(BOOK) 1st Icbc Proceedings

PREFACE
The honorable,
We must say thankful to Allah SWT, that we have been given a chance to attend this
International Conference on Biodiversity Crisis (ICBC) in International Convention Center-
IPB, Bogor, and on behalf of the steering committee, welcome you to the beautiful city
ofBogor, Indonesia.
This years meeting is a very good moment to introduce the biodiversity ofIndonesia and its
potential as natural resources, genetic resource, humanity, and ecosystem. This is also a great
time for both, researchers and practitioners to share and strengthen their knowledge in
purpose to give a meaningful contribution for ecosystem and humanity. We really hope that
at the end of this conference, there will be new ideas. Furthermore, those ideas are not only
written on the paper but can also be put into practice.
Ladies and gentlemen,
Universitas Negeri Jakarta are built in Indonesia as a commitment of the Lembaga Penelitian
to play a part in the development of conservation, humanity and biotechnology. As the
member of this International Conference on Biodiversity Crisis is held.
We would like to express our gratitude and appreciation to all the writers in this abtract book,
keynotes speakers, presenters, participants, member of steering committees and technical
commitees, as well as all of our colleagues for the invaluable contributions in this conference.
We wish all participants can enjoy the culture and beautiful sights ofBogor, Indonesia. May
all of you have a great and memorable time in Indonesia.
Jakarta, 4 September 2014

Head of Lembaga Penelitian
Universitas Negeri Jakarta
Dr. Ucu Cahyana, M.Si

NIP: 196608201994031002
ii

Proceedings
1st International Conference on Biodiversity Crisis (1st ICBC) 2014
Reviewer
Prof. Dr. Endang Sukara, M.Sc.

Prof. Dr. H.A.R. Tilaar
Prof. Dr. Fedik A. Rantam
Prof. Dr. I Made Putrawan
Prof. Dr. Amos Neolaka, M.Pd.
Prof. Dr. Mulyana, M.Pd.
Prof. Dr. Ivan Hanafi, M.Pd
Dr. Burhanuddin Tola, MA
Dr. Rini Puspitaningrum, M.Biomed.
Dr. Fachruddin M. Mangunjaya, M.Si.
Dr. Herwasono Soedjito
Jakarta, September 2014

Lembaga Penelitian
Universitas Negeri Jakarta
iii

Proceedings
1st International Conference on Biodiversity Crisis (1st ICBC) 2014
Reviewer : Prof. Dr. Endang Sukara, M.Sc.

Prof. Dr. H.A.R. Tilaar
Prof. Dr. Fedik A. Rantam
Prof. Dr. I Made Putrawan
Prof. Dr. Amos Neolaka, M.Pd.
Prof. Dr. Mulyana, M.Pd.
Prof. Dr. Ivan Hanafi, M.Pd
Dr. Burhanuddin Tola, MA
Dr. Rini Puspitaningrum, M.Biomed.
Dr. Fachruddin M. Mangunjaya, M.Si.
Dr. Herwasono Soedjito
Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang

All Rigth Reserved
Published by : Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Negeri Jakarta

Jalan Rawamangun Muka, Jakarta Timur
Editor : Ria Amelia
Cover design by : Noor Isnin
Printed by : Primagraphia
v hlm; 118 hlm

ISBN: 978-602-99618-3-6
iv

TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................ ii
ORGANIZING EDITOR PROCEEDINGS 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

BIODIVERSITY CRISIS ................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................................... v
CONSERVATION PROCEEDING
1. Sutomo Groundcover Species Composition In Tropical Forest Walk-

Guiding Track of Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden:
Correlation With Habitat Variables And The Rise of Invasive
Alien Species Ageratina
Riparia................................................................................ 1
2. Wartika Rosa Farida

Mating Behavior of Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang) at
Captivity............................................................................. 11
BIOTECHNOLOGY PROCEEDING
3. Aroem naroeni Exploring Natural Product for Fighting Against HIV-

Aids..................................................................................... 17
4. Laifa Annisa H. The Oral And Saliva Condition of Indonesian Male

Smokers............................................................................... 23
5. Sayid Ridho A Solid-Phase Two-Site Chemiluminescent Immunometric

Assay For Insulin Measurement as a Marker ofInsulin
Producing Cells From Differentiation of Human Peripheral
Blood Mononuclear Cells.................................................... 25
6. Sayid Ridho A Solid-Phase Two-Site Chemiluminescent Immunometric

Assay For Insulin Measurement as a Marker ofInsulin
Producing CellsFrom Differentiation of Human Umbilical
Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells.......................................... 26
HUMAN PROCEEDING
7. Amos Neolaka Colored Stone Mining at The kolbano Beach. A

Conservation Study in South Central Timor of East Nusa
Tenggara............................................................................. 27
8. Afriantoni Implications Of Socio-Agrarian Conflict Between PTPN VII

Cinta Manis With Villagers Of Economic And
Environmental In Sustainable Development Context In Ogan
v

Ilir Of South Sumatra Province............................................... 39
9. Melati Azzahra Efforts to Increase The Motivations To Learn Science Class

IV SDN Balimester East Jakarta 07 Through Quantum
Learning Method..................................................................... 56
10. Dwi Atmanto Eco-Hydraulic: An Approach to Save Water Ecology On

Earth Surface........................................................................... 57
11. Oot Hotimah The Role of Society In Conservating Bogor Botanical

Gardens, West Java.................................................................. 68
12. Hamidah How To Improve Society Economic By Zone Model OfA

Maritim Education Tourism In Seribu
Islands...................................................................................... 94
vi

1
Groundcover Species Composition in Tropical Forest Walk-Guiding

Track of Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden: Correlation with Habitat
Variables and the Rise of Invasive Alien Species Ageratina riparia
Sutomo1,2& Eddie van Etten2

1
Bali Botanical Garden Eka Karya Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
2
School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Western Australia
Corresponding author : sutomo.uwa@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Groundcover vegetation is generally more vulnerable to change in the face of environmental
changes and biological invasion than tree cover vegetation, yet limited attention has been paid on
this layer of vegetation. Species diversity and composition of the groundcover vegetation in
Tropical Forest Walk-Guiding Track of Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden was inventoried in
via a series of 4m2 plots making up a total survey area of 72 m2 area. We found 20 species of
groundcover vegetation, and the most important species as determined by the Importance Value
Index (IVI) were from the family Urticaceae (52.34%). Groundcover species composition was also
dominated by an invasive species, Ageratina riparia, with an IVI value of 26.44%. Based on
Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), distribution patterns of groundcover species were
mainly influenced by light intensity, especially for invasive and grass species. The result from this
study indicates that more attention should be paid to the groundcover species, especially to the
invasion of non-native species during the decision-making process for biodiversity conservation in
the garden. Limiting disturbance to the tree layer may be best strategy to minimise invasive of
exotic groundcover species.
INTRODUCTION
Tropical rain forest guiding track is one of the six self-guided walking tracks in
Bali Botanical Garden. This track is 60 years old tracks through dense areas of trees
mainly composed by Altingia excelsa, Bischofia javanica and Schima walichii. Other
component of the track is the groundcover species which is currently neglected in the in-
house research in the garden.
Groundcover vegetation as one component of forest ecosystem plays an important
role in ecosystem function. Groundcover species are more sensitive to disturbance
compared to trees species. Groundcovers are usually takes a form of grasses, herbaceous,
shrubs and seedlings of trees (Aththorick, 2005). Groundcover community according to
Setiadi et al. (1980) can be used to describe the condition of soil, as soil fertility may be
detected by the type of species of groundcovers that grows dominantly in that particular
2
site. However, groundcover species also vulnerable of becoming of impacted by the

occurrence of groundcover species that is exotic and invasive. Invasive species caused
problems for local ecosystems and their native species. Invasive species affecting the soil
nitrogen availability in China (Bao et al. 2009), threaten the mangrove ecosystem in
Bangladesh (Biswas et al. 2007), and influencing plant diversity in riparian ecosystem in
Oregon (Fierke and Kauffman 2006).
Research on tree species structure and composition has been conducted widely in
Indonesia and elsewhere such as in Bukit Soeharto East Kalimantan (Syaukani et al.
2005). However information regarding groundcover research is still scant (Sutomo et al.
2011). As an education and conservation media, the tropical rain forest guiding track needs
to be completed with information of the vegetation as a component of the track not only
the trees species but also the groundcover species. Such information will also be needed
for the monitoring of invasive alien species that might establish to help in generating
management plans of invasive alien species control in the garden.
METHOD
The project was conducted in the tropical forest self-guided walking track in the
Bali Botanical Garden (Figure 1). Bali Botanical Garden is situated in an area named
Bedugul. Bedugul is located in a high plateau at the center of the Island of Bali, about 70
km North of Denpasar. The altitude of the botanical garden ranging from 1250 1500 m
asl. Generally according to Schmidts and Fergussons climate classification, Bedugul area
is included in the A type of this climatic classification, with rainfall average of 2000
mm/year, with 155, 6 rainy days/per year average and temperature range from 11,5-24C.
Sampling was done by establishing line transect perpendicular through the forest.
Along the transect, 2 x 2 m square plots was established with distance between plots were
20 m. In total there were 18 plots in the study sites. In each plot, groundcover plants
species (herbs, shrubs and seedlings) were noted and number of individuals counted (Kent
and Coker 1992)
3
Figure 1. Location of the tropical rain forest self-guided walking track (blue line) situated in the
Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden in Bedugul area (Insert, red circle)
Importance Value Index for each groundcovers species in the study site was
enumerated using the formula as follow IVI = RD + RF, where RD = relative density of a
species, and RF = is relative frequency of a species.
Number of individual of A species

Relative Density of species A = x 100%
Total number individual of all species
Frequency value of A species
Relative Frequency of species A = x 100%
Total frequency value of all species
A series of ordination technique was used to obtain a more thorough analysis of

abundance of invasive and its relationship with the environmental factors. Non metric
Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) ordination analysis was then used to obtain information
regarding the abundance distribution of invasive alien species of interest Ageratina riparia
in each plots of the study site. Non metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) ordination
4
model was created using PRIMER software (Clarke and Gorley 2005). A Canonical
Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was also used to identify the distribution of groundcovers
species along the measured environmental gradients (ter Braak 1986). The CCA axes were
evaluated statistically using a Monte Carlo permutation test. The CCA analysis was done
using CANOCO program V.4.5 (ter Braak and Smilauer 2002).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
As many as 20 groundcovers species were found in the study site of tropical forest
guiding track of Bali Botanical Garden (Table 1). Importance Value Index calculation
(Table 1) revealed that the composition of groundcovers were dominated by seven species
namely Urticaceae (52.34%), Ageratina riparia (26.44%), Athyrium sp (22.04%), Zingiber
cassumunar (15.89%), Dendrochnide sp (15.77%), Poaceae1 (13.94%) and Desmodium sp
(13.59%).
Table 1. Importance Value Index (IVI) of groundcovers in the tropical forest guiding track of Bali
Botanical Garden
Species name RD RF IVI
Urticaceae 35.90 16.44 52.34
Ageratina riparia 18.22 8.22 26.44
Athyrium sp 4.23 17.81 22.04
Zingiber cassumunar 2.19 13.70 15.89
Dendrochnide sp 8.92 6.85 15.77
Poaceae1 9.83 4.11 13.94
Desmodium sp 5.37 8.22 13.59
Arisaema sp 3.40 4.11 7.51
Poaceae2 3.78 1.37 5.15
Araliaceae 0.91 4.11 5.02
Selaginella sp 2.27 2.74 5.01
Borreria alata 1.89 1.37 3.26
Melastoma sp 0.76 1.37 2.13
Sp1 0.76 1.37 2.13
Ficus fistulosa 0.45 1.37 1.82
Strobilanthus sp 0.38 1.37 1.75
Athyrium sp 0.30 1.37 1.67
Ardisia sp 0.23 1.37 1.60
Saurauria sp 0.15 1.37 1.52
Syzygium sp 0.08 1.37 1.45
We used Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) to examine the relationship

between environmental factors with groundcovers species distribution. Based on the
5
analysis (Table 2), 13.8% of variance in groundcovers species composition was explained
by CCA axis 1and 70% by CCA axis 2. For species-environment data, we found that CCA
axis 1 explained 52.1% of the variance in the relationships, while CCA axis 2 explained
26.6%. There was a significant relationship between species composition of groundcovers
and environmental factors, with a coefficient correlation value 0.92 in CCA axis 1 and
0.716 in CCA axis 2. Distribution pattern of some groundcovers species was mainly
influenced by light intensity in the first axis and slope in the second axis (Figure 2).
Borreria alata, Ageratina riparia and Poaceae distribution was mainly located along light
intensity and soil acidity gradients, while Dendrochnide sp and Ficus fistulosa were
mainly distributed along slope and air humidity gradients. However distribution pattern of
some groundcovers such as Glichenia sp, Ardisia sp, and Selaginella sp seemed to be
unrelated with environmental factors measured.
Table 2. Summary of CCA ordination of species-environment data in the study site

Total
Axes 1 2 3 4 inertia
Eigenvalues: 0.446 0.228 0.122 0.06 3.244

Species-environment correlations: 0.921 0.716 0.61 0.519
Cumulative percentage variance
of species data: 13.8 20.8 24.5 26.4
of species-environment relation: 52.1 78.7 92.9 100
Sum of all eigenvalues 3.244

Sum of all canonical eigenvalues 0.856
6
Figure 2. Groundcovers species distribution along some environmental gradients measured in

tropical rain forest guiding track Bali Botanical Garden
Tropical forest guided-walk in Bali Botanical Garden is an important facility and as

a tool kit to demonstrate and showcase to the visitor of the garden of the native or
naturalized but non invasive species that comprised the forest structure. This track is
significant to students studying tropical forest ecology as well. However result from this
study revealed that groundcovers species composition is mainly dominated by exotic
invasive of Ageratina riparia (Figure 3). Besides E. riparium the composition is also
comprise of other invasive species such as Borreria alata and Melastoma malabathricum
although their existence in the study site was not as dominating as E. riparium.
Eupatorium riparium or Ageratina riparia is an exotic invasive species and popular
ornamental plant that has been widely spread from its home region in Central America. It
is naturalized in many tropical regions of the world and is invasive in Hawaii, Australia,
Indonesia and other islands of the Indian Ocean (http://www.issg.org).
7
Figure 3. Invasive alien species Ageratina ripariacrowd out other plants
Ageratina riparia can form dense quasi monospecific stands which crowd out
native plants, limiting their regeneration. The accomplishment of invasive alien plants is
owing to their opportunistic utilization of anthropogenic disturbances, the lack of natural
enemies, and, often, their allelopathic competitive strategies(Kunwar 2003). Although its
invasiveness is known, Ageratina riparia or Ageratina riparia impact is still lack studied
furthermore its management information is almost unknown according to Global Invasive
Species Database (http://www.issg.org/database).
In order to promote establishment of native species, control of weeds including E
riparium is needed to be done. However up to date there has no single method which can
effectively and efficiently eradicate the invasion of E riparium. In Bali Botanical Garden,
mechanical method by removing the plant physically using man power and chemically
using herbicide has shown little result. Application of Luken succession management
theory in terms of controlling invasive species can also be done by changing its resource
availability (Luken 1990).
8
To be able to control troublesome exotic invasive species first we have to

understand what factors limiting their growth and development. Ageratina
ripariaelsewhere has been known to populate agricultural areas, natural forests, planted
forests, ruderal/disturbed, urban areas, and wetlands. In this study, CCA shows that E
ripariumdistribution was mainly located along light intensity slope and soil acidity
gradients. In the NMS ordination result (Figure 4) E riparium distribution abundance is
clearly seen in observation plots 1, 9, 15, 16, 17 and 18. Ageratina riparia is more
abundant in outer plots near the forest edge (15, 16, 17) compare to the interior plot (9).
Forest edge received more sunlight compared to interior one and so it is estimated that E
riparium does has some kind of correlation with light intensity gradients as shown in the
CCA result. From these observational results we can then move on to experimental studies
to put the results of the observation study to the test in a more controlled condition by
manipulating one of the environmental resources.
Figure 4. Ordination diagram showing abundance distribution of Ageratina riparia in each observation plots in the study sites.
9
CONCLUSION
This study has shown that invasive species were among the main components of
groundcover vegetation in Tropical Forest Guiding-Walk of Eka Karya Bali Botanical
Garden, suggesting the vulnerability of this ecosystem to invasion and colonization of non-
native plant species. The spread of Ageratina riparia and other invasive species in the
garden were known to be related with increase in light availability. Management plan for
controlling these invasive species should then be based on habitat requirements of these
species. It is important to further our understanding on the mechanisms of invasion of
these species to increase our knowledge of environmental restoration in garden ecosystem.
REFERENCES
Aththorick, T.A. 2005.Kemiripan komunitas tumbuhan bawah pada beberapa tipe

ekosistem perkebunan di Kabupaten Labuhan Batu.Jurnal Komunikasi Penelitian.
17(5): 42-48.
Bao M. C., Shao L. P. & Guang Y. N. (2009) Effects of the invasive plant Mikania
micrantha H.B.K. on soil nitrogen availability through allelopathy in South
China. Biol Invasions11, 12919.
Biswas S. R., Choudhury J. K., Nishat A. & Rahman M. M. (2007) Do invasive plants
threaten the Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh? Forest Ecology and
Management245, 1-9.
Clarke K. R. & Gorley R. N. (2005) PRIMER: Plymouth Routines In Multivariate
Ecological Research. PRIMER-E Ltd., Plymouth.
Fierke M. K. & Kauffman J. B. (2006) Invasive species influence riparian plant diversity
along a successional gradient, Willamette River, Oregon. Natural Areas Journal26,
376-82.
Kent M. & Coker P. (1992) Vegetation Description and Analysis, A practical Approach.
John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Kunwar R. M. (2003) Invasive alien plants and Eupatorium: Biodiversity and livelihood.
Him J Sci1, 129-33.
Luken J. O. (1990) Directing ecological succession. Chapman and Hall, London.
10
Setiadi, D.T. Samingan dan S.A. Prawira. 1980. Dinamika vegetasi Tumbuhan Bawah
pada Tegakan Murni Buatan Pinus merkusii, Acacia lorantifolia, Dalbergia
latifolia di Daerah Banyuwangi Barat dan Bali Barat. Laporan Penelitian.
Lembaga Penelitian Hutan. Bogor
Sutomo, Hobbs RJ, Cramer VA. 2011. Plant community establishment on the volcanic
deposit following nuees ardentes of Mount Merapi: Diversity and floristic variation.
Biodiversitas12: 86-91.
Syaukani, H.R., Kusmana, C., Alikodra, H.S., Darusman, D., Mudikdjo, K. 2005. Forest
Structure and Species Composition in Taman Raya Bukit Soeharto, East
Kalimantan.Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 11: 1.
ter Braak C. 1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: A new eigenvector technique for
multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology67, 116779.
ter Braak C. & Smilauer P. 2002 CANOCO for Windows version 4.5. Biometrics Plant
Research International, Wageningen The Netherland.
11
Mating Behavior of Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang) at Captivity

Wartika Rosa Farida & Andri Permata Sari
Zoology Division, ResearchCenter for Biology -LIPI

Jln. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911
Email: wrfarida@indo.net.id
ABSTRACT
This initial study aims to collect data on slow loris mating behavior which can be used as
foundation breeding management of slow loris in captivity.The method applied is direct visual
observation of the mating activity and taking the pictures. Pre copulation, female slow loris shows
more aggressive behavior, often makes voices, and take the initiative to show to its male the
readiness to mate. During the 15-day observation, it was noted that a same pair of slow loris do
copulation by 4 days in a row.
Keywords: mating behavior, Nycticebus coucang, captivity
INTRODUCTION
Habitat loss and changes in land-use forests for plantations, mining, and settlement,
as well as poaching, have caused the decline of wildlife populations in the tropical
rainforest. One of the wildlife that is endangered is slow loris which has traditionally been
traded as pet animals.
In Indonesia slow loris has a status of protected under the Wildlife Protection
Ordinance number 266 1931, the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture dated February 14,
1973 number 66/Kpts/Um/2/1973, and ministerial decree number 301/Kpts.II/1991 dated
June 10, 1991 subsequently amended by Government Regulation number 7 of 1999.
Since 2007, CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Flora and Fauna) has incorporated all kinds of slow loris in Appendix I, which means
that in international trade of slow loris, no longer allowed to trade in slow loris captured
directly from nature, but must be from the cultivation of captivity.One of the efforts to
save slow loris from extinction is through captive breeding efforts (ex situ conservation).
Captive breeding success is characterized by the development of slow loris
population in captivity. In captivity, slow loris experiences habitat / environment change
from the outdoors to limited conditions, including changes in the process of adaptation and
mating behavior. Until now, information about mating behavior of slow loris in captivity
12
is still limited, but it is needed in the process of supervision / management and handling of
its reproduction. Therefore, it is necessary to study and do research the mating behavior of
slow loris in captivity as a reference in the cultivation effort. Scientific information
resulted in this research can help to address the problem of conservation, especially in
terms of the application of management techniques zoo of slow loris.
This study aims to collect data of mating behavior of slow loris as a basis in
captivity breeding management of slow loris.
MATERIAL AND METHOD

Initial studies on the mating behavior of slow loris have been conducted for 15
days, starting at 19:00 until 05:00 in Small Mammals Captivity, Zoology Division,
Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong. The research material is a pair of slow loris
(males and females) aged about 2 years. During the study, the slow loris were placed in
individual cages with wire counter-walled and concrete floor, which measures 3.86 m
long, 2.10 m wide, and 2.60 m high. Each enclosure is equipped with place of feed / fruit,
basin to place crickets, drinking water container, and the sleepingbox was made of
plywood with 2 entrances / exits which measures 32 cm long, 23 cm wide, and 20 cm high.
In addition, the cage is also equipped with sticks / bamboo which are placed crossed, as a
place for slow loris moving and playing. Pieces of bamboo trees complete with leaves
placed in the enclosure to create an artificial habitat conditions and leafy shades. Feed and
water given at 17:30. The feed is composed of fruits, boiled sweet potatoes, boiled egg
whites, crickets, and german caterpillars.
Direct visual observation method (Lachica and Aguilera, 2005) to the mating
activity and carried out the photo shooting from process approach to copulation
(intersupsio). Data obtained were objectively tabulated and analyzed descriptively.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Initial observation on mating behavior and reproductive of slow loris is the
introduction of forms of male and female sex (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Reproduction is
strongly related to age ready to mate, sex ratio, length of gestation, birth spacing, etc.
According to Izard et al. (1988), biology data of slow loris reproductive is still very little
13
because of the rarity of successful breeding of slow loris in captivity. Furthermore it is

reported that slow loris sex ratio of male:female was 1:1, age of female ready to reproduce
is between 18-24 months, while male age is 17 months; estrous cycle of female is 29-45
days; long gestation 192.2 days; duration of breastfeeding (lactation) is 6 months.
The results of the research at the laboratory level indicates slow loris live solitary
and live in small family (Hill, 1937; Rasmussen, 1986), whereas according to Wiens &
Zimmerman (2003), slow loris live in pairs (monogamy), namely one male and one
female.
Figure 1. Genitals of male Figure 2.Genitals of female

slow loris slow loris
Based on observations in captivity, female slow loris which is estrous more often
voiced and its vagina area enlarged and reddened.It signaled to the male slow loris that the
female slow loris are ready to mate. As reported by Manley (1966), while female slow
loris estrous, it will often make voices, and its vagina area enlarged and reddened. Female
slow loris will behave more aggressively in order to give signal to male slow loris that it is
ready to mate.
14
Figure 3.In the copulation process, since daylight male slow loris and its
female appear together
Figure 4. Pre-copulation process(1)
Figure 5. Pre-copulation process(2)

