Tk22 Revised Midterm Report

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
TITLE PAGE
INSULATION IN CRYOGENIC, STORAGE, PIPELINES AND

AIR-CONDITIONING
Revised Midterm Report
GROUP 22
GROUP PERSONNEL:
Arif Hendrawan (1406531763)
Nafila Wajdi (1406531675)
Renno Afriansyah (1406577783)
Yoga Wiranoto (1506800350)
Yusran Fachry Reza (1406531826)
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
DEPOK, MARCH 2017
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
One major problem has been in the application of effective thermal

insulation at extreme temperature ranges. Consequently, an intensive surge of
interest in thermal insulation has been registered in the past few years, particularly
for cryogenic applications (temperature lower than 0).
Study research from Universiti Teknologi Malaya in 2014 showed that loss
because of evaporated the boil off LNG by the change of temperature range is
equivalent to 35328 kg or 13654 USD losses per day. The financial loss would be
greater due to LNG is a cleaner energy source other than crude oil and coal so that
global demand for natural gas is expected to increase 2%/ year between 2015 and
2030, with LNG demand expected to rise at twice that rate 4-5%/year.
The objective of this report is to design a cold insulation for cryogenic
application which is occupationally safe, highly durable, easy to maintain, and has
a competitive price. Some problem with cold insulation is that if installation is
finished improperly, in this case where the temperature of the system is below
ambient temperature and humid, it will cause condensation or freezing, even
corrosion.
We have nine needs that have been interpreted from 12 respondents that we
had. Based on the consumer requirements, the insulation product should be able to
meet the following criteria: have low thermal conductivity, able to withstand
thermal expansion, pressure, hit or crash, and is easy for maintenance and services.
After collecting needs and specification, the result shows that the costumer
are satisfied enough with the existing insulation except for several problems. For
developing the existing product, they want insulation that having low thermal
conductivity as low as 0.03 W/mK, insulation that can be placed at hinges, joint,
cable holes, and at top of the storages, also insulation that able to withstand thermal
expansion, hit, pressure or crash, and is easy for maintenance.
After benchmark to several existing products Aspen Aerogels, Rockwool,
and Arabian Fiberglass we obtain their specifications. The existing products
thermal conductivity are sequentially 0,021; 0,038; 0,028 W/m.K. The service
temprature range are consecutively -156 6 oC; 0 250 oC; -18 450 oC. Their
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durability are in sequence 80 years, 60 years, and 50 years. So, current best existing
product is Aspen Aerogels.
Insulation in cryogenic storage and pipelines has become a necessity as the
demand of cryogenic liquid and LNG grows up. Since heat leak is of major concern
in the design of storage and transfer systems for such cryogenic liquids, selecting
the proper thermal insulation to use on such system is vitally important. The strategy
is to understand the concept and make a comparison between one another so that
we could generate a new and better cold insulation product.
In order to make our product happened; we determined our product concept
by evaluating the existing concept, new concepts, do concept screening, and the last
concept scoring to select the best concept for our cryogenic insulation product.
On the screening step, we eliminated several concepts that are not feasible.
On the first screening stage, we eliminated the concepts based on its possibilities to
be implemented and we got 11 concepts to proceed to the next step. In this step, we
eliminated concepts based on our screening criteria. The criteria are thermal
conductivity, thermal expansion, lifespan, cost, health and safety, combustibility,
vapour-water transmission, service temperature, and vermin resistance.
Those remaining concepts need to be scored with nine selection criteria using
weight percentage which is already mentioned above as criteria. The weight
percentage based on our intention and the customers requirement. The highest
weight scores are 15% of each thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, cost, and
health and safety. The concept which has the highest score is Silica Aerogel.
The final concept is then tested to the user by interview and emails to
determine whether the concepts are working or not which is resulted to a potential
customer. From 25 respondents, 17 of the correspondents are interested and willing
to use the product in the future.
In product positioning, we used conceptual mapping to help us compared our
product with our competitors that would affect products quality and to determine
users interest. In the product description, we defined our product specification based
on the chosen product concept. We also compare all of our product specification
our with existing commercial product. Through this comparison, we know what
would be our strength the specification that our competitors are a lack of.
iii Universitas Indonesia

PREFACE
Praise to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainers of the world; God who has been
giving all His Blessing and Mercy for writer to complete this Assignment 1 Report
of Chemical Product Design entitled Insulation in Cryogenic, Pipelines, Storage
and Air-conditioning.
This final report is submitted to fulfill one of the requirements in Chemical
Product Design Class as capstone course of Chemical Engineering Major in
Universitas Indonesia.
In the completion this report, the writer really gives his regards and thanks
for people who has given guidance and help, they are:
1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Widodo Wahyu Purwanto, DEA., Dr. rer. nat. Ir. Yuswan Muharam
M.T. , Dr. Ing. Ir. Misri Gozan M.Tech., Ir. Dewi Tristantini, M.T., PhD., and
others Lecturers, who has given their best guidance to the writer in writing a great
quality report and well developed chemical product.
2. The informant and respondent of our questionnaire that helps indirectly to begin
this report
3. Imas Mega Pratiwi, Giovanni Anggasta, Raden M. Fatih, Nugrahirani Hijrianti as
the lecturer assistants of Chemical Product Design 2017 who gives suggestion and
guidance to the writer in writing this final report.
4. Our Parents, who always give their supports, prayers, and blessing.
5. Our beloved friends in Chemical Engineering Department batch 2014 who always
give their supports.
6. All of our correspondents who spend their time to fill our questionnaire.
Finally, the writer realizes there are unintended errors in writing this final
report. The writer really appreciates all readers giving their suggestion to improve
its content in order to be made as one of the good examples for the next report.
Depok, March 2017
Writer team
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LIST OF GROUP MEMBERS
Name : Arif Hendrawan

NPM : 1406531763
Place, Date of Birth : Jakarta, 13 August 1996
Address : Jl. Delima 4 Gang 1 No. 32, Duren Sawit, Jakarta Timur
13460
Name : Nafila Wajdi

NPM : 1406531675
Place, Date of Birth : Magelang, 29 August 1996
Address : Jl. Wayang No. 39, Pondok Melati, Bekasi 17415
Name : Renno Afriansyah

NPM :1406577783
Place, Date of Birth : Jakarta, 05 March 1995
Address : Bukit Rivaria Blok D2/2, Sawangan, Depok
Name : Yoga Wiranoto

NPM : 1506800350
Place, Date of Birth : Tanah Grogot, 23 July 1993
Address : Jl. Gelatik, Tanjung Selor Hilir - Kab. Bulungan
Name : Yusran Fachry Reza

NPM :1406531826
Place, Date of Birth : Majalengka, 02 December 1996
Address : Ciluar Asri Blok B4 No 3, Bogor Utara 16156
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................... i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER 1 .......................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of The Ideas ......................................................................... 1
1.2 Objective .................................................................................................. 3
1.3 Problem Identification .............................................................................. 3
1.4 Problem Formulation ................................................................................ 3
1.5 Problem Boundary .................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2 .......................................................................................................... 5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE .............................................................................. 5
2.1 Insulation in General ................................................................................ 5
2.2 Cold Insulation ......................................................................................... 7
2.2.1 Application of Cold Insulation .......................................................... 9
2.3 Types of Insulation ................................................................................. 12
2.4 Cold Insulation Materials ....................................................................... 13
2.5 Insulation Efficiency .............................................................................. 19
2.6 Arranging Insulation in Equipments ...................................................... 20
2.6.1 Pre-Insulation .................................................................................. 20
2.6.2 Designing Insulation Systems ......................................................... 21
2.6.3 Design Calculation .......................................................................... 22
CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................ 23
NEEDS AND IDEAS .......................................................................................... 23
3.1. Needs ...................................................................................................... 23
3.2. Consumer Requirement .......................................................................... 23
3.3. Consumer Needs Interpretation .............................................................. 25
3.4. Lists of Needs ......................................................................................... 28
3.5. Category of Consumer Needs and Needs Rank ......................................... 29
CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................ 32
SPECIFICATION ............................................................................................... 32
4.1. List of Metrics ........................................................................................ 32
4.2. Metrics & Needs ..................................................................................... 32
4.3. Benchmarking Existing Product ............................................................. 33
4.4. Target Value for Each Metric ................................................................. 34
CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................ 36
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 36
5.1 Background of The Ideas ....................................................................... 36
5.2 Splitting Problem .................................................................................... 37
5.3 Existing Concept .................................................................................... 38
5.4 New Concept .......................................................................................... 41
5.5 Combining Concept ................................................................................ 43
CHAPTER 6 ........................................................................................................ 45
CONCEPT SELECTION ................................................................................... 45
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6.1 Concept Screening Based On Material Used ......................................... 45
6.2 Concept Screening .................................................................................. 47
6.2.1 Prepare the Selection Matrix ........................................................... 49
6.2.2 Rate the Concepts ............................................................................ 52
6.2.3 Rank the Concepts........................................................................... 52
6.3. Concept Scoring ..................................................................................... 54
6.3.1 Preparing the Selection Matrix........................................................ 54
6.3.2 Rate the Concepts ............................................................................ 57
6.3.3 Rank the Concepts........................................................................... 59
6.3.4 Decide the Best Concept ................................................................. 59
6.3.5 Explanation of Scoring.................................................................... 61
6.4 Concept Testing ...................................................................................... 62
6.4.1 Define the Purpose of Concept Testing .......................................... 62
6.4.2 Choose Survey Population .............................................................. 62
6.4.3 Choose Survey Format .................................................................... 62
6.4.4 Survey Interpretation ....................................................................... 63
CHAPTER 7 ........................................................................................................ 64
FINAL PRODUCT ............................................................................................. 64
7.1 Product Positioning ................................................................................ 64
7.2 Final Concept and Spesification ............................................................. 68
7.3 Product Description ................................................................................ 71
CHAPTER 8 ........................................................................................................ 73
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................... 73
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 75
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. 1 Asia-Pasific LNG Demand .................................................................. 2

Figure 2. 1 Cellular Glass..................................................................................... 14
Figure 2. 2 Cork ................................................................................................... 15
Figure 2. 3 Glass Mineral Wool ........................................................................... 16
Figure 2. 4 Phenolic Foam ................................................................................... 17
Figure 2. 5 Polystyrene Expanded........................................................................ 18
Figure 3. 1 Maps of needs .................................................................................... 31
Figure 5. 1 Mind map of existing concept ........................................................... 40
Figure 5. 2 Mind map of new concept ................................................................. 42
Figure 5. 3 Mind map of combining concept ....................................................... 44
Figure 6. 1 Result of Concept Testing ................................................................. 63
Figure 6. 2 Result of Demand Testing ................................................................. 63
Figure 7. 1 Perceptual Mapping ........................................................................... 65
Figure 7. 2 Silica Aerogel Blanket ....................................................................... 72
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2. 1 Dew Point for Relative Humidities ....................................................... 8

Table 2. 2 Water vapour permeance ..................................................................... 11
Table 2. 4 Cork Thermal Conductivity................................................................. 15
Table 2. 5 Thermal conductivity glass mineral wool ........................................... 16
Table 2. 6 Thermal conductivity phenolic foam .................................................. 17
Table 3. 1 Consumer needs interpretation ............................................................ 25
Table 3. 2 List of needs ........................................................................................ 28
Table 3. 3 List of tidy up needs ............................................................................ 29
Table 3. 4 Groups of need .................................................................................... 30
Table 3. 5 Groups of needs with its rank .............................................................. 31
Table 4. 1 List of Metrics ..................................................................................... 32
Table 4. 2 The Needs-Metric Matrix .................................................................... 33
Table 4. 3 Competitive Benchmarking Chart Based on Metrics .......................... 34
Table 4. 4 The Target Specification ..................................................................... 35
Table 6. 1 Product concepts based on insulation materials .................................. 46
Table 6. 2 List of Product Concepts ..................................................................... 48
Table 6. 3 List of Impractical Concepts ............................................................... 49
Table 6. 4 Products Criteria ................................................................................ 49
Table 6. 5 Metric of Ideas Selection ..................................................................... 53
Table 6. 6 Rating the Concepts Value ................................................................. 57
Table 6. 7 Description of Scoring Rate ................................................................ 58
Table 6. 8 Concept Scoring .................................................................................. 60
Table 7. 1 The Comparison of Own Product and Existing Product ..................... 64
Table 7. 2 Product Specification .......................................................................... 69
Table 7. 3 Product Description ............................................................................. 70
Table 7. 4 Product Ingredients ............................................................................. 71
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of The Ideas

