
Sand = 22 x 2 = 44 cu m
Stone aggregate = 22 x 4 = 88 cu m
That is for 100, 88:44:22 as stone aggregate: sand: lime.

2. Cement concrete 1:5:10 in foundation or floor with Brick Ballast 40 mm thick gauge-
unit 1cu m.
Sol: Take 10 cu m
Quantity
Particulars Unit Rate, Rs. Per Cost, Rs.
or Nos
Materials
Brick Ballast 40 mm gauge 9.50 cu.m 650.00 cu.m 6175.00
Sand 4.75 cu.m 700.00 cu.m 3325.00
Total 16767.50
Labour
Mistri (Head Mason) 1/2 no. 350.00 day 175.00
Mason 1.5 no. 300.00 day 450.00
Mazdoor 12 nos. 220.00 day 2640.00
Coolie 18 nos. 200.00 day 3600.00
Bhisthi 4 nos. 200.00 day 800.00
Total 7765.00
Grand Total for 10 cu m, Rs. 27353.74
Rate per cu m, Rs. 2735.37
3. Cement Concrete 1:2:4 unit 1 cu m
Sol: Take 10 cu m
Quantity
or Nos
Materials
Sand 4.40 cu.m 1500.00 cu.m 6600.00
Total 39270.00
Labour
Mason 2 no. 300.00 day 600.00
Mazdoor 12 nos. 220.00 day 2640.00
Coolie 20 nos. 200.00 day 4000.00
Bhisthi 6 nos. 200.00 day 1200.00
Forms Lump sum 1300.00 1300.00


Total 10006.70
4. R.C.C. work in beams, slabs, etc. 1:2:4 unit 1 cu m
Quantity
or Nos
Materials
Sand 4.40 cu.m 1500.00 cu.m 6600.00
Cement 2.20 cu.m 7650.00 cu.m 16830.00
Steel, mild steel bars @ 1% =
1 cu m @ 78.5 q/cu m = 7.85 7.85 q 4400.00 q 34540.00
q
Binding wire 1.50 kg 65.00 kg 97.50
Total 73907.50
Labour
Mason 3 no. 300.00 day 900.00
Mazdoor 12 nos. 220.00 day 2640.00
Coolie 20 nos. 200.00 day 4000.00
Bhisthi 6 nos. 200.00 day 1200.00
Miscelleneous Lump sum 150.00 150.00
Total 9065.00
Bending, Cranking and
binding steel bars in
position
Blacksmith (II class) 8 nos. 280.00 day 2240.00
Mazdoor 8 nos. 220.00 day 1760.00
T. and P. Lump sum 90.00 90.00
Total 4090.00
Centring and shuttering
(both erection and
dismantling)
Timber planks and ballies Lump sum 1500.00 1500.00
Carpenter (II class) 10 nos. 280.00 day 2800.00
Mazdoor 10 nos. 220.00 day 2200.00
Nails Lump sum 200.00 200.00

Total 6770.00
5. R.C.C work in column 1:1.5:3 unit 1 cu m
Quantity
or Nos
Materials
Sand 4.20 cu.m 1500.00 cu.m 6300.00
Cement 2.80 cu.m 7650.00 cu.m 21420.00
Steel, mild steel bars @ 2% =
.2 cu m @ 78.5 q/cu m = 15.7 15.70 q 4400.00 q 69080.00
q
Binding wire 2.00 kg 65.00 kg 130.00
Total 112050.00
Labour
Mason 3 no. 300.00 day 900.00
Mazdoor 12 nos. 220.00 day 2640.00
Coolie 20 nos. 200.00 day 4000.00
Bhisthi 6 nos. 200.00 day 1200.00
Total 9065.00
Bending, Cranking and
binding steel bars in
position
Blacksmith (II class) 12 nos. 280.00 day 3360.00
Mazdoor 12 nos. 220.00 day 2640.00
Total 6090.00
Centring and shuttering
(both erection and
dismantling)
Timber planks and ballies Lump sum 1500.00 1500.00
Carpenter (II class) 10 nos. 280.00 day 2800.00
Mazdoor 10 nos. 220.00 day 2200.00
Nails Lump sum 200.00 200.00
Total 6770.00