15
(a) (b)
*)
Figure 6. Copulation(a); copulation sketch (b)
*) Bottcher-Law et al. (2001)
Slow loris looks different from other primates, including the mating process, so
that the reproductive biology interesting to watch. In the mating process of slow loris,
since daylight male and female look always together until copulation process (Figure 3 and
Figure 4). Before copulation, the female slow loris more active voiced, looks more
aggressive, and often turned to the male slow loris. Female slow loris takes more initiative
to start the mating process. As reported by Fitch-Snyder & Jurke (2003), copulation was
initiated by female slow loris. The copulation process of slow loris is rather unique, the
female will depend its body on the horizontal dowel / bamboo and the male will hang on
the body of the female (Figure 6a). During 15 days of observation, it is recorded that the
activity of mating / copulation of slow loris occurred for four consecutive days. According
to Izard et al. (1988), estrous cycle of female slow loris lasts 29-45 days, and copulation
occurs on the same day. Copulation lasts for two to five consecutive days during estrus
(Zimmermann, 1989). As reported by Rasmussen (1986) in the process of copulation, the
position of female is hanging on the roof of a wire cage or on a horizontal branch and
male climb while embracing the back side of the female and make quick movements of
thrusting.
In observation also seen, when the female slow loris are not willing to mate again,
it will sound when approached by its male, followed by its sound of grunts, even the
female will bite the male. This signifies the female slow loris no longer wanted
copulation.
16
CONCLUSION
Slow loris that have adapted well to a captive environment which has beenenriched
to resemble its habitat, can perform copulation so that gestation may occur in captivity.
REFERENCES
Bottcher-Law, L., H. Fitch-Snyder, J. Hawes, L. Larson, B. Lester, J. Ogden, H. Schulze,

K. Slifka, I. Stalis, M. Sutherland-Smith, & B. Toddes. 2001. Management of
lorises in captivity. A Husbandry manual for Asian Lorisines (Nycticebus and Loris
ssp.). Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species (CREZ) Zoological Society of
San Diego, San Diego: xi + 110 p.
Fitch-Snyder, H. & M. Jurke. 2003. Reproductive patterns in pygmy lorises (Nycticebus
pygmaeus): Behavioral and physiological correlates of gonadal activity. Zoo
Biology22 (1): 1532.
Hill, W.C. 1937. Treatment of the Slender Loris in Captivity. Nature 136: 85-88.
Izard , M.K, K.A. Weisenseel, & R.L. Ange. 1988. Reproduction in the Slow Loris
(Nycticebus coucang). American Journal of Primatology16:331-339
LachicaM., &AguileraJ. F. 2005. Energy expenditure of walk in grassland for small
ruminants. Small Rumin. Res. 59:105121
Manley, G.H. 1966. Reproduction in Lorisoid primates. Symposia of the Zoological
Society of London15: 439-509.
Rasmussen, D.T. 1986. Life History and Behavior of Slow Lorises and Slender Lorises:
Implications for The Lorisine-Galagine Divergence. [Ph.D. Thesis],
DukeUniversity,Durham, NC.
Wiens, F.& A. Zitzmann. 2003. Social dependence of infant slow lorises to learn diet.
International Journal of Primatology24 (5): 10071021.
Zimmermann, E. (1989). Reproduction, physical growth and behavioral development in
slow loris (Nycticebus coucang, Lorisidae). Human Evolution4: 171179
17
Exploring Natural Product for Fighting Against HIV-AIDS
Aroem Naroeni1, Sofy Meilany1, Ashfar Kurnia2, Arry Yanuar2, Budiman Bela1
1
Institute of Human Virology and Cancer Biology University of Indonesia
IASTH Building, 8th floor, Jln Salemba Raya No.4, Jakarta Pusat 10430, Phone :
+62213911942, Fax: +62213154091, Email : anaroeni@yahoo.fr
2
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Indonesia
Komplek Universitas Indonesia Depok, Jawa Barat, 16424
ABSTRACT
It is estimated that there are 283.000 animal species and 41.850 plant species in
Indonesia. It is really a potential resource to be explored to resolve the problem of infectious
diseases drugs availability. It might be an ancient idea but take it together with high technology to
explore more herbal and natural product compounds for new resources of drugs may resolve the
problem of the present drugs.
In this research, we combine in silico and in vitro method to find the new drugs for HIV-
AIDS. By using in silico method we performed natural products screening for searching the
potential compound to be developed as HIV antiviral drugs. The natural product target molecules
were analyzed by using drug design software as a prediction tool. The obtained compounds then
were tested by using in vitro method. We are developing various in vitro methods by using cell
lines and primary cells. In vitro methods in biomedical research are very useful. They can replace
the usage of animal model with controlled environment and help to understand the exact reactions
in vivo. HIV drugs now face the problem of drugs resistance that need to be replaced by second
line or third line. This research are aimed to find the potential HIV drugs and resolve the problem
of HIV drugs availability.
Keywords: HIV, antivi ral, in silico, in vitro, natural product
INTRODUCTION
Infectious diseases which is caused by pathogenic virus infections have high

morbidity and mortality rates. They are still the leading cause human deaths worldwide.
Although many effective vaccines decrease the number of viral pathogens cases, such as
Small pox, Polio and Mumps. Some viral diseases are still difficult to combat such as
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV). HIV is the causative
pathogen of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). It has cumulatively infected
over 60 million individuals and caused over 28 million of deaths since 1981. The Highly
Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), a combination therapy with Reverse
18
Transcriptase and Protease Inhibitor has significantly improved the clinical outcome of
HIV infection and AIDS, reduced morbidity and mortality, reduced the virus replication
and increased the number of Tcells, CD4+, CD8+. The ability of ART (Anti Retro viral) to
suppress HIV RNA has been reported in many publications (Egger M et al , 2002;May MT
et al , 2006;Staszewski S et al, 1999 ) and many studies have found a strong association
between plasma HIV-RNA viral load and risk of transmission (Lingappa JR, et al
2010;Del Romero J et al, 2010;Quinn TC et al 2000;Wawer MJ et al 2005 ).
In 2011, a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) provided compelling evidence that
initiating ART can prevent sexual transmission of HIV among heterosexual couples
(Cohen MS et al, 2011). However, this method still have disadvantages with the presence
of side effects in the long term use such as the induction of Dyslipidemia, Insulin
resistance, diabetes and Tri Glyceridaemia and Lipodystrophy (LD Syndrome) and also
the emerge of drugs resistance which complicate the process of therapy (Simon et al,
2006).
The high cost of HIV Antiviral drugs limits the ability of HIV-infected people and
AIDS patients in developing countries to access HAART. The discovery of low cost,
effective medicinal agents is therefore urgently needed. This research is aimed to explore
the natural product from herbal plants to find the potential compounds for HIV antiviral.
The in silico and in vitro method has been developed to find rapid and efficient methods
for exploring natural products for HIV antiviral.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this research, In silico screening has been combined with in vitro test to obtain
more effective and low cost method for drugs screening for HIV antiviral.
In Silico Screening
In Silico screening had been performed based on binding of target molecules, Gp
120 or Gp 41 with its ligands. Ligands of target molecules have been selected from
Indonesia Herbal Plant database which have been developed by Faculty of Pharmacy,
University of Indonesia. Three dimensional crystal structure are downloaded from Protein
Database (www.rcsb.org) . Screening had been performed base on binding of target
19
molecules with ligands from herbal plant database. It is analyzed by using PyRx, Autodock
and Autodock Vina software. After obtaining the promising ligands, target ligand
compounds have been extracted from source plant mentioned in herbal plant database and
then tested in vitro.
In Vitro Assay
Based on microculture method, drug testing in vitro method has been developed. In
microculture test for diagnostic, usually, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs)
has been utilized for culture. In this research, various cell line have been tested to obtain an
efficient method of culture. As we know, primary cells are limited and need continuous
supply from blood donor. By using cell line, this problem will be resolved.
HT-29 cell line, the derivate of human colorectal adenocarcinoma which has
receptor for HIV has been transfected with pNL-43, plasmid containing whole genome
HIV subtype B. This cell then had been co-cultured with other cells : PBMCs or cell line
derivate of T cells such as HUT 78 and Jurkat cells.

After analysis of about 1500 ligands, the top ten promising ligands of Gp 120 and
Gp 41 had been obtained by PyRx, Autodock and Autodock Vina software as shown in
table 1 and table 2.
Table 1. In Silico Screening of Gp120
AutoDock AutoDock Vina
Ligands G Mean CV G Mean CV
SD SD
(kkal/mol) (%) (kkal/mol) (%)
-santalene -8,66 0,0115 0,1332 -5,07 0,2309 4,5580
Methyl Jasmonate -8,40 0 0 -4,73 0,1155 2,4395
-santalol -8,25 0,0152 0,1851 -5,35 0,0707 1,3269
-sesquipelandren -7,82 0,0208 0,2663 -5,07 0,3796 7,4722
(-)-zingiberene -7,64 0,0057 0,0755 -4,20 0,1000 2,3809
Trichostachine -7,53 0,0057 0,0766 -6,13 0,1155 1,8827
Piperina -7,43 0,0100 0,1346 -6,37 0,2887 4,5342
Anacycline -7,16 0,0057 0,0806 -5,90 0,1000 1,6949
Safynol -7,12 0,0252 0,3533 -5,90 0,2646 4,4843
3-oxo-2-(2-entenyl)-
-7,04 0,0252 0,3576 -5,73 0,3511 6,1254
cyclopentaneoctanoic acid
20
Table 2. In Silico Screening of Gp41

AutoDock AutoDock Vina
Ligands G Mean CV G Mean CV
SD SD
(kkal/mol) (%) (kkal/mol) (%)
-amarin -8,16 0,0058 0,0707 -8,07 0,0577 0,7157
Progesterone -7,65 0,0208 0,2719 -7,57 0,3055 4,0374
Sangenol -7,56 0,0058 0,0763 -7,60 0,2646 3,4813
Jacoumaric acid -7,48 0,0153 0,2041 -8,07 0,0577 0,7157
Leucadenone C -7,46 0,0058 0,0773 -7,70 0,1732 2,2494
Sterol -7,41 0,0288 0,3892 -6,53 0,0577 0,8837
Brucine-N-oxide -7,33 0,0115 0,1575 -6,76 0,1155 1,7065
Leucadenone A -7,24 0,0115 0,1594 -7,83 0,4619 5,8963
3-28-Norlup-20(29)-
-7,21 0,0200 0,2774 -6,90 0,1732 2,5102
ene-3,17-diol
Yeuhchukene -7,20 0,0917 1,2729 -7,83 0,4819 5,8963
In this In Silico analysis, majority of ligands are triterpenoids derivatives (

Santalene, Santalol, Sesquipellandrene, Zingiberine, amarin). Some of them are
alkaloids (Trichostatine, Piperine, Brucine L Oxide) and some are flavonoids
(Leucadendrone) (10).
In the field of drug discovery, some Hemisynthetic Triterpenoid derivatives,
particularly belonging to the Lupane, Oleanane and Ursane series may be nearing a stage
where they can be used to complement existing therapeutic approaches. On the other
hands, their chemical modification to improve their potency and selectivity remains
practically untouched (Cassels, BK.et al, 2010)
In in vitro test, culture of HIV from transfected HT-29 cell line had shown the replication
of virus in cells (Figure 1.)
a. b. c.
Figure 1. Co-Culture of HT-29 transfected with pNL-43 plasmid containing whole genome of HIV
subtype B with PHA-stimulated PBMC (a), with HUT 78 (b) and with Jurkat cells (c).
21
The replication of HIV can be detected by morphological observation in microscope. It is
identified by the presence of giant cell called Syncitia (indicated by arrow). This syncitia
need to be confirmed further by immunocytochemistry. This method is purposed to
observe intracellular virus, whereas the cell-free virus can be detected by RT-PCR of
supernatant cells.
CONCLUSION
In Silico and In vitro method is an efficient method for exploring natural product to find a
potential candidate for HIV antiviral. This preliminary results proved that this methods are
applicable and can be developed for other drug discovery.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by Program Insentif Riset Sistem Inovasi Nasional ,
Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of Indonesia
REFERENCES.
Cassels, BK, Asencio M. (2010). Anti-HIV activity of natural triterpenoids and

hemisynthetic derivates 2004 2009.Phytochem Rev.
Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al.
(2011) Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J
Med. 365(6):493-505.
Del Romero J, Castilla J, Hernando V, Rodriguez C, GarciaS. (2010) Combined
antiretroviral treatment and heterosexual transmission of HIV-1: cross sectional and
prospective cohort study. BMJ. 340:c2205.
Egger M, May M, Chene G, Phillips AN, Ledergerber B, Dabis F,et al.(2002) Prognosis
of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: a
collaborative analysis of prospective studies. Lancet. 360(9327):119-29.
22
Lingappa JR, Hughes JP, Wang RS, Baeten JM, Celum C, Gray GE, et al.(2010)
Estimating the impact of plasma HIV-1 RNA reductions on heterosexual HIV-1
transmission risk. PLoS One.5(9):e12598.
May MT, Sterne JA, Costagliola D, Sabin CA, Phillips AN, JusticeAC, et al. (2006) HIV
treatment response and prognosis in Europe and North America in the first decade of
highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis.Lancet. 368(9534):451-
8.
Quinn TC, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, Serwadda D, Li C, Wabwire-Mangen F, et al.
Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
(2000) Rakai Project Study Group. N Engl J Med. 342(13):921-9.
Simon V, Ho DD, Abdool Karim Q (2006). HIV/AIDS epidemiology, pathogenesis,
prevention, and treatment. Lancet 368:489-504.
Staszewski S, Miller V, Sabin C, Carlebach A, Berger AM,Weidmann E, et al.(1999)
Virological response to protease inhibitor therapy in an HIV clinic cohort. AIDS.
13(3):367-73.
Wawer MJ, Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Li X, Laeyendecker O, et al. (2005)
Rates of HIV-1 transmission per coital act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai,
Uganda. J InfectJ Infect Dis.191(9):1403-9.
23
THE ORAL AND SALIVA CONDITION OF INDONESIAN MALE

SMOKERS
Laifa Hendarmin1, Madinatul Munawarroh1, Dimas Pamungkas1, Bimo Pramesta1, Andhika
Pangestu1, Endah Wulandari2, Boy Bachtiar3
1
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University,
Indonesia
2
Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia
3
Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
Corresponding Author
E-mail:laifa@uinjkt.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Tobacco smoking is an incredible largethe biggest public health issueacross the globe, leading to
the deaths of nearly six million people a year. Nearly 80% of the more than one billion smokers
worldwide live in low-to-middle-income countries, where the burden of tobacco-related illness and
death is heaviest. According to the latest figures, Indonesia has 59.8 million smokers, with 67% of
these smokers being male.
Smokingtobacco directlyaffectsthe oral cavity area.The worst outcome of this is cancer. Profile of
oral and saliva condition among male smokers in Indonesia has never been reported yet.
Keywords: smoking, saliva, oral health.
METHODS
The study comprised of 30 subjects divided equally between Indonesian male smokers and
non-smokers, as a control group. Participants completed an oral health questionnaire and
were clinically examined by a dentist. Data on the decayed-missing-filled teeth (DMFT),
gingival, plaque, calculus, and oral hygiene index, as well as salivary flow rate were
recorded. Their saliva was testedfor pH level and total protein analyses.
RESULTS
The clinical parameters of gingival index; DMFT score; and salivary flow rate did not
reveal any statistically significant differences between the smokers and non-smokers.
Meanwhile, the plaque and calculus index; as well as Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) were
significantly higher in smokers (p<0.05). In relation tobiochemical analyses of whole
saliva, the pH level of male smokers was significantly lower (p<0.01) than in non-
24
smokers. In the meantime, salivary total protein of male smokers showed insignificant
alteration.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study has indicatedthe alteration of oral and saliva conditions in Indonesian
male smokers, which can lead to pathological disease. Thus, preventive strategy is needed.
25
A Solid-Phase Two-Site Chemiluminescent Immunometric Assay

For Insulin Measurement as a Marker of Insulin Producing Cells
From Differentiation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Sayid Ridho1,2,Caroline T Sardjono3, Fadilah S Abdul Wahid1

1
Cell Therapy Centre & Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre,
National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine,
Syarif Hidayatullah Islamic State University, Jakarta, Indonesia
3
Microbiology Department, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Diabetes is an endocrine disease and it is emerging at alarming rates around the globe and there is no
curative treatment for diabetic patients to date. Efforts to reverse the insulin dependency in diabetes mellitus
are focused on the possibility of promoting islet-cells replacement and/or regeneration. Human peripheral
blood mononuclear cells consist of stem cells. This study described the measurement of insulin with
chemiluminescent immunometric assay for insulin producing cells originated from human peripheral blood
mononuclear cells differentiation.Human mononuclear cells were isolated from the peripheral blood. The
cells were proliferated for 5 days in normal glucose DMEM medium on gelatin-coated culture dishes. Cells
were then induced to differentiate into insulin-producing cells (IPC) using high glucose DMEM medium
supplemented with nicotinamide for 25 days. IPC were observed by dithizone staining. Furthermore, the
titers of secreted insulin were determined using ImmuliteTM 2000-Insulin that is a solid-phase, two-site
chemiluminescent immunometric assay. Insulin-producing cells were observed morphologically by dithizone
staining and were shown to contain human insulin. The secreted insulin titers were 77.6 3.53 IU/mL.
These results demonstrate the ability of the human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to differentiate into
insulin-producing cells and the insulin productions have determined by chemiluminescent immunometric
assay.
Keywords: Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells; IPC; insulin; chemiluminescent immunometric
assay.
26
A Solid-Phase Two-Site Chemiluminescent Immunometric Assay

For Insulin Measurement as a Marker of Insulin Producing Cells
From Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells
Sayid Ridho1,2,Caroline T Sardjono3, Fadilah S Abdul Wahid1

1
Cell Therapy Centre & Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre,
National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine,
Syarif Hidayatullah Islamic State University, Jakarta, Indonesia
3
Microbiology Department, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Diabetes is an endocrine disease and it is emerging at alarming rates around the globe. There is no curative
treatment for diabetic patients to date. Efforts to reverse the insulin dependency in diabetes mellitus are
focused on the possibility of promoting islet-cells replacement and/or regeneration. Human umbilical cord
blood mononuclear cells consist of stem cells. This study described the measurement of insulin with
chemiluminescent immunometric assay for insulin producing cells originated from human umbilical cord
blood mononuclear cells differentiation. Human mononuclear cells were isolated from the umbilical cord
blood. The cells were proliferated for 5 days in normal glucose DMEM medium on gelatin-coated culture
dishes. Cells were then induced to differentiate into insulin-producing cells (IPC) using high glucose DMEM
medium supplemented with nicotinamide for 25 days. IPC was observed by dithizone staining. Furthermore,
the titers of secreted insulin were determined using ImmuliteTM 2000-Insulin that is a solid-phase, two-site
chemiluminescent immunometric assay. Insulin producing cells differentiation was observed
morphologically by dithizone staining and was shown to contain human insulin. The secreted insulin titers
were 139.5 12.02 IU/mL. These results demonstrate the ability of the human umbilical cord blood
mononuclear cells to differentiate into insulin-producing cells and the insulin productions have determined
by chemiluminescent immunometric assay.
Keywords: Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells; IPC; insulin: chemiluminescent
Immunometric assay.
27
COLORED STONE MINING AT KOLBANO BEACH

A Conservation Study in South Central Timor of East Nusa Tenggara
Prof. Amos Neolaka1

1
Department of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Technology
State University of Jakarta, Jakarta13220, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
This study aims at sharing understanding amongst residents of Kolbano Beach on beach
preservation against environmental deterioration. Kolbano Beach is an amazing beach which has
beautiful colored stone. It has been one local tourist object for people living in Kupang city and
other districts of East Nusa Tenggara province. It ranges approximately 90 KMs away from Soe,
the capital of South Central Timor and 140 KMs away from Kupang, the capital of East Nusa
Tenggara. This study was conducted from September to December 2013.
Focus of the study was on the natural resource management with following sub-focus:
production of mineral resources class C, environmental deterioration, and decreasing interest in
tourism sector due to environmental deterioration. Subjects of the study were Environment Agency,
Local Government Planning Agency, Energy and Mineral Resources Agency,and community in the
research area. A qualitative method was employed in this study and data was collected by means of
interview, observation, and documentation.
Findings of study reveal that 1) local government allows production of mineral resources class
C; 2) Business personss in this field are obliged to set up an Environmental Management Effort
(EME) and Environmental Supervising Effort (ESE) in the production of mineral resources Class
C; 3) There has been environmental deterioration in the mining site; 4) There has been low
interest in tourists visiting Kolbano beach due to environmental deterioration i.e. the mining pits;
5) Local businesspersons fail to provide drinking water for the people working at the site; 6) Local
people have not been activley involved in the preservation project of Kolbano Beach. Thus, further
analysis on environmental impact is highly required particularly for high-risk mining site.
Keywords: natural conservation, mineral resources class C, community participation
INTRODUCTION
Environmentally-friendly development is a development that prioritizes environmental
management to be in harmony with its surrounding nature. Ecology perspective suggests
that humans are equal with other living creatures, the so-called immanent perspective, in
which humans should not be egocentric. Instead, they are supposed to think of harmony
between human and nature. However, vast advancement in knowledge and technology has
shifted this immanent into transcendent perspective that views humans far beyond nature,
and places them as an object of maximum exploitation. Humans are getting more and more
superior towards nature, preventing them from the cycle of harmony. This has led to the
28
decrease of quality environment that might consequently trigger enormous disaster to all
creatures in the globe.
Darsono [1] suggested that transcendent perspective emerged from the arrogance of
humans having realized that they were endowed with sense of logic which enables them to
focus the ecosystem on their interest. Neolaka [2] argued that the use of technology in
development is considered having a positive impact providing that it benefits peoples
prosperity rate throughout the world. In contrast, non-environmentally friendly
development to have been implemented may reflect ignorance towards the importance of
natural conservation. People playing role as the subject of the development itself are now
becoming the major cause of environmental destruction owing to the fact that they are no
longer considering appropriate ethics of development. Unfortunately, they have been
practicing inappropriate ethics arguing that humans do not remain as part of nature,
instead, they belong to man of power, conqueror, and manager of the nature.
The essence of environmental management does not only refer to ruling the nature
itself but also controlling various kinds of human activities to allow better implication;
bringing about positive impact to the natural environment. Men are supposed to regularly
conduct environmental management enabling them to utilize it to the maximum. The
conservation and management of environment which is in compliance with the Act No. 32
of 2009, Article 2, Chapter 1 claimed that the conservation and management of
environment is a systematical and integrated effort carried out to preserve the function of
natural environment and prevent it from pollution and deterioration. The efforts cover
conservation planning, resources utilization, conservation control, preservation, and
environmental supervision as well as law enforcement. The characteristic of development
should be on the basis of sustainability that is to preserve humans life by directly or
indirectly maintaining supporting function and ability of the ecosystem. Utilizing natural
resources to the maximum means to make use of all available resources based on
environmentally-friendly management. However, this is likely to give rise to a problem
concerning production of mineral resources class C resulting environmental deterioration.
Therefore, it strongly affects decreasing number of tourists on trip especially visiting the
Kolbano Beach of which beauty has recently been decaying as a result of environmental
destruction owing to the mining. A permit issued by the local government should be
29
investigated regarding production of mineral resources, analysis of environmental impacts,

law compliance met by the businesspersons, and community involvement.
METHOD
1. Objective of the Study
This study aims at sharing understanding on beach conservation against
environmental deterioration amongst people residing at Kolbano Beach and ensuring that
each activity of development must comply with the law. Beach conservation at Kolbano
has been a crucial issue. The beach is so marvelous with its colored stone and parent rock
(fatuun=original rock with 35 meters in height) that it has become one tourist object for
the people living in Kupang and other cities in the district of East Nusa Tenggara province.
2. Sampling Method
A qualitative method was employed in this study. Data collection was carried out
by means of observation and documentation of which guidance was provided as the
instrument of the study and adjusted in accordance with indicators suggested by the
theory and needs analysis of the study. Local government officials of the district and
businesspersons of mineral resources class C were selected as the respondents, i.e.
Local Government Planning Agency, Public Works Agency, Energy and Mineral
Resources Agency, Environment Agency, the businesspersons and community. The
study was conducted in South Central Timor particularly at Kolbano beach as the focus
and carried out between September to November 2013. It was focused on natural
resources management with following sub focus: 1) production of mineral resources
class C; 2) environmental deterioration; and 3) decreasing interest in tourism sector due
to deteriorated Kolbano Beach. Qualitative descriptive analysis was employed for data
obtained to result significant conclusion to meet objective of the study. In brief, data
analysis was carried out systematically by employing simple statistics i.e. table, matrix,
figure or diagram and percentage.
DATA PRESENTATION AND FINDINGS OF STUDY

a. Data description and tabulation
30
Minister of Domestic Affairs regulation No. 66 of 2011 describes the profile of South
Central Timor as follows:
Official name : South Central Timor Regency
Municipal : Soe
Province : East Nusa Tenggara
Borders : North : North Central Timor Tengah
Regency/NCTTR
South : Timor Sea
West : Kupang Regency
East : Belu Regency
Total area : 3947.00 KM
Population : 448,854
Administrative Areas: District = 32, Sub district = 12, Village = 228
Figure 1: East Nusa Tenggara