Thermal insulation has long been a subject of great importance to heat
transfer engineers and was indeed one of the major concerns in the early
development of heat transfer technology. In the meantime, developments in many
new emerging technologies have extended considerably the ordinary temperature
range of operation, and have presented a great number of formidable engineering
problems at the extreme temperature limits. One major problem has been the
application of effective thermal insulation at extreme temperature ranges.
Consequently, an intensive surge of interest in thermal insulation has been
registered in the past few years, particularly for cryogenic applications.
The use of thermal insulation is to prevent heat gain which cause energy
consumption to skyrocket by simply providing resistance to heat flow during heat
transfer mechanisms (i.e. conduction, convection, and radiation). The importance
of insulation in low temperature ranges is easily realized by noting that the heat of
vaporization of liquids as well as the specific heats of matter at low temperature are
much smaller than the corresponding ones at room temperature. It takes only a little
heat inflow from outside to boil-off liquids or to raise system temperature. A proper
thought in selection of material and design is needed in order to achieve optimum
insulation performance.
To gain insight into the economic view, a case study from Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia in 2014 showed that by assuming that LNG prices are $386,5
USD per ton, for boil off rate 0.206% kg/kg LNG evaporates per day, which is
equivalent to 35328 kg or 13654 USD losses per day. If the typical voyage duration
for a complete trip is around 20 days, the loss is $273,085 USD per voyage. The
financial loss would be greater due to LNG is a cleaner energy source other than
crude oil and coal so that global demand for natural gas is expected to increase 2%/
year between 2015 and 2030, with LNG demand expected to rise at twice that rate
4-5%/year (Shell Energy Outlook, 2014).
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2
Figure 1. 1 Asia-Pasific LNG Demand

(source: http://www.power-technology.com/projects/kwangyang/kwangyang7.html)
As we know that there are many types of insulation material available in the
market. Insulation materials are generally divided into three main types : fibrous
insulation, cellular insulation, and granular insulation (Bahadori, 2015). Fibrous
insulation is composed of small diameter fibres which finely divide the air space.
The most widely used insulations of this type are glass fibre and mineral wool.
Cellular insulation is composed of small individual cells separated from each other.
The cellular material may be glass or foamed plastic such as phenolic foam or nitrile
rubber. Granular insulation is composed of small nodules which may contain voids.
Example of these insulations are calcium silicate and vermiculite which no longer
used because of asbestos which can cause fibrotic lung disease (National Cancer
Institute, 2015).
The problem with cold insulation is that if installation is finished impoperly,
it will cause heat leak through the system, and depends on the environment where
the system is installed, in this case where the temperature of the system is below
dew point of ambient air, it will cause condensation which will be reached at some
distance inside the later of insulation. This condensate could freeze, which can
render the insulation futile by increasing the thermal conductivity and the
possibility of corrosive or electrolytic attack on metal surface (Bahadori, 2015). In
case of fire, certain insulation systems may generate appreciable quantities of
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3
smoke and toxic fumes if ignited which is not safe for personnel and evironment
(Environmental Protection Agency, 2017). The cold insulation requirements shall
be determined with due consideration to safety aspects as well as to process aspects
and with the objective to minimise life cycle cost (Bahadori, 2015).
By interpreting and analyzing the data which our team has gathered from
interviews and literature review, we believe that there are lots of spaces for
improvement in order to design a cold insulation which are not only prevent basic
needs such as preventing heat gain to some extent and extreme temperature
difference but also highly durable, occupationally safe, easy to maintain, and has a
competitive price.
1.2 Objective
Authors aim to design a cold insulation for cryogenic application which is
occupationally safe, highly durable, easy to maintain, and has a competitive price.
1.3 Problem Identification
Identification of problems from cold insulation product are as follows:
The existing product could cause skin irritation due to contact with
insulation material
The existing product could cause lung and respiratory problems due to
inhaling material dust
The existing product is still vulnerable to condensation, freezing, and even
corrosion
The existing product is not really durable due to extreme temperature
difference
The existing product is quiet expensive for a low thermal conductivity value
The existing product needs skilled individuals to install and maintain which
is hard to find.
1.4 Problem Formulation
What are the best possible materials that can be used in order to design
occupationally safe, highly durable, easy to maintain, and has a competitive price
cold insulation?
4
1.5 Problem Boundary

This insulation is only designed for temperature range of 5oC to -200oC
The insulation described herein is limited to that required for economical
reduction of heat gain, maintenance of operating temperature, prevention of
surface condensation, freezing, and corrosion
This insulation is only used for cryogenic application.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Insulation in General

To change the temperature of an object, energy is required in the form of
heat generation to increase temperature, or heat extraction to reduce temperature
(JP Holman, 1998). Once the heat generation or heat extraction is terminated a
reverse flow of heat occurs to revert the temperature back to ambient. To maintain
a given temperature considerable continuous energy is required. Insulation will
reduce this energy loss (TIASA, 2001).
Heat may be transferred in three mechanisms: conduction, convection and
radiation. Thermal conduction is the molecular transport of heat under the effect of
a temperature gradient (Van Ness, 2005). Convection mechanism of heat occurs in
liquids and gases, where by flow processes transfer heat (Cengel, Yunus, 2003).
Free convection is flow caused by differences in density as a result of temperature
differences. Forced convection is flow caused by external influences (wind,
ventilators, etc.). Thermal radiation mechanism occurs when thermal energy is
emitted similar to light radiation (Cengel, Yunus, 2003).
Heat transfers through insulation material occur by means of conduction,
while heat loss to or heat gain from atmosphere occurs by means of convection and
radiation (JP Holman, 1998). Heat passes through solid materials by means of
conduction and the rate at which this occurs depends on the thermal conductivity
(expressed in W/mK) of the material in question and the temperature drive. In
general the greater the density of a material, the greater the thermal conductivity,
for example, metals has a high density and a high thermal conductivity.
Materials, which have a low thermal conductivity, are those, which have a
high proportion of small voids containing air or gas (Van Ness, 2005). These voids
are not big enough to transmit heat by convection or radiation, and therefore reduce
the flow of heat. Thermal insulation materials fall into the latter category. Thermal
insulation materials may be natural substances or man-made. If the density of
insulation is low, the air or gas voids are comparatively large and this makes for the
6
best insulation for low to medium temperatures where compression and/or vibration
is not a factor.
However, where higher temperatures are encountered, the air or gas voids
need to be reduced in size to minimize the convection within the voids and this is
achieved by increasing the density of the insulation (TIASA, 2001). Density may
be increased to a point where the solids content of the insulation is such that the
heat bridge of the solids overcomes the insulating effect of the voids. It follows
therefore, that by encasing a container of heat with thermal insulation material the
reverse heat flow will be retarded with resultant reducing energy loss and cost.
The word retarded is important because no matter how much insulation is
applied, the reverse flow of heat to ambient can never be stopped. The primary
reasons for insulation are many and varied, the main ones being (TIASA, 2001):
To conserve energy
To reduce heat loss or gain
To maintain a temperature condition
To maintain the effective operation of equipment or chemical
reaction
To assist in maintaining a product at a constant temperature
To prevent condensation
To create a comfortable environmental condition
To protect personnel
The type and thickness of insulation depend on the foregoing primary
reasons together with the parameters of the specific conditions. Economic thickness
is the thickness of insulation, which will result in minimum total cost of energy
losses plus the cost of the erected insulation. The calculation of economic thickness
is complex and in some cases is overruled by the other listed primary reasons, which
can make the calculation unnecessary. The exception is when retro fitting of
insulation is envisaged. Retro fitting is the application of additional insulation to
existing insulation to further reduce heat loss or gain in order to reduce the cost of
energy losses.
7
The economic thickness calculation has to be prepared by the user and is

not usually the function of the insulation contractor. It includes salient factors such
as (TIASA, 2001):
Cost of the energy losses, which include capital cost of installed
equipment to generate/extract heat
Expected price movement in the cost of fuel
Capital cost of installed insulation
Payback period that the user requires for capital investments
Various other accounting factors
2.2 Cold Insulation
Cold insulation should be considered and where operating temperatures are
below ambient where protection is required against heat gain, condensation or
freezing (TIASA, 2001). In designing an insulation system where formulae and
surface coefficients are used they should be to an appropriate international standard,
for example, Table 2.1 is recommended. In selection of material density, it should
be considered whether insulation requires being load bearing or not.
For whatever purpose cold insulation is required, the insulation system is
only as good as its vapour barrier and the care with which it is installed (TIASA,
2001). A vapour barrier is a membrane of very low permeance placed on the warm
side of insulation to limit the flow of water vapour into the insulation.
Where there is a differential in temperature or humidity between the cold
surface of the equipment and the ambient temperature a differential water vapour
pressure occurs. The greater the temperature differential, the greater the differential
water vapour pressure. Water vapour should not be confused with moisture. Water
vapour is a transparent, tasteless and odourless gas capable of permeating through
most materials depending on the pressure differential on either side of the insulation
(TIASA, 2001).
8
Table 2. 1 Dew Point for Relative Humidities
(Source : Thermal Insulation Handbook,

The Thermal Insulation Association of Southern Africa, 2001)
Many materials, which are moisture-resistant, are not necessarily vapour-
resistant. All insulation materials are susceptible to water vapour penetration to
various degrees. If penetration is not prevented, the water vapour condenses to
moisture or ice when its temperature reaches the dew point. This will, in time,
saturate the insulation thereby rendering it useless. To prevent this from taking
place, a vapour barrier is applied on the warm side of the insulation (TIASA, 2001).
In selecting a vapour barrier, material comparisons should be made between
the various permeability ratings as supplied by manufacturers as there may be vast
differences between materials. Care should be taken to ensure that the choice of
vapour barriers does not affect the fire performance of the whole assembly of
insulating and finishing materials. The design of the cold insulation system should
assume that at some time a breakdown of the vapour barrier might occur (TIASA,
2001).
9
In such an event, and in the case of cold rooms, it is better that the water
vapour has an unhindered path to the cold surface to enable it to be drawn off by
the refrigeration equipment. In the case of pipe work and vessels, it is preferable
that the water vapour has free passage to the cold surface where the resultant water
or ice will be encased by the insulation. A break in the vapour barrier of the
insulation system will eventually cause the system to fail but its effective life will
have been prolonged by a design which permits the through transmission of water
vapour.
Whatever the primary reason for cold insulation, it should be designed to
prevent condensation. Condensation occurs when water vapour in the atmosphere
comes in contact with a surface at a temperature of less or equal to the dew point.
Therefore, if the surface temperature is less than the dew point, condensation will
occur. The presence of condensation on the warm side of the vapour barrier has no
detrimental effect on the insulation but, nevertheless, it is a condition, which has to
be avoided. To prevent condensation, the insulation thickness should be so designed
that temperature on the warm side of the vapour barrier is above the dew point
(TIASA, 2001).
In calculating the thickness of insulation required to prevent condensation,
it is prudent to know or assume conditions of high relative humidity. If the fluid
inside the pipe or vessel is likely to remain static for long periods when the ambient
temperature is below the freezing point of the fluid, it is important that this shall be
stated. Also, the fluid in small diameter pipes may be especially susceptible to
freezing, particularly if the rate of flow is intermittent or slow, it may be necessary
to consider the use of supplementary means of heating, possibly only in local areas,
like heat tracing.
2.2.1 Application of Cold Insulation
All insulation should fit snugly around piping and equipment. On low
temperature insulation work all attachments to the piping or equipment and
projecting through the insulation should also be insulated for a distance of four
times the thickness of the basic insulation from the point where the projection is
exposed. All the insulation and the vapour barrier should be continuous at pipe
supports. Where metal cradles preformed to the outside diameter of the insulation
10
are provided at the pipe supports the cradle should be designed to prevent undue
compression of the insulation due to the weight of the insulated pipe (TIASA,
2001).
Joint Sealers and Adhesives
All materials intended for use for cryogenic insulation of pipes and vessels
should be checked for their suitability at low temperatures and if, for example,
no acceptable joint mastic is available for -196C (liquid oxygen, nitrogen, etc)
then only the joints on the outer layer on a multi-layer system should be sealed.
Joint sealers and adhesives should be completely compatible with the insulation,
vapour barrier and the item being insulated (refer manufacturers
recommendations).
When insulating low temperature pipe work, it is advisable to create
circumferential vapour dams extending from the bare pipe to the vapour seal on
the warm side of the insulation. The longitudinal spacing of the dams is arbitrary
and as a guide, 2m, for very low temperatures to 10m for, say chilled water,
should be considered. The purpose of the dams is to prevent the failure of long
sections of pipe insulation should the warm side vapour seal be ruptured in any
way.
Support For Insulation
The following can support insulation:
Adhesive
Pins plastic or nylon
Strapping bands for large cylindrical surfaces
Pressure-sensitive tape for small diameter surfaces
Pre-installed insulation support rings, normally used on large vertical
vessels.
Vapour Barriers
The following tables provides a guideline for the required water vapour
permeance for different plant cold surface temperatures:
11
Table 2. 2 Water vapour permeance

