1JV00

Data-analysis;
- Descriptive statistics
- Statistics that summarize, organize and describe a sample of data.
- Measure of tendency;
- Mean ; Average (sum of all scores divided by the sample size.
- Mode ; Most common or frequent score in distribution.
- Median ; Middle score - value separating the higher half from the
lower half.
- Variability ; The extent to which scores in a distribution vary.
- Variance, standard deviation (SD).
- Distribution ; Skewness.
- Positive/negative.
- Left/right.
- Inferential statistics
- Statistics used to aid the researcher in testing hypotheses and making
inferences from the sample to the population.
- Differences between groups
- Strength of association between variables
- Statistical significance;
- Indicates probability of getting the observed data.
- Statistical power;
- Likelihood of finding a statistically significant difference when a
true difference exists.
- Power decreases with smaller samples.

Levels of measurements;
- Nominal ; Labels, no order. Equality, differentiation, characteristic.
- Ordinal ; There is an order. Difference between the orders do not matter.
- Interval ; Distance between scores is meaningful, intervals are equal, no
fixed zero point.
- Ratio ; Fixed zero point.

Grafiek standaarddeviatie - 68%-95%-99%.

Correlation coefficient
- Indicates magnitude and direction (positive or negative) of relationship
between 2 variables.
- Vary between -1 and +1 (perfect relationship).

Correlation is NOT equal to caussality.

- Je weet niet wat wat benvloed.
- 'Based on the correlations, you generally cannot conclude that there is a
causal relationship between the variables.

Criteria for measurement instruments;

- Reliability ; consistency or stability of a measure.
- Test-retest reliability; 1st test has same outcome as retest.
- Equivalent test reliability;
- Inter-rater reliability;
- Internal consistency;
- Validity ; does the instrument actualy measure what it is supposed to
measure.
- Content-related validity; is it measuring what it is supposed to
measure.
- Criterion-related validity;
- Predictive validity;
- Concurrent validity;
- Construct-related validity;