31
Figure2: South Central Timor Regency
There has been a high rate of mineral resources production class C according to its
type since 2010 as illustrated in a study by Neolaka [3]. This has given rise to awareness of
the businesspersons towards environmental preservation. Data on production and use of
mineral resources class C according to its type is described in the table below:
Table 1: Production of mineral resources class C according to its type, 2010

No. Type of Mineral Resources Unit Production
3
1 River stone M 26,368.63
2 Colored stone Ton 24,887.42
3 Coral M3 894.92
3
4 Concrete sand M 61,657.73
3
5 Sand fill M 44,117.91
6 Back fill M3 5,675.28
7 sandstone M3 49,669.76
Resource: Study of Neolaka (2012 : 53)
Local government, along with the community, is looking forward to welcoming

businesspersonss who are interested in not only placing investment in the production of
mineral resources class C but also taking environmental conservation into account; being
32
able to produce environmentally-friendly resources class C. These businesspersonss

should obey regulation of the country concerning mining exploration i.e. having a mining
permit issued by the local government, carrying out analysis of environmental impacts or
EME and ESE, discovering water resource for its scarcity.
A study of Neolaka [4] noted several locations of mineral resources class C as
illustrated in the table below:
Box 1: Location and Type of Colored Stone
Kolbano Beach at Kolbano District
Noesiu Beach at Kolbano District
Oetuke Beach at Kolbano District
Hoibeti Beach at Kotolin District
Oebon Beach at Kualin District
Banli Beach at Nunkolo District
Resource: A Study of Neolaka, (2013:25)
Box 2: Businesspersons Carrying Out Mining of Mineral Resources Class C

Businesspersons carrying out mining of mineral resource Class C are:
Businessperson Total Labors
Local Businessperson 26 30
Businesspersons of other Districts 34 35
A Group of Mining Exploration 34 15

by Community
Resource: A study of Neolaka, (2013: 25)
Kolbano Beach is possible to access by Land transportation which remains available

once a day. Therefore, a plan on transport timetable had better be best arranged prior to the
trip which starts at six in the morning. If one happens to arrive at Kupang in the day or late
afternoon, he or she has to stay overnight to continue the trip to Kolbano Beach that has
been famous for its colored stones and sand. Unfortunately, its popularity has, in fact,
attracted lots of residents of Kolbano to explore the stones and sand in a mining activity.
This has been in support with the presence of a pipeline built for sand exploration by the
33
government in 1990. It was also extended from Kolbano to Oetuke Beach and surrounding
areas. 100 meters of the eastern and western part of Fatuun has been left apart as restricted
area for mining activity. It is really unpleasant to see that lots of mining pits have been
made 100 meters away from the Fatuun. The pits result from the mining carried out by the
residents. Therefore, the jargon visit Kolbano with its wonderful beach will now remain
faded off.
Figure 3: Wonderful Kolbano Beach
Figure 4: Kolbano Beach with mining pits

34
Figure 5: Kolobano Beach with colored stone
It has been found that Kupang people rarely visit Kolbano beach since they have to
travel as far as 130 kilometers and as long as almost 3 hours to reach it. In spite of its less
popularity, the Kolbano Beach has its particular interest to which other beaches may not
belong. The beach, heading to Hindian Ocean, has been created with full of oval-shaped
stones and smooth-textured stones similar with what other beaches have. The so-called
Kolbano stone has been the most commodities of Kolbano people. The mining and trade of
them have been legally initiated since 1990s. The stone is mostly used for ornaments in an
aquarium, park even lobbies at hotels.
b. Residents Perception
Kolbano residents mostly earn their living as a farmer, fisher, and rancher. They
adjacently live with the nature in harmony so that their Kolbano Beach is always gifted
withabundant fish easily caught without damaging the nature. Their perception serves as
expectation as well is to have the local goverment implement good managementof
Kolbano Beach by setting up regulationsconcerning mining activities. It can prevent the
beach from existing mining pits that may damage its beauty. Kolbano Beach known as a
beautiful beach resort is expected to be re-functionedby regulating the mining activities in
the attempt to make it as one tourist attraction. All activities at Kolbano Beach have to be
35
under professional managementso that the function the beach as a tourist object for
domestic and foreign visitors can be well-maintained.
.
c. Research Findings
Descriptive data obtained directly from the site reveals research findings originated from
local government and community as follows:
Box 3: Findings of goverment institutions
Mining permit of mineral resources class C/colored stone does exist.
Production of mineral resources class C is considered having a moderate
effect towards mining location except at the Kolbano Beach which still
remains badly-managed.
A Group of Mining Exploration by Community requires special concern
from government considering that this group has carried out a lot number
of mining activities.
A go-green program does exist as signified by the presence of EME and
ESE.
Mining pits have spread over the location that allows deterioration of
Kolbano Beach causing its beauty to fade off.
Community participation to manage the Kolbano Beach has been found
minimum due to economic reason.
Box 4: Findings of community

It is required that government be involved in managing the colored stone
mining activity at Kolbano Beach.
The mining pits resulting from the mining activity are to be under
rehabilitation by the businessperson in cooperation with government.
The mining pits should be covered up in such a way that it will preserve
the beauty of the beach and promote tourist attraction.
All activities at Kolbano Beach should be projected to development of
tourism sector to promote economic value for the people.
36
DISCUSSIONOF RESEARCH FINDINGS

Colored stone mining at Kolbano beach requires serious management by the local
goverment due to severe environmental damage.Badly-organized mining activity has
changed a beautiful beach into unpleasant mining pits that also disrupt the beauty of the
environment as a whole. Kolbano Beach appointed by local goverment as a portin South
Central Timor, East Nusa Tenggarais supposed to serve as a tourist attraction either for a
visit or trip. Therefore, the local government, in collaboration with businesspersons,should
be in charge of preservingits beauty along the coast. Below is the picture of wonderful
Kolbano beach before it is getting deteriorated:
Figure 6: Beautiful Kolbano Beach with colored stones and papyrus
Figure 7: Kolbano Beach with Fatuun and colored stones.
With regards to the fact found at Kolbano Beach, deep gratitude should be delivered for all
the richness and abudance. Kolbano Beach having marvelous beach and colored stones is
one best natural heritage the Almighty Godhas created to the nation. Therefore, we have to
37
properly manage the Kolbano Beach and be responsible for its preservation. Kollbano
Beach must be a regional tourist object to which people should possess a sense of
belonging. Thiswill promote go-green activity that is preventing the beach from
environmental damage allowing colored stone mining activity organized and regulated
properly. When this happens, itwill absolutely promote attraction for tourists.
Because of the importance of socialization, the local government, relevant departments,
and Non-government Organizations or NGOs havinga serious concern about Kolbano
Beach have to encouragepeoples awareness to be able to manage all potential resources
Kolbano Beach has i.e. colored stones and sand, fish, marine life, papyrus tree, gewang
tree, Fatuun, wave, art and culture, handicraft, etc. It is required that infrastructures and
facilities bebetter prepared. 130 kilometers main road along Kupang to Kolbano Beach is
already better facilitated, however, facilities for tourist resortneeds initiating and further
developing. Local government of South Central Timor is expected to keep promotingthe
excellence and richness of Kolbano Beach.Noya, claimed that the goverment should play
an active role in developing this area andpromoting it to investors. Literature study
suggests that three major factors have been found to influence investment of tourism sector
in particular.They are commitments towards local goverment (20%), invesment agency
(16.9%), and local promotion (15.6%) [5]. Coastal area usually hashigh potential of natural
resources. Damora (2010:100) pointed out that coastal area withhigh potential of natural
resources can optimally benefit community economic and social development. He quoted
from the literature five types of communityrights i.e. access right, withdrawal right,
management right, exclusion right, and alienation right. Thus, it can be concluded that
community has access right and management right in compliance with the Coastal Zone
Management Act of article 60 whkkich is an alternative solution to providing benefits for
peoples livelihood [6].
CONCLUSION
Based on the research findings, it can be summarized that: (1) local goverment
plays a significant role in issuing a permit for mineral resources production class C; (2)
Colored stone mining at Kolbano beach has been found non-environmentally friendly as
indicated by the presence ofmining pits that definitely damage the environment; (3) There
38
is no local community involvement in managing colored stone mining activity so that an

effortis highly required to increase their participation; (4) All activities at Kolbano beach is
supposed to be projected to promotion of tourism sectorin the attempt to promote economc
sector for the community.

REFERENCES
[1] Darsono, Valentinus. Pengantar Ilmu Lingkungan. Yokyakarta: Universitas Atma

Jaya. p. 41, 1995.
[2] Neolaka, Amos. Kesadaran Lingkungan. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta. P. 2, 2008.
[3] Neolaka, Amos. Air Sebagai Sumber Kehidupan, Studi kondisi aktual sumber
Dayaair di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jakarta:
Hasilpenelitian, p.53, 2012.
[4] Neolaka, Amos. Produksi Bahan Galian Ramah Lingkungan, Studi kondisi
lapangan produksi bahan galian golongan C menurut jenis di Kabupaten Timor
Tengah Selatan Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jakarta: Hasil penelitian, p. 25, 2013.
[5] Noya, Yonas. Permata Dari Timur, Development for life, Writing Competition.
Jakarta: Panitia Lomba Karya Tulis, p. 271, 2010.
[6] Damora, Adrian. Sea Ecopreneurship sebagai Model Pengelolaan Kolaboratif
SumberDaya Pesisir, Development for life, Writing Competition. Jakarta: Panitia
lomba Karya Tulis, p. 100, 2010.
39
Implications Of Socio-Agrarian Conflict Between Ptpn Vii Cinta Manis

With Villagers Of Economic And Environmental In Sustainable
Development Context In Ogan Ilir Of South Sumatra Province
Afriantoni
(Doctoral Student Graduate Program, State University of Jakarta Program Study Education
Management, Vice Chairman of the Provincial Board Indonesia Farmers Association
South Sumatra and Director of the Strategic Studies Center of Education Policy of South
Sumatra Province)
ABSTRACT
Socio-agrarian conflict in South Sumatra is still going on, there are still many cases of land
between company and community has not yet been resolved completely. Some land disputes in
South Sumatra occurred between BUMN with villagers. Socio-agrarian conflict becoming victims
died. One of disputed land in South Sumatra occurred between villagers Ogan Ilir. Socio-agrarian
conflict casualties. Agrarian conflicts and BUMN plantation sector is derived from conflict over
land rights. That need to be revealed to research problem: What is background of socio-agrarian
conflict between PTPN VII Cinta Manis with villagers Ogan Ilir in South Sumatra Province?. How
implications of socio-agrarian conflict on economy for villagers in sustainable development
context in Ogan Ilir?. How implications of socio-agrarian conflict on environment for villagers in
sustainable development context in Ogan Ilir?. Purpose of this study was to describe meaning of
descriptive analytic based on facts through phenomena observed in the field. Phenomena observed
and explored through in-depth interviews, observation and documentation studies assessed on
socio-agrarian conflict in South Sumatra Province. Results on study describe socio-agrarian
conflict occur due to improper handling and incomplete. Settlement of conflict is only superficial.
Government is only focusing on the issue of violence, perpetrators, victims, and did not touch the
issue of agrarian as core problem. Socio-agrarian conflict affect villagers of low productivity in
managing land and make a living, because it affected a tense situation. Then, physical damage to
environment occurs for example home, garden and office damaged by conflict. Of course, this also
affects sustainable development stagnated in plantation sector.
Keywords:implications, socio-agrarian conflict, economic, environmental, sustainable

development
INTRODUCTION
Ogan Ilir has an area of 2666.07 km2, is geographically located between 30 02 'and 30
48' South Latitude and between 1040 20 'to 104 048' East longitude. Ogan Ilir with
administrative boundaries northern borders with Banyuasin regency, Palembang and
Muara Enim regency. South side adjacent to the Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU). Then, at the
eastern border with Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) and East OKU. Meanwhile, the western
border with the district of Muara Enim and Prabumulih city.
40
The number of districts in Ogan Ilir many as 16 districts, and the number of
villages is 227 villages and villages as many as 14 villages. Sub-district is Rambang Kuang
Village widest area of 528.82 km2, followed by village of Indralaya Utara an area of
502.47 km2, Muara Kuang area of 300.75 km2, District of Tanjung Batu area of 263.75
km2, covering an area of 71.08 km2 Indralaya the District. While the narrowest districts
are District of Rantau Panjang which covers 40.85 km2. The number is the highest village
in the district villages Pemulutan many as 25 villages, as many as 19 sub-district of
Tanjung Batu village, District Indralaya with 17 villages and 3 village, sub-district and
village of Tanjung Raja 15 4 North Indralaya village and sub-district with 15 villages and
1 sub.
With an area of significant, then the region has the potential for conflict. Conflict is
a part of democracy, as one of the hallmark of the democratic order is the existence of
opportunities for freedom of thought, consensus and dissent, and political participation,
peaceful conflict management and restriction-pembantasan violence; as well as the extent
of trust and loyalty to the constitutional and democratic governance. That's necessary
efforts to think rationally, promoting consensus, be tolerant and maintain relationship
harmony amid differences in order to minimize conflict issues in both prevention and
treatment of social conflict (Jimly - Safa'at, 2012: 9).
Indonesia is not only a democratic state, but the state law. Law above all else, even
democracy can not necessarily against or violate applicable laws. When democracy
recognizes the law, then the law is a social tool that is specific. Therefore between law,
morality and religion, have in common that prohibits conflicts leading to the killing of the
country or other community (Jimly - Safa'at, 2012: 9). That is why the state needs to
anticipate in terms of both social conflict and the effectiveness of early prevention of
conflict resolution as a form of effective conflict management.
One of the provinces that have great wealth is in South Sumatra has the fifth largest
natural resources, it has a great potential for social conflict. In fact, a number of conflicts
involving land disputes, not something new in this area. Mostly vertical case confronts the
public with estate investors is a case that happened a long time and often repeated in this
province. Conflict in South Sumatra has become a public issue to the national level. Land
conflicts in South Sumatra with a more prominent plantation very multi-complex.
41
Land conflicts in South Sumatra is still going on, there are still many cases of land
between the company and the community has not yet terselasaikan to its conclusion. Land
disputes in Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) and Ogan Ilir. In the 2012-2013 conflict in South
Sumatra that resulted in fatalities was sticking to the national media that case Sodong
village, OIC. At the time of treatment has not been completed appear again the case of land
between villagers and plantation PT Nusantara VII (Persero) Cinta Manis were also
casualties. Continues even happen anymore land disputes between citizens of the Air Force
in Palembang which if not handled quickly and peacefully.
Plantation PT Nusantara VII (Persero) abbreviated PTPN VII, formed under PP 12
In 1996, dated February 14, 1996, the Company's status as a State Owned Enterprise
(SOE) is a merger of the gardens in Lampung region, South Sumatra and Bengkulu from
ex PTP X, XI PTP, PTP XXIIII danPTP XXXI. Commodity businesses seek PTPN VII
commodity palm oil, rubber, tea, cocoa, sugar cane and horticulture with an area of
76740.11 hectares concession area. Cultivation of oil palm cultivated on an area of 31 874
ha, 34 439 ha of rubber, tea 1,500 ha, 20 ha of cocoa, sugar cane and horticulture 50
20,400 ha ha. In addition to planting commodity in its own area + core, PTPN VII also
manages Plasma area covering 65 335 ha from farmers to plant oil palm area of 23 868 ha
and 31 467 ha of rubber. while the area of 5,502 ha of sugarcane intensification. Gardens
owned by PTPN VII plantings totaling 25 units, one of which is Cinta Manis. Activity
units / Enterprises addition PTPN VII garden business unit also has a number of sugar
factories which produce sugar Cinta Manis.
Business units in PTPN VII Cinta Manis got land related protests and
environmental pollution. According to Anwar Sadat (Walhi Executive Director of South
Sumatra) that acts PTPN VII Cinta Manis on land over the function not just inconsistency
companies. However, the firm violated the mandate of the Act. The law expressly their
support to the community. Meanwhile, according to records there are 44 cases of BPN
agrarian South Sumatra occurred a continuous basis throughout 2012 (Sumatra Ekspress,
2012).
In South Sumatraprovince agrarian conflict has reached its nadir. Weak political
will to make policy makers agrarian disputes in increased chronic Sriwijaya earth.
Indonesian Environmental Forum (Walhi) of South Sumatra mention, inequality of land
42
tenure is a major contributor to the agrarian conflict that is currently emerging. According
to the South Sumatra Walhi, administrative area of the province is only 8.7 million
hectares (ha). Now as many as 4.9 million hectares or about 56.32 percent of the land
owned by the company with details of 1.2 million ha of plantation forests (HTI), 1 million
ha of oil palm plantations, and 2.7 million ha of coal mining. If paired with a population of
7 million people, then each soul tenure ranging from 0.5 hectares only.
So do not be surprised if over the last three years the number of disputes lodged
agrarian society continues to increase. In 2009 there were 18 complaints of agrarian
disputes, in 2010 the number increased to 27, in 2011 there were 32 complaints. Likewise
with the land dispute between the people of Ogan Ilir with PTPN VII Sweet Love Business
unit, or rather citizens 20 villages of 6 districts in Ogan Ilir incorporated in the Unified
Movement of Peasants Penesak (GPPB), consisting of the villages Sribandung, Tj. Sea, Tj.
Pinang, Tj. Roof, Tj. New Petai, Sentul, Limbang Jaya (districts Tanjung Stone), Village
SriKembang, Rengas, Lubuk Bandung (districts Payarman), Village Ketiau, Betong,
Payalingkung, Lubuk Keliat, (District of Lubuk Keliat), Village Meranjat 1 & 2, Meranjat
Ilir, (District of Indralaya south) and the village of Tj. Gelam, Tj.Sejaroh, Tj.Agung Sejaro
Way (Indralaya the District Parent) Then village Sri Ngilam in Districts of Tanjung Raja.
According to Ahmad Syahril as suggested by Sri Utami that agrarian conflicts
occur more due to "the act of a company that is often unjust division of land or
compensation to the community. The company does not realize its promise, such as plasma
and compensation is not appropriate "(Sumatra Ekpress, 2012). In addition, there is a
difference with the previous Act. Previous governments could take land without people's
consent. According to Law No. 2 of 2012, the government could no longer take the field
prior to the approval of society it first.
Based on the explanation ata, trigger this conflict is not solely from agrarian
interests. But there is also the role of the social life of one who is believed to come from
economic interests, cultures and religions that have an impact on the environment when
examined further ingrained in each of these areas. However, the opportunity will be
studied culture and religion alone approach in addressing social conflicts agrarian titled
"Implications of Socio-Agrarian Conflict between PTPN VII Cina Manis with Villagers of
43
Economy and Environment in Sustainable Development Context in Ogan Ilir of South

Sumatra Province".
METHODS
The focus of this research study on the title over to the socio-agrarian conflict implications
of socio-agrarian conflict between PTPN VII Cinta Manis with villagers on economy and
environment in sustainable development contextin Ogan Ilir of South Sumatra Province.
Where the data to obtain data on the economic and environmental implications of villagers
of Ogan Ilir with a qualitative approach. The approach was conducted using interviews
with a purposive sample means, respondents were interviewed representing certain groups
in society (such as indigenous leaders, community leaders, religious leaders such as
stakeholders, youth leaders, groups of fishermen), and also expert NGOs which reflects
opinion or state wide. Interviews ranged from informal conversations to formal interviews
at the right time. In addition to interviews, this study is also based on experience and
observation in Ogan Ilir writer for two months (January to February 2014). Then, the
general information obtained from the written literature and news or newspaper articles. In
addition, the documents on land disputes derived from a variety of sources. The steps in
this study as follows:
1. Method
Methodologically, this study is a qualitative research case study approach analyzed
descriptively uncover the facts or data on the subject as it is accompanied by rational
interpretation. The data obtained will be used from the situation as it is without any
intervention on the part of researchers. Data collection was carried out by researchers
directly by entering the field situation. The data is described in the form of reports for
further analysis. Researchers believe that qualitative research is very concerned to the
understanding of various social phenomena. Social phenomenon is an event or action
patterns of human interaction. The nature of social world that is the nature of human
interaction within the community. Events or acts by humans that is meaningful to the
culprit, therefore, the essence of human behavior is that behavior that has meaning.
44
2. Techniques and Data Collection Procedures