Structural Barriers
Often prefabricated to exact dimensions required and ready to install, these
are rigid sheets of reinforced plastic, galvanized, aluminium or stainless steel
jacketing - flat, corrugated or embossed.
Membran Barriers
Metal foils, laminated foils and treated papers, plastic films and sheets, and
coated felts and paper - these are either part of the insulation as supplied or can
be supplied separately.
Coating Barriers
In fluid form as a paint or mastic (or semi-fluid of the hot-melt variety) the
material can be asphaltic, resinous or polymeric. These provide a seamless
coating but require time to dry and are normally reinforced with a membrane
sandwiched between layers. Special attention must be given to vapour sealing
of protrusions, joints or any other discontinuities such as glands, local to valve
spindles or mechanical drives, etc.
Protection of Insulation
Protection of the insulation may consist of metal cladding or a coating
system. Metal and non-metallic finishes should generally be as per the
insulation guideline for hot insulation. However, care should be taken where
piping and equipment is being clad; the cladding should be manufactured and
installed so as to prevent the vapour barrier being punctured. Cushioning
material applied between screws or rivets and vapour barrier, or other suitable
means, would be a normal practice.
12
2.3 Types of Insulation

There are many type of insulation that has been used for industry in case to
prevent heat loss that maybe occur. Utilization of that types of insulation be adapted
for many different condition. Below are some types of insulation and its usage
(TIASA, 2001):
Boards or batts - A rigid binder bound fibrous insulation for use on flat or
large cylindrical surfaces
Felt - A semi-flexible binder bound fibrous insulation for use on all surfaces
where vibration is of a low order for example Boilers
Loose - Loose or granulated insulation with a low binder content for filling
voids
Mattress - A flexible low binder fibrous insulation for use on all surfaces. A
wire mesh fixed to one or both sides by through stitching maintains the
mattress shape. Because of the low binder content the material is able to
withstand higher temperature without binder breakdown.
Pipe section - Insulation preformed to fit in two halves round cylindrical
surfaces of various diameters.
Pipe section covered - As for pipe section except that the outer surface is
fitted with a cover by the manufacturer, for example, canvas or foil
Segments - Cylindrical insulation for fitting round large cylindrical surfaces
in more than two parts. Confined to the closed cell insulants.
Slab - All the closed cell flat insulation and expanded/extruded insulants fall
into this category and may be applied to all surfaces provided they are
suitably shaped.
Rope - Usually of fibrous material for spirally wrapping around small pipes.
Spray fibre - Used for insulating irregular shapes such as turbines and also
for fireproofing.
Spray foam - Usually polyurethane or polyisocyanurate. The main
applications are for large regular surfaces such as roofs or tanks and for
cavity filling.
Tape - Usually of fibre and used for spiral wrapping on pipe work where
conditions so demand.
13
The use of felt or mattress is not recommended over cylindrical shapes of

less than 200mm outside diameter. Under certain circumstances boards or slab may
be used on cylindrical surfaces by cutting the insulation into bevelled staves. The
general practice on certain applications when installing where the total insulation
thickness exceeds 50mm, a multi-layer system should be used with staggered joints
to reduce heat loss or gain through direct paths to atmosphere.
When very high or very low temperatures are encountered expansion or
contraction joints should be provided. These are usually 40mm wide and packed
with a suitable insulant. It is incumbent on the manufacturers to provide all the
necessary values such as thermal conductivity (k factor) and water vapour
permeance based on the tests conducted by a testing authority. If required, the test
number and date should be given together with the particular test method and
conditions.
2.4 Cold Insulation Materials
Closed-cell insulation is the most commonly specified material used for
cold work because it possesses a degree of resistance to water vapour and because
the thermal conductivity (K factor) of some of these materials is better than the
fibrous alternative products. Selection of insulation materials should be carefully
considered where the possibility of steam purging of the equipment is required or
for other reasons which may cause the temperature to be increased to a level which
exceeds the maximum limiting temperature of the insulation materials, i.e., material
then deteriorate. Below are materials that can be used for cold insulation (TIASA,
2001) :
14
a. Cellular Glass
Figure 2. 1 Cellular Glass

(Source : https://www.globalspec.com)
Density : and range, if applicable

Thermal Conductivity
Table 2.3 Thermal conductivity cellular glass at density indicated
Thermal conductivity (W/mK) at density
indicated below
Mean temp C 120 kg/m3 135 kg/m3
-100 0,034
0 0,038 0,044
10 0,040 0,046
100 0,081
Service Temperature range : 260 430

Combustibility : Non Combustible
Water Vapour Transmission :
Insulant (if appropriate) : 0 /
Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength : 700 /2
Flexural strength : 400 /2
Thickness Range : Available from 40 to 160mm
Forms available : Board, Pipe shells, Slabs, Vessels segments
Typical Uses and Application
15
Industrial: tank bases, vessels, piping and equipment, cold stores and marine
applications.
Buildings: roofs, floors, walls (internal and external), car park decks, soffits.
b. Cork
Figure 2. 2 Cork
(Source : https://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com)
Table 2. 3 Cork Thermal Conductivity

indicated below
Mean temp C 112 kg/m3
10 0,038
(Source : https://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com)

Combustibility : Combustible
Insulant (if appropriate) : 20 to 40 /
Composite finish : 0,001g/(s. MN)
Compressive strength : /2 at 10% deformation
Thickness Range : Available from 13 to 305 mm
Forms available : Pipe Insulation
16
Available as slabs and pipe sections used as a roof insulating material

either on its own or laminated to rigid cellular plastic foams. A resilient
material, which can withstand foot traffic. Suitable for use on chilled
water and industrial refrigeration pipe work.
c. Glass Mineral Wool
Figure 2. 3 Glass Mineral Wool

(Source: http://www.knaufinsulation.co.uk)
Density : 10 to 80 /3
Table 2. 4 Thermal conductivity glass mineral wool
Thermal conductivity (W/mK) at density indicated

below
Mean temp C 16 kg/m3 47.5 kg/m3 80 kg/m3
-20 0,031 0,028 0,028
10 0,037 0,030 0,031
20 0,040 0,032 0,032
50 0,047 0,035 0,035
100 0,065 0,044 0,042

Insulant (if appropriate) : N/a
Composite finish : 0,001g/(s, MN)
17
Compressive strength : 1 to 8 /2 at 5 % deformation
Flexural strength : N/a
Forms available : Blown Fibre, Pipe Sections, Rolls, Slabs
Glass mineral wool is available in a wide range of forms ranging
from flexible rolls to rigid slabs and preformed pipe sections. It is
particularly suitable for thermal and acoustic applications in the H & V
sector and is also used as both a thermal and an acoustic insulation in
transport, shipping, building and industrial applications.
d. Phenolic Foam
Figure 2. 4 Phenolic Foam

(Source: http://www.unitechenterprise.in)
Density : 35 to 120 /3
Table 2. 5 Thermal conductivity phenolic foam

indicated below
Mean temp C 35 kg/m3 , 120 kg/m3
10 0,018 0,022

18

Mechanical Properties (35 /3 )
Compressive strength : 172 (para), 84 (perp) in /2 at 10 %
deformation
Flexural strength : 210 (para), 140 (perp) in /2
Thickness Range : Available from 10 to 600 mm
Forms available : Bends, Lags, Laminate, Pipe Insulation,
Sections, Slabs
Used in commercial and institutional H & V applications where high
insulation standards are required but space is tight. Also as a substitute
for PUR and PIR in low temperature and heating applications. (Up to
MTHW) where Class 0 fire rating and low smoke emission
characteristics are required.
e. Polystyrene Expanded
Figure 2. 5 Polystyrene Expanded

(Source: http://canada.foambymail.com)

19
Table 2.7 Thermal conductivity polystyrene expanded

Thermal conductivity (W/mK) at density indicated
below
Mean temp C 15 kg/m3 20 kg/m3 25 kg/m3 30 kg/m3
10 0,038 0,035 0,033 0,033

Compressive strength : 15 /3
Flexural strength : N/a
Tensile strength : 200 /2
Forms available : Beads, Laminates, Sheets, Pipe Insulation
Construction floor, wall, roof insulation in domestic, commercial and
industrial buildings. As laminated panels, e.g. Gypsum board and various
other facings. As a pipe insulation material in commercial and industrial
refrigeration applications.
2.5 Insulation Efficiency
We can define the insulation efficiency as the amount of heat that can be
saved from heat loss based on the amount of heat input. To calculate insulation
efficiency we can approach to thermal efficiency calculation. The insulation
efficiency is given by (JP Holman, 1998):

= = =1 (1)

20
The properties of insulation such as thermal counductivity and thickness of

insulator will be used to calculate heat loss that can be occur. We can calculate heat
loss with the equation is given below (fouriers law) :

= (2 1 ) (2)

when the thermal conductivity is considered constant. The insulator thickness is ,
A is surface area, and 1 and 2 are the insulator-face temperatures. If the thermal
conductivity varies with temperature according to some linear relation = 0 (1 +
) (JP Holman, 1998), the resultant equation for the heat flow is
0
= [(2 1 ) + (22 12 )] (3)
2
For cold insulation, we can replace heat loss with heat gain.
2.6 Arranging Insulation in Equipments
To Arrange insulation in equipment, we must know the appropriate steps in
accordance with existing standards and to prevent mistakes that can be ruin an
insulation system. Below are some steps that can help us in Arrange insulation in
equipment (TIASA, 2001).
2.6.1 Pre-Insulation
Before insulation is applied; all surfaces to be insulated shall be
thoroughly cleaned to remove dirt, oil, moisture, loose rust or any other
foreign matter.
Pressure and leak testing, it is recommended that pressure and leak
testing be carried out and any repairs effected prior to application of
insulation. In many cases this is a statutory requirement.
Heat transfer cement and heat tracing, if a temperature is to be
maintained by means of external heat sources such as heat tracers, heat
transfer cement may have to be applied to improve the heat transfer
from the tracer in severe cases. The manufacturers recommendations
should be consulted.
Corrosion protection, where the operating temperature is less than
130C and the equipment or pipe work is other than austenitic alloy, the
21
surfaces should be coated with a suitable paint. It has been found that
below this temperature corrosion conditions can occur.
Pre-Installation support, Insulation supports shall be installed prior to
the application of the insulation.
2.6.2 Designing Insulation Systems
Factors that influence the design of an insulation system are
(TIASA, 2001):
Location of Plant
Indoors
Outdoors protected from the weather
Outdoors exposed to the weather
Shape, size and elevations all need to be taken into consideration
Temperature Condition
The normal operating temperatures
The extreme temperature if other than normal operating
temperature
Any fluctuating temperature
Duration of extreme or fluctuating temperatures
Surrounding Atmospheric Condition
Ambient temperature
Relative humidity to establish dew point for cold insulation
Flammable conditions
Potentially corrosive atmosphere
Acidic conditions in atmosphere
Air flow over insulated surface (wind velocity)
Special or Service Conditions Requirements
Resistance to compression, for example, foot traffic
Resistance to fire
Resistance to vibration
Resistance to mechanical damage
Resistance to corrosive fluids or gases
22
Anticipated wide fluctuations of temperature, for example, steam

out
Resistance of insulation protection to ingress of oils and flammable
liquids
Application of insulation over special alloys
Resistance to moisture and other weather conditions
Resistance to Vermin
2.6.3 Design Calculation
The design of an insulation system is governed by the insulated operating
values, which the plant requires after insulation. The values may be (TIASA, 2001):
Emissive
Thermal conditions Heat loss/Heat gain
Process temperature drop or rise
Condensation prevention
Personnel protection temperature
Optimal economic conditions
Thermal conductivity of insulation material
Ambient temperature
Wind velocity
CHAPTER 3
NEEDS AND IDEAS
3.1. Needs
Since heat always flow from a higher temperature region to one at a lower
temperature, there is a continuous flow of heat from outside to the refrigerated
space, whether it is through walls or floor. To limit the amount of such heat flow,
it becomes necessary to use good insulating material for the system. In this case,
the temperature difference between the outside and the refrigerated space is large.
Thus it becomes essential to use insulation.
Heat transfer, as we have studied, occurs due to conduction, convection and
radiation. For reducing the heat flow through the walls and roofs of cold storages,
the heat flow due to conduction and convection has to be reducted. The heat flow
due to conduction can be reduced by the use of materials having a low-heat
conductivity. The heat transfer through convection can be reduced by having very
small closed air cells in the insulation material. Based on this theory, we conclude
that the basic needs is that an insulating material should have a low-heat
conductivity and a number of small closed air cells for good insulation.
The insulation strategy is to minimize radiative heat transfer, minimize
convective heat transfer, and introduce a minimum of solid conductance media.
Factors considered in the selection of the most suitable insulation include it
ruggedness, convenience, volume, weight, ease of fabrication and handling, and of
course thermal effectiveness and cost.
The existing insulation product hasnt been able to answer the needs of
consumers yet who are well marked by complaints regarding the operational costs,
and performances.However, we can meet consumer expectations related to this
product by listen to their voices at the beginning of this project.Thus, we do survey
in orderto identify the needs of existing consumers.
3.2. Consumer Requirement
Consumer requirement is consumer ideas that have been surveyed,
analyzed, and examined where those consumer voices are affecting the
sustainability of product design and development.
24
Our insulation product design begins by identifying consumer needs. To

understand what consumer needs, first we ought to define our consumers. The
customers include both those who will buy the product and those who will use the
product. Therefore, we gather information from producer, industry professionals as
user of the product, and experts related to this field.
The method of obtaining the information is through indirect interview in
forms of phone calls and e-mails. We dont do a quick multiple choice
questionnaires because it is narrow and somehow not representative. Through
interview, we are able to apprehend consumers feedback coherently.
Based on the discussion that have been done and some questionnaires that
have been spread to professional, we know that almost all the existing products still
have weaknesses. Therefore, based on this reason we will expose and analyze the
consumer needs for the product. Then, we will formulate the products spesification
by analyzing the consumer requirements.
The author conducted a study of literature and discussions with experts to
examine the types and groups of questions. The author aimed to determine whether
the charging instructions, constructs the questions, and the words used in the
question can be understood by the respondents.
Industrial expert Producing company Lecturer expert
Figure 3.1. Respondents occupation