6. 12 mm Plastering 1:6 unit 1 cu m
Sol: Take 100 cu m
Quantity
or Nos
Materials
Cement (9 bags) 0.30 cu.m 7650.00 cu.m 2295.00
Sand 1.80 cu.m 700.00 cu.m 1260.00
Total 3555.00
Labour
Mistri (Head Mason) 1/3 no. 350.00 day 116.70
Mason 10 no. 300.00 day 3000.00
Mazdoor 15 nos. 220.00 day 3300.00
Bhisthi nos. 200.00 day 150.00
Total 6716.70

ROADWORK ESTIMATION
Cross section of road in banking and cutting is generally in the shape of trapezium.
Quantity of earthwork = Sectional Area * Length
Therefore, Sectional area = Bd + 2*1/2*sd*d
A= Bd + sd2
Therefore, Quantity of earthwork = A * L
S:1 ( side slope = horizontal :Vertical)
i.e. for 1 Vertical, s is the horizontal
for d vertical, sd is the horizontal
Methods of doing roadwork estimation are
1) Mid-sectional area method

2) Mean-sectional area method
3) Prismoidal method
4) Trapezoidal method
1) Mid-sectional area method

Quantity = Area of mid-section x length. Let d1 and d2 be the height of bank at two ends
portion of embankment. L be the length of the section, B the formation width and s:1
(horizontal:vertical) the side slope then,
Area of mid section = Area of rectangular portion + area of two triangular portion
= Bdm + 1/2sdm2 + 1/2sdm2 = Bdm + sdm2

Therefore, Quantity of earthwork = (Bd + sd2) x L, where d stands of mean height or

depth
The quantities of earthwork may be calculated in a tabular form as shown below
Mean Area
Area Total Length Quantity
Station Depth depth of
of sectional between
or or or central
sides area, Bd stations
chainage height height portion Embankment Cutting
sd2 + sd2 L
d Bd
2) Mean sectional Area method:

Quantity = Mean sectional area x length. Sectional area at one end A1 = Bd1 + sd12, Sectional
area at one end A2 = Bd2 + sd22 , d1 and d2 are the heights or depth at the two ends.
The mean sectional area A = (A1 + A2)/2, Quantity Q = [(A1 + A2)/2] x Length
The quantities of earthwork may be calculated in a tabular form as shown below
Area Total Length Quantity

Station Depth Are
of sectiona Mean betwee
or or a of
central l area, Sectiona n Embankmen
chainag heigh sides Cutting
portio Bd + l Area stations t
e t sd2
n Bd sd2 L
3. Prismoidal Formula Method:

Quantity or volume = L/6 (A1 +A2 + 4Am)
Where A1 and A2 are the cross sectional areas at the two ends of a portion of embankment of
road of length L and Am is the mid-sectional area
Let d1 and d2 be the heights of banks at the two ends, and d m be the mean height at the mid-
section, B be the formation width and s:1 be the side slope.
Cross-sectional area at one end

A1 = Bd1 + sd12
Cross-sectional area at other end
A2 = Bd2 + sd22
Cross-section at middle
Dm = (d1 + d2)/2
Am = Bdm + sdm2
= B(d1 + d2)/2 + s[(d1 + d2)/2] 2
Quantity = L/6 (A1 +A2 + 4Am)
4. Trapezoidal method
When a series of cross-sectional areas are calculated at equidistant points, the volume may be
worked out by trapezoidal formula
Volume by trapezoidal formula method
V = (D/2) {A0 + 2A1 +2A2 +2A3 + .2 An-1 + An}
= D {(A0 + An)/2 + A1 + A2 + A3 + An-1}
Where A0, A1, A2, A3..An-1 and An are the areas of cross-sections,
D = Distance between the section, V = Volume of cutting or banking
Example 1 Estimate the quantity of earthwork for a road of 12m formation width with the
Chainage 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
RL of
108.6 109.25 109.4 108.9 108.5 107.25 106.8 107.2 107.2
Ground
following data using mid section formula.
The road is proposed at uniform falling gradient 1 in 200 passing through GL at chainage
14. Length of one chain = 30 m, side slope 1.5:1 in cutting and 2:1 in banking. The rate of
earthwork in filling and cutting are Rs 180/m3 and Rs 120/m3 respectively.
Sol:- B = 12 m, s1=1.5 and ss = 2