Techniques and procedures for data collection are all ways used in collecting the data by
using a technique that is structured and in-depth interviews, observation or direct
observation to the object being observed as well as reviewing documentation obtained in
the field. Techniques and instruments required in this research by means of interviews,
observation and documentation.
In analyzing the data the researcher uses concepts developed by Miles and
Huberman as disclosed above which consists of three activities simultaneously the flow of
data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing or verification.
By using the model of Miles and Huberman study data will be analyzed on a case-
qualitative, which began collecting data in the field. Thus when researchers collect data in
the field immediately followed by a write job, categorizing, classifying, reducing,
analyzing and interpreting into the whole context of the research problem (Muhadjir,
1989). So that the data is not only descriptive but able to touch the transcendent dimension
of the authors are trying to think creatively.
3. Data Analysis Techniques
This study also uses interactive model of data analysis which consists of three interrelated
components analysis of the data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing (Miles &
Huberman, 1992). More details of data analysis done with the following procedure: First,
trying to summarize the data reduction, collect and select the appropriate data with a focus
on research themes. Second, data display, which seeks to organize and explain the whole
picture in order to obtain a complete and intact. Third, and verification concludes that
make interpretation of the data and make improvements to search for new data collection
necessary to proper conclusion.
In the studies that have been conducted, and through in-depth study and research methods
used, the result in this study include:
45
1. History of Social-Agrarian Conflict in Ogan Ilir
The results of this study revealed that the strain citizens Ogan Ilir and PTPN VII Cinta
Manis stretched since 30 years ago. In general, the process of land grabbing people by
PTPN VII in 1982 roughly the same in every village. New Order an age citizens have no
choice but to surrender when their rubber plantations and pineapple by PTPN VII Cinta
Manis evicted without proper compensation. The process of compensation recognized in
1982 colored citizens of pressure, intimidation and repressive apparatus attitude
keamanan.Ganti loss and even then very unfair, for example, of 5 ha of land, only 1 ha are
changed, more severe until today there are still people who have not been replaced soil loss
by PTPN VII.
They are victims of land grabs carried out by PTPN VII Cinta Manis since 1982
Over the past two months, they keep moving urged local governments to memenenuhi
demands of citizens that their land be returned.
Then in 2012, PTPN VII which shares 100% owned by the government has an
important agenda to go public. (www.kpbptpn.co.id). The initial offering of shares / Initial
Public Offering (IPO) is targeted to be able to attract fresh funds of Rp 1.5 trillion. This
value is equivalent to the release of 30 percent ownership of state-owned shares to the
public. In corporations, the performance PTPN VII did show a significant increase. The
state-owned company engaged in the agribusiness plantations have had a working area
covers 3 provinces, which consists of several business units. (www.kpbptpn.co.id).
That legally development and plant cane sugar Sweet Love performed in
accordance with the decree of the Minister of Agriculture SOE Number : 076 / Ministry of
Agriculture / 1981 dated February 2, 1981 on the principle permits the establishment of
sugarcane plantations and mills in South Sumatra which is the Government's efforts to
meet the self-sufficiency of sugar in the State. In accordance with the Decree of the
Minister of Finance no. 257 / KMK / 016/1996 dated March 11, 1996 on the restructuring
of SOEs. Plantation merger some PT. Plantation in South Sumatra region (Bengkulu,
South Sumatra, and Lampung became PT. Plantation Nusantara VII (Persero) through a
legal letter Harun Kamil, SH no. 40 dated March 11, 1996 (See Intelkam Police RI report,
2012).
46
However, the development of sugar cane plantations and sugar mills are less care
about the rights of the people, so that economically Ogan Ilir lags behind other districts in
South Sumatra. Not only that, this plantation development to make of that damage to the
environment, either as a result of combustion due to the conflict as well as river water
pollution by the sugar mills. This then triggers a prolonged conflict between PTPN VII
Cinta Manis with villagers Ogan Ilir (Rusdi interview, February 2, 2014).
This conflict incidence by PTPN VII begins Cinta Manis on December 4, 2009
unload peasant huts which ended with the firing incident Rengas village residents, Ogan
Ilir, by members of Brimob. Commission immediately formed an investigative team to
investigate allegations of human rights violations in the July 27, 2012 at Cinta Manis.
Commission also asked the Chief of Police to withdraw all Brimob troops from the region.
In addition, urges the Minister of State for BUMN Dahlan Iskan to resolve land conflicts
involving PTPN, and called on President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono to realize the
formation of Agrarian Conflict Management Team. This conflict has cost the lives of
named Anga. The boy became a victim of the conflict unresolved for so long. Covered by
large corporations obsessions. (Sumatera Ekspress, 2012).
Agrarian conflict resolution between communities and PTPN VII Cinta Manis Unit
is still far from expectations. May still be far from completion even society instead
presented "new problems": the arrest of activists who advocate, criminalization of farmers,
and the last act of "resistance" Ogan Ilir Police Chief, Chief Dheni Darmapala, who
reported that he considers certain elements have been condemning it in public to South
Sumatra Police. (Suaraadraria.com).
2. Implications of Conflict in the Economy
Social-agrarian conflict in Ogan Ilir has caused problems on economic aspects of villagers
Ogan Ilir. Although impact of this difficult material assessed (for example, although price
of land can be assessed, but social value of rural land which is integral to the lives of
villagers could not be calculated), issue is very important to note impact because it affects
the economic life of citizens Ogan Ilir.
1) Confiscation of Land Resources Economics Villagers
Village-owned land dispute problem Bandung and Sri Sri Tanjung village district. Tanjung
Batu district. Ogan Ilir of 2500 hectares of land located at 10 Rayon III Cambodgien
47
planted by PTPN VII Cinta Manis no resolution from year to year. Then on May 31,
thousands of residents who are members of Unified Movement of Peasants Penesak
(GPPB) action in Ogan Ilir Parliament to push the negotiation process in order to side with
the people. The results, together PTPN VII OI Vice Regent allow citizens to peg the land
without vandalized while waiting for a renegotiation of June 7.
Of course, this is a fundamental problem that led to poverty, suffering people of
Indonesia from the colonial era, the construction of the New Order era, until today is
injustice mastery of agrarian resources. Injustice agrarian resources control in question is
dimonopolinya ownership and use of agrarian sources whether it be land, water and air as
well as the natural resources contained therein by some small groups, while most other
people were left without ownership and the opportunity to work on that.
One of the injustice that is evidence of long-citizen issues Ogan Ilir 6 districts in
South Sumatra that their land was taken forcibly by PTPN VII since last 1982. The long
struggle of the people of the village Sribandung, Tj. Sea, Tj. Pinang, Tj. Roof, Tj. New
Petai, Sentul, Limbang Jaya (KecamatanTanjung Stone), Village SriKembang, Rengas,
Lubuk Bandung (districts Payarman), Village Ketiau, Betong, Payalingkung, Lubuk
Keliat, (District of Lubuk Keliat), Village Meranjat 1 & 2, Meranjat Ilir, (District of
Indralaya south) and the village of Tj. Gelam, Tj.Sejaroh, Tj.Agung Sejaro Way (Indralaya
the District Parent) Then Desa Sri Ngilam District of Tanjung Raja to regain their rights
just put them as "opponents" of the country due to government neglect of the agrarian
problems that should be resolved by the state as MPR IXtahun number 2001 and BAL
1960.
What's more, of the land area of 20,000 ha of cultivated PTPN VII Cinta Manis only 6,000
ha concession has an area located in the districts Burai Overseas Alai, in other words
PTPN VII has been unprofitable as income of approximately 14,000 ha of land is not
reported as income for the country. This problem is actually known by the Ministry of
SOEs as an adviser SOEs in Indonesia in this case one of them is PTPN VII. (Anwar
Sadat, executive director of South Sumatra Walhi, 2012).
Various dialogue and mediation efforts have been made citizens, but that PTPN VII
always gain time and tend not to give a firm decision. Finally, on Monday, May 21, 2012,
48
residents mmetuskan to block the access road to the sugar mills PTPN VII, other than that
people were setting up tents and set a land area of 3000 ha.
2) The low Daily Wages of PTPN VII Cinta Manis
Poverty has been called at the beginning of the course begins with the existence of land,
sources of income, and type of work. If the employee PTPN VII Cinta Manis, then the low
wages earned by laborers Rp.22.500, - / day is considered extremely inhumane and does
not meet the needs of daily living (Interview Fery, February 5, 2014). Naturally then
people continue to insist that PTPN VII Cinta Manis out of earth Ogan Ilir. The action was
the culmination of the disappointment of existence PTPN VII Cinta Manis are considered
not benefit the people around.
It can be seen, from the amount of labor which 70% come from outside. Then, the
river which was able to be a place for fishing, is now polluted and the fish have started to
become extinct due to waste. Furthermore, the dust burning of cane sugar factory PTPN
VII entered into the residential area and disrupting the activity. Another thing, on the land
area of 20,000 ha of cultivated PTPN VII Cinta Manis only 6000 ha concession has an area
located in Rantau Alai districts Burai. Therefore, citizens who are members of Movement
Penesak Farmers Unite (GPPB) has the right feel on their own land.
Then from the blockade, Ogan Ilir government is willing to facilitate the citizens to
have a dialogue on the date of May 23, 2012 Based on the results of the dialogue, there is a
written agreement between the citizens (Desa Sri Bandung) and The PTPN VII in Ogan Ilir
parliament building on May 23, 2012, facilitated and witnessed by the police chief, district
military commander, chairman and deputy chairman of the parliament Ogan Ilir, that the
company does not mind if people do land and set up a tent peg as long as the activity does
not interfere with the company up to the level of time negotiating dated May 31, 2012 (See
Report of the Police Intelkam, 2012 ).
3) Low CSR from PTPN VII Cinta Manis
On May 23, 2012, around 16:00 pm mass on behalf of village residents Ketiau district.
Depths of 100 Keliat number of people, coordinated by Br. Subadi, Br. Bahyar, Br.
Waliul Adi and Br. Nurdin to block roads connecting Rayon Office of Parent PTPN III to
VII Sweet Love by establishing a one (1) unit of the tent. According to Averroes, this
incident because it is considered Lack Contributions PTPN VII Cinta Manis to the
49
villagers of Desa Sri Sri Tanjung Bandung and helping social activities (CSR).
(Wawancanra Rusdi, February 7, 2014).
One proof is the village road culverts were damaged, causing flooding. Of
consequence, inhibition of the activity of citizens in making a living. Thus, citizens expect
any special attention from the PTPN VII Cinta Manis to public facilities to facilitate the
activities of all the efforts and activities of citizens Ogan Ilir.
On Friday May 25, 2012 around 10:00 pm about + 80 Persons Village residents
Ketiau district. Keliat depths coordinated by Br. Mukho and Br. Subadi remained in the
tent rayon V then around 10:30 pm residents to block roads connecting the Type A V
rayon factory environment to the main office by using a wooden stick, causing vehicles
hauling sugarcane activity stalled / stopped. This is done according to the coordinator of
action Br. Waliyul, No. HP 0852 6733 1175 told residents to ask the results of a meeting
held on Thursday, May 24, 2012 around 11:00 pm at home Bro. Krio and Wahab Former
Former Village Ketiau Kadesh. (See report Intelkam, 2012). Of course, residents hope the
decisions that PTPN VII Cinta Manis.
3. Implications for the Environment
Socio-agrarian conflict has implications for the environment, which should be maintained
and preserved for a life together, but this conflict is correlated to the environmental
damage to make of that from both sides.
1) Damage to gardens
On Tuesday, May 22, 2012, at 09.00 am. Desa Sri mass of Bandung, amounting to 250
people re-assembled in the tent that had been set up to continue the action by performing a
demo of making a soup kitchen around the tent and make huts, while the mass of about 15
people to do the installation / attachment banners made of cardboard mounted the guard
post Rayon III glass that reads, among others: a. PTPN must go from OI; b. Fixed price of
land rights; and c. Return the land of our ancestors (See IntelkamPolice Report, 2012).
Their activities continued with sealing Office Rayon III, while the daily activities
of employees in Rayon III transferred to the Office of the Master in the village of Lubuk
Keliat this is done to avoid clashes with residents. Then, at 13:00 pm held at Rayon III
PTPN VII Cinta Manis lasted a free minbar delivery of speeches made by Abdul Muis as
50
Tomas and Kori Toda village as Sri Bandung which essentially expect the masses to
remain compact and patience to wait for the results of the decision.
When free speech ongoing incidents such as mass expulsions carried out by District
Military Command OIC Member since Intel has been caught doing the recording and
documenting the activities of oration. But the situation can be controlled thanks to the
efforts made by members of the police who carry out security duties in place.
At 17.00 pm the fire had occurred 50 sugar plantations plots within about 200
meters from the tent, but the fire was extinguished by fire mutual aid mass that is
suspected hotspots in Rayon IX. Then, at 16:30 pm in the implementation of the meeting,
PTPN VII Cinta Manis can not give a decision on the grounds that the meeting outside
kewewenangnya meetings will resume on Thursday, May 31, 2012 in the Office of the
District Council. Ogan Ilir but for the grace period agreed with the decision made in
writing and the content is as follows:
1) PTPN VII Cinta Manis are welcome to work as usual without interruption of society;
2) Residents are welcome to have marked out an area of 3,000 Ha dilahan recognized as
belonging to citizens without disturbing plant cane;
3) Residents and PTPN VII Cinta Manis will still keep the atmosphere, situation and
conditions in order to remain conducive, peaceful and safe.
The joint agreement was signed by representatives of village society Ms. Sri
Bandung. Hj. Juhairoh Mahmud, Bambang Santoso district as District Manager. Banyuasi,
OIC and OI, Ir. Purwanto as Manager of PTPN VII Cinta Manis, Drs. H. Climate Cloudy,
MM as the Chairman of the District Council. Ogan Ilir, Arhandi Tabrani, SE as Vice
Chairman of DPRD. Ogan Ilir, Chief Dean Dharmapala, SH, S.Ik as police chief Major
Ogan Ilir and District Military Command 0402 Pabung Mujari as OIC / OI as evidence of
the consequences of the implementation of the field. At the same time the meeting took
place at the Rayon III, PTPN VII Cinta Manis between people of Bandung with Sri Sri
Tanjung village and residents to block the entrance of the village of Sri Bandung with cane
plantation PTPN VII Cinta Manis so that personnel from the South Sumatra Police
Directorate Sabhara dibantukan to Ogan Ilir Police can not get into the location Rayon III
so back to the Police Tanjung Batu.
51
2) River Ecosystem Pollution
Impact on the environment due to the Development of a sugar factory in Ogan Ilir has long
protested the citizens. Only, the action is the disappointment of the existence of the peak,
PTPN VII are considered not benefit the people around. It can be seen, from the amount of
labor which 70% come from outside. Then, the river which was able to be a place for
fishing, is now polluted and the fish have started to become extinct due to waste.
Furthermore, the dust burning of cane sugar factory PTPN VII entered into the residential
area and disrupting the activity.
Habitats that support human life is protected by the Law of the Republic of
Indonesia No. 5 of 1990 on Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems. In studies
suggest that contamination of the river and burning the garden is an act contrary to the law
in Ogan Ilir, when rivers and air kebersiahan is the right of every person. River gives life
Ogan Ilir citizens, because one of the residents Ogan Ilir income is fishing. The fish are
sold to earn money and eat for everyday life.
In addition, the fish can be made into kempelang - Ogan Ilir specialties - are sold to
the market and to the outside Ogan Ilir, Palembang sales to as the capital city of
Palembang. Therefore, residents protest against this contamination.
Then, the air pollution resulting from the burning that occurs every time there is a protest
to the citizens of PTPN VII Cinta Manis. Not only pollution, but the smoke generated from
burning by residents to garden plants that do not cause much of combustion also
experienced kelayuan. Thus, the view turns yellow glowing green.
4. Future Solutions For Sustainable Development Context
In Law 7 of 2012 that in terms of dealing with conflict is explained that the conflict
resolution mechanism relies heavily on social institutions that exist in the community.
Indigenous institutions and / or Social Institution in Article 41 was placed as a front line
especially in the paragraph (1) which describes the Conflict Resolution by the Government
and Local Government to promote Indigenous Institution and / or the existing Social
Institution and recognized. (2) The Government and Local Government acknowledge the
conflict settlement through the mechanism of Indigenous Institution and / or Social
Institution. (3) The result of the settlement agreement Institution Indigenous Conflict
through the mechanism and / or a Social Institution as referred to in paragraph (1) has a
52
binding force for community groups involved in the conflict. (4) In the event of conflict
settlement through the mechanism of Indigenous Institution and / or Social Institution as
referred to in paragraph (1) can not be resolved, then the resolution of conflict conducted
by the Task Force on Social Conflict Resolution. (5) Conflict Resolution through the
mechanism of Indigenous Institution and / or Social Institution as referred to in paragraph
(1) is facilitated by the local government district / city officials involving district and
village / local village (the Law on Handling Conflict No. 7 in 2012).
However, the necessary effective measures as a field approach. Maswadi Rauf
believes the necessary steps to resolve the known model of "consensus" consensus
interpreted as a conflict resolution (conflict resolution), namely through the process of
interaction between the parties involved in the conflict to reach common ground, namely
the achievement of the same view and not create new problems in social relations and in it
equally benefit / reasonable benefits. This is listed in the above Act, that consensus can not
be done directly or through an intermediary (mediator) and directly implemented by the
parties to the conflict with persuasive approach and provides a variety of possible
alternative approaches and coercive force, either in the form of threats and physical
violence to generate consensus (Maswadi Rauf, 2000).
During this approach to culture and religion set forth in the Act can be seen through
the approach of structural functional approach to the conflict. This approach views society
as a whole that are functionally integrated into an equilibrium. In this approach the
analogies of society as a biological organism. Thought functional society considers a static
social order or are in a state of change proportionally, because the general public subject to
the process of change. Because functionalist emphasizes social order, therefore, this
approach is very concerned about the norms, values, morals and religion of a particular
community (Pitzer-Doughlas, 2004).
Approach to culture and religion, not also disregard how the state can take on the
role. Stephen D. Krasner describes the state when integrated with pluralism would have a
tendency; first, tend to see politics in the sense of rules, control the order rather than in
terms of the allocation; focus more on the internal order and external maintenance of the
distribution of the benefit to the government and Pudjiastuti Budiardjo, 1996). Nodlinger
split the four types of countries: countries strong (strong states), independent state (state
53
independents), the state is responsive (responsive states), and the state is weak (weak
states). However, in reality the state can do in terms of handling conflict compulsion.
Because the state is an element of compulsion dapak be organized through policies decided
(Weiner and Huntington, 1994).
Thus it is difficult to try to understand society without trying to understand their
culture. The existence of culture can not be separated from society. Through culture,
people learn about many things, such as the values, beliefs, behaviors, and other material
objects that reflect the way people live. Culture is a survival strategy for the community.
Inside there is a culture of understanding maps (map of understanding) that will direct
what to do and how they do it man. Not infrequently culture can only be understood by the
community, but not for another person or group. As a survival strategy, the public has the
expectation that culture can help them in overcoming the problems of life. This has
encouraged the use of cultural approaches to overcome their problems, including conflicts
that occurred in the community.
CONCLUSION
Based on the above discussion, it can be concluded as follows:
First, one of the disputed land in South Sumatra occurred between villagers Ogan
Ilir. Socio-agrarian conflict victims. Agrarian conflicts and plantation sector SOEs derived
from land rights conflicts. Land issues have not been certified and is still in process at BPN
Center that used by the residents to claim land that has not been certified. These problems
lead to social conflict agrarian hitherto demanded by citizens to be released. Residents
conduct road blocks, peg lands held from May 21 2012 until now as evidence of the
disappointment of the PTPN VII Cinta Manis business unit which does not respond to the
demands of citizens.
Second, agrarian social conflict in South Sumatra is still in progress, there are still
many cases of land between the company and the community has not been solved
completely. Social agrarian conflicts become victims died. Agrarian social conflicts occur
due to improper handling and incomplete. Conflict resolution is only superficial. The
government only focuses on the problem of violence, perpetrators, victims, and not touch
the agrarian problem as the core problem.
54
Third, social-agrarian conflict in Ogan Ilir has caused problems on economic

aspects of the villagers Ogan Ilir. Social conflicts affecting agrarian villagers in managing
the low productivity of land and make a living, because it affects the tense situation. Then,
the physical damage to the environment occurs, for example the home, garden and office
damaged by the conflict. Of course, this also affects the sustainable development stagnated
in the plantation sector. Land grabbing kelaurag economic resources, low daily wages of
PTPN VII Cinta Manis and low CSR of PTPN VII Cinta Manis.
Fourth, social-agrarian conflict has implications for the environment, which should
be maintained and preserved for a life together, but this conflict is correlated to the
environmental damage to make of that from both sides ie environmental damage and
pollution of the river ecosystem. Physical damage to the environment occurs, for example
the home, garden and office damaged by the conflict. Of course, this also affects the
sustainable development stagnated in the plantation sector.
Fifth, both sides feel the most true and do not want to deliberation. Settlement of
the conflict is only on the surface, which in the government see only the issue of violence,
perpetrators, and victims, does not touch on the agrarian question.
REFERENCES
Jimly Asshidiqie - M. Ali Safaat, 2012. Teori Hans Kelsen Tentang Hukum, Jakarta,
Konstitusi Press.
George Pitzer-Doughlas J. Goodman, 2004. Teori Sosial Modern,Jakarta, Pradana Media
Group.
Miriam Budiardjo, Tri Nuke Pudjiastuti, 1996. Teori-Teori Politik Dewasa Ini, (Jakarta :
PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.
Maswadi Rauf, 2000. Konsensus Politik: Sebuah Tinjauan Teoritis, Jakarta, Dirjend
Pendidikan Tinggi, Depdiknas.
Myron Weiner dan Samuel P. Huntington, 1994. Understanding Political Development,
Ilionis, Waveland Press.
UU No. 7 Tahun 2012 tentang Penanganan Konflik Sosial, Jakarta.
Hutagalung, S., 2008. Kewenangan Pemerintah Bidang Pertanahan, Jakarta, Penerbit PT
Rajawali Press.
Kalo, S., 2004. Perbedaan Persepsi Mengenai Penguasaan Tanah Dan Akibatnya
Terhadap Masyarakat Petani Di Sumatera Timur
Laporan Intelkam Kepolisian Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, tahun 2012
Miles, Matthew B. and Huberman, A. Michael, 1992. Analisis Data Kualitatif, Jakarta, UI-
Press.
55
Rajagukguk, E. 1979. Pemahaman Rakyat tentang Hak Atas Tanah. Makalah. Tidak
diterbitkan
Stepani, B. 2008. Problematik Pembaruan Hukum dan Persoalan Agraria: Transplantasi
Hukum, Posisi Hukum Lokal dan Agenda Pembaruan Hukum Agraria.
http://www.huma.or.id.
Sumatera Ekspress, tahun 2012
Tauchid, M. 1952. Masalah Agraria. Penerbit STPN. Jogjakarta.
Wiradi, G. 2004. Masalah Agraria : Masalah Penghidupan dan Kedaulatan Bangsa.
Bahan Ceramah. Disampaikan dalam acara Studium-Generale, Jurusan Sosek,
Fakultas Pertanian IPB, tanggal 17 Mei, 2004
________. 1999. Seluk Beluk Masalah Agraria. STPN Press. Jogjakarta.
56
Efforts To Increase The Motivation To Learn Science Class IV SDN

Balimester East Jakarta 07 Through Quantum Learning Method
Melati Azzahra
PGSD Studies Program Faculty of Education, University of Jakarta.
ABSTRACT
Learning increases the motivation to learn science fourth grade students of SDN 07
Balimester East Jakarta?. 2) How is a method Quantum Research study class action or class room
research that aims to develop, ability to solve problems through direct application of the class. The
problem of this study are: 1) Is Quantum Learning methods improve the motivation to learn
science fourth grade students of SDN 07 Balimester East Jakarta?.
This study was conducted from September to November 2010 with 30 students study
subjects who sit in fourth grade at SDN 07 Balimester Djatinegara East Jakarta.
This study was conducted in two cycles. Each cycle using the procedure of action, namely:
planning, implementation, observation, and reflection.
The results show the percentage of observation of teaching and learning activities held
after the first cycle of the action reaches 70%, the second cycle of 90% while the percentage of
motivation to learn in the first cycle of the second cycle of 67% to 87%. From these results it can
be concluded that the Quantum Learning methods can improve students' motivation to learn
science class IV SDN Balimester East Jakarta.
Implications of these results is if the science learning requires motivation to learn science,
the use of highly precise Quantum Learning methods because these methods enable students
through 1) the students in order to adjust his sitting position feels comfortable, 2) put background
music in the classroom so that students feeling of peace and quiet, 3) the participation of
individuals and, 4) using memorable media to provide information that supports the learning
process.
57
Eco-Hydraulic: An Approach To Save