(Source: Private document from Interview)
Based on Figure 3.1 which is extracted from the survey, it can be seen that
from we got 12 respondentswhich comes from PT Pagoda Sakti, Air Liquide, and
Huntsman Indonesia as producing company of insulation, and also several user
25
companies such as Saudi Aramco, Schlumberger, Energi Mega Persada, PT

Perusahaan Gas Negara, Vico Indonesia, and Mr. Nelson Saksono as cryogenic
expert.
3.3. Consumer Needs Interpretation
The results of interviews obtained is then converted into a list of consumers
needs which is used as a standard of design concept for new insulation for low-
temperature product. Table below describes consumer needs from the interpretation
based on the answer of interviews.
Table 3. 1 Consumer needs interpretation
No. Questions Answers Needs
To preserve temprature inside the

cold storage and prevent the
ocurring of condensation due to
the extreme temprature difference
between the system and the
surrounding
Insulation
To avoid any heat loss/leak or to that able to
keep maintain low temperature of prevent heat
Why do you use the the gas in liquid phase and in the leak and
1 insulation system on same time to keep maintain the maintain the
the equipment? phase and avoid pressure change temperature
in the systems. In addition, of the
external insulation will help to system
mitigate any external corrosion
Insulation is used to maintain the

fluid temperature flow in pipeline
If fluid temperature is lower or
same as than ambient temperature
that cause the flow is cloged
26
Table 3.1. Consumer needs interpretation (Contd)
What temperature 0 up to -40 C. Insulation that

and/or pressure (or keeps the
any properties temperature
2
relevance) you wish low below 0
to keep inside the Up to -180 C degree
insulation system? Celcius.
Insulation that
At hinges, joints, and cable holes. can be placed
What part on your
at hinges,
equipment is most
3 joint, cable
vulnerable to the
At the top of gas storage tank holes, and at
heat-leak?
top of the
storages.
What types of Panel insulation in form of sheets.
insulation are
4
installed on your
Loose-fill insulation
equipment?
Expanded polystyrene layered

with silicone modified polyester
Insulation
What is the painted galvanized steel sheet
material which
insulation material with slip joint; because it is thin
takes only
5 used in your
small spaces to
equipment? Why Polyurethane foam be installed,
you choose it?
light
Micro fiberglass
Insulation that
It doesnt have to as long as there is firm and
Is the insulation is no hit, crash, and frequently ductile enough
system need to be cleaned up. to withstand
replaced hit or crash
periodically? If yes, Not very frequent, we select the
6 what are the long life type of insulation
effective age of
insulators before Insulation that
they need to be Actually the insulation is designed is durable
replaced? for long periode (20 years) and
the age of the plant design is
average 20 years
27

Insulation that
is easily
We should know the temprature
installed to
we want to maintain, the size of
every length
the system
How your company and size of the
7 determine/select system
insulation product? Insulation
sould have a
Based on material and life time good material
and long life
cycle
The selection mainly due to cost,
How much it costs technical spec suitability and
to be incurred for durability (operation and Insulation with
8 the insulation maintenance) a competitive
system on your Based on the area and the function price
equipment?
10-15% of material cost
About 5 % from material cost
Insulation that
Sometimes the cell structure is can withstand
prompting wicking water
absorbtion
Is there a shortage / Insulation that
complaints against is able to
9
the insulation withstand
Some insulation life is fail due to
system is used? extreme
extreme external condition and
external
sun heat exposure
condition and
sun heat
exposure
Insulation that
has low
thermal
Durability, we need a long conductivity
What aspects are lifetime insulation Insulation
considered in the which the raw
10
selection of the material is
insulation system? easy to get
Low thermal conductivity, Raw Insulation that
material should be easy to get, is easy to
easy to maintain, and price. maintain
28

Insulation
Find raw material that is easy to
which the
find and produce one with
material is easy
affordable and stable price.
to find
Are there any
Insulation
suggestions for
which the
product I expect to have more local
12 material can be
development content
obtained from
insulation system
local
for the future?
Insulation that
Please make new pipe material is
is blendable in
capable to maintain temperature
the material
without installing insulation
itself
3.4. Lists of Needs

The survey which has been done described above can be intepreted into
some list of needs. Based on the consumer needs interpretation, list of needs for
insulation for low-temperature product development is arranged. List of needs in
the table below are intended to clarify what needs required by respondents
insulation for low-temperature products over the years. List of needs that we write
is the new needs that should be available in our product that would be our product
advantages. List of needs is shown in table below.
Table 3. 2 List of needs
No. List of Needs

Insulation that has thermal conductivity minimum as low as 0.03
1
W/m.K
2 Insulation that is able to withstand thermal expansion
Insulation that can be placed at hinges, joint, cable holes, and at top
3
of the storages
Insulation material which don't take much spaces to be installed, not
4
too large and heavy
5 Insulation that is firm and ductile enough to withstand hit or crash
6 Insulation that is able to withstand wear or pressure
Insulation that is easily installed to every length and size of the
7
system
8 Insulation sould have a good material and long life cycle
9 Insulation with a competitive price
29
Table 3.2 List of needs (Contd)
No. List of Needs

Insulation that is able to withstand extreme external condition and
10
sun heat exposure
11 Insulation that has low thermal conductivity
12 Insulation which the raw material is easy to get
13 Insulation that is easy to maintain
14 Insulation which the material is easy to find
15 Insulation which the material can be obtained from local
16 Insulation that is blendable in the material itself
17 Insulation that can withstand water absorption
After we list of needs from the respondent statement, we interpreting the

similar needs or have the same meaning and merging them into single need. The
goal of this step is to reduce the needs that has same meaning with another need and
make it easier to classify so we can categorize them into several categories. This
category used as reference for developing insulation for low-temperature system.
Here is the result of tidy up needs.
Table 3. 3 List of tidy up needs
No. List of Tidy Up Needs

Insulation that has thermal conductivity minimum as low as 0.03
1
W/m.K
4 Insulation that is able to withstand extreme external condition
5 Insulation that is firm and ductile enough to withstand hit or crash
Insulation that is easily installed to every length and size of the
7
system
9 Insulation that can withstand water absorbtion
3.5. Category of Consumer Needs and Needs Rank

The entire lists of needs in Table 3.3 can be grouped into several groups of
needs. They are product performances, composition, perception, regulation, and
retailing. This grouping helps us to map the consumer needs.
30
Table 3. 4 Groups of need
Need
Needs
Number
A RETAILING
6. Insulation with a competitive price
B PRODUCT PERFORMANCE
Insulation that has thermal conductivity minimum as low as
1.
0.03 W/m.K
2. Insulation that is able to withstand thermal expansion
3. Insulation that is able to withstand wear or pressure
Insulation that is firm and ductile enough to withstand hit or
5.
crash
8. Insulation that is easy for maintenance and services
9. Insulation that can withstand water absorbtion
C PRODUCT PERCEPTION
Insulation that is able to withstand extreme external
4.
condition
Insulation that is easily installed to every length and size of
7.
the system
After grouping has been done, grading or ranking is done to know how
important these needs for insulation for low-temperature product. Needs rank
consists of :
1 undesirable needs
2 not important needs
3 nice to have needs
4 highly desirable needs
5 essential needs
31
Figure 3. 1 Maps of needs
Table 3. 5 Groups of needs with its rank
Need
Needs Rank
Number
A RETAILING
6. Insulation with a competitive price 4
B PRODUCT PERFORMANCE
Insulation that has thermal conductivity minimum as low as
1. 5
0.03 W/m.K
2. Insulation that is able to withstand thermal expansion 5
3. Insulation that is able to withstand wear or pressure 4
Insulation that is firm and ductile enough to withstand hit or
5. 3
crash
8. Insulation that is easy to maintain or to service 4
9. Insulation that can withstand water absorbtion 3
C PRODUCT PERCEPTION
4. Insulation that is able to withstand extreme external condition 3
Insulation that is easily installed to every length and size of
7. 3
the system
CHAPTER 4
SPECIFICATION
1.
4.1. List of Metrics
The focus in this chapter is translating what customer needs from the previous
chapter into product specification. This chapter, we define the specification of the product
to all of needs which has been grouped and given rank into dimension and then giving unit
based on the specification. By changing the qualitative form into the quantitative one, it
helps us to determine what we should do in the future to reach our goal to produce the
desirable product.
Table 4. 1 List of Metrics
Metric Need
Metric Rank. Units
No. Nos.
1 1 Thermal conductivity 5 W/mK
o
2 2 Service temperature range 5 C
3 3 Durability 4 Year
4 3,8 Combustibility 3 Combustible/Non
5 3,9 Water vapour transmission 4 gm/Nh
6 4 Density 4 kg/m3
7 4,5 Thickness range 2 Mm
8 6 Unit manufacturing cost 5 US$/m2
9 7,8 Time to assamble 1 S
10 8,9 Surface spread to flame 3 Class
2. (Source: Reproduce from the literature)
4.2. Metrics & Needs
The next step is making a matrix of needs and metrics. This step will help
us to see if there are some needs which have a same metric units. If there are some
needs that have same metric unit, that doesnt mean we have to erase one or some
of it. Because therere some needs that has subjective specification, its possible to
have needs that have same metric.
33
Table 4. 2 The Needs-Metric Matrix
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Water vapour transmission
Service temperature range
Unit manufacturing cost
Surface spread to flame

Metric
Thermal conductivity
Time to assamble
Thickness range
Combustibility
Durability
Density
Need
Insulation that has thermal conductivity minimum as low
1
0.03 W/m.K
Insulation that is able to withstand extreme external

4 condition
Insulation that is firm and ductile enough to withstand hit

5 or crash
Insulation that is easily installed to every length and size

7 of the system
9 Insulation that can withstand water absorbtion
4. (Source: Reproduce from the interview & literature)
5.
4.3. Benchmarking Existing Product
As conceptual product that will move forward to its production scale, our
product needs benchmarking. Benchmarking is a way to determine the superiority
of our products to be the production of other products that similar and have been
producing in the market. The necessity to conduct benchmarking is vital, because
we will produce a product that must be able to compete with existing products in
the market overally.
The result from benchmarking also help us to project the market segment
for our product, so we can analyze which variable require to scale up, and or further
modification so it will meet both the market share and customer needs.
34
Table 4. 3 Competitive Benchmarking Chart Based on Metrics
Arabian
Metric Need Aspen
Metric Rank. Units Rockwool Fiberglass
No. No. Aerogels
Insulation
Thermal
1 1 5 W/mK 0.021 0.038 0.028
conductivity
Service
(-56) (-18)
2 2 temperature 5 o
C 0 250
6 450
range
3 3 Durability 4 year 80 60 50
Combust-
4 3,8 Combustibility 3 Non Non Non
ible/Non
Water vapour
5 3,9 4 gm/Nh Zero N/a N/a
transmission
6 4 Density 4 kg/m3 160 120 64
Thickness 12.7
7 4,5 2 Mm 5-10 20 120
range 650
Unit
8 6 manufacturing 5 US$/m2 25 5.5 0.58
cost
Time to
9 7,8 1 s 7200 N/a 10800
assamble
Surface spread
10 8,9 3 Class N/a 1 1
to flame
4.4. Target Value for Each Metric
After we listed competitors specifications, we need to make the specification for
our product. The specification of our product is based on ideal value and marginal value.
Ideal value is a value we hope our product could be reach while marginal value is an
acceptable value. Marginal value is obtained based on the interview toward the respondents
and the expertise. Ideal values are obtained by selecting the ideal specification from the
best product. We use the specification from the existing product as reference because we
could not find it from any literature. Own values are obtained by discussing together with
all of our members to select the minimum value that our product should have.
35
Table 4. 4 The Target Specification
Metric Need Marginal Ideal

