Super

Intensive Culture Systems

8 kilos/m2
15-35 grams
500/m2 density
105 days of culture

David Kawahigashi
 "La crisis impulsa la tecnologa ... Cambio!"

Nueva Epoca de Crisis y Cambio

Cambio climtico - sequa, inundaciones, tifones, marea roja

Contaminacin - recursos hdricos, zonas costeras, plaguicidas
Nuevas Enfermedades - bacterianas / fngicas, no virales
Crisis econmica: aumento del costo de produccin; Tipos de
cambio desfavorables
 APHNS / EMS es
"insecticida natural" +

Interna: 105 Concentracin de Vibrio en el estmago

del camarn => toxina de liberacin => daos HP =>
mortalidad
Externo: 102 Concentracin de Vibrio en condiciones de
deterioro del fondo del estanque => toxina de liberacin
=> mortalidad
El problema es que en vez de matar la plaga, APHNS est matando la cosecha!
 Criteria Chacras Recomendacion
(>3 salinidad) Intensivos V101
Area de engorda 2,000 5,000 m2 2,000 4,000 m2
Dimension del piscina Rectangular Cuadrado o redondo
Fondo liner o suelo Suelo y liner Suelo o liner
Profundidad 1.2 metros 2.2 metros
Shrimp toilet 2 metros diametro 5-7% area del piscina
Recambio del agua 18% diario 2-5% (prebioticas)
Alimentacion 3-4 veces al dia 200-300 veces al dia
Aeracion (HP) 40 hp / hectaria 75 hp / hectaria
Tipo Aeracion Paleta Paleta + blower
Biomasa por ciclo 1.4 a 1.8 kilos / m2 2.5 a 3.5 kilos / m2
Toneladas al ano (ha) 60 mt / ha / ano 100 mt / ha / ano
 Modelo Optimo

Pre
1,000-3,000 m2 cria 3-4 kilos/m2
 Prioridades de Manejo
Preventativo

Prioridade 1 Tenha os fundos dos viveiros limpos

Prioridade 2 - Mantenha os fundos dos viveiros limpos
Prioridade 3 Tenha certeza que os fundos dos viveiros esto limpos!

Remover as partculas de bioflocos sedimentadas, alga morta e

restos de resduos orgnicos
Remover as carapaas e rao no ingerida
Manter o nvel de bioflocos menor que 2 cm no Cone Inhoff
Eliminar o excesso de material que possa servir de substrato para
colonizao de Vibrio
 Thailand 2008

Camarones ya no pueden sobrevivir usando mtodos tradicionales

Presencia de materia orgnica acumulada en el fondo del estanque
Sustrato para Vibrio / APHNS
 Chacras
La Torta de desechos
Hasta 50 cm profundo
Anerobica y patologica
Alta salinidad => EMS
Tiene que remover
o no hacer la torta!
 Eliminar Melaza
Vibrio tambm alimenta
Biofloc pesado; carga
demasiado orgnica
Ele permanece elevada NO2
Balano hdrico fora
Substituir com carvo
Complexo (prebitico)
El Oro, Equador - 128 litros
por dia => piscina de 3.000
m2
 Trending: Making smaller ponds from larger ponds

Before8,000 m2 pond in Thailand

Smaller 2,000 m2
ponds with shrimp
toilet
Sistema reciclacion
 Efficient removal of sediments
Toilet is 5-7% of pond surface area
No drain line! Shrimp Toilet
Submersible or floating pump (2 hp)
 Diseo del tocador del camarn
Liner or
concrete

1.5 meter 2.0

meters
50 cm deep

La superficie del cono debe ser lisa Slope

Los slidos se deslizan por el cono rpidamente 25-30
Mayor y ms empinado el cono, menos intercambio de agua
Estanques cuadrados o redondos
India Shrimp Toilet
 Shrimp Toilet Design and Efficiency
Smooth shrimp toilet surface moves
solids to center faster
Steep slope moves solids to center
faster
Less water needed to remove solids
 Center Pipe