Water Ecology On Earth Surface
Dr. Dwi Atmanto, M.Si

dwi_atmanto@yahoo.com
Engineering Faculty State University of Jakarta
On Rawamangun Muka Street- East Jakarta, Indonesia
Phone/fax-+6221-471 50 94
ABSTRACT
Currently eco-hydroulic cconcept in Indonesia is still a learned discourse, has not been applied.
Eco-hydrology approach is very appropriate to address the impacts of global warming such as the
problem of water crisis that hit Indonesia. Eco-hydraulic still classified in eco-technology, the
merger between environmental knowledge with technology. One of the applied which has been
done in developed countries is fitotechnology, ie the use of plants or vegetation in addressing
environmental problems. This paper was composed by reference and 5 informans depth-interview
method.The result showed on Eco-hydraulic concept is an integral concept in the development of
the river basin and considerations that incorporate elements of hydraulics and ecology
synergistically. This concept can actually synergistic mutualisme, produces hydraulic engineering
that benefits both the environment and ecology. Water sources such as rivers and lakes are no
longer simply construed as grooves on the face of the earth by flowing water and sediment.
However, river and lake ecosystem is defined as an entity that inundated the open nature of the
upstream-downstream biotic and abiotic components have mutually hook-connection each other.
Abiotic and biotic components are mutually synergistic This will reduce the production of carbon
dioxide through natural processes, because the flora and fauna that live in waters used for
reducing pollutants in addition to the water supply sufficient in quality and quantity of biota and
humans. If the eco-hydraulic done in bulk, then global warming can be prevented.
Keywords: Eco-hydraulic, Water Ecosystems, Ecology, fito-technology
INTRODUCTION
Global warming is the impact of trapping solar heat in the Earth's atmosphere, due to the
veil of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a gas that is produced or formed by chemical
reactions in living things of the earth such as respiration, combustion, industrial waste gas,
the combustion engine vehicles, and others. This can occur as a result of human activity
related exploitation of natural resources in excess of the earth's surface. While the number
of biological resources (vegetation) are limited and dwindling. Though it is known that the
plant serves as a lung to get a clean and green ecosystem. Green plant photosynthesis
experience thanks to the help of the sun then produces oxygen gas is released into the earth
as a gas which is very useful for breathing (respiration) of all living beings. Green plants
58
also serve to dampen noise pollution, reduce the amount of pollutants that are exposed on
the ground or in the air.
According Hehanusa (2004), a principal investigator LIPI field waters, Eco-hydraulic, the
combination of applied science of ecology and hydrology. This science is still new in
Indonesia, but not in the European countries. Hehanusa, explained that the current concept
of eco-hydraulic in Indonesia is still a learned discourse, has not been applied. According
Hehanusa (2004), this time is very appropriate eco-hydrology approach to overcome the
problem of water crisis that hit Indonesia. Eko-hydraulic still classified in eco-technology,
the merger between environmental knowledge with technology. One of the applied which
has been done in developed countries is fito-technology, ie the use of plants or vegetation
in addressing environmental problems.
"With this knowledge, the solution of environmental problems such as destruction of the
Ciliwung river, river Houses, rivers Cimanuk, and Citarum river can be run at a cost 25
percent more efficient," said Hehanusa (2004). "For example, for decrased phosphate
levels in the water when done with the usual technology solutions will require a high cost,
but with fito-technology which is one of eco-hydrology, decreased levels of phosphate can
be assisted with the help of bacteria in the water". Eco-hydraulic itself is the study of the
interaction of hydrological processes with biological or ecosystem dynamics in some
circumstances spatial or temporal space and time alias. Eco-hydraulic is a new paradigm in
environmental hydrology science subject that offers a sustainable approach by means.
Figure 1.Changes in Water Resources Management of the Natural Conditions (Ecological water
source) to the Environment Resources Artificial Water (Hydraulic Pure) Causing Damage to
Ecosystem Function Sources of water and water resources(Source: Patt, et al, 1999, in Maryono,
2004)
59
Integral manner is also intended to include all the components associated with the water
source or the inundated region from upstream to downstream with managing all aspects
affecting both the socio-cultural aspects, institutional, ecology, hydrology, hydraulics,
water quality, geology, geography, or spatial planning and others. In this concept the
system applies the funds and responsibility sharing between upstream and downstream
middle (LP3ES, 2006). In water resources management, water resources data compilation
in detail is necessary, both physical data, abiotic, non-physical, biotic, and chemical. With
the concept of eco-hydraulic, compilation of data related to the development of not only
the area of water resources data compilation compilation hydraulic components but also
the ecology of the water source to be absolute. Thus social gathering data compilation
activities are located along water sources (particularly those close to water sources) to do
with the source of water (e.g sewage and waste disposal, concreting the walls, etc.). In
addition, the public perception of the source of water is the data that must be compiled.
The public perception is very significant impact on the business management of water.
In Europe this concept has been applied, e.g, to address the annual flooding that occurred
downstream of the river Rhine, state governments along the Rhine river channel to raise
funds to finance the maintenance of the upper watershed, re-naturalization the upstream
rivers to improve flood retention and compensation losses due to flooding downstream.
Similarly applies to rivers / streams such as the Danube, the river Elba, Nekar, de Loar,
and others.
For the treatment of long-term water source regions, in addition to technical and ecological
solutions also need socio-cultural solutions. The concept is to develop a technical solution
early warning system to convert the data to discharge rain water flooding at the source in
the middle and downstream. The concept of ecological solutions to improve the retention
of ecological function (eco-hydraulic) flow along the river from upstream to downstream
for flood attenuation (Stream Corridor Restoration Handbook USDA, 2001). Hold water
upstream and downstream. Dividing the excess water (flooding) along the river channel
upstream and downstream into small flood (flood distributions concept) rather than
accumulate large floods in a particular place. Periodically release the flood plains of
60
residential or other construction (re-Naturalisation). Applying the concept of a new

drainage (drainage flood free concept) for the middle and upper part of the efforts to get rid
of excess water at the latest to the water source on the condition does not cause
environmental health problems. Make monitoring and planning system from upstream to
downstream integral to all activities that could lead to flooding (holistic concept). Each
activity will be carried out as the establishment of golf course, industrial centers, etc.,
should be analyzed the impact of environmental damage that will be caused. From the
social aspect of social learning should be a flood prevention campaigns targeting the public
at large mass involving experts in social and anthropology so as to create.
Completion flooding can also use the concept of eco-hydraulic. The concept of eco-
hydraulic in the completion of the flood is very different from the concept of a purely
conventional or hydraulic means mentioned above. The concept of eco-hydraulic flood in
the completion of adhering to the cause of the flooding is integrally handling, are purely
conventional concept of hydraulic adhering to the local coping result of flooding. The
conventional concept is how to spend the river, or other water sources that create flooding
and misery to the people as quickly posible. Completion thus not an ecological method,
and can only resolve the problem shortly, but will appear in the future even worse destroy
the ecosystem of other factors.
Figure 2.Climbing to Tackle Erosion cover can be made from various materials, such as from
Reed, Jerimi Dry, Dry Elephant Grass, and others. (Source: Patt, et.al, 1999, in Maryono 2005)
61
The concept of eco-Hydraulic incorporate and develop ecological or environmental

element in the completion of the flood, while the concept of pure hydraulic would damage
and destroy the environment in resolving flooding. The concept of pure hydraulic saw
flooding as evidence of the emergence of great destructive force of water, while the eco-
Hydraulic saw the emergence of the phenomenon of flooding is not as destructive force of
water, but the flood is defined as a result of damage to the environment so that the
environment of the flood retention power is lost. In the concept of eco-hydraulic unknown
term destructive force of water to surname flooding. But retention is known to damage the
environment or environmental carrying capacity resulting in frequent occurrence of
extreme water source discharge or flooding.
20
10
Pa g a r b a m b u
10
10
Figure 3.Vegetation Edge Water Resources such as bamboo fence, As arrestors Erosion, Energy
Absorbers, Protector of the Sun and shade Irradiation, Food Ingredients Suppliers As for fauna, as
the Supplier O2 and CO2 absorber, and so forth.Source: Field Data, Atmanto, 2007
The concept of eco-hydraulic incorporate and develop ecological or environmental

elements presented some concepts that can be used in the development of water resources
in the Indonesian region. The concept is the concept of eco-Hydraulic integrative
approach, the concept of harmony and balance, the concept of unity between development
and conservation, the concept of environmentally friendly drainage area, the distribution of
flood concept and the concept of Eco-Hydraulics for flood prevention. The concept of
water resources development mentioned above is different from the conventional concept
of water resource management problem that has been widely adopted as the manufacture
62
talud eg, parapet walls, embankment construction, alignment, diversion, relocation of

water sources, construction of weirs without fishway and others (Maryono, 2003).
Theconcept that will be discussed is the main foundation that needs to be used to manage
water resources in the Indonesian region further.
1 The physical characteristics of the river and

its changes.
2 transverse and longitudinal profile.
3 Topography and base flow of the river.
4. discharge water level fluctuations,
Physical sediment.
Hydrauli 5. Border rivers (floodplain, landslides,
c ecological security and flood plains), etc..
6 Characteristics of rain flow
1 BOD, COD, pH, Cd, Fe, Mn, etc..

Integralistic 2 Sources of liquid and solid waste.
Ecology and Chemistry 3.-frequency discharge of liquid waste and
Hydraulics solid waste volumes.
1. formation type and number of flora or

Biology vegetation.
2 Type and number of animals or animal on the
river bank.
3 Type and number of water bodies fauna
.
1. settlements, activities related to the river.
Social 2 Social, economic and cultural.
3 The public perception
Figure 4.Ecological-Hydraulic Components Integralistic Profile Aquatic Ecosystems

Source: modifkasi Maryono, 2003 h.128.
The old definition of the source of water, that the water source is a groove in the surface of
the earth that serves as a drainage channel and consists of the flow of water and sediment
transported, there should be substantially corrected. While Maryono (2003) describes the
sources of water in eco-hydraulic integrative concept is defined as a system of open
inundated him an interaction between biotic factors and abiotic the flora and fauna on the
one hand and hydraulics of water and sediment on the other side, as well as all human
activities ( social) that relate directly or indirectly to the water source. So in the area of
water resource development with the concept of integral, all relevant factors must be
addressed in the appropriate portion, so there is no component in the source water
63
ecosystems are destroyed. The destruction of one of the chain ecosystem water sources (eg
flora), it will cause the destruction of other components such as fauna, hydraulic retention
springs and cliff erosion.
Sources of water with all the natural characteristics have formed the most stable
composition than the composition of the artificial environment. As a result, changes to the
natural characteristics of the source water will reduce the ability to maintain
balance.Changes in the characteristics of the source water by the first technical building
reacts to the water source with different characteristics changes not only occur in areas that
are changed, but also occur in other parts of the flow of water resources is concerned.
Figure 5.Retrofitting cliffs; Right is part Harmony between Development and Resource
Characteristics of Environmentally Friendly Water-called gabion wall. While the Left Not Part
Harmony between Development and Characteristics of Environmentally Friendly Source of water.
Source: Maryono, FISRWG
Equilibrium concept is an attempt to do in the handling of water resources so as not to

upset the balance that already exists. Thus the balance of water resources should be
utilized in order to develop conservation simultaneously. Harmony concept: Technical
Developments river must be harmoniously conducted with consideration of natural river
Behaviors (FISRWG, 2001) (concept of equilibrium: Mechanical engineering in water
resources should be harmonized with environmental conditions and behaviour).In the
64
development of water resources in the region, the behaviour of the natural system of water
resources need to be defined in detail first.
Table 1 Comparison of Success Rate Input Water Quality ManagementThe concept of eco-
hydraulic river by the Society of the River Plate and the Ciliwung Citarum River Plate
No. River Environmental Quality Ciliwung River body Citarum River body
1 Planting trees in the upstream No data Implemented
region 40%
2. Planting trees along the river Implemented 30% Implemented
70%
3. Bank development efforts tree Implemented 10% Implemented
70%
4. Overcoming waste pollution in Implemented 10% Implemented
river 80%
5. Standing building to monitor No. Implemented 3
the water quality of the river by buildings
the community
6. Standing prohibition notice No It is done 5
board pollute the river. boards.
7. Building ban along the river by No Have been
the public. implemented,
the result of
building in
bantaran
reduced 85%
8. Pollution Prevention industrial Unexecuted approach Unexecuted
waste with industry and limit, but is
other stakeholders. being done by
the industry
approach with
other
stakeholders.
9. Structuring riparian No Implemented
70%
10. Economic activity of water Not formed Already
resources established
waste
management
cycle, bank
trees, organic
fertilizer, and
others.
11. The quality of river water Not fulfilled Not fulfilled
chemistry physics
12. Biological quality of rivers Not fulfilled Not fulfilled
Source: data field, WKLH, GMCBW and WPL, 2005.
65
For example in an attempt to overcome the avalanche cliff can use two options namely
solution with lengthwise grooves talud(wall-protector) developing water resources and by
planting appropriate vegetation along the groove of the water resources occur erosion. The
first option considered in the balance of water resources is very contradictory, because the
manufacturing talud water resources will suffer destabilization. At the top of a rising speed
be built talud current policies and resulting erosion in the downstream after talud will
receive high energy which can cause erosion or flooding. Destabilization lasted equivalent
to the stability of the new process. New stability would require compensation in the form
of erosion and sediment in certain areas that previously did not exist. New stability also
require a difficult to predict.By reactivating the components of the natural vegetation
ecology landslides, floods downstream, inflow outflow mechanism, and the dry season
drought can be avoided.
eton dia. 80 cm Buis beton

Buis beton dia. 80dia.
cm80 cm Buis beton dia. 80 cm
cm 50 cm 50 cm 50 cm
80 cm 80 cm 80 cm
Figure 6 Holes created from the Bus ConcreteSource: Maryono, FISRWG 2003 and 2001.
Upper and middle class people in housing-housing has absolutely no water culture. With
home grown they cover almost the entire area of land for housing with Asphalting or, well
diffusion is generally not done, the rain water run off housing complex. Household waste
water never cleaned before, directly discharged into rivers etc.. Urban community as well.
They do not think about the advantages and waste water. All rainwater claim as soon as
possible out of the district, made for Water vacated drainage system of environmental
water without thinking other environments and buildings erected around the land surface.
66
Used as a source of water waste water and garbage removal. They do not think about
consequences of their behavior. Very few who would try charging understand how to
harness rainwater for almost five full months down in their environment to the needs of
environmental conservation for example. Moreover, if we review the behavior of people
(especially employers HPH) of forest or watershed (DAS in Indonesia). They do not "care"
and is not responsible improved by forest clearing in the DAS. They chop forest blindly
until equilibrium.Upper and middle class people in housing-housing has absolutely no
water culture. With home grown they cover almost the entire area of land for housing with
Asphalting or, well diffusion is generally not done, the rain water run off housing complex.
Household waste water never cleaned before, directly discharged into rivers etc.. Urban
society already so well. They do not think about the advantages and waste water. All
rainwater claim as soon as possible out of the district, drainage system made to separate
the water from the environment without thinking the other environments and buildings
erected across the land surface. Used as a source of water waste water and garbage
removal. They do not think about consequences of their behavior. Very few who would try
charging understand how to harness rainwater for almost five full months down in their
environment to the needs of environmental conservation for example. Moreover, if we
review the behavior of people (especially employers HPH) of forest or watershed (DAS).
They do not "care" and is not responsible improved by forest clearing in the DAS.They
chop forest blindly until equilibrium water upstream and downstream of the flood-affected
erosion and drought occurred followed continuously.
CONCLUSION
From the above it can be concluded that the concept of eco-hydraulic is an integral concept
in the area of development of water sources and incorporate elements of hydraulics and
ecological considerations synergistically. This concept can actually synergistic mutualism,
be advantaged produce both hydraulic engineering and environmental ecology. The water
source is no longer simply construed as grooves on the face of the earth by flowing water
and sediment. But the water source is defined as a unit of ecosystem inundated the open
nature of the upstream-downstream biotic and abiotic components have mutually hooked
each other. Abiotic components Characteristic morphology is a source of water, as well as
67
fluctuations in flow and sediment quality of and quantity. Benthoze component is a

component of the flora and fauna including the communities living along the water sources
in both the body of water sources and watersheds from upstream to downstream. The
consequence of this is that the concept of integrative development planning and
implementation as well as the development of water resources need to involve all
competent experts on each of the components of the ecosystem of the water source. Water
source for this run only one agency should be held as soon as possible reshuffle to include
other relevant managers.
REFERENCE
Asdak, Chay. 2002. Hidrologi dan Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai. Yogyakarta:Gadjah
Mada University Press.
Atmanto, Dwi. 2007. Pendekatan Sosiohidraulik dalam Pengelolaan Kualitas Air Sungai.:
Studi Kasus Pengelolaan Sungai Citarum DKI Jakarta dan Sungai Citarum
Kabupaten Jawa Barat. Dissertation . Jakarta: Environmental Sciene Program-
Post Graduate Indonesia Universitas.
BPLHD West Java dan ITB. 2002. Strategi Pengendalian Pencemaran Daerah Aliran
Sungai Ciliwung Jawa Barat. Bandung: LPPM Environmental Engineering
Departement ITB.
FISRWG. 2001. Stream Corridor Restoration Principles.The Federal Interagency Stream
Restoration Working Group (FISRWG) (15 Federal Agencies of the US
Government). Washington, D.C.
Haeruman, Herman. 1994. Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai.Integrated Watershed
Management Plan Workshop March 24-25 1994 Cisarua: Department of Forestry.
Hehanusa, Peter. 2004. Ekohidrologi untuk Tangani Krisis
Air.http://www.sinarharapan.co.id/berita/0307/23/ipt01.html
Juniati. 2004.River Asset Management (Hydraulic, Morphologie, Ecologie, and Socio-
Cultural Asset) Based Community. Yogyakarta: UGM.
Maryono, Agus. 2005. Menangani Banjir, Kekeringan, dan Lingkungan.
Yogyakarta:Gadjah Mada University Press.
Maryono, Agus. 2003. Pembangunan Sungai Dampak dan Restorasi Sungai.Magister
Sistem Teknik Program Pascasarjana. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.
68
The Role of Society in Conservating Bogor Botanical Gardens, West Java
Oot Hotimah1, Paulus Wirutomo1, Setyo Moersidik1 and Hadi S. Alikodra2

1
University of Indonesia
2
Bogor Agricultural University
ABSTRACT
Bogor Botanical Gardens (BBGs) is a miniature of forest which has survived for hundred years in
urban landscape and became last fortification for plants diversity in Indonesia. It has a big role for
carbonic emission reduction. Many functions of Bogor Botanical Gardens such as ecologycal,
social and economic functions. The strategic function of BBGs needs more attention from Bogors
citizen for its continuities. However based on the fact showed that exuberances of Bogor Botanical
Gardens trees has decreased. Due to many cars passed by in BBGs area became crowded. there
was reduction of bird species form 85 species (2002) become 35 species (2007). From this
phenomena, it is not impossible if one day the trees at Bogor Botanical Gardens have snatched by
human for getting some waters. The interview to several NGO, chairman of student Senior High
School, Student Executive Council Bogor Agricultural University, Staffs BBGs, and visitors of
BBGS. The investigation revealed that the active communications among BBGs officer with the
society around it become an absolute requirement to conserve BBGs as rescue media of
biodiversity crisis. The most important aspect is the role of society for successing BBGs
conservation sustainability.
Keywords : BBGs, The Role of Society, Participation, Conservation
INTRODUCTION
Establishment and management of an area is one of the most important ways to ensure
sustainable natural resources to keep, so that the natural resources can be beneficial on an
ongoing basis. One of the ways and means in the management of natural resources is by
way of ex-situ conservation. Ex-situ conservation are ways and means to protect plant
species, wildlife, and micro-organisms, as well as genetic varieties outside their original
habitat or ecosystem. Construction of the botanical garden is one form of ex-situ
conservation.
Bogor Botanical Gardens (BBGs) is a miniature forest that has survived for
hundreds of years in the urban landscape and become the last bastion for the diversity of
plants in Indonesia. He has a big role for the reduction of carbon emissions, as well as
serves as a community liaison in the utilization of genetic resources. In addition, the
Garden also as the oldest botanical gardens in the world which can survive for long periods
69
of time while still carrying out its function as a botanical garden. In the effort to develop
and maintain the natural resources, park management efforts are required to ensure the
sustainability and stability of natural ecosystems (Glenn F. Ross 1998).
History of the Bogor Botanical Gardens (KRB) stems from Prof. Dr.C.G.C.
Reinwart, a German botanist who was in Indonesia in the early 19th century. He was
assigned to conduct research on plants in the Dutch East Indies. Letter submitted to the
Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies in Batavia, G.A.G.P Baron van der Capellen,
requesting a piece of land for the benefit of research and a variety of plants to grow
economically important plant collections from domestic and foreign regions, may be
granted. Botanic Gardens were established on May 18, 1817 by Prof. Dr. C.G.C
Reindwardt were then called, s'Lands Plantentuinte Buitenzorg is better known as the
Bogor Botanical Gardens.
BBGs throughout the course of history have different names, namely "s'Lands
Plantentuin," Syokubutzuer "Botanical Garden of Buitenzorg," Botanical Garden of
Indonesia "Kebun Gede" and Kebun Jodoh. Yet in the end is better known as the Bogor
Botanical Gardens. Establishment was preceded by plugging the first swing hoe on earth
Padjadjaran as a sign that the construction of the garden development, whose
implementation led by Reindwardt himself, assisted by Mr. James Hooper and W. Kent of
the famous Kew Gardens in England, in the city of Richmond. Reindwardt pioneering
efforts in the field Herbarium. At that time the extent of 47 acres. Through a long journey,
now widely Bogor Botanical Gardens 87 acres. BBGs is now the status of the Center for
Plant Conservation.
Harian Kompas, Endang (2013) in Humanities in June 2013, wrote: "Many of
unknown biodiversity benefits, but already threatened with extinction. Domestic and
foreign tourists come to Bogor definitely the main target is the BBGs. So famous BBGs.
However, not many people know that the Garden is being threatened. Complexity
sandwiched in the middle position Bogor. If this is allowed, the population gradually trees
and animals in the Garden will be reduced. For example, in 2002 the number of birds that
live in the Garden reached 85 tails. However, in 2007, the number was reduced to 35 This
is caused by the increase in air pollution in Bogor so that the birds were reluctant to come.
70
Now at the BBGs, bat population was increasing. Though the increase in the population of
bats is not good because it can upset the balance of the BBGs.
BBGs states that almost all of the plants that are in critical condition. This was due
to the declining quality of ground water in the city of Bogor. Based on data from LIPI
(Indonesian Institute of Science), declining ground water quality due to the many shopping
malls in the city of Bogor that uses ground water, both legal and illegal.
Saving biodiversity, at least to include it as a botanical garden collection at this
time because it was in a state of urgency. Tropical Indonesian archipelago is one of the
largest centers of biodiversity in the world. Indonesia has an estimated 27,500 flowering
plant species, or 10 percent of the world flowering plants.
Until now, from a number that only about 6000 types of flowering plants known
and potential benefits. The rest, 21,500 flowering plant species others still require further
research. According to Endang, from the number of flowering plants are not yet known
and potential benefits, research and rescue to the challenge through the botanical gardens.
This challenge is a race against the destruction of forests due to the transfer of functions
into agricultural areas, plantation, and mining.
Many functions of the BBGs ranging from ecological function as the lungs of the
city, water and carbon barns, to maintain the biodiversity of Indonesia, to save a collection
of tropical plant species that are rare, as well as absorbing pollution from vehicle emission
two-wheeled or four-wheeled. Biological function to save the plant species and plant
species as breeding laboratory. Then Social Functions (as a public space, environmental
education and ecotourism). The research function and its economic function (as a job
opening for the informal and formal sectors, as well as the tourism industry). But it is
unfortunate if so far the community around BBGs more tourist utilize the functionality
without utilizing other functions are even more important and positive impact. It is not
possible that the process of achieving the vision and mission of the Garden which is to be
one of the best botanical gardens in the world in the field of plant conservation, research,
environmental education services, and tourism could be hampered if the public awareness
of this course is still lacking.
The basic problem of saving biodiversity in Indonesia is still a lack of community
role of the rescue activities of Indonesia's natural wealth itself. Preserving the botanical
71
gardens need motivation, and motivation is a collective participation. Embodiment of the

shared responsibility of government, private, and community for the provision of space
that is conducive to social and economic benefit of the public or community. Inclusion
community's role in conservation efforts should be carried out botanical gardens,
conservation is no longer the absolute right of the limited time. Step community
participation in conservation efforts have been implemented by UNESCO and it is a
positive thing that we can adopt to be implemented in the city of Bogor.
When compared with the results of the field observations in various countries then
there is one thing that is striking is how big the participation of local communities in the
implementation of activities, both as an organization and participation of individuals based
on the expected benefits. They quite clearly included in determining, organizing and
utilizing conservation activities namely restoration of cultural heritage is managed by the
city in question. The approach is based on community-based actions in the implementation
of the restoration or preservation of the environment and heritage buildings, it is
recommended by UNESCO. In fact, in order to increase awareness of the society at large
and in all ages, UNESCO launched a campaign of cultural heritage in love with the
program through schools from kindergarten to the university, with the name: Heritage In
Young Hands.
In this connection in Indonesia, this program was there but as if only with the
involvement of the Ministry of Education without any participation of the Local
Government proactively. UNESCO party also advised the politicians /decision giver/ local
government, so that in the implementation of cultural heritage preservation and nearby
communities should be involved with such activities and make a joint activity with the
activities of the people that really want to succeed. If such a step is applied also in the city
of Bogor in Bogor Botanical conservation efforts, is necessarily silent objects of cultural
heritage that it will be easier to tell a story about the history of the city of Bogor to us. This
course will have a positive impact on the establishment of cultural identity and history of
the city of Bogor, in addition to the economic impact will increase with the presence of
tourists to travel past the city of Bogor.
The point is that conservation efforts should be made an impact on increasing
public awareness of the importance of the city of BBGs that is society which would later
72
play a larger role, nurturing and overseeing the government stay out of the corridor so no
laws about preservation. Community engagement in conservation activities BBGs in
Bogor, in tune with the concept of governance in the stretcher now that the concept of
good governance, with three main pillars; government, private, and community, one of
which includes public participation. It is necessary for businesses that aim to understand
the legal basis for the existence of objects of cultural heritage as well as the rules that must
be obeyed in the preservation of cultural heritage objects. It is expected that the use of
objects of cultural heritage as a tourist attraction within the remit of the principles of
preservation. In Cultural Resource Management study one aspect of management is the
legal aspect. Therefore laws, either in the form of laws and regulations must always be a
benchmark.
The following conservation efforts, the cultural heritage material as a tourist
attraction, of course, will involve various parties with different interests as well. Bogor city
government as one of the party who was entitled to avail of course also have to understand
its authority. Understanding of the authority not only refers to the law on regional
autonomy, but must look at products related legislation. In this case the product of
legislation which should be minimal referral law on cultural heritage, the law on tourism,
and the government regulation No. 10 as well as products of other legislation. By
understanding the authority of each party, then the cultural heritage material will remain to
preserve the cultural heritage object itself. More importantly, the principle of balance in
the utilization will be realized.
According Nashar (2009), The chairman of Bogor100, many benefits are obtained
if the city of Bogor is really becoming one of the world heritage. With the enactment of
Bogor someday succeed as a world heritage, then the whole world will get to know the city
of Bogor. Automatically, this will increase the number of tourists visiting the Bogor area
so that income will increase. Not only that, if the people of the world know that the city of
Bogor is one of the world heritage, they volunteered to help maintain the historical relics in
Bogor which can be started from the BBGs with all the biodiversity therein.
It is necessary for research on public participation in the preservation of the
Garden. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the community in
preserving the Bogor Botanical Gardens. The results of this study are expected to provide
73
benefits to bring awareness to the community that it's time the community should be
involved and also urged the government to immediately create the last strongholds of
forest rescue, saving biodiversity, Indonesia, through the botanical gardens.
Theoritical Framework
The notion of participation by many experts is usually interpreted as an effort to
community participation in an activity, which when associated with the development is a
way of community participation in development. Another term that is often used in the
participation is the involvement and participation embodied in the mutual cooperation.
According to Boediono (1999), a joint effort is the work done together without reward
intended for the common good. In the same meaning Widiayanti and Sunindha (1989)
defines it as a joint venture that can be realized in terms of participation.
Achmadi (1978) adds that participation, community self-help in the form of mutual
assistance is the main capital. While self-help in interpret as the ability of a group of
people with their own consciousness and initiative held fulfillment. According to Cohen
and Uphoff (Ndraha; 1990) that can partisipation is the output and input of development.
Forms of participation that can be done by the community in the development program
consists of participation in decision-making, implementation, utilization, and evaluation of
development.
Related with the definition of participation and its relation to the program
development and community empowerment then participation becomes a very important
element. Without consideration of community participation, development programs that
will be implemented is planning on paper (Pusic in Adi; 2001). Based on his view,
participation or community involvement in development can be viewed from two things,
namely; participation in planning and participation in the implementation. Both of these
terms have positive and negative terms, either in the form of participation in planning and
participation in the implementation. Positive aspect of participation in planning is to
encourage the emergence of emotional involvement of the development programs planned
together, while the negative side is the possibility can not be avoided conflicts between
groups in society that can delay or even hinder the achievement of a joint decision.
74
Positive aspect of participation in the implementation is mostly of a program (on a

needs assessment and program planning) have been completed. The negative side there is a
tendency to make the citizens as objects of development, where community members serve
without development practitioners are encouraged to understand and realize the problems
they face, and without a desire to overcome the problem. As a result, citizens are not
emotionally involved in the program which resulted in failure often can not be avoided.
According Tjokroamidjojo (1990) that there are three stages in the participation, namely;
1. Involvement in the process of determining the direction, strategy planning policy.
2. Involvement in shouldering the burden and responsibility in the implementation of
development activities.
3. Involvement in the results and reap the benefits of development.
Furthermore Suratmo (1995) stated that the basic purpose of the participation of
Indonesian society are (a) to include the community in environmental management, (b) to
include the community in the development of the state, and (c) assist the government to be
able to take the wisdom and better decisions and appropriate.
Participation requires the participation of a person or group in an activity. Person's
participation or involvement can directly and indirectly. Direct involvement, such as
participating directly in carrying out an activity (physically involved); whereas indirect
involvement such as someone physically not directly involved in an activity but provide
material support or donations of mind in the event .
Understanding public participation according to Keith Davis is "Participation is
defined as the mental and emotional involvement of a person in a group situation inlich
encourages him to Contribute to group". This definition implies the following;
a. Participation as a person's mental and emotional involvement is more than just
physical involvement.
b. Participation motivate people to support the growth situation of initiatives to target