To calculate RL of formation
The road is at a falling gradient of 1 in 200 i.e. for every 200 m, there is 1 m fall for every 30
m
30
200 = 0.15
1
The road passes from cutting to banking on between the chainage 18 and 19. The distance
where it passes through zero i.e. ground level is determined as
follows:
30
=
0.5 0.60
Therefore, x = 13.63 m
RL of RL of Mean
Chainage Depth
Ground Formation Depth
14.00 108.60 108.60 0.00
15.00 109.25 108.45 -0.80 -0.40
16.00 109.40 108.30 -1.10 -0.95
17.00 108.85 108.15 -0.70 -0.90
18.00 108.50 108.00 -0.50 -0.60
Passes from cutting to banking
108.60 108.60 0.00 -0.25
19.00 107.25 107.85 0.60 0.30
20.00 106.80 107.70 0.90 0.75
21.00 107.15 107.55 0.40 0.65
22.00 107.20 107.40 0.20 0.30

110.00
Ground Level
109.50
Formation level
109.00
108.50
108.00
107.50
107.00
106.50
14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00
Chainage
Area
Central Total Quantity, cu.m
Mean of Distance,
Chainage Depth Area, area,
Depth sides, m
sq.m sq.m Banking cutting
sq.m
14.00 0.00 - - - - 0
15.00 -0.80 -0.40 4.80 0.24 5.04 30 151.2
16.00 -1.10 -0.95 11.40 1.35 12.75 30 382.5
17.00 -0.70 -0.90 10.80 1.21 12.01 30 360.3
18.00 -0.50 -0.60 7.20 0.54 7.74 30 232.2
Passes from cutting to banking
0.00 -0.25 3.00 0.09 3.09 13.63 42.16
19.00 0.60 0.30 3.60 0.18 3.78 16.37 61.88
20.00 0.90 0.75 9.00 1.13 10.13 30 303.8
21.00 0.40 0.65 7.80 0.85 8.65 30 259.4
22.00 0.20 0.30 3.60 0.18 3.78 30 113.4
total 738.4 1168
cu.m cu.m

SL Particulars Quantity Unit Rate/unit Amount

1 Earthwork in Filling 738.38 cu.m 180 132908.40
2 Earthwork in cutting 1168.35 cu.m 120 140202.00
Total 273110.40
Contingencies 3% 8193.31
work charge establishment 2% 5462.20
Grand total, Rs 286765.91
Example 2 Reduced level of a ground along the centre line of a proposed road from the
chainage 10 to chainage 20 are given below. The formation level at the 10 th chainage is 107
and the road is downward gradient of 1 in 150 up to chainage 14 and then the gradient
changes to 1 in 100 downward. Formation width of the road is 10 m and side slope of
banking are 2:1, length of the chainage is 30m.
Draw longitudinal section of the road and the typical c/s and prepare an estimate of earthwork
at a rate of Rs 275 per cu.m
Chain
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
age
RL of
105.4 104. 104.
Grou 105 105.6 105.9 105.42 104.3 105 104 103.3
4 1 6
nd