60 cm wide x 60 cm deep
No malla
fina;
remover
mudas y
solidos
Vibrio en las mudas
 Tailandia Estuary

Modelo de Condition

policultivo RAS 3-4 kilos / m2

Milkfish
12-35 gramos
Cosechas parciales
60% Depsito
Menores costos laborales
40% de crecimiento Tilapia Mayor produccin general
1.000% de intercambio / ciclo
Shrimp Shrimp Shrimp

Sediment
Thailand 2014
Discharge canal
antes de
EMS sludge sludge sludge sludge 20%
(Lodos Depsito;
eliminados 80%
shrim shrim shrim shrim
despus de Condition
p p p p
Crecer
la cosecha)

Shrimp
Despus Condition Milkfish Tilapia Sediment
EMS 60%
(Los Depsito;
desechos, las 40%
raciones no
consumidas y Crecer
las muda se Discharge canal
eliminan
inmediatame
Surat Farmers in
Thailand are
Thani, modifying their
Thailand farms to use
the Luem
Takan
technique.

Producing 30
to 40 metric
tons per
hectare.
 Formula de Recambio del Agua

1 kilo of feed = 5 metric tons per day

Month Biomass Feed / Volume / Daily % exchange
kg day day exchange /mo.
30 days 2,000 60 kg 300 mt 6% 180%
60 days 6,000 180 kg 900 mt 18% 540%
90 days 9,000 250 kg 1,250 mt 25% 750%

Pond Volume: 5,000 mt (3,000 m2 x 1.7 meters deep)

Stocking Density: 200 animals/m2
90 DOC: 3 kilos/m2 biomass at harvest
 Water Exchange Requirement
(Semi-intensive, high exchange)
Month Biomass Average Feed / Volume / % exchange % exchange
kg weight day day /mo.
30 days 500 3 g 25 kg 125 mt 2.5% 75%
60 days 1,500 10 g 60 kg 300 mt 6% 180%
90 days 2,250 15 g 120 kg 600 mt 12% 360%

(Synbiotics, low water exchange

Month Biomass Average Feed / Volume / % exchange % exchange
kg weight day day /mo.
30 days 500 3 g 25 kg 125 mt 0% 0%
60 days 1,500 10 g 60 kg 300 mt 1% 30%
90 days 2,250 15 g 120 kg 600 mt 2% 60%
Pumps continuously remove sediments from
the shrimp toilet
Tilapia Recirculation ReservoirsTilapia is apart of the solution
Tilapia consumes excess sediments (fish are not fed)
Surface water overflows to a series of Tilapia reservoirs
 Tilapia as a
Biomanipulator

Feeding on Selective foraging Bioturbation Release in the

organic waste resulting to resulting to water column
and dominance of enhanced of anti-
conversion to beneficial green breakdown of microbials
feces algae OM from mucous

IMPROVED STABLE/GOOD SUPRESSION OF

SEDIMENT WATER QUALITY GROWTH OF VIBRIO
QUALITY
 Criteria Reservoir
Stocking size 50 to 70 grams
Stocking density 10 fish / m2
Stocking biomass 1-2 kilos / m2
Harvest size 400 to 500 grams per fish
Harvest biomass 5 kilos / m2
Aeration Yes; 1-2 paddlewheels/reservoir
Feeding none

Lysozymes in Tilapia Mucus

Lysozyme - enzyme that is destructive of bacteria; functions as an
antiseptic, found mucus (fish slime), egg albumin, and certain plants.
Lysozymes are apart of the innate immune system in living organisms.
Tilapia has more slime or mucus than other fish species.
Floracin de algas azul-verde es seguido por Vibriosis
Philippines

Vietnam
Philippines
Reduce las floraciones de
fitoplancton (especialmente los
verdes azules o cianfitas)
Estabiliza la calidad del agua
(menos pH y fluctuacin DO,
semi-biofloc logrado antes)
 Sombra
balance del calidad de agua

10 meter diameter x 1 meter deep = 78 m3

500,000 PLs / 78 m3 = 6,500 PL/m3
Days of culture 25 days on average
 Critera de Agua verde, biofloc y alta
recambio