/ destination group.
c. Participation encourages people to feel involved and responsible for the group's
activities (Keith Davis, media information social welfare in 2010; 133)
75
Mental and emotional involvement will encourage the growing awareness that the
motivation of each individual in the community to participate and participate in an activity.
In participating in it have a social conscience and a sense of social solidarity. Social care or
social solidarity is a sense of empathy that is manifested in the form of action or behavior
to help others who are having trouble and to make it happen requires awareness and
responsibility.
As revealed Haryadi Subadio (1991; 10) that social solidarity is essentially a
tolerance, the ability to put yourself in the situation and the difficulties of others, so do not
act arbitrarily, able to feel and realize the state of tolerance toward others, and willing to
lend a hand when necessary. Social participation, social care and social solidarity towards
others is a form of empathy that is reflected in the willingness to commit an act or acts of
helping others who are having trouble.
Based on the notion of community participation that has been said above, it can
also be concluded that community participation is participation /involvement of active
society both morally and materially, which cooperate in achieving a common goal which is
related to individual interests therein. By doing so, it is clear that the role of the community
become so important in the development of any form of activity, because the community
support interacting constantly gives hope towards the success of an activity.
From the opinions mentioned above it can be concluded that the participation of the
main features of a willingness to participate in a group. Where there is a correlation
feelings and thoughts in a group situation, thus encouraging a person to assist the
successful achievement of group goals. Of understanding regarding participation refers to
Davis above, may be taken three main elements, namely awareness, sense of belonging,
and responsibility in the management of domestic waste.
From a description of the terms of participation in the above can be stated that the
author, community participation is the involvement of a number of individuals who are
organized to achieve specific goals. Thus community participation can be categorized into
a process, such as public participation in the management of domestic waste in the Village
of Binjai.
76
The same thing is said by Sastropoetro (1988) that community participation is

involvement accompanied spontaneous awareness and responsibility to the interests of the
group to achieve a common goal.
Almost similar to the opinion Hetifah (2002) suggests that participation is defined
as involvement of people voluntarily without pressure and away from government or
external interests. In other words, participation is considered as the willingness of the
people to create their own community development. So participation is a practical form of
aspiration, initiative and involvement of citizens. But the problem, the concept of
participation can not be optimally implemented by the government or the people
themselves. There is ambiguity in the concept and application of practical level
participation. In addition, the locality and the time dimension also determines the
maximum community participation.
Dr.Sudarshan in the journal Syamsul Wathoni (2006) requires that maximum
participation can only be done by taking into account two fundamental things first;
institutional structure that allows citizens to participate and decide their own problems.
second; community representation proportional representation within each policy-making
process on behalf of the common good.
However, Ignas Kleden (2004) saw the participation instead of quantity, the more
emphasis on the numbers and the number of people who participate but rather on the
quality of the participation discourse developed. The quality of discourse is defined by two
aspects; good arguments and have a strong foundation, the wider interests at stake. To be
more meaningful participation, arguments for participation and institutional accountability
must be based on the conception of rights, which in the context of strengthening the status
of citizens. If the citizen originally formulated as beneficiaries, now it has to be positioned
as a legitimate party entitled and against the center. .
Furthermore Asngari (2001) states that raising participation was based on the
existence mutual understanding. The existence of this definition is because amongst these
people to communicate and interact with each other. In eliciting the participation of all
parties is required: (a) the creation of an atmosphere free or democratic and (b) made up
togetherness.
77
S.P. Hadi (1995) states that public participation is a process in which people
participate to take part in decision making. In terms of quality, participation is as an input
policy, strategic, communications, media and the public breakdown of social therapy.
Community participation will bring a positive influence, where they will be able to grasp
or understand the various issues that arise as well as understand that the final decision will
be taken. Community involvement is part of the planning process is intended to
accommodate the needs, aspirations of affected communities so that negative impacts can
be eliminated as well as planners attempt to obtain input from the community about
everything related to their fate.
S.P Hadi further stated to achieve these goals, there are two elements that must be
met by the participation of society namely: the existence of two-way communication and
continuous information relating to projects, programs and policies delivered by a variety of
techniques that are not just passive and formal but also active and informal.
Importance of Participation
The importance of community participation in development according to Diana Conyers
(1991) based three main reasons, namely:
1. Public participation is a means to obtain information about the condition, needs
and attitudes of local communities, without whose presence and development
program projects will fail.
2. People will be more trust development project or program if you feel involved
in the process of preparation and planning, because they will know more about
the ins and outs of the project and have a sense of belonging to the project.
3. The notion that it is a democratic right when the people involved in the
development of society itself.
According Moeljarto (1994) participation is therefore essential, there is some

justification, namely;
1. People is a central focus and ultimate goal of development, participation is a logical
result of the argument.
78
2. Participation raises self-esteem and personal abilities to be able to participate in

important decisions concerning the community.
3. Participation create an environment feedback flow of information about the
attitudes, aspirations, needs and local conditions without existence will not be
revealed. This information flow is inevitable for the success of development.
4. Development implemented better by starting from where people are and of what
they have.
5. Participation broaden horizons recipient zone development projects.
6. Participation pemerintak will expand coverage to the entire community.
7. Participation sustain development.
8. Participation provides a good environment conducive to the actualization of human
potential and human growth.
9. participation is an effective way to build community capacity for managing
development programs to meet local needs.
10. Participation is seen as a reflection of the democratic rights of individuals to be
involved in their own development.
Shape and Participation Type

Davis (Sastropoetro; 1988) explains that in the implementation of development programs,
participation can also be seen from the shape and type:
namely:
a. Participation of money is a form of participation to expedite efforts for achieving
the needs of the people who need help.
b. Participation property is participation in the form of donated property, usually in
the form of working tools or utensils.
c. Force participation is given in the form of participation of personnel to carry out
efforts to support the success of a program.
d. Participation of skill, which gives a boost through its skills to other community
members who need it.
Types of participation
a. Mind (psychology participation)
79
b. Power (physical participation)

c. Mind and power (psychological and physical participation)
d. Expertise (participation with skill)
e. Goods (material participation)
f. Money (participation money)
According to Effendi there are two forms of participation, vertical and horizontal.
a. Vertical participation is a form of certain conditions in the community involved
in it or take part in a program other parties, in respect of which the community
exists as a subordinate position.
b. Horizontal is where community participation is not impossible to have initiative
in which each member / community groups participate horizontally between
each other, both in business and in order to conduct joint activities with other
parties.
Various definitions above illustrate some of the principles contained in

participation, especially in the context of development, such as a sense of togetherness,
volunteerism and cooperation. The same is visible in the view Santoso and Iskandar
(1974), based on field experience in community participation in development, there are six
elements in participation are:
(a) Sense of common fate and shared causes
(b) Relationship with the purpose of life
(c) The existence prakarsawan
(d) participation Climate
(e) The development itself
Furthermore, in terms of utilization, according Sutoro Eko and his friends:
1. Participation as a TOOL
Participation is seen as a process that in this process the local people

(villagers) can cooperate or join the development program introduced by anyone,
externally. Participation as a tool in which this kind of initiative can be
implemented more effectively. Participation of villagers sponsored by external
80
representatives and it is seen as a technique to help the progress of the village

program.
2. Participation as GOAL
Participation seen as an end in itself. That goal can be expressed as the

empowerment of the people in terms of acquisition of skills, knowledge and
experience to take greater responsibility for development. Poverty villagers often
understood in terms of keterabaian and lack of access and control the resources
they need to continue and improve their lives.
Indicators and Characteristics of Participation
According Loina Lalolo Krina P. (2003), public participation is an integral part of the
development itself, so that eventually all people will obtain the same rights and powers to
sue or get a fair share of the benefits of development. Fuller discussion on indicators of
participation can be seen below:
1. Based on the assumption that government organizations will work better if the
members of the structure are given the opportunity to be intimately involved with
every decision the organization.
This involves two aspects, namely;

a. The involvement of government officials through the creation of value and
commitment among officials that strongly motivated by the program is
implemented
b. Public involvement in the design and implementation of programs.
2. Participation in strengthening democracy needed to improve the quality and
effectiveness of public services. In realizing a suitable framework for the
participation of several aspects need to be considered;
a. Participation through constitutional and civil society networks.
b. Individual participation in the decision-making process, civil society as a
service provider.
c. Local government culture.
d. Other factors, such as the transparency of the process is open and the
concentration of the substance in the competence.
81
3. Characterized by participatory governance;

a. The focus is on providing direction and invite others to participate
b. Constitutional and democratic basis
c. The combination of the government and other actors in society
d. Vision and consensus-based development is very important
e. The government only acts as chairperson
4. The basic assumption of participation is increasingly in the individual's
involvement in the production challenges, these individuals more productive.
5. Participation is the principle that every person has the right to be involved in
decision making in any organization of government activity. (Guidance books
Strengthening Security Program Regional Development, Bappenas and Ministry of
Home Affairs, 2002).
It can be concluded that the principle of public participation requires public should
be empowered, given the opportunity to play a role and are included in the bureaucratic
processes from planning and implementation oversight or public policy.
Hetifah Sj. Sumarto (2008) says there are three characteristics of participation is
considered ideal;
1. Influential, ongoing process has the ability to influence policy and decision-
making.
2. Inclusive, forums that there must be representative of the population exposed to

different perspectives and values, and to provide equal opportunity for all parties to
participate.
3. Deliberative process undertaken should allow for an open dialogue, open access to
information, mutual respect, mutual understanding and space to build a framework
of joint issues and leads to mutual agreement.
Characteristics of participation according to Saca Firmansya

a) Participation passive / manipulative
a. Communities participate by being told what is or has happened.
82
b. Management of unilateral announcements by project implementers attention or

public response.
c. The information exchanged is limited to professional circles outside the target
group
b) Participation by giving them questions.
a. Communities participate by answering questions such research in quesioner the
like.
b. People do not have the opportunity to engage and influences the resolution
process.
c. Accuracy of the results of the study are not discussed with the community.
c) Participation in consultation
a. Communities participate by consultation
b. Outsiders listen and build his own views to then define the problems and solutions,
by modifying the responses to public comments.
c. There is no opportunity for decision-makers with
d) Participation for material incentives
a. Communities participate by providing resources such as labor, in order to obtain
food, wages, compensation and so on.
b. People are not involved in the experiment or the learning process.
c. Society does not have a hand to continue the activities performed keguatan-
intensive when supplied / received have been exhausted.
e) Participation functional
a. Communities participate by forming groups to achieve the goals associated with
the project.
b. The formation of the group after a major decision agreed.
c. At first these communities rely on outsiders but at the time was able to own
f) Interactive participation
a. Communities participating in the joint analysis that lead to the planning of
activities and the establishment of new social institutions.
83
b. Participation tends to involve interdisciplinary methods that seek diversity of

perspectives in the learning process in a structured and systematic.
c. Community groups have a role control over their decisions so that they had a stake
in the entire implementation of the activities.
METHOD
This study make use of a mixed methodology (Thasakkorie and Tedllie, 1998) ; The visitor
of BBGs (N=88) followed by a series of in-depth interviews with 3 informant from 3
activist of 3 LSM (environment-based) and several chairman of the student Senior High
School in Bogor City. According to Creswell and Plano Park (2007) this type of
methodology is most siutable for exploring phenomena about which little is established,
but where several possible explanations exist.
The Survey
This survey was conducted for 6 months continuously refer to the literature, the results of
relevant previous research and dig deeper into the information from the respondents.
Respondent is the Bogor Botanical Garden visitors who live in the city of Bogor or of
Bogor Regency. In this study identifies community participation in conservation efforts
BBGs. In this case the preservation program BBGs as a multifunctional urban forest, not
just involve the city government alone but should ideally involve providing conservation
community about the Bogor Botanical Garden, Bogor community especially to maintain
cultural heritage and biodiversity in the BBGs.
The Interview
Within the survey respondents were invited to informant for an in-depth interview
intended to allow them to expand on answers given the survey, and to provide
opportunities for the emergence of ideas, which may not have been anticipated by the
survey instrument. These semi-structured interviews served to augment survey data.
Interview conversations allowed to probe the history of BBGs, the function of the BBGs,
the development of relationship between BBGs and surrounding communities, to know
how bogor community awareness to BBGs, and someone who cares a lot for the BBGs.
84
The Analyses and The Limitation

This study used a less-dominant dominant design that combines quantitative and
qualitative approaches in the study. A qualitative approach plays a dominant (main) while
the quantitative pedekatan less-dominant position. Qualitative approach in this study is
intended to support and provide an explanation or interpretation of the results obtained
from the quantitative approach. The qualitative approach emphasizes the process and
meaning of the facts that occur in the field. According to Nasution (1988) and Creswell
(1994), in qualitative research the researcher is the main instrument concerned is directly
down to the field to collect data through observation, interviews and documentation,
whereas in quantitative research using a survey method with the primary data gathering
instrument was a questionnaire. Both of these methods are triangulation, the data obtained
by questionnaire explored in more depth through observation, and in-depth interviews (in-
depth interviews) and enriched by other documents.
In the end, both approaches were used in this study are combined to find the answer
to the overall research goals. Determination of the informants in this study conducted
snowball, meaning that researchers can determine the person interviewed based on
information obtained from the local leaders and field observations. Interview starts from a
key informant the Chairman or some activist environmental NGO based in Bogor,
Chairman of the equivalent of high school student council several schools in the city of
Bogor, then continue to the other informants to obtain information that was considered
sufficient and adequate. In general, the data collected in this study divided into primary
data and secondary data.
Primary data is categorized into two parts. First, the collection of data through a
qualitative approach is to conduct in-depth interviews with key informants. Second, the
collection of data through a quantitative approach is done through observation /
measurement field, and a survey of the local community. Secondary data was collected
through the agency or agencies that are relevant to this research.
There are a few limitations to note about the study. Although there was a seemingly
large respon to the survey (N=86), this number represents but a small proportion of the
total number of Bogor community. Also since participation in the survey was self-
selecting, it tended to attrack a non-parametric sample of respondents, that is participants
85
were strong advocates of BBGs existence. In spite of these limitations, researcher believes
the analyses presented here, are a reasonable indicator of what is going on in the city with
awareness to BBGs existence.
The Participants
The total number of respondents to the survey was 86 persons. Of these, 51% identified
themselves as female and 49% identified as a male. The majority of visitors KRB is 17-21
years of age by 47%, visitors aged 22-26 years by 20%, visitors aged 27-31 years by 7%,
visitors aged 32-36 years as much as 9%, visitors aged 37-41 years were 9%, visitors aged
42-46 years were 6% and above 47 years of age as much as 2%. This shows that 17-21
year old school became the most visitors and for various reasons they came to the Garden.
One was to determine the types of plants are in the collection by BBGs and hanging out
with friends.
The majority of respondents as much as 55% last education is high school
graduates, 28% graduated from junior high school, as many as 8% of graduates S1, D3 as
much as 6%, 2% and 1% of primary school graduates S2.
The majority of visitors BBGs job is as a school and college students or 44%, then
27% as private sector workers, as many as 16% had a variety of jobs such as journalists,
entrepreneurs and others. A total of 6% worked as a civil servant (PNS) and as much as
6% as housewives (IRT). The majority of visitors based on interviews, student and was
students who occupied the highest percentage. In addition to functioning BBGs as a place
for recreation families, they declared that the BBGs is a media / learning resources for
specific subjects such as Biology, Environmental Education, as well as the geography and
research for students who are making a thesis or course assignment.
The survey is based on income as much as 49% since the end not to have income as
many as 38 of them are students and students and 6 of them are housewives who have no
income. As many as 15% of visitors have income between Rp2,500,000-Rp4.749.000, as
many as 12% have income between Rp1.000.001-Rp2,499,000, as much as 9% of visitors
have income between Rp250.00-1,000,000, as much as 5% of visitors who have total
income Rp4.750.000-Rp7,000,000 and as much as 7% have income over Rp7,000,000.
86
Based on visitor income owned by their claim that the admission price BBGs is relatively
affordable.
Informan
Within the survey respondent were invited to informant followed by a series of in-depth
interviews with 3 activists of 3 environment-based NGO ( Non Goverment Organization),
like: RMI (Rimbawan Muda Indonesia), PILI (Pusat Informasi Lingkungan Indonesia)and
Bogor100, NGO what there are in Bogor area and several chairman of the Senior High
School student in Bogor City, those are: SMA Negeri 1, SMA Negeri 2, SMA Negeri 3,
SMA Negeri 5, SMA Negeri 6, and SMA YPHB Bogor. Beside that, a qualitatif method
with in-depth, also interview to the employees of BBGs and several from Student
Executive Council (Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa) Bogor Agriculture University (IPB).
Interviews were conducted in-depth evaluation of environment-based NGO leaders.
In its participation as an institution that cares about the environment based existence
BBGs, this engagement is not just mental, emotional and physical. This NGO supports
sustainability BBGs proven initiated by making seminars or workshops for people who are
unfamiliar to the problems of the Bogor Botanical Gardens. Besides this NGO programs
encourage people to feel partially responsible for preserving the KRB as the last bastion
rescue biodiversity in critical condition, both nationally and internationally. The NGO said
that active communications among BBGs officer with the society around it must be
increased, becauseits absolute requirement to conserve BBGs as rescue media of
biodiversity crisis.
In addition to in-depth interview of NGO representatives on the student council
chairman several high school students and representatives of the Chairman of the
Executive Board of the Student Faculty level. Associated with BBGs that has many
functions, they stated BBGs as a container for students to research related to task for
college and high school students this BBGs existence as a media / source of learning in the
subject of Environmental Education, Biology, and Geography. With the issue of
biodiversity crisis in the BBGs, students as well as students are willing to contribute to the
preservation of the Garden itself. One example, in outline they are willing to work together
not only to preserve BBGs alone but they are also willing to take part in maintaining the
cleanliness of the environment around and within the Botanical Gardens.
87
The interview to the staff of BBGs. Three of 5 personswho worked as staff BBGs
are descendants of parents or grandparents had been a worker in the BBGs. It became its
own interest and feel the bond with the Bogor Botanical Gardens. Participation by workers
against their own BBGs is not only maintain the existence of BBGs but as shown by the
loyalty of workers.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The existence of the Bogor Botanical Gardens
BBGs located in the center of Bogor city with a height of 260 metres above sea level, with
high rainfall between 3000-4300 mm per year. BBGs is a living plant museum with the
most complete collection of tropical plants in the world, built with a beautiful landscape
concept. BBGs location is very strategic because it is easily accessible from anywhere. Its
location close to the motorway can be easily accessed by visitors from outside the city of
Bogor.
BBGs as a tropical botanical gardens world-renowned research in addition to
functioning as a garden of tropical plants, is also a fairly enjoyable recreation garden.
Based on the source of information about the history of the Bogor Botanical Gardens, the
establishment of the Bogor Botanical Gardens stems from Prof. Dr.C.G.C. Reinwart, a
German botanist who was in Indonesia in the early 19th century. He was assigned to
conduct research on plants in the Dutch East Indies. Letter submitted to the Governor-
General of the Dutch East Indies in Batavia, G.A.G.P Baron van der Capellen, requesting a
piece of land for the benefit of research and a variety of plants to grow economically
important plant collections from the archipelago region and foreign countries can be
granted. Botanic Gardens were established on May 18, 1817 by Prof. Dr. C.G.C
Reindwardt were then called, s'Lands Plantentuinte Buitenzorg is better known as the
BBGs.
Several research institutes in Indonesia, many are born from BBGs role, such as
Forestry, Agriculture, even LIPI itself born from the BBGs. Currently it is in terms of the
structure of the KRB under LIPI, LIPI but actually arise from a variety of researchers
active role in BBGs. Of age alone, LIPI's new 40-year-old while the Bogor Botanical
Garden has nearly 200 years, exactly 197 years. Since its inception, international
88
researchers have made reference BBGs as research sites, evidenced by the guest list, also
the thesis of Dr. Goss. But with the transfer of government, after independence, the BBGs
was a role only as UPT (Technical Implementation Unit). So just perform the function of
the tour only-no research function. Until now it has increased to the CCP (Center for Plant
Conservation) that charged more research. So BBGs has a stronger role, including taking
part in conservation policy in Indonesia as ex-situ.
Based on data obtained from sources informant is one manager of the BBGs, Mrs.
Sugiarti who say that the direction and strategy of BBGs development is inseparable from
the duties and functions, the vision-mission, one of them wants to be a national reference
center in terms of minimal plant conservation in Indonesia . But because the state
Indonesia Mega Biodiversity, eventually becoming a reference state of tropical flora. In
terms of scholarship, is also associated with plant data, diversity, etc. certainty Latin name.
All related to the rescue once considered endangered flora in their natural habitat, these
functions are supporters of the main functions earlier. Function, for example tourism, it is
actually to be able to inform visitors and hope they will realize to protect the environment.
The function of education is also to invite students and students take advantage of all the
educational facilities in BBGs in their learning activities. In contrast to the function of the
environmental services which emphasize the CCP to further optimize. So in essence,
wherever the Botanical Garden, its main function is to plant conservation, while the other
functions as a support function is the main function earlier. His research for the
preservation of plants, educational environment for utilization, ecotourismnya for public
awareness.
But that is a big problem for the sustainability of the biodiversity of Indonesia in
BBGs is the condition of the plants and animals that very concern. This was due to the
declining quality of ground water in the city of Bogor. Based on data from LIPI, declining
ground water quality due to the many shopping malls in the city of Bogor that uses ground
water, both legal and illegal. Another example in 2002 was the number of birds that live in
the Garden reached 85 tails. However, in 2007, the number was reduced to 35 This is
caused by the increase in air pollution in Bogor so that the birds were reluctant to come.
89
CONCLUSION
Role of Local Communities in Biodiversity Conservation Effort in BBGs
The findings obtained from interviews and observations showed that local people in this
community around the Garden has not played an active role. In biodiversity conservation
activities. This can be demonstrated from the fact that most of the plants are in a very poor
condition. Many potential biodiversity benefits is unknown, but it is threatened with
extinction. Plant maintenance activities become stalled due to the declining quality of
ground water due to the construction of many shopping malls in the city of Bogor.
Public environmental awareness is a (gained through) the process of education.
How community care to look at the surrounding environment. Do people know how clean
or dirty the environment as well as to know their efforts react. The low level of public
awareness of the importance of the continuity of the diversity of the country and even the
world as well as the government, as the party most responsible for the management of
biodiversity in the Garden considered less responsive. Public understanding is still low and
the government is less responsive condition worsens plants and animals that exist in the
BBGs.
Implication
The role of the public is a form of public participation in preserving the Bogor Botanical
Gardens Bogor as the last bastion of saving biodiversity in crisis, both national and
international levels. Participation will involve one day of action movement shaped
cleaning around Bogor Botanical Gardens held by the City Government. The participants
include gymnastics community mothers, students and people who are exercising in Bogor
Sempur Field.
There should be a container that collects community who care about the Bogor
Botanical Gardens Bogor ongoing basis. For example, like the "Bogor Community Forum
for kelestraian Botanical Gardens". Where the community acted as a monitor, supervise,
feel and give more attention. Bogor Botanical Gardens is not just a brand / product but also
contribute to the environmental sustainability of the city of Bogor. Bogor Botanical
Gardens is an urban forest that is not being multifunctional in its management if not done
optimally.
90
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How to Improve Society Economic By Zone Model of a Maritim