Metric Rank. Units
No. Nos. Value Value
Thermal 0.023 0.021
1 1 5 W/mK
conductivity 0.03 0.03
Service (-200)
2 2 5 o
C (-180) 20
temperature range 5
90
3 3 Durability 4 Year 15 60
100
4 3,8 Combustibility 3 Combustible/Non Non Non

Water vapour
5 3,9 4 gm/Nh N/a Zero
transmission
6 4 Density 4 kg/m3 45 - 60 34 38
7 4,5 Thickness range 2 Mm 5 - 600 30-50
Unit
8 6 5 US$/m2 0.11 64 5.5 10
manufacturing cost
7200 -
9 7,8 Time to assamble 1 S 9000
10800
Surface spread to
10 8,9 3 Class 14 1
flame
CHAPTER 5
INTRODUCTION
5.1 Background of The Ideas

Cold insulation should be considered and where operating temperatures are
below ambient where protection is required against heat gain, condensation or
freezing. In designing an insulation system where formulae and surface coefficients
are used they should be to an appropriate international standard, for example, BS
5422 is recommended. In selection of material density, it should be considered
whether insulation requires being load bearing or not.
Closed-cell insulation is the most commonly specified material used for cold
work because it possesses a degree of resistance to water vapor and because the
thermal conductivity (K factor) of some of these materials is better than the fibrous
alternative products. Selection of insulation materials should be carefully
considered where the possibility of steam purging of the equipment is required or
for other reasons which may cause the temperature to be increased to a level which
exceeds the maximum limiting temperature of the insulation materials, i.e., material
then deteriorate.
Special precautions to prevent the possibility of combustion must be
exercised when insulating piping, fittings or equipment containing oxygen, as the
insulation system should then not contain any organics. It is therefore strongly
recommended that the material suppliers are consulted prior selection of the
insulation material. The fibrous materials may be used for cold insulation where
conditions such as fire resistance so demand. However, because of their poor
resistance to water vapor, extra care must be taken in the selection and application
of the vapor barrier.
In case of fire, certain insulation systems may generate appreciable
quantities of smoke and noxious and toxic fumes. Consideration should be given to
the choice of materials, bearing in mind their location, for example, in enclosed
areas or adjacent to air ducts through which smoke or fumes may spread as per the
local requirement and specifications.
37
If there is a potential hazard from contamination by oil or other flammable

chemicals, a suitably resistant finish, for example, metal sheet or appropriate non-
absorbent coating, shall be applied over the vulnerable areas. The lapped joints of
sheet finishes shall be arranged to shed contaminating fluids away from the
insulating material.
Generally, on pipe work, preformed pipe sections should be used or
alternatively an in-situ or spray application could be considered. All insulation
should fit snugly around piping and equipment. On low temperature insulation work
all attachments to the piping or equipment and projecting through the insulation
should also be insulated for a distance of four times the thickness of the basic
insulation from the point where the projection is exposed. All the insulation and the
vapor barrier should be continuous at pipe supports. Where metal cradles preformed
to the outside diameter of the insulation are provided at the pipe supports the cradle
should be designed to prevent undue compression of the insulation due to the weight
of the insulated pipe.
Higher density insulation preformed material often manufactured from
PUR, PIC, phenolic foam or wood can be used between the support and the pipe to
accommodate the weight if considered necessary. Insulation contraction joints
should be provided for Firebreaks should be provided at, for example, 20m
maximum or where the insulated pipe passes from one building to another. Where
total thickness of insulation exceeds 50mm it should be applied to multiple layers
and all joints should be staggered to prevent direct heat paths to the cold face. The
creation of cavities should be avoided.
5.2 Splitting Problem
The first step that must be done in creating concept is to split the problem
into sub-problems and to analyse sub-functions. Focus on sub-problems that appear
to be critical to the product (Wesselingh, 2007). Although, this method is quite
simple, it is really helpful for the development team as the initial step in creating a
lot of innovative concepts that are acceptable for the market.
Cryogenic Insulation for Storage and Piping

A B C
38
A. Cryogenic
1. What is the meaning of cryogenic?
2. On what temperature cryogenic is occur?
3. What is the principle work of cryogenic?
4. Whether high temperature effects cryogenic system?
5. How does mechanisms of cryogenic?
B. Insulation
1. What is the meaning of insulation?
2. What is the function of insulation?
3. What kind of insulation that is provide for cryogenic?
4. What is the effect of insulation for environment?
5. What factor does it make relevant to cryogenic insulation?
6. How does insulation mechanisms on cryogenic temperature?
7. Whether the thickness affects the heat transfer to the insulation?
C. Storage and Piping
1. Are storage and piping freeze at low temperatures?
2. What will happen if pipe at low temperature dont coated by
insulation?
3. What size of pipe that is optimal for coating?
4. How long does it take time for coating the pipe?
5. What is usually stored in cryogenic storage?
6. What effect the ease of the installation on the pipe and storage?
5.3 Existing Concept

In the stage of creating concept, we need to know about ideas of existing
product that have been available on the market. Previously, we had analyzed
specification of some existing products through benchmarking method and product
specification. In this section, we create a mind map to explain concepts of existing
product that have been available on the market also conventional method that
widely used.
39
We can see on the mind map in Figure 1.1, there are several categories of
ideas that are often used by cold insulation customers to keep their equipment
from heat gain.
40
Foam Board Polyurethane
Polyisocyanurate
Fiberglass
Batts and Roll Mineral
Plastic Fiber
Cellulose
No-vacuum
Blow in Fiber Glass
Mineral
Fiber glass
Rigid Fibrous
Mineral
Cementiticus
Existing Cold Insulation Phenolic

Sprayed Foam
Polyisocyanurate
Polyurethane
Micro Fiberglass
Hi-vacuum Fine Perlite
Multi-layer Insulation
Vacuum
Vaccuum panels
Soft-vacuum Layer Composite Insulation
Aerogels
Figure 5. 1 Mind map of existing concept
41
5.4 New Concept

After making a mind map of existing ideas, then we develop the new ideas
that havent been exist before. The new ideas we made are different from the
existing ideas. We categorized the new ideas by the nutritional supplement content
that will be added and the process. Detail of the new ideas are listed below in table
and mind map.
42
Polyethylene Bubbles
Reflective System
Plastic Films
Aerogels
Blanket
Foam Composites
Spray Polymide Foams
Silica Aerogel
Cold Insulation New Concept Non-vaccum
MLI
Integrating
Aerogel Composite Blanket
Layered Composite Insulation
W ood Fibre
Hemp
Natural
Cork
Flax
Figure 5. 2 Mind map of new concept
43
5.5 Combining Concept

After we get existing concept and new concept, we combine both existing
and new concept to be screened later.
44
Micro Fiberglass
Polysterene
Fine Perlite Hi-vacuum
Foam Boards Polyurethane
Multi-layer Insulation
Vaccuum Polyisocyanurate
Vaccuum Panels
Fiberglass
Layer Composite Insulation Soft-vaccuum
Batts and Roll Mineral
Aerogels
Plastic Fiber
Polyethylene Bubbles
Reflective System Celulose
Plastic Films
Cold Insulation Non-Vaccuum Blow-in Fiber Glass
Aerogels
Blanket Mineral
Foam Composite
Fiber Glass
Polymide Foams Spray Rigid Fibrous
Mineral
Wod Fiber Non-Vaccuum
Cementiticus
Hemp Natural
Phenolic
Cork Sprayed Foam
Polyisocyanurate
Silica Aerogel
Polyurethane
Aerogel Composite Blanket
Integrating
Layered Composition Insulation
MLI
Figure 5. 3 Mind map of combining concept
CHAPTER 6
CONCEPT SELECTION
6.1 Concept Screening Based On Material Used

Before continuing to concept screening, we have to know the basic
difference between hot and cold insulation system. Not only the distinct temprature
inside the system we would like to keep, the materials used are commonly different
one to another. This knowledge is important to consider therefore we dont waste
time picking some irrelevant materials.
The difference between hot and cold insulation materials comes down to a
few things. Firstly, the materials used in hot insulation covers dont require a water
vapor barrier that a cold insulation system needs to properly function. The water
vapor barrier helps prevent metal degradation that can occur overtime.
Buildups of condensation occur within cold systems, which require
bendable or flexible insulation to deal with this issue. Therefore, the types of metal,
fiberglass, foam and other materials used for thermal bridging in cold insulation are
much more flexible and moldable than those found in hot insulation materials.
Lastly, closed cell structure is needed in cold insulation to help avoid
wicking. The material in high temperature insulations allows water to enter because
the heat will cause the moisture to evaporate. However, in a cold insulation system
the water will not evaporate. Closed cell structure of the cold insulation material
helps prevent this problem.
On the previous chapter, we already make the list of the existing concepts
and generate new concepts. Next, we combined them then we have the list of
product concept. The main goals of making the list of concept are to get only one
concept which is the best and could be applied to the product. After generating the
concept, next step is screening the concepts. The main goals of screening the
concept are to pursing the number of concept quickly and develop the best concept.
46
Table 6. 1 Product concepts based on insulation materials
Concept Insulation
Description
Number Materials
Foam Glass Serves temprature range -180 C to 120 C,
Since no diffusion can take place, the material
is watertight and efficient barrier against soil
1
humidity. Mostly used underground or
underwater because it is able to withstand
hydrostatic pressure and chemical erosion.
Perlite Perlite insulation is easy to install, does not

shrink, swell, warp or slump. Used in PT
2
Badak LNG as its cryogenic natural gas
liquefaction insulation system.
Polyurethane Polyurethane foam (including foam rubber) is

Foam better cushioning/energy absorption or thermal
3 insulation. It is not vapor permeable and used
to considered toxic due to its chlorinated
characteristics.
Expanded
Polystyrene Polystyrene is a synthetic aromatic polymer
that can be solid or foamed. Temprature serves
4
-150 up to 80 C. It is highly flammable
eventhough it is an efficient insulator.
Phenolic Foam It has very low CO2 emissions, and fire

ressistant. Temprature range serves -180 up to
5 120 C. However, Phenolic foam insulation will
deteriorate if it is exposed to moisture or
sunlight for extended periods of time.
Cork temprature range serves -180 up to 100
Cork
C. It has high elasticity and is almost
6 impermeable. In a 2005 closure study, 45% of
corks sheet showed gas leakage during
pressure testing.
47
Table 6.1 Product concepts based on insulation materials (Cont'd)
Concept Insulation
Description
Number Materials
Aerogel is a synthetic porous ultralight
Aerogel material derived from a gel, in which the liquid
component of the gel has been replaced with a
gas. The result is a solid with extremely low
7 density and low thermal conductivity. Silica
aerogel is the most common type of aerogel.
Aerogel is currently considered the newest
invention for cryogenic insulation materials.
Icynene H2 Icynene H2 Foam Lite
Foam Lite is a spray-applied open cell, water blown, low
density polyurethane foam. The product is
8
prepared from two liquid components,
isocyanate and resin H2FoamLite, and is
yellowish in colour.
(Source : Authors Personal Data)
There are two stages of screening process. On the first stage of screening
process, we would eliminate concept based on their possibilities to be implemented
on the product. On the second stage, concepts would be eliminated based on the
screening criteria that we made. The criteria are made based on the customer needs
which have been determined on the previous assignment.
6.2 Concept Screening
After identifying problems by splitting it into sub-problems and searching
for existing and new ideas, the next step we do to design cryogenic insulation
product is screening the concepts The purpose of concept screening is to reduce the
many product concepts generated to a relative few that will get additional
refinement and analysis. We also have chosen selection criterias which are related
to key customer needs. The concepts screening procedures we do is listed below:
1. Prepare the screening matrix
2. Rate the concepts
3. Rank the concepts
4. Combine and improve the concepts
48
5. Select one or more concepts for further refinement and analysis