Asia Agua Verde Agua Cafe Agua clara

Sistema Semi- Biofloc Super intensivo
intensivo intensivo
Reservorio/Cam 30/70 30/70 70/30
aron
Recambio del 1-5% diario 1-5% diario 5-30% diario
agua
Nivel de riesgo alto mediano Bajo
(EMS e EHP) (alta inversion)
 Super Intensive Culture Systems
Sulawesi, Indonesia

Total hp = 14 hp (140 hp/hectare) Pond area: 1,000 m2

 Super Intensive Systems (outdoor)
Pond Dimensions 20m x 20m x 3m deep (400 m2)
Direct stocking density (PL12) 1,000 PLs per m2 (333 PLs per m3)
Total harvest 80-120 metric tons/hectare/cycle
Kilos per m2 / m3 8-12 kilos/m2 or 2-4 kilos per m3
% Survival 90%
Water exchange Up to 30% daily (after DOC 30)
FCR 1.4-1.6
Sizes harvested 10-35 grams (4 partial harvests)
Aeration 120-150 hp per hectare
DOC 110+
The solution to pollution is dilution.

2.5 meter water depth

Center drain pipes
automatic feeder
Discharge pipes
 Monitor
Minerals
Calcium test kit
Application: For fresh and sea water
Detection Range: 200-2000 ppm CaCO3 (or 80-800 ppm Ca)
Content of Detection: 50 tests
Method: Evaluate the value by titration, one drop of the
Solution C equivalent to 100 ppm CaCO3 (or 40 ppm Ca).

Magnesium test kit

Application: For fresh and sea water

Detection Range: 300-1500 ppm Mg2+
Content of Detection: 50 tests
Method: Evaluate the value by titration, one drop of the
Solution C equivalent to 100 ppm Mg2+.
 Program para chequear la
calidad del agua
!

Factor Measurement device Test time

Turbidity Secchi disk At 3 PM everyday
Dissolved oxygen D.O. measuring probes / meters At 4 AM and 4 PM everyday
pH pH test kit or pH meters At 4 AM and 4 PM everyday
Salinity Refractometer Everyday
Alkalinity test kit Every week
Ammonia nitrite test kit Every week
Sulfate test kit Once every two weeks
Vibrio bacteria TCBS agar - test kit Every week
Luminous Vibrio TCBS agar - test kit Every week
Algae Microscope Every week
 Automatic Feeders
Feeding interval: every 3-10 minutes
>100 feedings per day = less uneaten feed
Reduces labor cost
Reduces FCR => faster growth, cost savings
 Drivers for Shrimp Production

1. Genetic improvement (50%)

2. Technical Management (50%)
 SPF Certified Broodstock ADG Grams per week
(primary suppliers to Asia) (80+/m2)
CP (Thailand) .34 2.4 +/- .3 grams
Shrimp Improvement Systems .28 2.0 +/- .3 grams
(Hawaii-Florida)
Kona Bay (Hawaii) .28 2.0 +/- .3 grams

SPR Broodstock ADG Grams per week

(local breeding companies) (10-15/m2)
Mexico (pure line) .21 1.5 grams
Ecuador .18 1.3 grams
Brazil .14 1.0 grams
Central America (Guatemala, .14 1.0 grams
Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua)
 Mexico Needs Two Broodstock Lines
1. SPF certified, Fast Growth, High Density
Certified SPF Broodstock
For farms that can control EMS
Indoor, intensive semi-biofloc farms

2. SPR, Slower Growth, More Disease Tolerant

Ecu/Mex line is robust; over 20+ generations
For traditional farms; low density (<25/m2)
Trade-offslow growth, high size variation
Record size for cultured P. vannamei!
150 gramos en 5.5 meses del cultivo (hembra)
135 gramos para machos
cosecha final: 5 toneladas (en Malaysia)

105 dias del cultivo; siembra directa

40 gramos promedio
80 animales por m2 siembra
Sistema de shrimp toilet