107.50
107.00 Ground Level
106.50 Formation level
106.00
105.50
105.00
104.50
104.00
103.50
103.00
102.50
10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00
Chainage
RL of RL of
Chainage Depth
Ground Formation
10.00 105.00 107.00 2.00
11.00 105.60 106.80 1.20
12.00 105.44 106.60 1.16
13.00 105.90 106.40 0.50
14.00 105.43 106.20 0.77
15.00 104.30 105.90 1.60
16.00 105.00 105.60 0.60
17.00 104.10 105.30 1.20
18.00 104.60 105.00 0.40
19.00 104.00 104.70 0.70
20.00 103.03 104.40 1.37

B = 10 m and s = 2
Area
Central Total Quantity, cu.m
of Mean Distance
Chainage Depth Area, area,
sides, Area ,m
sq.m sq.m Banking cutting
sq.m
10 2.00 20.00 8.00 28.00
11 1.20 12.00 2.88 14.88 21.44 30 643.20
12 1.16 11.60 2.69 14.29 14.59 30 437.57
13 0.50 5.00 0.50 5.50 9.90 30 296.87
14 0.78 7.80 1.22 9.02 7.26 30 217.75
15 1.60 16.00 5.12 21.12 15.07 30 452.05
16 0.60 6.00 0.72 6.72 13.92 30 417.60
17 1.20 12.00 2.88 14.88 10.80 30 324.00
18 0.38 3.80 0.29 4.09 9.48 30 284.53
19 0.70 7.00 0.98 7.98 6.03 30 181.03
20 0.10 1.00 0.02 1.02 4.50 30 135.00
Total 3389.60
cu.m
SL Particulars Quantity Unit Rate/unit Amount

1 Earthwork in Filling 3389.6 cu.m 275 932140.00
Total 932140.00
Contingencies 3% 8193.31
workcharge establishment 2% 5462.20
Grand total, Rs 945795.51
Example 3 Estimate the cost o fearthwork for a portion of road for 400 m length from the
following data:
Formation width of the road is 10 m. Side slopes are 2:1 in banking and 1.5:1 in cutting
R.L of
Station Distance R.L of
in m Ground foramtion
25 1000 51.00 52.00
26 1040 50.90 Downward

27 1080 50.50 gradient of

28 1120 50.80 1 in 200
29 1160 50.60
30 1200 50.70
31 1240 51.20
32 1280 51.40
33 1320 51.30
34 1360 51.00
35 1400 50.60
Sol: The road passes from banking to cutting in between the stations 30 and 31. The distance
where it passes through zero.i.e., ground level may be determined as followa
The two triangles on either side of zero point are symmetrical
40
=
0.3 0.40
Therefore, length of banking portion is 17 m and the length of cutting portion is 40 17 = 23

m.
B = 10 m, s = 2 for banking and s = 1.5 for cutting

Area Quantity
Area Total Length
Station Depth of
Distance, Mean of sectional between
or or central Embank Cutti
m depth sides area, Bd stations
chainage height portion ment ng
sd2 + sd2 L
Bd
25 1000 1.00 - - - - - - -
26 1040 0.90 0.95 9.50 1.81 11.31 40.00 452.20
27 1080 1.10 1.00 10.00 2.00 12.00 40.00 480.00
28 1120 0.60 0.85 8.50 1.45 9.95 40.00 397.80
29 1160 0.60 0.60 6.00 0.72 6.72 40.00 268.80

30 1200 0.30 0.45 4.50 0.41 4.91 40.00 196.20
Passes from banking to cutting
- 1217 0.00 0.15 1.50 0.05 1.55 17.00 26.27
31 1240 -0.40 0.20 2.00 0.06 2.06 23.00 47.38
261.6
32 1280 -0.80 0.60 6.00 0.54 6.54 40.00
0
383.3
33 1320 -0.90 0.85 8.50 1.08 9.58 40.00
5
383.3
34 1360 -0.80 0.85 8.50 1.08 9.58 40.00
5
309.4
35 1400 -0.60 0.70 7.00 0.74 7.74 40.00
0
Total 1821.95 1384.