6. Reflect on the results and process
By searching existing and new ideas for cryogenic insulation, we list
(Number of ideas here) ideas based on material used. Here below is the list of
product concepts we have gathered.
Table 6. 2 List of Product Concepts
Concept
Product Concept
Number
1 Polyethylene Bubbles
2 Plastic Films
3 Iron Aerogel
4 Foam Composite
5 Polyimide Foams
6 Wood Fibre
7 Hemp based material
8 Flax based material
9 Cork
10 Silica Aerogel
Aerogel with Composite Blanket with Carbon
11
Dispersion
Layered Composite Insulation with Fiberglass Paper
12
and Fumed Silica Dispersion
13 MLI (Aluminum Foil and Fiber Glass Paper Spacer)
Screening 1
Several concepts which has been listed above come from both of existing
product concepts and new product concepts. The concepts that came from
brainstorming may be logical, redundant, foolish, or vague. We now need to weed
out some of the concepts that seem to be impractical before going to the next step.
The impractical concepts will be classified in three classes: redundant (R), foolish
(F), or vague (V). Here below is the list of rejected concepts from the first screening.
49
Table 6. 3 List of Impractical Concepts
Concept Redundant (R), Foolish

Product Concept
Number (F), or Vague (V)
7 Hemp based material Foolish
8 Flax based material Vague
There are reasons why those concepts is rejected based on group discussion.
The first one is rejected because it is foolish, hemp is known worldwide as
marijuana, hence we do not want to use this flora based material due to health and
safety consideration. The second one is rejected because, until today, there has been
no research on flaxseed application as an insulation. Thus it is vague, as we dont
find any further reference.
6.2.1 Prepare the Selection Matrix
After doing with the first screening, we now move to the second concept
screening. The first thing to do for second screening is to prepare the selection
matrix. In selection matrix, we choose the selection criteria and reference concept.
The selection criteria should consider the consumer needs and enterprise needs. The
most important thing about criteria is that it should differentiate the concepts.
Table 6. 4 Products Criteria
Number Criteria
1 Thermal conductivity
2 Thermal expansion
3 Lifespan
4 Cost-effective
5 Health and safety
6 Combustability
7 Vapor-moisture transmission
8 Service temperature
9 Vermin and fungus resistance
50
The first criterion is health and safety. Every effort should be made to avoid
the use of asbestos or asbestos containing materials in the insulation system. In
those cases where the use of such material is unavoidable due to the lack of a
technically acceptable substitute or any other means, the prior agreement of the user
to their use shall be obtained. Safety regulations on the use and application of
asbestos or asbestos-containing materials shall be observed . Reference shall be
made to the appropriate instructions from manufacturers for health and safety.
Certain finishing cements are strongly alkaline when wet and may cause skin
irritation.
The second criterion is thermal conductivity. A low thermal conductivity is
desirable to achieve a maximum resistance to heat transfer. Therefore, for any given
heat loss, a material of low thermal conductivity will be thinner than an alternative
material of high conductivity. The thermal conductivity of most insulating materials
varies with temperature and with bulk density, so that both these factors shall be
considered. It is the normal practice of manufacturers to provide tables or graphs
showing thermal conductivities for each of their standard products at a range of hot-
face temperatures together with the relevant cold-face temperatures used for the
tests. The information shall also include the bulk density for each material tested.
The third criterion is thermal expansion. Due to thermal cyclic or shock, an
insulation is suspectible to changes in its dimensional form which can cause the
material to shrink, swell, slump, and warp. These phenomena can cause the
insulation material effectiveness to decrease which can render the insulation futile.
The property of cryogenic insulation material also have to be consistent that it can
be considered constant because a good insulation can stand a wide range of harsh
conditions without change in properties considerably. Most thermal insulating
materials have a lower thermal expansion coefficient than metals. Differential
thermal movement between insulated surface, insulation, and outer finish shall be
considered.
The fourth is is combustability. Not all the thermal insulating materials in
common use are nonflammable. Some of them, often used for refrigeration systems,
are entirely of organic composition and thus may constitute afire hazard, or they
may emit smoke and toxic fumes. Designers of thermal insulation systems shall
51
therefore consider the process conditions and the plant arrangement before deciding
whether or not the proposed thermal insulating material might contribute to the
spread of fire, however initiated, and they shall vary their choice of material
accordingly. Some insulating materials that contain organic bonding agents,
although generally suitable for the anticipated service temperature, may in fact
constitute a fire risk through a phenomenon of internal selfheating. This hazard may
be accentuated if air can enter into material of low bulk density, or by convection
current induced with insulated vertical pipe work.
The fifth one is vapor permeability. The purpose of the vapor barrier is to
reduce, and if possible to prevent, the ingress of water vapor into the insulating
material, Thus, the barrier shall always be applied to the warmer surface of the
material. It may take the form of a coating or sheet material resistant to the passage
of water vapor, i.e., of low permeability, and the sealing of joints and overlaps shall
be effective. Insulating materials that consist substantially of closed cells possess
an inherent resistance to the passage of water vapor, but open-cell insulants and
loosefill porous materials are readily permeable to water vapor. Since it is essential
to prevent the deposition of moisture, with the consequent risk of ice formation
within the insulating material in those zones that are below the freezing point, the
use of an effective vapor barrier is an important technical requirement.
The sixth criterion is lifespan. The cryogenic insulation product must be able
to perform its required function over a lengthy period under conditions without
excessive maintenance or repair. These added values can prolong the durability of
the material so that the maintenance cost can be lowered and the optimum operating
condition can be achieved. The required life of the insulation system shall be
considered because this affects the annual cost and hence the economic thickness.
If the plant has only a short life, a cheap insulation system may be adequate; if the
plant has a longer life, a more expensive insulation system with longer life may be
the more economic.
The seventh one is cost effective. As we know it, nearly all industries which
use cryogenic insulation is profit-driven. So that material cost is a critical
consideration that someone must take in order to choose the best material possible
to minimize heat gain to their system as low as possible without sacrificing the other
52
options. This criterion is also connected with labor cost which will be explained in
the next paragraph. The point is a good insulation can lower the labor cost as well
as material cost.
The eighth one is anti-fungi and vermin. The resistance of insulation to
vermin, insects, and fungal growth can be important, particularly in cold stores for
goods. Insulation surfaces likely to become wet shall not befinished with materials
that may be attacked by these agencies. Finishing with nonabsorptive materials is
desirable for severe cases.
The ninth one is service temperature range. Choosing an insulation with a
wide service temperature range can help ensure process control. It also reduces the
number of different materials needed to meet different temperature requirements
and it can help minimize material costs as well as purchase confusion. And, an
insulation with a wide service temperature range reduces the likelihood of the
material being exposed to temperatures outside of its range - which can lead to
system failure and costly repair and reinsulation.
6.2.2 Rate the Concepts
For each concept, the each criterion should be rated as plus (+), zero (0), or minus
(-).
Plus (+) means that its better than preference concept.
Zero (0) means that its the same as preference concept.
Minus () means that its worse than preference concept.
6.2.3 Rank the Concepts
Rank of the concept can be made by summing all of the criterion rating for
each concept. Ranking the concepts used to review screening result and to check
which concept is qualified for most criteria and can go to the next step, which is
concept scoring.
For the reference, we use Polyurethane Foam. It is due to the most widely
used Polyurethane Foam as cold insulation material. The upcoming concepts are
compared to Polyurethane Foam for each criterion.
53
Table 6. 5 Metric of Ideas Selection
Product Concept
Criteria
Reference 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 10 11 12 13
Thermal
0 - - + + 0 - - + + + +
Conductivity
Thermal Expansion 0 0 + + 0 + + - + 0 0 0
Lifespan 0 + + + + + - - + + + +
Ease of Use 0 + + + 0 + + + + + + +
Cost-effective 0 + 0 0 0 + + + - - - -
Health and Safety 0 0 0 + + + + + + + + +
Combustability 0 - - 0 0 + - - 0 0 - -
Vapour-moisture
0 - - + + 0 - 0 + + + +
transmission
Service temprature 0 - - + 0 - - + + + + +
Vermin and fungus
0 + + + + + - - + + + +
resistance
Amount + 0 4 4 8 5 7 4 4 8 7 7 7
Amount - 0 4 4 0 0 1 6 5 1 1 2 1
Total Amount 0 0 0 8 5 6 -2 -1 7 6 5 6
Ranking 0 5 5 1 4 3 7 6 2 3 4 3
Result NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES YES NO YES

54
6.3. Concept Scoring

After screening the concepts, the next step is concept scoring. In this step, we
now do the scoring for some selected concepts to narrow it again into one or two
best concepts. The difference between concept screening and concept scoring is
there will be weight factor for each criterion based on their importance and needs.
The concept which has the highest score will be chosen as our product concept. The
score is obtained from multiplication between weight factor and rating. The step
that should be done in concept scoring is exactly same like the concept screening
before.
6.3.1 Preparing the Selection Matrix
This matrix contains concept ideas, criteria, weight factor, and rating. The
concept ideas are the one we choose after concept screening and combining
concept. The criteria are quite different from concept selection, because its more
detailed and specific. Weight factor determine how importance the criteria for the
product are.
The criteria and weight of each criterion for concept scoring are listed below:
A. Thermal Conductivity (Weight = 15%)
The apparent thermal conductivity of an insulation material is the masure of
its ability to conduct heat between the hot and cold surfaces of insulation. In inch
pound units, this property (which is also known as the k factor of k value) is
expressed as the amount of heat that passes through a unit area of a unit thickness
of a homogeneous substance in a specified amount of time for a unit temperature
difference, Btu-in/ft2-hr-F (In SI units, this property is expressed in W/m-K).
Thermal conductivity of insulation changes with mean temperature. In general,
thermal conductivity of insulation increases with an increase in mean temperature.
Therefore, when fetermining the required insulation thickness for a process
temperature, thermal conductivity at the process temperature must be considered.
B. Thermal Expansion (Weight = 15%)
The coefficient of thermal expansion (contraction) is the material property
that measures the materials dimensional change relative to a change in its
temperature. When heated or cooled, materials, such as steel, will expand or
contract at a constant rate. Most insulating materials will begin to shrink at some
55
definite temperature. Eventually a temperature will be reached at which the

shrinkage becomes excessive, which is an indication that the exposed temperature
has exceeded the materials maximum tempereature limit. High shrinkage can
produce excessive wapage and induce cracking, also open gaps at the insulation
joints to an excessive extent, rendering the installed system less efficient. Hence,
coefficient of expansion (contraction) need to be considered when designing
insulation system expansion and contraction joints.
C. Lifespan (Weight = 10%)
One of the major concerns of a designes is to provide the owner with some
assurances that insulated systems will perform as intended period of time. There is
no accepted handbook containing recipes for establishing how to estimate the
duration or service life periods for insulated systems in the industrial market
segments. Even the definition of the term extended period of time can range from
several months to as much as 20 or more years. Long service life denotes that the
designed thermal performance is maintained to some high percentage of the original
design. It demands that the insulated system be well designed, well built, operate as
designed, and well maintained. Weaknesses in any area of design, installation,
operation, or maintenance will shorten the service of an insulation system.
D. Cost-effective (Weight = 15%)
Material cost is a critical consideration that someone must take in order to
choose the best material possible to minimize heat gain to their system as low as
possible without sacrificing the other options. This criterion is also connected with
labor cost which will be explained in the next paragraph. The point is a good
insulation can lower the labor cost as well as material cost.
E. Health and safety (Weight = 15%)
Safety regulations on the use and application of asbestos or asbestos-
containing materials shall be observed. Reference shall be made to the appropriate
instructions from manufacturers for health and safety. Certain finishing cements are
strongly alkaline when wet and may cause skin irritation.
F. Combustability (Weight = 10%)
In some industrial applications insulation materials are required to be
noncombustible. A noncombustible material is defined as a material that in the form
56
in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated, will not ignite, burn,
support combustion, or release flammable vapors when subjected to fire or heat.
Some industrial applicaitons insulation materials are also required to meet certain
surface burning chaaracteristics, usually assessede by means of a flame spread
index (FSI) and a smoke developed index (SDI). When a material is required to
meet certain values of flame spread index and smoke developed index, it usually
must be tested in accordance with ASTM.
G. Water vapor permeability (Weight = 10%)
Water vapor permeability is defined as the time rate of water vapor
transmission through unit area of flat material of unit thickness induced by unit
vapor pressure differential between the two specific surfaces under specified
temperature and humidity conditions. The permeability of a material is expressed
in terms of the weight of the water vapor transmitted through a unit thickness of the
material, divided by the vapor pressure differential, the time, and the area of the
material. Hence, the lower the permeability, the more resistance it is to the diffusion
of moisture vapor through a given thickness of it. Since it is essential to prevent the
deposition of moisture, with the consequent risk of ice formation within the
insulating material in those zones that are below the freezing point, the use of an
effective vapor barrier is an important technical requirement.
H. Service temperature (Weight = 5%)
When choosing an insulation material for any given service, one major
concern is system-operating temperature (minimum/maximum) and the proper
insulation material designed for use within those operating parameters. Insulation
materials intended operating temperature ranges for insulation materials are
normally specified by the insulation material manufacturers. When selecting an
insulation material, this recommended range should be the first consideration. It
may be necessary for the specifier to look at the combinations of maximum and
minimum tests results plus all associated properties to determine the need fot one
type of material for an inner layer and another type for the outer layer.
I. Vermin and fungus resistance (Weight = 5%)
The resistance of insulation to vermin, insects, and fungal growth can be
important, particularly in cold stores for goods. Insulation surfaces likely to become
57
wet shall not befinished with materials that may be attacked by these agencies.
Finishing with nonabsorptive materials is desirable for severe cases.
6.3.2 Rate the Concepts
The rating at this stage is based on group discussion and literature. Here is
the rating of the concept compared to reference product.
Table 6. 6 Rating the Concepts Value
Relative performance Rating
Bad 1
Enough 2
Good 3
Great 4
Excellent 5
58
Table 6. 7 Description of Scoring Rate
Rati Criteria
ng A B C D E F G H I
k value =>
1 0,12 5.10-3/oC <2,5 years 41-50$/m3 Asbestos Combustible 20 gm/Nh 200-300 K Organic
W/(m.K)
k value =<
2 0,12 1.10-3/oC <5 years 31-40$/m3 - - 15 gm/Nh 150-300 K -
.
W/(m K)
k value =<
3 0,06 5.10-4/oC <10 years 21-30$/m3 - - 10 gm/Nh 100-300 K -
W/(m.K)
k value =<
4 0,03 1.10-5/oC <20 years 11-20$/m3 - - 5 gm/Nh 50-300 K -
W/(m.K)
k value = 10- Non- Non-