Education Torism In Seribu Islands
Hamidah, UcuCahyana, Supriyadi, Khrisnamurti

FakultasEkonomi, UNJ
(hamidahsam@gmail.com)
FMIPA, UNJ
(u.cahyana@yahoo.com)
FMIPA, UNJ
(supriyadi89@yahoo.com)
FIS, UNJ
(nino.khrisnamurti@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
This research activity aims to develop a model maritime industrial zone educational tours
in the islands into zones integrated in the system of cooperation networks connected
globally (locally integrated , globally connected )to improve society economic in the
Seribu Islands . The method used in this study is a mixed method . In the year to the first
study conducted a survey to build a database , and research & development (R&D),
generate models of educational tours marine industrial zone . In the second year of
research conducted: (1) action research to develop the tourism potential of education in
each zone as a tourist destination marine education,(2) management models Travel
Industry Zone Maritime Education (ZIWEB) Thousand Islands, (3) the model development
cooperation (networking) between the researchers, the local government and local tourism
operators Thousand Islands, and (4) Analysis of the impact of educational tours to the
economic resilience of marine communities. The results of the first study was a 10 -year
potential island into a tourist destination marine education is divided into three zones
educational tours marine industry, consisting of: (1) South Zone consists of Onrust Island ,
Island of Java Fortunately , Lancang Island , Island and Island tidungPari . (2) Central
Zone consists of Pramuka Island , Panggang Island , SemakDaun Island and Floating
cages and (3) North Zone consists of Kelapa Island and Harapan Island . The final results
of this study produced a model Marine Industrial Zone Thousand Islands Tourism
Education are equipped with modules and educational films nautical tourism activities in
the three zones , the website " stored " (hosting) in a web hosting provider (Master Web
Network) and posted with using URL www.ziweb - kepulauan1000.com and management
models Tourism Education Marine Industrial Zone (ZIWEB) Thousand Islands, as well as
an increase in the economic welfare of society.
Keywords : industrial zones , educational tours marine , thousand islands , the resilience
of the local economy
95
INTRODUCTION
New concept in the field of tourism is sustainable tourism development. Tourists not
only enjoy the object passively, but actively participate in accordance with the context.
Activity is a synergy between economic activity ,social interaction, cultural, and
environmental conservation.The tourists can be redirected to educational activities, such
as: identifying marine life, observing a variety of coral reefs, and mangrove forest
ecosystems studied. This activity is great potential to develop the character of the nation
for its participants, mostly students.At the same time marine educational tours are also very
potential to increase the economic resilience of marine communities that depend on the
average of traditional fishing. It is unfortunate that such a large potential not immediately
utilized.Thousand Islands archipelago located in Jakarta Bay, has developed into a
potential marine tourism industry mainstay Jakarta provincial government at the same
phenomenal uncontrollable (Cahyana, 2011). Called phenomenal because of the
development of tourism in the islands, such as the Pramuka Island and Tidung Island, took
place very quickly and practically only be initiated by the public.Tourists come directly
into people's homes to homestay, enjoy a culinary tour, and enjoy snorkeling and diving
activities. Thousand Islands archipelago located in Jakarta Bay, has developed into a
potential marine tourism industry mainstay Jakarta provincial government at the same
phenomenal uncontrollable (Cahyana,2011). Called phenomenal because of the
development of tourism in the islands, such as the Scout Island and Tidung Island, took
place very quickly and practically only be initiated by the public. Tourists come directly
into people's homes to homestay, enjoy a culinary tour, and enjoy snorkeling and diving
activities. The role of local government in terms of regulation is almost non-existent, in the
last five years of tourism activities in the islands has exceeded its carrying capacity, it is
very dangerous for the development of tourism itself. Environment becomes damaged,
accommodation becomes narrower, transportation becomes chaotic, and the appeal of the
place that will soon disappear. Not to mention the influence of modern culture such as
skimpy clothing, promiscuity, and drug abuse, which would destroy the culture and future
maritime community itself. Therefore in this research study will focus on the development
of Greater Jakarta entire region as one economic corridor in Java.
During the development of educational tours marine industrial zone ( ZIWEB ) is
integrated with the other islands in the Thousand Islands that had been untouched urgent to
do. The zone will be a system of local cooperation integrative network and connect with a
96
global network of marine tourism industry digitally. Cooperation between the public, local
governments, and the local college (State University of Jakarta) will be constructed based
on the results of research that has been done before.
The first aim of this study was to develop a model management ZIWEB Thousand
Islands. Both cooperated( networking) with the central government, local
government,schools, and industry tour manager thousand islands. Third enhancing capacity
building and human resources extensively.Fourth improve employment that will enhance
the resilience of the local economy.
The virtue of this study is the resulting diversification of tourism products that
include 3A , namely : ( 1 ) accessibility (new location) , (2) activity, and ( 3 ) amenitas (
supporting facilities ). The new location is opening new islands previously untapped
tourism activities, carried out in an integrated manner. Between one location to another
does not stand alone but integrated. Marine tourism activities plus educational element into
marine education tour. It carries major implications for targeted educational tours are
marine utamany students, teachers, students, and the general public are very large in
number. Educational travel programs associated with the school curriculum so that schools
would benefit gain learning resources for students to be experiential toward a more solid
understanding of the concept. At the same time the character development is now
becoming a critical issue will be facilitated by good government. This cargo is packed in a
professional manner so that principals , teachers , and the public feel confident that
maritime activity would be beneficial educational tours for the students. Carrying capacity
Scout Island and Island Tidung previously been exceeded can be avoided, to prevent
damage to the physical and cultural environment that is more severe, it will have an impact
on the multidimensional and led to the loss of the appeal site visit tourist visits , as
mentioned earlier The success of the model " educational tours marine industry zone " (
ZIWEB ) will be of great value both for the development of ecotourism or travel.The role
of local government in terms of regulation is almost non-existent, in the last five years of
tourism activities in the islands has exceeded its carrying capacity, it is very dangerous for
the development of tourism itself. Environment becomes damaged, accommodation
becomes narrower, transportation becomes chaotic, and the appeal of the place that will
soon disappear. Not to mention the influence of modern culture such as skimpy clothing,
promiscuity, and drug abuse, which would destroy the culture and future maritime
community itself. Therefore in this research study will focus on the development of
Greater Jakarta entire region as one economic corridor in Java.
97
Development of educational tours marine industrial zone (ZIWEB) is integrated

with the other islands in the Thousand Islands that had been untouched urgent to do. The
zone will be a system of local cooperation integrative network and connect with a global
network of marine tourism industry digitally. Cooperation between the public, local
governments, and the local college (State University of Jakarta) will be constructed based
on the results of research that has been done before.
The first aim of this study was to develop a model management ZIWEB Thousand
Islands. Both cooperated (networking) with the central government, local government,
schools, and industry tour manager thousand islands. Third enhancing capacity building
and human resources extensively. Fourth improve employment that will enhance the
resilience of the local economy.
Carrying capacity Scout Island and Island Tidung previously been exceeded can be
avoided , to prevent damage to the physical and cultural environment that is more severe .
It will affect multidimensional and led to the loss of the appeal site visit tourist visits , as
mentioned earlier . The success of the model " educational tours marine industry zone " (
ZIWEB ) will be of great value both for the development of ecotourism or tourism
development of environmentally sound and character of the Indonesian nation.
Educational activities in marine education tour will include practical things like
picking up trash in the visiting area, transplantation of coral reefs , mangrove planting ,
observing the social and economic life of society nautical , surveying damage to beaches ,
and observing the preservation of marine life such as turtles breeding . Activities that are
tangible and experiential it is expected to have a significant impact both for the participants
educational tours in marine and maritime communities visiting area .
Multiplier effect of the model ZIWEB with increasing tourist traffic to the new
islands in the Thousand Islands . Entrepreneurs travel services will increase their welfare ,
for example the provision of homestay , snorkeling and diving equipment rental , culinary ,
and creative industries . In turn, employment will occur ; will be more sustainable
environment ; and economic status of the community will increase .
LiteratureStudy
Marine TourismOrams, (1999) Marine tourism includes those recreational
activities that involve travel away from ones place of residence and which have as their
host or focus the marine environment (where the marine environment is defined as those
waters which are saline and tide-affected). From the definition, it can be concluded that
a journey undertaken by an individual or group of people with the purpose of recreation or
98
other purposes which aim is to focus the sea and the surrounding environment , modern
tourism tends to be more active and participatory , like scuba - diving and snorkeling ,
windsurfing , jet skiing , fishing , kayaking in the ocean , visits to fishing villages , marine
park and aquarium , sailing , participating and attending festivals and other marine ( Luck ,
2007).
Concept Marine Education Tourism / Travel Maritime Education . Some experts
say that the participatory activities of visitors / tourists in the Marine Tourism positively
impact psychological , educational and environmental conservation for the visitors /
tourists ( Higham , 1998 ; Orams , 2000 ; Schnzel and McIntosh , 2000 ; Tisdell and
Wilson , 2002 , 2005 ; Luck , 2003; Finkler and Higham , 2004; Mayes et al , 2004; .
Hughes and Saunders , 2005; Andersen and Miller , 2006) .
It can make tourists feel the excitement , novelty , uniqueness intensity and improve
quality of life ( Muloin , 1998; Schnzel and McIntosh , 2000; . Birtlesetc , 2002; Curtin ,
2005) .
Sustainable Tourism Development . Development of the region do not pay attention
to the environmental carrying capacity , causing much damage to the environment and
natural disasters . WTO (1992 ) defines the threshold as the core of the creation of
environmental protection and sustainable development . While ecologically is a limit for
the maximum number of consumers ( organisms ) that are allowed to stay alive . Wearing
and Neil (1999 ) suggests the application of the zoning system in a tourism strategy that
can be applied to meet the environmental carrying capacity .
This research activity will develop educational tours maritime industrial zone in the
Thousand Islands as part of efforts to accelerate economic development and expansion of
the community. Educational tours marine industrial zone developed in an area called the
zone and the use of incentives trdisional thousand islands national park. Zone incentives
are in 503024-503354 LS dan 106033-106037 BT serta 503354-503736 LS dan
106030-106037 BT, meliputi P. Kelor Barat , Gosong laga, Gosong Sepa, Sepa Barat, dan
Timur, Jagung, Melinjo, Semut Besar dan Kecil Melintang, Perak, Petondan dan Timur,
Panjang Bawah, KA. Melintang, KA. Putri, Tongkeng, Macan Kecil, Putri Besar dan
Kecil, Matahari, KA. Bira, Bira Besar dan Kecil, Gentang Besar dan Kecil, Kuburan Cina,
Bulat and surrounding water.This zone is used for recreation infrastructure development /
tourism, and utilization of natural resources in a sustainable manner. Traditional Use Zones
are in 5024-5045 LS and 106025-106040 BT, cover P. Dua Barat dan Timur, Kaliage
Besar dan Kecil, Semut, Karang Ketamba, Karang Mungu, Opak Besar dan kecil, Karang
99
Bongkok, Kotok Besar, dan kecil, Karang Congkak, Karang Pandan, Semak Daun, Karya,
Panggang, dan Pramuka, serta perairan disekitarnya. This zone is allocated to traditional
natural resources by local communities (Dahuri, 2003). In previous studies ,
researchers have developed a model of educational tours that include models Travel Web
maritime education . - Modules nautical activities educational tours , educational tours and
marine management systems . In this study educational marine tourism activities will be
developed into an integrated tourism industry zone management system . Each site will be
developed into a center of maritime educational tours that have distinct characteristics of
each region , then the system will be built through a network of inter-regional cooperation
with local tourism operators and agencies in cooperation with local governments .
Therefore the models studied in depth study of human resource preparation , preparation of
models supporting infrastructure ( transport and utilities ) , package of activities that reflect
the educational tours of local cultural richness of each region , as well as a model system
management of IT -supported technology . During the educational marine tourism
activities participants will be involved in education and training , research , and nautical
character building , in addition to activities that are fun . Zone of the marine industry
educational tours also serve as a means of promotion and communication among the
various tourist industry , both domestically and internationally , as well as serve as a means
to preserve the environment .
METHOD
The method used in this study is a mixed method. In the year to the first study conducted a
survey to build a database, and research & development (R & D) to produce a model of
educational tours marine industrial zone. further on to the second year of research
conducted: (1) action research to develop the tourism potential of education in each zone as
a tourist destination marine education, (2) management models Travel Industry Zone
Maritime Education (ZIWEB) Thousand Islands (3) models development cooperation
(networking) between the researchers, the local government and the Thousand Islands
Thousand Islands local tourism operators, and (4) Analysis of the impact of educational
tours to the economic resilience of marine communities.

Year I used two methods, namely survey to build a database, and research &
development (R & D ) to produce a model of educational tours marine industrial zone.
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Results of the first year of the study was the identification of 10 potential island into a
tourist destination marine education is divided into three zones educational tours marine
industry, consisting of : ( 1 ) South Zone consists of Onrust Island , UntungJawaIsland,
Lancang Island , TidungIsland and Pari Island. ( 2 ) Central Zone consists of Pramuka
Island, Roast , SemakDaun Island and Floating cages and ( 3 ) North Zone consists of
Kelapa Island and Harapan Island. With the development of the three zones is expected to
increase the growth and spread of the tour so far concentrated on the island of Tidung and
Pramuka, thus supporting the distribution of economic growth in the Thousand Islands and
improve economic resilience of the community.
3.1 .Target Website Website. Model ZIWEB . In general, the target site is a general
audience , without any limit ( place , time , and age ) . This means that the information
published on this website can be used by various parties with different levels and
socioeconomic backgrounds who are interested in the field of marine tourism , because the
information is general and informative, so that it can support the concept of networking
globally integrated locally .
The purpose of the development of this website is: To disseminate marine tourism
objects that become tourist destinations education is managed by a team of marine ZIWEB.
To publish educational tour packages that are managed by a team of marine ZIWEB. To
facilitate the general public in getting information about objects and activities of marine
education tour in Indonesia, particularly those managed by Tim ZIWEB. To facilitate the
general public in obtaining information about the registration process of participation in
educational marine tourism activities managed by Tim ZIWEB.To facilitate the candidates
in the maritime educational tours to register their participation in tourism activities
maritime educational interest.
Delivery Strategy.In order for the website can be easily accessed by the target, the website
"stored" (hosting) in a web hosting provider (Master Web Network) and in-post with using
URL www.ziweb-kepulauan1000.com. The material presented in the website are grouped
into eight tabs , ie : home . Tab " Home " is usually called the home page is the page of the
web site is located at the front and always performed the first time the website is opened .
This tab contains general information that is dynamic , because it is used to convey a
variety of information about the activities undertaken by Tim ZIWEB , and also a variety
of information related to various tourist events nautical education .
The information presented on the front page (home page ) this is (1). Greetings
common to the visitation that is placed in the header " Welcome to Website Travel Zone
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Maritime Education Thousand Islands " . (2) General information about nautical tourism
education displayed in the form of dynamic images and text. (3) The " Latest News "
which contains some information that is associated with a variety of activities related to
marine activities educational tours. (4)Testimony, which contains the impressions of the
participants who take part in educational tours organized by Tim marine ZIWEB. (5)
Connect with us, which is a communication facility between the audience (the public) with
ZIWEB team performed in real time . (6) Login Form , which is a facility for the audience
( the public ) that will register as a participant marine educational tours.
Profile. Tab " Profile" contains a variety of information related to the management
organization ZIWEB , namely on : the history of the development ZIWEB contained in the
heading " Overview ZIWEB " ; Vision and Mission ZIWEB ; personnel managers ZIWEB
entitled " Our Team" .
Tourism Object . Tab " Objects " provides information about tourist objects that become
tourist destinations managed by Tim ZIWEB .
Travel Package. Tab " Travel Package " contains information about the travel package
offered by Tim ZIWEB at every tourist attraction . Within this tab the visitors can get
information and travel offers education to marine - 3 zone with a variety of marine
education tour package, as there is a travel package 1 day 2 nights, 2 nights 3 days, 3
nights 4 days, and the package based on customer demand. Inside this tab also comes with
the price offered for each package. Through this tab is expected that visitors can pick and
choose which tour package will follow.
ZIWEB module . Tab " Modules ZIWEB " contains general information about the content
found in the print module . Through this module is expected that potential customers are
more interested in marine education tour organized by Tim ZIWEB.
Gallery: Photos and Videos . Tab " Gallery Photos and Videos " contains a
collection of photos and videos of the various attractions in the island of a thousand
nautical education that includes 8 objects tourist island . This gallery presents the pictures
and videos are grouped based on tourism objects .
Schedule of Events . Tab " Schedule of Events " contains information about marine activity
plan educational tours that will soon be implemented by Tim ZIWEB . Schedule of events
shown there are two versions , namely the schedule drawn up based on the management
plan ZIWEB to implement an educational tour to the marine tourism offered to the public ,
and there is also a schedule that had been agreed between the manager ZIWEB with
customers. Schedule of events is presented with a variety of views , ranging from the
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schedule for one year, one month, one week, even a day.
Book Tour Package. Tab " Book Package " contains information about the procedure book
a tour package marine education conducted online. Thus , potential participants are not
maritime educational tours should come to the office manager ZIWEB secretariat for
registration and transaction keikutsertaannhya education in marine tourism activities
managed by Tim ZIWEB.Hasil expert validation tests against web www.ziweb-
kepulauan1000.com are as follows :
Media
This website development using Joomla platform . The choice of platform is based
on the thought being given that the platform is open source so that it becomes a very
efficient , because it is free , however, complete the required components , as needed.
Evaluation / Feedback
To get a good website , in accordance with the goals and objectives to be achieved ,
then the website is evaluated by using expert judgment . This technique is done by asking
two experts to conduct a review of the website and as well as evaluate the various aspects
of using the instrument developed by Tim ZIWEB . In addition , experts were also asked to
provide comments and input on the components developed . With reference to the results
of the evaluation and input from experts , specifically revised website components are
considered to be very weak . Some aspects / dimensions are evaluated namely : Content ,
structure and navigation , visual design , functionality , interactivity , and speed loading .
3.2 . Modules and VCD Activity ZIWEB
Target module is ZIWEB especially school students / high school and college students . In
schools and colleges they have studied the concepts of science , technology , social and
cultural theoretically . If you get a chance to explore the surrounding nature directly ,
understanding will be more stable . In contrast to the formal concepts , concepts which
occur in nature are unified around . A concept can be viewed from various disciplines at
once . Because it is real , it is very interesting natural phenomenon to be studied .
Description in this module serves to deliver them to explore the marine environment
directionally , both physical and social environment . The terms used in the module have
been familiar to them . The sentences can be made simpler and understandable .
They require real problems - problems in the field to develop problem-solving
skills . In terms of the marine environment, formal education has been very difficult to
provide real . Marine life is hard and full of challenges is in accordance with the level of
development of the adolescent. Activities such as planting mangrove and coral reef
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transplantation varied with snorkeling activities , for example , will be favored by

teenagers; at the same time the activity will develop nautical character among the
participants maritime educational tours.The general public can also use this module , but
do not need to study the entire contents . For teachers to utilize the module to encourage
students to learn more about marine potentials thousand islands and concern for
environmental conservation efforts .
Destination.After studying educational tours modules nautical knowledge, skills, and
character of the participants in the maritime field will increase. They will also feel proud
that his presence at tourist destinations or less will increase income, living habits , and
local environmental balance. In more detail the purpose of the modules that have been
prepared are as follows .
Cognitive . From the cognitive aspect , after studying ZIWEB module participants will be
able to : ( 1) Describe the potential possessed by marine tourist destination. (2) Describe
the cultural wisdom of local communities tourist destination. (3) Describing the role of
local communities in developing marine tourism. (4) Describe the role of local government
in developing marine tourism. (5) Describe the entrepreneurial community and local
government in mengemangkan marine tourism. (6) Describe the environmental
sustainability of marine tourism destination .
Affective. From the affective aspect, after learning modules ZIWEB participants will be
able to: (1) Empathize against maritime community life. (2) Brave enough to face the
challenges of a difficult and dangerous(4). High work ethic,tenacious, and not easily
discouraged.( 5 ) The objective in taking the data exploration and experimentation(6).
Conscientious in working on a project
Psychomotor . From the aspect of psychomotor , after learning modules ZIWEB
participants will be able to travel using sea transportation , snorkeling, transplanting coral
reefs, mangrove planting.
Scientific Work . From the aspect of scientific work or skill processes , after learning
modules ZIWEB participants will be able to identify the problems that arise in
communities where tourist destination , solve some of the problems that arise in a tourist
destination and take part in preserving the environment in tourist destinations .
Strategy Presentation
Strategy presentation materials using the module combination espositori ,diskoveri
, and inquiry. The main material is presented with expository strategy, using paragraphs
and images . The material presented affective skills and strategies diskoveri; their activities
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are guided exploration and experimentation so as to find themselves the things they want to
learn . Enrichment materials are presented with strategies of inquiry; Participants were
given the task of finding their own problems and then solve its own systematic . The
results of the study are presented in the discussion forum held on the sidelines of tourist
activity .
material
Module material largely drawn from the results of the needs analysis, which is
summarized under four headings , namely : (1) Potential Bahari , (2) Wisdom of Local
Culture,(3) Entrepreneurship , and (4) Environmental Sustainability . In certain parts of the
material was deepened in accordance with school subjects. Enrichment material available
in abundance at the destination; module just serves as a liaison for participants to perform
the activities .
The maritime zones educational tours thousand islands have a module that models
ZIWEB has 3 modules. The titles are as follows
1) Module ZIWEB South Zone consists of : Onrust Island, Island Tidung, Untung jawa
Island , Pari Island and Lancang Island .
2) Module ZIWEB Central Zone consists of : Panggang Island , PramukaIsland and Semak
Daun Island.
3 ) Module ZIWEB North Zone consists of : Harapan Island and Kelapa Island .
3.3 . Model Management ZIWEB
ZIWEB management model developed include : (1) educational tours maritime activity,
(2) Standard Operating Procedure ( SOP activities , (3) networking system , and (4)
management organization .
Educational tours marine activities tailored to the conditions of tourist sites , activities that
must be performed in a standard ZIWEB activities are (1) observation and analysis of the
condition of marine life and the marine environment and people's lives, (2) transplanting
coral reefs or mangrove planting, (3) studied the cultural wisdom of the marine
conservation and socio - cultural life of the community, (4) shows the typical local
cultures, (5) the observation of local products typical marine community and
entrepreneurial values maritime community, (6) the discussion and presentation of the
results of tourism activities maritime education, and (7) beach sports activities or other
entertainment activities are fun . Each activity is tailored to the distribution of educational
tourist zone has been established and the characteristics of the potential of the island .
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Another important aspect of the tourism activities of maritime education, the safety aspect.
In conducting educational tours maritime activity must be considered SOP safety of
participants, namely : (1) vessel safety standards, must have a certificate from the ministry
of transportation and local governments , (2) In the course of using the ferry and boat to
travel around the island , each participant must use a float , (3) in snokeling or diving
activities each participant must use floats and equipment snokeling the standard and should
be accompanied by a guide or instructor , and (4) each participant must follow the rules
made by the organizer of maritime education .
3.4. Community Empowerment Resource Model
With training it provides seafood processing into various types of cuisine, then an increase
in the use of knowledge in a variety of herbs and processing techniques . Results of pre -
test and post - test were performed on culinary training shows the results on whether the
required training seafood processing can improve the satisfaction rating is an increase of
33.3 % initially to 80 %. It can be concluded the increase of knowledge learners with an
average increase of 34.7 % in terms of seafood processing into various types of cuisine in
an effort to improve tourist satisfaction. They feel increase in knowledge in the use of
various herbs, types of cuisine and processing techniques. It is expected that knowledge
can be applied in providing food services to the tourists to improve customer satisfaction.
3.5. Analysis of Results of Focus Group Discussion
Focus Group Discussion (FGD) conducted with the involvement of local government,
community economic development experts from LIPI , corporate part of PT . Jaya Ancol ,
as well as the community, the community manager at Thousand Islands tour. In the
discussion and suggestions emerged that raised expectations of FGD participants. For the
development of educational tours on the islands a thousand nautical required identification
advantages of each destination region, for example the island scout excel in the field of
turtle breeding and planting mangroves, coral transplantation islandTidung on and so forth.
Given these advantages it is to establish marine zones educational tours can involve islands
are inhabited and uninhabited as a tourist destination . In general, the Thousand Islands
Regional Government hopes the university in this case Jakarta State University to help
develop the thousand islands into a tourist destination for domestic and foreign countries
with the development of the tourist zone of maritime education , because it is certainly an
impact on increasing the resilience of the economy and quality of island communities
thousand . They also expect an increase in knowledge and skills of its people with training
given to improve the quality of service as in the case of guiding , accommodation , culinary
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and so on so as to improve satisfaction for tourists visiting , thereby increasing the