98
cu.m cu.m
-ve sign indicates cutting
Item Particulars of Rate,

Quantity Unit Per Cost, Rs.
No. items Rs.
Earthwork in
1 1821.95 cu.m 275.00 cu.m 501036.25
Banking
Earthwork in
2 1384.98 cu.m 350.00 cu.m 484743.00
Cutting
Total 985779.25
Adding 10% extra 98577.93
Grand total 1084357.18

VERTICAL DROP IN GROUND
Whenever there is a vertical drop in the ground at any point, there will be two reduced levels
of the ground at that point. In calculating the earthwork the portions on the either side of the
vertical drop should be dealt in two operations one by taking the mean of the consecutive
heights or depths up to the point and the other by taking the mean of the two consecutive
heights or depths beyond the point.
Example 4 Estimate the quantity of earthwork for a portion of a road taking a constant
formation level of 49.50. Length of the chain is 50 m.
The Formation width of the road is 8 m and side slope in banking is 1.5:1 and in cutting is 1:1
R.L of
Station Distance R.L of Ground
foramtion
in m
10 500 50.00
11 550 50.60
50.30
12 600
48.50 49.50
13 650 47.90
14 700 48.20
15 750 48.00
51.00
RL. of Ground
50.50
50.00
49.50
49.00
48.50
48.00
47.50
10 11 12 Chainage 13 14 15

B = 8m, s = 1.5 for banking and s = 1 for cutting

Area Quantity
Area Total Length
Station Depth of
Distance, Mean of sectional between
or or central
m depth sides area, Bd stations Embankme Cutting
chainage height portion mt
sd2 + sd2 L
Bd
10 500 -0.50 - - - - - - -
11 550 -1.10 0.80 6.40 0.64 7.04 50.00 352.00
12 600 -0.80 0.95 7.60 0.90 8.50 50.00 425.13
1.00
13 650 1.60 1.30 10.40 2.54 12.94 50.00 646.75
14 700 1.30 1.45 11.60 3.15 14.75 50.00 737.69
15 750 1.50 1.40 11.20 2.94 14.14 50.00 707.00
Negative sign indicates cutting Total 2091.44 777.13
cu.m cu.m

CONTRACTS AND VALUATION
Definition
A written or spoken agreement, especially one concerning employment, sales, or tenancy that is
intended to be enforceable by law.
Types of contracts
The different types of contracts are
1) Item rate contract

a) Percentage rate contract
b) Schedule rate contract
c) Labour rate contract
d) Through rate contract
2) Lump sum contract
3) Combination of both Item rate and Lump sum contract
4) Piece work contract
1) Item rate contract
It is also known as unit price contract. In this type of contract, the contractor quotes
the rate of each item of work without reference to any schedule of rates. This method
is adopted when a reasonable complete schedule of rates are not available for the
place where the work is to be carried out or when the number of non-schedule items
in the work is more.
a) Percentage rate contract: In this type, the rates of various items are fixed by the
department and the contractor agrees to do the work at a percentage above or below
the fixed rates. This method is adopted for the work at places where reasonable and
complete schedule of rates is available.
b) Schedule rate contract: In this type, the work is allotted at the fixed rates for
different items and the payments depends upon the quantity and kind of work done or
supply made.
c) Labour rate contract: In this type, contractor undertakes only the labour portion of
the work. The necessary materials are supplied to the site by the department or owner
and the contractor arranges his own labours and gets the work done as per the
specifications.

d) Through rate contract: In some cases, the contract quotes the rates at some
percentage above or below the through rates.
2) Lump sum contract: In this contract, the contractor agrees to execute the complete work
in all respects for the specified amount in specified time. The plans, drawings and
specifications of all the items of the work are supplied to the contractor but the details of
the quantities and schedule of items will not be given and the contractor will have to
complete the work as per the plan and specification within the contract period.
3) Combination of both Item rate and Lump sum contract: In those contracts, fixed sum
is agreed upon the completion of a particular work of a contractor. In case of any
additions or alterations the payment is made or deducted on the basis of schedule of rates.
4) Piece work contract: The contractor agrees to execute the different items of work on
mutually agreed rates. The agreement contains different items of work carried out with
proper description and rates for unit quantity of work. Small works which do not require
engineering skills for execution like earthwork excavation, patch work, maintenance work
and white washing etc., may be carried through piecework contract.
Qualifications of Contractor
There are no fixed norms of qualifications of a contractor. There are some essentials which a
contractor is expected to have. Such as:
1. He should be financially sound