5 2.10-5/oC >30 years 1-10$/m3 0 gm/Nh 0-300 K Anorganic
5
W/(m.K) asbestos combustible
59
6.3.3 Rank the Concepts

We can make rank of the concept by summing all weighted scores in every
criterion for each concept. Every criterion should be weighted, so we know which
criteria are more important.
6.3.4 Decide the Best Concept
After we made a matrix and sum up scoring for every concept, now we can
decide which is the best concept that can be applied to our product. The best concept
is the one which has the highest score.
60
Table 6. 8 Concept Scoring
3 5 10 11 13
Criteria Weight Weighted Weighted Weighted Weighted Weighted
Rating Rating Rating Rating Rating
Score Score Score Score Score
Thermal
15% 3 0,45 2 0,3 4 0,6 4 0,6 5 0,75
Conductivity
Thermal
15% 4 0.6 4 0.6 4 0.6 4 0,6 4 0.6
Expansion
Lifespan 10% 4 0.4 3 0.3 4 0.4 3 0.3 3 0.3
Cost-effective 15% 4 0.6 4 0.6 3 0.45 2 0.3 2 0.3
Health and
15% 5 0.75 5 0.75 5 0.75 5 0.75 5 0.75
safety
Combustibility 10% 5 0.5 5 0.5 5 0.5 5 0.5 5 0.5
Vapor
10% 3 0.3 3 0.3 4 0.4 4 0.4 4 0.4
permeability
Service
5% 4 0.2 2 0.1 4 0.2 3 0.15 3 0.15
temperature
Vermin &
fungus 5% 5 0.25 5 0.25 5 0.25 5 0.25 5 0.25
resistance
Sum 100% 4.05 3.70 4.15 3.85 4,00
Rank - 2 5 1 4 3
61
6.3.5 Explanation of Scoring

Here is our brief description about scoring system. For concept no 10, the
sum of scoring is 4.15. Concept 10 is using silica aerogel. Concept 10 can fulfill
thermal conductivity and thermal expansion criteria. Most important part, this
health and safety criteria of silica aerogel is the best among other concept. It is
because when it comes to a failure at installing insulation, most insulation exerts
fume that is quite toxic for the labor, and silica aerogel does not work that way.
Silica aerogel is not fibrous material, it will not turn into a powdery that comes off
from the material and float like ashes. However, this innovation seems to have a
higher cost in the insulation industry.
For concept no 3, the sum of scoring is 4.05. The concept is iron aerogels.
This is the concept with the second highest score. The difference with silica aerogel
is that iron aerogel has less vapor permeability than silica aerogel. This is due to
iron characteristics which is easier for vapor to permeate.
For concept no 13, the sum of scoring is 4.00. Concept 15 is using Multi
Layer insulation system. Researchers shown up that the more layer that this
equipment would have, the higher ability to insulate system. This material aims to
reduce weight and blanket thickness, so the internal layers is usually made very
thin. But MLI is not easily installed for every equipment.
For concept no 11, Aerogel with Composite Blanket with Carbon Dispersion
the sum of scoring is 3.85. This concept is quite similar with concept no 5 but it is
more complicated as we need to made the carbon dispersion and composite as well.
Hence, this material is not easily made because it takes multiple processes and in a
long period of time.
For concept no 5, Polyimide Foams, the sum of scoring is 3.7. Basically, this
is a good material due to its incombustible properties. Nevertheless, this has thermal
conductivity value at 0.38 W/m.K and is far from the minimum standard at 0.003
W/m.K. Hence this material is considered not decent enough to be a cryogenic
insulation material.
62
6.4 Concept Testing

The next step after concept scoring is concept testing. Concept testing is
conducted early in the development cycle, that there are many potential concepts
still being considered. These are the step that we have to do in testing the concepts.
6.4.1 Define the Purpose of Concept Testing
Concept testing is one of the most standardized types of research, it uses
what researchers call experimental design to evaluate a series of concepts under
consideration. In order to get more clearly response from the respondent, the
concept testing must consist of queries that questioning the respondents acceptance
of our products.
6.4.2 Choose Survey Population
Concept testing is conducted among the widest segment of the appropriate
population. Our product has a specific target and the concept test should be
conducted among that group. The respondents reflect the target market and it comes
from an expert and industrial practicioners in cryogenic storage and pipeline field.
We choose it as the biggest part of our respondent because we thought that they are
the most potential segments to be our customer.
6.4.3 Choose Survey Format
The survey format is through online interview and e-mail. The interview
will be done to about 25 respondents from a various segment as explained in the
previous part. In this interview, we also have to explain the concept of our product
to the respondent so that they will understand about the concept and raise the
acceptance rate of our product.
63
6.4.4 Survey Interpretation
Very interested Somewhat interested

Not at all interested
Figure 6. 1 Result of Concept Testing

(Source : Reproduced from interview)
Would likely to buy Would like to test first

Not at all interested
Figure 6. 2 Result of Demand Testing
(Source : Reproduced from interview)
The pie chart above shows how 25 respondents see through our concept
product, based on silica aerogel as our insulation product. There are 17 of
respondent thought they are very interested, due they believe to Indonesia potency
for the recycled raw material of silica aerogel. 7 of respondents thought they are
somewhat interested because they find it interesting but not yet know the beneficial
quality of it. 1 of respondents chose to not interested at all because their expertise
is not for cryogenic temprature, only for chiller, thus the insulation material does
not need to be that advance.
9 of the 25 respondent play role as industry experts, 4 of them are would likely
to buy the product we offer, 4 would like to take a sample, and 1 is not willing to
buy.This proves that our product has demand, hence has a potential customers.
CHAPTER 7
FINAL PRODUCT
7.1 Product Positioning

In order to determine how good our product concept by compared it to
another cold insulation concept, we use Conseptual Mapping as the method.
Conceptual Mapping is a chart that describe the position of our concept based on
some criteria. On the conceptual mapping, we can compare our product design to
another existing product by seeing its position in the map. In addition, the
conceptual mapping can show us the competition of several similar products
market. The existing cold insulation product that we choose as a comparison are the
same as benchmark product in the previous chapter. Those products are Aspen
Aerogels, Rockwool, and Arabian Fiberglass Insulation. Here is the comparison of
our product concept and the existing product, in a table and in the conceptual
mapping as follow.
Table 7. 1 The Comparison of Own Product and Existing Product
Arabian
Aspen Own
Criteria Rockwool Fiberglass
Aerogels Product
Insulation
Thermal conductivity 4 3 4 5
Thermal expansion 4 3 4 5
Lifespan 5 5 5 5
Cost-effective 4 4 4 3
Health and safety 5 5 4 5
Combustibility 5 5 5 5
Vapor-moisture
5 3 3 4
transmission
Service temperature 4 3 4 5
Vermin and fungus
5 4 5 5
resistance
65
The rating is given from 1 to 5. Rating 5 is given for the best, while rating
1 for the worst. The figure 3.1 below would describe the position of our product
compared with its competitors based on the criteria above.
Aspen Aerogels Rockwool Arabian Fiberglass Insulation Own Product
Thermal conductivity
5
Vermin and fungus
4 Thermal expansion
resistance
3
2
Service temperature 1 Lifespan
0
Vapor-moisture
Cost-effective
transmission
Combustibility Health and safety
Figure 7. 1 Perceptual Mapping
a. Thermal Conductivity
Increasing temperature of a system happen when heat coming from the
environment into the system. For the insulation system, we need to prevent the
heat gain into the system. Heat transfer occurs in an insulation system occurs
by conduction. Based on fouriers law we can determine that the incoming heat
is proportional to the thermal conductivity of a material. Thus, the smaller value
of the thermal conductivity of a material, the better the insulation system would
be. Rating 5 is given to insulation system which has thermal conductivity
around 0.021 W/mK. Meanwhile rating 1 is given to insulation system which
has thermal conductivity above 0.03 W/mK. We rated our product as 5 in this
criteria because own product has thermal conductivity 0.021 W/mK. We gives
Aspen Aerogel 5 too because has thermal conductivity 0.021 W/mK.
Meanwhile based on benchmarking from assignment 1 Rockwool is given 3
rating and Arabian Fiberglass Insulation is given 4 rating.
66
b. Thermal Expansion
When the tenperature of material is decreasing significantly, it affects
the material to shrink. Shrinking of the material affects the value of thermal
conductivity to raise up, resulting heat that enters into the system becomes
bigger. From the literature (Bahadori, 2014) we know that the shrinking process
is proportional to the value of thermal expansion coefficient, bigger the thermal
expansion coefficient of material affects the increasing of shrinking process.
Rating 5 is given to the insulation which has thermal expansion coefficient close
to 2 105 / and the smaller rating is given to the insulation that has thermal
expansion coefficient far from 2 105 / . We rated our product as 5 because
has thermal expansion coefficient 2.5 105 / .
c. Lifespan
The insulation system will be better when it can be used for long periods
of time. Beside to decreasing preparation procees, it will reduce the costs in a
work project. Rating 5 is given to the insulation which has close to 30 years of
lifespan and the smaller rating is given to the insulation that has below 30 years
of lifespan. For all existing product we gives 5 rating based on benchmarking
data from assignment 1. For own product is given 5 rating because has 80 years
of lifespan
d. Cost-effective
One of the most important aspects in a work project is the amount of
costs that we used. From economics approach we know that small capital we
spend will be good on the sustainability of projects. Our insulation material tend
to be difficult to make and hard to find so have a high selling price. So, we give
3 rating for own product.
e. Health and Safety
The insulation system has to use material that can not harm the
environtment and worker on the work place. Health and safety is a parameter to
determiner whether the product is harmful or can cause some side-effect like
allergy when being used. our products use natural ingredients that have a
low content of chemicals so that has low possible of carcinogenic, mutagen,
neurotoxic, and reproductive toxic. That is why our product has 5 rating.
67
f. Combustibility
Cryogenic industry tend to work in high pressure conditions. the higher
the pressure in the system it will be very susceptible to the occurrence of an
explosion. So that, the insulation for this situation has to use non combustible
material. Rating 5 is given to the insulation material that non combustible.
Meanwhile rating 1 is given to the insulation material that combustible. Own
product use non combustible material so the rating is given as 5
g. Vapor Moisture Transmission
For whatever purpose cold insulation is required, the insulation system
is only as good as its vapour barrier and the care with which it is installed. A
vapour barrier is a membrane of very low permeance placed on the warm side
of insulation to limit the flow of water vapour into the insulation. Rating 5 is
given to the insulation that has water vapour transmission close to 0 /
and the smaller rating is given to the insulation that has water vapour
transmission far from 0 /. Own product has water vapour transmission
0 / so we gives 5 rating
h. Service Temperature
The insulation material has the ability to stick to a certain temperature .
Materials that we use on cryogenic insulation purpose should has range
temperature below 150 to maintain a cryogenic product at a certain phase.
Rating 5 is given for the insulation that has service temperature below 150 .
From properties of material that we use we know that own product has service
temperature 1800 so we can gives 5 rating for own product.
i. Vermin and Fungus Resistance
The resistance insulation to vermin insect and hungel growth can be
important, particularly in hold stores for good. Insulation surfaces lightly to
become wet shall not definish with materials that maybe attack by this agencies.
Finishing with non absorptive materials is desireable for severe cases. Because
own product is made from non organic material we conclude that own product
can be resist to vermin and fungus. 5 rating is given to our product because of
vermin and Fungus Resistance
68
Based on the perceptual mapping above, we can conclude the position

of our product concepts exellent among the existing products are:
a. In the thermal conductivity has the ideal thermal conductivity on cold
insulation so heat gain that can be entry into the system can be hold so that
the temperature inside the system can be maintained.
b. In the termal expansion has the highest score compared with another
existing product with 5 rating which means decreasing the shrinking process
so that the termal conductivity on the state condition
c. In lifespan has same score compared with all another existinc product. With
80 years old of lifespan is reducing the cost of work project and time
efficiency.
d. In cost-effective will be not really good on the sustainability of
projects.because have a high selling price.
e. The concept also regulated with the health and safety standard, does not
have dangerous effect or substances that trigger those harmness, non-toxic,
and safe.
f. In combustibility, own product use non combustible materials so that can
avoid the explosion because of high pressure.
g. In vapour transmission has 0 / so that limit the flow of water vapour
into the insulation.
h. In service tenpreature has the highest score compared to all another existing
product with 1800 so that we can use this on cryogenic insulation.
i. own product is made from non organic material we conclude that own
product can be resist to vermin and fungus.
7.2 Final Concept and Spesification