2. He should have sufficient knowledge to read the drawings
3. He should be well versed with the procedure or the department to carry out the work,
submission of boils and experidhce
4. Good reputation and experience
5. Should have ability to handle labour and material efficiently and properly.
6. Should be capable of arranging men and material as per requirement.
Quotation: The rates quoted by a contractor in response to tender call are called quotations
Tenders: It is defined as an offer in writing to execute a specified work or supply. In this

offer, some specific articles are required by the department mentioning approximate rate,
under certain conditions of contract. An agreement between the contractor and the
department is executed, fixation of is the main clause, for the completion of the job.

Earnest money deposit: When a contract submits a tender for a work, he has to deposit some
amount usually about 2% of the estimated cost to the department as a guarantee of the
tender. When the tender is accepted, the contractor shall not refuse to accept the work. If the
contractor rejects to do the job, then his earnest money will be forfeited, but the EMDs of the
other contractors whose tenders are not accepted are returned back. The earnest money may
be in cash or fixed deposits in banks, bank guarantee and National saving certificate.
Security deposit: Once the tender is accepted, the contractor deposits 10% of the estimated
amount as security with the department. The amount includes earnest money deposited
earlier. The contractor should fulfil all the requirements of the department and carryout the
work satisfactorily as per the specification. If the contractor fails to satisfy the conditions of
the agreement, then the complete amount of SD shall be forfeited fully or partially by the
department. If the contractor completes the work as per the agreement within the specified
time, then the security money is refunded to the contractor.
Administrative sanction: Administrative approval indicates that the proposal has been
formally accepted by the competent authority. Only after obtaining this administrative
sanction, PWD offers detailed design plans, necessary drawings, estimates etc. The
department prepares approximate estimates and preliminary plans and submit the same for
administrative sanction
Technical sanction: It means the sanction of the detailed estimate, design calculations,
quantities of works, rate and cost of the work by the competent authority of the Engineering
department. This work is started only after obtaining the technical sanction. This sanction
guarantees that the proposal are structurally sound, and the estimate is accurately calculated
based on the adequate data.
Tender notice: Tender for a work or supply are invited by issuing tender notice in prescribed
form. The following particulars are given in the tender notice:
1) Name of the authorities inviting tender

2) Name of work and its location
3) Estimated cost
4) Time of completion
5) Cost of complete set of tender forms and conditions
6) Date, time and place of tender

7) Amount of earnest money and security money

8) Validity of tender
Tender notice is posted in the notice board of the department and for major work the tender
notice in brief is also given in the newspaper.
Measurement Book: Measurement book is a record in original of all kinds of the work
which are susceptible to measurements. All the works of construction or maintenance and
repair or supplies of the materials in connection with the work to be executed are recorded in
the measurement book.
The total quantities are calculated and the payments are made on this basis. The
measurement books are very important account records.
All the measurement books are numbered serially and a register is maintained in the
divisional office showing the serial number of each book, the names of the sub division or the
officer to whom issued, the date of issue and return and remark.
Schedule of Rates: It is a list of rates of various items of work. It helps in the preparation of
the estimates also serves as guide in setting rates in connection with the contract agreements.
The schedule of rates is prepared on the basis of analysis of rates. As the rates vary slightly
from year to year, the rates are increased or decreased by the percentage on the schedule of
rates. Rate per unit of various items of works and materials, rates of wages of labour and rates
of transport are given in the schedule.
Nominal Muster Roll: Nominal muster roll is the daily attendance which is recorded. In this
part there are columns and spaces for the names of the labours, designation, fathers name,
dates of attendances, rates, total amount due to each, total amount due to whole, signature of
the person taking attendance, signature of officer making payments etc and these columns are
duly filled up. Fines, if any on the labourer is also recorded. Muster roll should never be
made duplicate and entries should be made in duplicate and entries should be made in such
manner that it may not be possible to interpolate or to alter them.

Valuation
Valuation means fixation of cost or return expected of a building, engineering

structure project (Govt. or private), at present days rates. The value of a structure may be
more or less depending upon the present utility of a structure. For example, a house having a
number of rooms but smaller in size will fetch less value than a house, may be smaller in area
but having well planned and proper sized of rooms.
Necessity of Valuation
The following reasons necessitate the valuation of property:-
(i) Rent fixation. It is generally taken as 6% of the valuation of the property.

(ii) For buying and selling.
(iii) Acquisition of property by Govt.
(iv) To be mortgaged with bank or any other society to raise loan.
(v) For various taxes to be given and fixed, by the Municipal Committee.
(vi) Insurance: For taking out on insurance policies.
Role of an Engineer
The roll of an Engineer in valuation is felt when an Engineering structure is to be valued, if
and when it is:-
(a) To e acquired
(b) To be divide
(c) To be allotted to a claim holder.
The following factors require consideration for valuation:-

(i) Locality:- In case a building is located in such an area, where there is easy access to
market, schools and is located on road side. The Orientation of the building is
according to Engineering rules. It will fetch more cost than a building which is in a
neglected condition and is locate at unhealthy site.
(ii) Structure:- The structure of a building is also an important consideration while
evaluating a building. Workmanship I attractive and the building is properly
maintained, it will fetch more cost than the building in a neglected form with poor
quality of material used.
According to specifications a building is divided in four classes:-

1. First Class
2. Second Class
3. Third Class
4. Fourth Class
Cost: Original cost of construction. It is used to find out the loss of value of property due to
various reasons.
Net Income: Total amount of the income received from a property during the year, without
deducting outgoing.
Gross Income: Total amount of the income received form a property during the year,
without deducting outgoing.
Out goings: These are expenses which are incurred on a building so that it may give back
revenue. The following are-various outgoings.
(i) Taxes:- These are annual taxes paid by the owner, such as wealth tax,
property tax and municipal taxes (varies from 10% to 25% of net income).
(ii) Management:- Up to 10% of the gross revenue is kept aside for this
expenses. This includes, chowkidar sweeper etc. this is applicable only for
big buildings or apartments
(iii) Repairs:- For this 1 % of the total construction is set aside for annual
repairs of the building. These repairs are must to maintain the building. It is
also calculated as 10% of the gross income.
(iv) Sinking fund:- This is also taken as outgoings (For details see definition)
(v) Miscellaneous:- This is again suitable for big buildings. Lighting of
common place, expenditure of liftman etc. are to be paid by the owner.
(vi) Loss of Rent:- This is also an outgoing in case a building in not fully
occupied by the tenants. This has to be deducted from gross income.
(vii) Insurance:- Premium given against fire or for theft policy.
Obsolescence:- The value of property decreases if its style and design are outdated i.e. rooms
not properly set, thick walls, poor ventilation etc. the reasons of this is fast changing
techniques of construction, design, ideas leading to more comfort etc.
Free hold Property:- Any property which is in complete possession f the owner is known as
free hold property. The owner can use the property in an way he likes. But he will have to
follow constraints fixed by town planners or Municipality before doing any construction.