After our group discussed, heard opinion of the experts, and conducted a
survey on assignment I. Furthermore, we are looking for new concepts and
comparing it with the concept that currently exists in the insulation product in the
market. The idea concept that we choose is insulation with multilayer packge with
silica aerogel material. The chosen concept will be joined with our specification in
69
the previous study. This concept will lead to our final specification on this product.
The final specifications of our products are given in the table below.
Table 7. 2 Product Specification
Specification Unit Own Product

Performance
Thermal Conductivity W/mK 0.021
Combustibility Combustible/Non Non
Water Vapour
/ 0
Transmission
Condition
Service Temperature
0 (180) 20
Range
Density /3 34
Design
Thickness Range mm 34-38
Perception
Time to Assemble subjektif Fast
Price
Unit Manufacturing Cost $/2 5.5-10
(Source : from various literatures)
70
Table 7. 3 Product Description
Product
Characteristic Brief Description
Description
Insulation with maximum
Preventing heat gain from
Mechanism thermal protection with minimal
environment to the system.
weight and thickness.
Primary:
Polyvinyl
Material Chloride
Secondary:
Kraft
4 m x 1.5 m
Volume
x 1.5 m
Package
Keep containers tightly closed.

Containers that are opened should
be properly resealed and kept
upright to prevent leakage. Store
Storage Instructions
in cool, dry and well-ventilated
place at temperature between
20 to 40 away from heat and
sources of ignition.
71
Table 7. 4 Product Ingredients
Ingredients
Chemical Name Percent Brief Description
Synthetic Amorphous
25-40% as reinforcing fillers
Silica
a highly efficient
thickener, sebum absorber
Methylsilylated Silica 10-20% and soft focus agent
(impacts the appearance of
fine lines and wrinkles)
Polyethylene terephthalate an excellent water and
10-20%
(PET or polyester) moisture barrier material
Fibrous Glass (textile to improves the strength of
10-20%
grade) the composites
Magnesium Hydroxide 0-5% as a fire retardant
prevents the radiation of
Aluminum Foil 0-5% heat by reflecting it back at
the source.
(Source : various literatures)
7.3 Product Description

We combine our specification with our final product concept to define the
product description. Based on final specification criteria of our concept product, we
choose the insulation system with singlelayer package with silica aerogel as the
main materials. This insulation system can work on range temperature (-180)-20 oC
so that can be applied on cryogenic industry that has work temperature around -
150oC. This idea concept will be very usefull on this sector industry for more
effective and efficient insulation system.
Multilayer package idea that we offers based on the difficulties in the
installation of insulation material that has a wide variety of coating. To simplify the
installation process and shorten the time required in the installation, this idea will
also be able to cut the cost of installation because installation requires only one step
and make the installation process more effective and efficient.
72
Figure 7. 2 Silica Aerogel Blanket

(Source: http://www.Okorder.com)
The choosing of silica aerogel as the main material based on the value of
thermal conductivity and service temperature that can be applied perfectly on
cryogenic insulation. Silica aerogel has the thermal conductivity 0.021 /
which makes this material to be good to prevent heat gain from the environtment to
a system. When heat gain has minimized, there will be no the change of temperature
of a system so we can maintain the temperature of a system to be constant. When
this is happen the goal of insulation system will be achieved.
The other important reason to choose silica aerogel is on the healty and
safety factor. Health and safety is a parameter to determiner whether the product is
harmful or can cause some side-effect like allergy when being used. our
products use natural ingredients that have a low content of chemicals so that
has low possible of carcinogenic, mutagen, neurotoxic, and reproductive toxic.
For whatever purpose cold insulation is required, the insulation system is
only as good as its vapour barrier and the care with which it is installed. A vapour
barrier is a membrane of very low permeance placed on the warm side of insulation
to limit the flow of water vapour into the insulation. Silica aerogels has 0 /
of water vapour transmission which means this material ability to prevent the flow
of water vapour into the insulation is good. The flow of water into the insulation
should be prevented to maintain the temperature of system to be contstant.
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
From chapter 1 until chapter 4 in this report, we conclude several things, they are:
1. The use of thermal insulation is to prevent heat gain which cause energy
consumption to skyrocket by simply providing resistance to heat flow
during heat transfer mechanisms.
2. Basic requirement for insulation system is due to their thermal conductivity.
The lower the number of thermal conductivity the less the flow of heat is.
3. The insulation strategy is to minimize radiative heat transfer, minimize
convective heat transfer, and introduce a minimum of solid conductance
media.
4. Based on the consumer requirements, the insulation product should be able
to meet the following criteria: have low thermal conductivity, able to
withstand thermal expansion, pressure, hit or crash, and is easy for
maintenance and services.
5. After benchmark to several existing products Aspen Aerogels, Rockwool,
and Arabian Fiberglass we obtain their specifications. The existing
products thermal conductivity are sequentially 0,021; 0,038; 0,028 W/m.K.
The service temprature range are consecutively -156 6 oC; 0 250 oC; -
18 450 oC. Their durability are in sequence 80 years, 60 years, and 50
years. So, current best insulation product is Aspen Aerogels.
6. There are two concepts from existing product. For the new concept, we propose
non-vacuum system with some new materials, there are reflective system,
blanket, spray, natural, and integrating.
7. Our new concept is divided into six materials of cold insulation including:
reflective system, blanket, spray, natural, and integrating.
8. From 13 respective concepts, we eliminate 2 concept through preliminary
elimination of vague, foolish, and redundant concept. From the 11 individual
concepts, we scored and compared them to the reference product with several
criteria and reduced them into 5 concept with a small highest score.
9. Based on 25 correspondent results. 17 of them are interested with our selected
concept, 7 are somewhat interested, and 1 is not interested.
74
10. Out of 9 respondent as industry experts, 4 of them are would likely to buy the
product we offer, 4 would like to take a sample, and 1 is not willing to buy.This
proves that our product has demand, hence has a potential customers.
11. The selected concept is better than reference concept in some criteria which are
thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, lifespan, combustability, water-vapor
transmission, and service temprature.
12. The final specification of our insulation for cryogenic storage and pipeline is a
silica aerogel insulation, which the silica raw material is obtained through a
recycled silica gel. Hence, the insulation product we offer would become more
cost effective.
75
REFERENCES
1.
2. ASTM Standard C1696, 2015, "Standard Guide for Industrial Thermal
Insulation Systems," ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015,
www.astm.org.
3. Ulric, Karl T., Eppinger, Steven D. 2000. Product Design and Development.
United States of America:McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Aspen Aerogels, Inc. 2013. PIPE INSULATION FOR COLD SERVICE.
Northborough: Aspen Aerogels, Inc.
5. Arabian Fiberglass Insulation Co., Ltd. 2015. Heavy Density Pipe
Insulation Product. Dammam: AFICO
6. Cengel, Yunus A. 2008. Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach. 7 th.
Edition, McGraw-Hill Comp: New Jersey
7. Van ness, Smith and Abbott. 2005. An Introduction to Chemical
Engineering Thermodynamics 7th Edition. Mc-Graw Hill Comp: Cambridge
8. Kaganer, M.G., "Thermal Insulation in Cryogenic Engineering," in Israel
Program for Scientific Translations, Inc., IPST Press, Jerusalem, 1969, pp. 114-
116.
9. Fesmire, J.E., Rouanet, S., and Ryu, J., "Aerogel-Based Cryogenic
Superinsulation," in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 44, Plenum Press,
New York, 1998, pp. 219-226.
10. C.L. Tien, G.R. Cunnington, Cryogenic Insulation Heat Transfer, In:
Thomas F. Irvine and James P. Hartnett, Editor(s), Advances in Heat Transfer,
Elsevier, 1973, Volume 9, Pages 349-417.
11. Holman, J. P. "Introduction." Heat Transfer. New York: McGraw Hill,
2010. N. pag. Print.
12. Zakaria, MS, Osman, K, Yusof, AA, Mohd Hanafi, MH, Saadun, MNA &
Manaf, MZA 2014, 'Parametric analysis on boil-off gas rate inside liquefied natural
gas storage tank' Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, vol 6, pp. 845-
853.
13. Shell Launches First LNG Outlook. Shell Global. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Feb.
2017.
76
14. Bahadori, Alireza. Thermal Insulation Handbook for the Oil, Gas, and
Petrochemical Industries. Oxford: Gulf Professional, 2014. Print.
15. "Asbestos Exposure and Cancer Risk." National Cancer Institute. N.p., n.d.
Web. 9 Feb. 2017.
16. "Potential Chemical Exposures From Spray Polyurethane Foam." EPA.
Environmental Protection Agency, 02 Feb. 2017. Web. 9 Feb. 2017.

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UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

INSULATION IN CRYOGENIC, STORAGE, PIPELINES AND

Revised Midterm Report

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

One major problem has been in the application of effective thermal

iii Universitas Indonesia

Name : Arif Hendrawan

Name : Nafila Wajdi

Name : Renno Afriansyah

Name : Yoga Wiranoto

Name : Yusran Fachry Reza

TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................... i

vii Universitas Indonesia

Figure 1. 1 Asia-Pasific LNG Demand .................................................................. 2

viii Universitas Indonesia

Table 2. 1 Dew Point for Relative Humidities ....................................................... 8

1.1 Background of The Ideas

Figure 1. 1 Asia-Pasific LNG Demand

1.5 Problem Boundary

2.1 Insulation in General

The economic thickness calculation has to be prepared by the user and is

Table 2. 1 Dew Point for Relative Humidities

(Source : Thermal Insulation Handbook,

Table 2. 2 Water vapour permeance

(Source : Thermal Insulation Handbook,

2.3 Types of Insulation

The use of felt or mattress is not recommended over cylindrical shapes of

Figure 2. 1 Cellular Glass

Density : and range, if applicable

Service Temperature range : 260 430

Table 2. 3 Cork Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity (W/mK) at density

Service Temperature range : 180 100

Available as slabs and pipe sections used as a roof insulating material

Figure 2. 3 Glass Mineral Wool

Table 2. 4 Thermal conductivity glass mineral wool

Thermal conductivity (W/mK) at density indicated

Service Temperature range : 200 450

Figure 2. 4 Phenolic Foam

Table 2. 5 Thermal conductivity phenolic foam

Thermal conductivity (W/mK) at density

Service Temperature range : 180 120

Water Vapour Transmission :

Figure 2. 5 Polystyrene Expanded

Density : and range, if applicable

Table 2.7 Thermal conductivity polystyrene expanded

Service Temperature range : 150 80

The properties of insulation such as thermal counductivity and thickness of

Anticipated wide fluctuations of temperature, for example, steam

Our insulation product design begins by identifying consumer needs. To

Industrial expert Producing company Lecturer expert

Figure 3.1. Respondents occupation

companies such as Saudi Aramco, Schlumberger, Energi Mega Persada, PT

No. Questions Answers Needs

To preserve temprature inside the

Insulation is used to maintain the

Table 3.1. Consumer needs interpretation (Contd)

No. Questions Answers Needs

What temperature 0 up to -40 C. Insulation that

Expanded polystyrene layered

Table 3.1. Consumer needs interpretation (Contd)

No. Questions Answers Needs

Table 3.1. Consumer needs interpretation (Contd)

3.4. Lists of Needs