Lease hold:- If a property is given to some person on yearly payment basis by the free
holder, then the property is called lease hold property and the person who take s the
property is called Lease-holder. In case of building, the lease is for 99 years to 9 years.
Easement:- An owner getting over the property of another person, the following faculties is
known as easements.
(i) Facility of running water and sewer pipes through others land.
(ii) Facility of air and light.
(iii) Facility of drainage of rain water. (iv) Facility of access.
The owner who gives facilities is known as Servant owner and who enjoys facilities is
called Dominant owner.
Scrap Value:- If a building is to be dismantled after the period of its utility is over, some
amount can be fetched from the sale of old materials. The amount is known as Scrap Value of
a building. If varies from 8% to 10% of the cost of construction according to the availability
of the material.
In case where Wood & Steel are available, the scrap value is more than as R.C.C
structure, as in the latter case, the material has less reuse value.
Salvage Value:- If property after being discarded at the end of the utility period is sold
without being broken into pieces, the amount thus realized by sale is known as its Salvage
Value.
For example, railway sleepers can be re-used as posts and even old iron rails taken out
can be used as beams in a roof or sheds of a building.
Building Cost Index: A building cost index indicates the increase and decrease of the cost
above the cost above the cost at a certain base year and is expressed by a percentage rise &
fall. For instance taking 1960 as a base year, the present 1980 as Building Cost Index may be
taken 1.25% to 150% above the cost during the year 1960.
This index depends upon cost of material, labour, transport etc.
Capitalized value:- It is defined as the amount of money whose annual interest at the highest
prevailing rate will be equal to the net income received from the property. To calculate the

capitalized value, it is necessary to know highest rate of interest prevailing on such properties
and net income form the property.
Sinking Fund:- A fund which is gradually accumulated and aside to reconstruct the property
after the expiry of the period of utility is known as sinking Fund. The sinking funds may be
found out by taking a sinking fund policy with any insurance company or depositing some
amount in the bank. Generally while calculating the sinking fund, life of the building is
considered. 90% of cost of construction is used for calculations & 10% is left out as scrap
value.

Estimation and Valuation Guide for Civil Engineering Projects

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Estimation and Valuation Guide for Civil Engineering Projects

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ESTIMATION AND VALUATION 10CV73

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 1

ESTIMATION & VALUATION

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 2

CONTRACTS: Types of contract essentials of contract agreement legal aspects, penal

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 3

Estimate: An estimate is a computation or calculation of the quantities required and

The estimates may be divided in to the following categories:-

1. Preliminary or Approximate estimate.

1. Preliminary or Approximate estimate

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 4

The following documents should be attached with it.

2. Plinth area Estimate (Based on Rough Cost)

The following documents are attached with the estimate.

a) Line plan with brief specifications.

3. Cubic Contents Estimate (Based on Rough Cost)

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 5

Documents attached are as in No. 2

(Administrative approval is granted on rough cost estimate)

5. Annual repair estimate

(ii) In case of a road-filling patches, maintenance of berms etc.

6. Special repair estimate

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 6

The reason of increase may be:-

(i) In case of a building-opening of new doors, change of floors, plastering walls

METHODS OF TAKING OUT ESTIMATES

The calculations of quantities of materials can be done using various methods of

1. Centre line method.

3. Out to out and in to in method.

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 7

5. Service unit method.

1. Centre line method

3. Out to out & in to in Method

5. Service Unit Method.

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 8

1. Details of measurement and calculation of quantities: the whole work is divided

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 9

Data required to prepare an estimate

1. Drawings i.e. Plans, elevations, sections etc.

1. For arriving at the unit rates of each item.

Main items of work

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 10

12. Wood work

Units of measurements in metric system

Particulars of materials and

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 11

METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE

Method 1: INDIVIDUAL WALL METHOD

Short wall length in-to-in = centre to centre length one breadth

Length of long wall centre to centre = 5 + * 0.30 + * 0.30 = 5.30 m

Length of short wall centre to centre = 4 + * 0.30 + * 0.30 = 4.30 m

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 12

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 13

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 14

Long wall c/c length = 4 + 6 + 0.30 + 2 * 0.30/2 = 10.60 m

Short wall c/c length = 6 + 2 * 0.30/2 = 6.30 m

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 15

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 16

Long walls 2 10.90 0.30 4.20 27.47 L = 10.60 + 0.30 = 10.90 m

Method 2: CENTRE LINE METHOD

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 17

Example 3: Solve Example 1 problem by Centre Line method