expected number of tourists who visit the thousand islands .
Community economic development experts from LIPI advised to build educational tours
maritime zones should be the main focus is to improve the readiness of the community in
providing services in the field of education in accordance with the advantages of each
island , as the island prepared Tidung communities in mangrove seedlings that are the first
ring that needs to be worked . In the second ring , the people improved readiness in service
accommodation , homestay in this case , also in terms of culinary , as well as preparation
means snorkeling . At the end of the third ring , be prepared supporting facilities such as
the readiness of the supply of souvenirs , seafood processing technique that can be used as
souvenirs for tourists .
Response from PT. Jaya Ancol is the importance of providing a means of transport for
tourists who will travel to a Thousand Islands, as long as there are still limitations in the
provision of transpotrasi, especially in terms of frequency and number of passenger ships ,
in addition to the need to increase the ability of people to ring into three , namely the
ability to prepare by - by , either in the form of souvenirs and processed seafood that has a
long shelf life so it can serve as a souvenir .
3.6.Improvemet Community Economic Resilience
Increasing the resilience of the local economy in a tourist destination is a logical
consequence of the model marine educational tour. If described in concentric circles ,
educational tours marine models consists of three circles, Figure 3. Circle first is "
educational products" offered; The second circle is the support of " accommodation ,
snorkeling, diving, culinary, inter- island transportation" ; and the third circle is the support
of " creative industries and specialties durable " local area, as mentioned previously . If the
educational products offered have a strong appeal , " accommodation and meals " and "
creative industries and special food " provided by the local community will be affected in a
positive way, which leads to the improvement of their economic resilience . It would be
great if the second and third circles also have a strong appeal.
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Educational
Products
Figure3.ConcentricCircleModelNauticalTourismEducation
" Product educative " nautical educational tours are the main products offered to the
participants to enhance learning through observation and investigation . It should be an
exclusive product , causing a big attraction , and has a strategic importance for the
development of study skills and character development of participants as well as increased
tourist economy of local communities . Tidung Island has been identified in educational
products that have such properties , namely " planting " . Mangrove function is very great
for the environment . Without Tidung mangrove island will eventually displaced by ocean
waves ; slowly but surely the island will disappear from the geographical map . The reality
is very slow growing and planting mangrove is not easy . Various government programs
have been implemented to plant mangrove besara - scale but the results are almost nil .
Meanwhile there is a local environmental activist who diligently and wholeheartedly
mangrove planting at his own cost so that the results are much better . Ironically if he had
asked the government to fund always failed and derided as a handyman begging . He is
currently planting proposal to the World Bank . Her dream is to plant one million
mangrove trees within the next 10 years , by his own efforts. Such background which
makes planting Island mngroveTidung be mutually exclusive . The problems are complex
and problematic is an excellent learning resource for marine education tour participants
.Identification of educational products carefully is very important , but not enough .
Models of marine educational tours should ensure that the activities of the greater
educational tours and each participant wants planting mangove practice, nothing short
amount of mangrove seedlings. So it should be a good educational product in terms of
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quality and quantity. For the model of educational tours in collaboration with activists
nautical lovers Tidung Island mangrove planting mangrove seedlings to large scale. When
tourists flocked there to practice planting, supplies will not run out. If one is charged Rp
5,000 (0.5$) mangrove seedlings only the environmentalists would be a wealthy
businessman; increased community economic resilience .
"Accommodation, snorkeling, diving, inter-island transportation, culinary " required by
marine education tour participants are more positive outcome has a direct impact on the
economic resilience of communities in tourist destinations. If tourists increased, people's
income by itself will increase. Problems that occur during flooding travelers are on certain
days ,ie on weekends and during vacations. In those days it was actually Tidung Island
carrying capacity has been exceeded so no longer able to serve additional new travelers
.However , in day -to-day business travelers still lacks Tidung Island. The model seeks to
hold maritime educational tours and travel on weekdays, by linking activities with the
school curriculum . Educational tours nautical journey is not for fun , but to learn ; Very
reasonable if the activities carried out on weekdays. If it happens to be more sustainable
public revenue , from day to day throughout the week . Will increase the resilience of the
local economy .
" Creative Industries and Food Typical " however required by the maritime educational
tour participants . They will buy souvenirs and local specialties. Creative industries also
include local arts performances .Thousand island communities to respond to their
expectations expressed in improving the quality of services provided to travelers is given
as : homestay management and culinary fields. They still lack the knowledge to manage a
homestay in a professional and mengolahan seafood that has not varied , especially in
terms of seasoning and processing techniques . Thus the public expects the research team
can provide training in the field . It can be concluded, localy integration with preparing
tour packages through the zone, integrating marketing travel packages becomes easier to
do , travelers become easier to determine the diversity of island tour package options.
3.7 Action research
Action research conducted in Phase II in 2013 ZIWEB aims to improve the marine tourism
industry in the Seribu Islands which includes three integrated activities , namely : (1) trips
to accelerate and expand the economic development community in the visiting area ; (2)
transfer of technology to the travel agents to build synergies local tourism industry toward
solid marine tourism and sustainable ; and ( 3 ) Establish a network of cooperation with
various parties to manage marine tourism industry in the South Zone , Central , and North
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is integrative , not just relying on certain islands are actually the carrying capacity has been
exceeded.
Traveling.Travel to accelerate and expand the economic development of
communities in the visiting area . The more trips made , the greater the acceleration and
expansion of economic development meant . The location chosen covers third ZIWEB
zone , namely the South Zone , Central Zone and North Zone . Intensive activities carried
out in the North Zone, precisely at Hope Island . The location was chosen because it is
relatively rare for tourists compared to the Central and South Zones . If the North zone can
evolve like other zones, ZIWEB goal to develop an integrated tourist industry , includes
three zones , will be achieved . Characteristic of ZIWEB is using a model homestay
accommodation , which is directly related to the community homeowners . Although the
homestay concept has changed dramatically with the development of fast - homestay tour
is no longer a residence owner - tourists were still able to learn a lot about people's lives
and local wisdom . Change happens because the concept was increasingly interested
homestay much that it can not be supplied from the houses there , they make a new
homestay separate from their residence . Most homestay even built by people from the
mainland ( their term for investors from outside the island ) . The concept of marine
tourism activities are tourism activities that are not mass tourism ( tourisme mass ) , so that
the action research activities followed by a small entourage . Adapan details of these
activities include stages that include planning , implementation .
Planning
At the planning stage ZIWEB research team collects a variety of data relating to the
implementation of ZIWEB . The stakeholders related to ZIWEB activity is also involved to
engage merencankan action research activities . The activities include : coordination
meetings held with stakeholders consisting of a travel agency (Wiyata Tour) and Tim
ZIWEB . Meanwhile , the other stakeholders , the homestay owner , local guide , boat
owners , tenants snorkeling equipment , local catering service provider also separately
coordinated to support the implementation of these activities . Local stakeholders are part
or element that is in the tourist area of Hope Island . At this stage of the travel agency
(Wiyata Tour) program promotional activities. ZIWEB through various media to attract
candidates ZIWEB tour activities, especially through social networking media , such as
facebook.Promotion through social media. Another form of media is a media campaign ,
the promotional brochure ZIWEB program . The results of the promotion through social
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media is quite effective , so terjaringlah 13 ZIWEB program participants through social

media and Facebook
Implementation.
The first trip to the island of Onrust .Onrust Island is one of the gates of this ZIWEB .
This ZIWEB tour program participants conducting historical tours to see the museum in
the form of home quarantine in the Dutch colonial era in the OnrustIsland . The next trip to
the island to visit the PramukaIsland ,Turtle Breeding . Next visit to the Hope island for
marine tourism activities with regional observations in Hope Island , to explore the lives of
the people and scenery of the island , enjoying the sunset, enjoy the atmosphere of the sea
in Hope Island at night on the pier.implementation
The first trip to the island of Onrust .Onrust Island is one of the gates of this ZIWEB .
This ZIWEB tour program participants conducting historical tours to see the museum in
the form of home quarantine in the Dutch colonial era in the OnrustIsland . The next trip to
the island to visit the Scout to Scout Island Turtle Breeding . Hope next visit to the island
for marine tourism activities with regional observations Hope Island , to explore the lives
of the people and scenery of the island , enjoying the sunset on the island when Hope ,
enjoy the atmosphere of the sea in Hope Island at night on the pier.
The second day of the trip , snorkeling and island tours around the area of the central zone
ZIWEB . The islands which is the purpose of this activity , the MacanGundul Island ,
Gosong Island , Dolpin Island and BulatIsland , followed by a visit to the turtle breeding in
Kelapadua Island .
The trip to Macan Gundul Island, which is one of the snorkeling spots. On this island is
quite pleasant , relatively good condition of the coral and fish diversity that exists. Activity
in the white beach Dolpin Island and BulatIsland . In the Bulat Island participants can still
do snorkeling activities , because the condition of coral reefs in the island is still quite good
can enjoy snorkeling activities . Harapan Island can carry out reforestation activities by
planting mangroves . This activity is an activity day tour around the island in the Central
Zone ZIWEB both regions . Mangrove planting activity is also involved several teenagers
Harapan Island itself. Government provides the means music party at Harapan Island State
Park. Some local snacks , such as squid satay is one of the specialties of the island is
overrun by tourists . Some participants also tried to buy souvenirs as gifts , such as T-shirts
and fish crackers . Technically ZIWEB educational tours for action ResearhWiyata Tour
conducted by the research team as a partner. Wiyata Tour coordinate with local operators
to set up a homestay , boat tours , snorkeling equipment , catering, and a local guide .
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Cultural activities such as traditional ceremonies on the occasion of the tour there
this time . Cultural activities at Harapan Island on the general activities of " procession "
married couples or circumcision . This traditional ceremony is usually followed by music
and lenongmarawis. Availability typical souvenirs or cindermata Hope Island is not widely
available, so that the tourists are having trouble finding a bit of typical souvenirs Hope or
Coconut Island. The local guide was less than optimal because they do not get your
exercise, so they are less able to provide guidance to both .Although, in general they are
friendly and accompanying travel well. In addition to the activities tourists themselves, the
observations educational tours ZIWEB action research is mainly focused on the impact on
"the acceleration of economic and community development " in the visiting area .
Educational products, this product is at the core of educational tours ZIWEB, the object to
be " sold" to develop educational activities. Travelers want to come to the location of
educational tours ZIWEB attracted by the educational product. If depicted by concentric
circles, educational products located in the circle to - 1; weight 50 %, is the largest
compared to the other two circles. This product has been prepared in both quality and
quantity. Need an effort that each island has a unique educational product so high resale
value because there is no rival anywhere else ; but it is not easy to make it happen .
In addition to the activities tourists themselves , the observations educational tours
ZIWEB action research is mainly focused on the impact on " the acceleration of economic
and community development " in the visiting area
a. Educational products( circle 1, weight 50%).
This product is the core of the educational tours ZIWEB , the object to be " sold " to
develop educational activities . Travelers want to come to the location of educational tours
ZIWEB attracted by the educational product . If depicted by concentric circles ,
educational products located in the circle to - 1 ; weight 50 % , is the largest compared to
the other two circles . This product has been prepared in both quality and quantity . In
Table 2 the following educational products associated with the impact , which accelerate
and expand the economic development of society . Originally arranged so that each island
has a unique educational product so high resale value because there is no rival anywhere
else ; but it is not easy to make it happen .
b.Public facilities , accommodation , and Consumption
In three concentric circles, these support facilities in circles to- 2 ; function as a
support activity ZIWEB educational tours of the primary needs. Its weight is quite large ,
namely 30 %, is quite decisive for the success of educational tours ZIWEB. Although not
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the first consideration of people come into a tourist destination , supporting facilities will
provide a comfortable and safe during the ZIWEB activities . Especially for participants
from the elementary and junior high school students support facilities is becoming a major
consideration parents allow their children to participate ZIWEB educational tours. Tables
3a , 3b , and 3c following link quality and quantity of facilities to support the acceleration
of economic and community development .
Creative Industries , Accommodation , and Consumption . In three concentric
circles ,the creative industries are on the 3rd circle ; function as a support activity ZIWEB
educational tours of the secondary needs that demands creativity . Its weight is the
smallest, which is 20 %, but quite decisive for the accelerated realization of economic
community. If done in earnest this creative industry can produce distinctive products each
tourist destination that can not be imitated by other locations. In the culinary field , people
will feel satisfied when eating special foods , and in the place of origin. Which is expected
to occur in this ZIWEB educational tours, creative products that grow because of the
demands of tourists. For example, travelers wanted souvenirs at each place really
excursions typical of the region, though not entirely . Is the case now souvenir was actually
purchased from the mainland , outside the island . Typical products of the island that just
does not exist. In the field of creative arts demands for products that are essential to revive
the traditional art in each location. The Art groups was not developed because no one
request to appear. If not addressed the art local slowly going extinct, and this is a big loss
for Indonesian tourism industry a competitive edge. In educational tours ZIWEB it is of
considerable concern.
Educational Products (Circle 1, Weight 50 %). This product generally gets high score
means the educational products in the visiting area very well . Because it's also the highest
( 50 % ) then the score x weighting the results will be very large, and most large. Weight of
50 % means that the product itself is instructive are the core products that have a multiplier
effect is quite large. If high educational products, support facilities and creative industries
will naturally increase. Some products educative score low because they do not exist in
location concerned, for example kite activities. Meanwhile diving score low because they
can not be used by the participants; to be able to dive required a special certificate.
Public facilities, accommodation, and Consumption (2nd Circle, Weight 30 %)
Support facilities at 2nd Circle also has a high score in general. It becomes logical because
it is a necessity that can not be avoided, as a primary requirement. Elevation scores can
also be interpreted as the biggest immediate impact in the economy ; travel budget is the
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expenditure supporting facilities, such as accommodation and meals. Its weight is only 30
% - less than the 50 % of educational products - because the nature of the support facilities
associated impacts. If good educational products and tourists flock to tourist sites, the
supporting facility itself will come dimanfaatkaan .
Creative Industries , Accommodation , and Consumption . Creative industries in the 3rd
Circle relatively low scores because they do not grow and develop according to
expectations . The difficulty is fundamental ; for example, most of the groceries are still
imported from the mainland so as to produce a typical food Thousand Islands is relatively
more difficult . Barakar communities of traditional fishermen who depend their lives on the
mercy of nature . They catch fish continuously without ever thinking to cultivate . The fish
are running out and the lives they had come out. Fish farming which in theory will better
ensure their future , it is practically difficult to implement. Various high -level knowledge
and skills required for fish farming . The sea water is polluted from waste land adds to the
list of trouble .
Technology Transfer . Implementation of technology transfer to Travel Agents Local to
Building Synergy Industry Towards Marine Tourism and Sustainable Solid . ZIWEB
model of technology transfer made to the agency - local travel agency, on the island of
Tidung is the Marunda Tour; Seribu Island Tour, Tour Tidung. PramukaIsland with
BachteraTour ,samudra Tour , Tour Marina , Sunset Tour . Harapan Island Sunrise Tour ,
Sea Tour , and Beach Tour at Coconut Island. ZIWEB model of technology transfer events
was organized in cooperation between the research team UNJ Authority Representative of
Seribu Island in Jakarta, District Government , and Local Travel Agency Association . It
means that all parties provide support for the program created is introduced . Of the
activities is the training and workshops . Training will teach you how to use devices
ZIWEB which includes: (1) ZIWEB modules, ( 2 ) ZIWEB website , and ( 3 ) management
model ZIWEB . Training continued with a workshop that will give participants the
opportunity to make the trip ZIWEB packages. Basically ZIWEB will manage the Seribu
Islands as aintegrated tourist, between the North Zone , Central , and South. Travel
package can be made with many variations; but the principle ZIWEB wants prioritize the
management of marine tourism islands that have not been visited by the tour .
Technology transfer activities also wants to harmonize the relationship between agency -
local travel agency. During this time they are much more competitive with each other , and
often in a way that is unhealthy slammed the lowest possible price. As a result, travelers
flocked to the tourist destinatio , especially to the islands favorite real its carrying capacity
114
was already telampaui. Coral reefs are the original into a tourist attraction in the not too
distant future will be ruined as a result of severe stress too often trampled participants
snorkel. The response of the homestay entrepreneurs no less harm; they build new houses
huddled together with one another. The wells pump - new continuously plugged into rocks
causing sea water seeps into the mainland. No longer the fresh water around the island will
turn into salt. Implementation of training and technology transfer models ZIWEB
workshop participants are excited to follow the event -by- event. They were very
impressed with VCD ZIWEB used to market the educational tour packages. The example
shown in VCD inspire them to take hold of nautical tourism ZIWEB models . Some people
estimate this ZIWEB model in the Seribu Islands tourism activities will increase rapidly. A
very touching was the response of young children managing the local travel agency. They
realize the importance of government intervention to regulate tourism activities. They are
not proud of their island into a tourist destination with cheap price . In addition to
degrading the qualit , like it would also damage the environment. They realized that it
would destroy the place inexpensive tourist destination that will soon become a place
traveler shunned.
In the discussion it was revealed that the number of local travel agency was very big. On
the island alone Tidung example of not less than 20 and travel organizers. Of the 30
participants agreed that almost all of seribu Islands tourism activities are managed in an
integrated manner between the Zone North, Central , and South. Local Travel Agency
Association, Its role is very important in establishing the marine tourism industry towards
the development of community early slow start. Disharmony among the local travel agency
can be fatal for the development of marine tourism industry . They will give you a price
war with minimal service and not care about environmental damage. At the end of business
as it would destroy the tourist industry itself. Score the observation of the role of the
Association of Local Travel Agency, both formal and informal, is very low because it does
not seem organizational roles in the field . Bureau - local travel agents on their own
practical work, and tend to compete with each other. Business climate will become calm ;
however, it will have a negative impact on customer service. Meanwhile synergize if they
could show a much better performance . Very dreamed of the ideal conditions in which the
association 's central role in organizing quality travel services . Excellent service standards
can diwujudan through seminars , trainings , and workshops are conducted periodically by
the association. Ideally no association national travel agency branches and branches that
exist in places tourist destination .
115
Sustainibilitas and environmental sustainability, are often forgotten when the rapidly
expanding tourism activities . Especially the locations carrying capacity can be fatal if not
addressed seriously . Violations will result in the destruction of carrying capacity of tourist
destinations Which is rather difficult because the first tour in the Thousand Islands
practical grew from below, without the initiation of the government. When travel is
growing rapidly and people's income increases, local governments feel less entitled to
prohibit . Observation sheet used to observe things related to sustainability and
environmental sustainability . Quantitative data is made like the following table . With the
data that the reader will be easier to see quickly . Scores on the observation of
sustainibilitas and environmental sustainability in general is quite high , except carrying
capacity that is always the dilemma . The increase in tourist visits to the Thousand Islands
on the one hand, it will improve the welfare of the community ; on the other hand will
accelerate the destruction of tourist objects if its carrying capacity is not considered . The
role of local government can not be maximized because of tourism activities initiated by
the community at large ; limit excursions are unpopular actions .
Model management educational tour ZIWEB a new terobosn to solve that problem .
Implementation of the Thousand Islands tourist in an integrated manner to the entire island
. The focus is on the islands during this little tourist visits to be growing. Educational
products identified and developed as the quality and quantity of capital to attract tourists,
particularly from the education community .
Network Institute for Cooperation between the Government and the Business Travel
Industry Towards Integrated Maritime .
In the model implementation ZIWEB educational tours through the action Researh
Research Team in cooperation with various government agencies and business travel
industry. Determination of the islands that will be used as a tourist destination , for
example , must be in accordance with local government planning, in this case by the
Department of Marin . There Seribu Islands LIPI Research Center that can be used as
educational tourist attraction. National Park in the Thousand Islands also need to come
together towards an integrated organizes educational tours .
Jakarta Education Agency (DinasPendidikan DKI)who coordinate prospective travelers -
ie - school students themselves should be encouraged to work together. In the current era
of free school like this cooperation should be careful enough because education and travel,
especially to the island, require relatively larger costs. Contribution from students or
parents of students to go through the School Committee, is very sensitive . Jakarta
116
Education Department will never be involved technically, especially with regard to the
collection of dues.
DinasPariwisata (Tourism Office of Jakarta) as the manager of tourism activities also need
to be invited to coordinate . However the department has had a variety of programs to
enhance the tourist industry in the region, including maritime educational tours. Do not let
the program with the Office of Research Team UNJ activities overlap , what else
berttentangan . Ministry of Tourism and Creative Industries is no less important for the
cooperative , minimal coordination . In the Ministry of available funds for the development
of tourism industry in the area. To the Jakarta Tourism Office also conducted a visit. In
addition to delivering programs ZIWEB Research Team also provide video ZIWEB
commonly used to market the product . From the video it was delivered intact despite a
brief idea .Department of Tourism exelence response, but to work together formally
somewhat difficult because they already have a program that runs systemic. That has not
been done is coordinating with the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Industries .
Coordination with the SeribuIslands regency administration is done by visiting the
SeribuIslands Legislative Authority in SunterJakarta . They give a lot of input on
educational tours ZIWEB program . Among these is that the division of the existing zone
in ZIWEB adapted to the administration area of SeribuIslands , which consists of two
districts , namely District of North Thousand Islands and the District of South Thousand
Islands .
Coordination with the Department of Education Dept. is most often done, because the
Department of Education with UNJ often met in a variety of activities. Most of the officials
of the Department of Education to study in UNJ . Ideas and plans about ZIWEB frequently
expressed on various occasions Cooperation with associate teachers MGMPs also more
easily done by the research team
The results of the study in the second year , performed : ( 1 ) action research to develop the
tourism potential of education in each zone as a tourist destination marine education , ( 2 )
management models Tourism Education Maritime Industrial Zone (ZIWEB) Seribu Islands
(3) models development cooperation (networking) between the researchers , the local
government and the Seribu Islands local tourism operators, and (4) Analysis of the impact
of educational tours to the economic resilience of marine communities .
Thus the final results of this study produced a model Marine Industrial Zone Seribu Islands
Tourism Education are equipped with modules and educational films nautical tourism
117
activities in the zone 3 and zone management models Travel Industry Maritime Education
( ZIWEB ) Thousand Islands .
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the research results of Model Development Zone Industrial Tourism in the Seribu
Islands Maritime Education to Improve Economic Community Resilience can be
summarized as follows :
1.Has been generated models Tourism Education Maritime Industrial Zone in the
Thousand Islands, which consists of: (1) South Zone consists of Onrust Island, Untungjawa
island, Lancang Island, TidungIsland and Pari Island. (2) Central Zone consists of
PramukaIsland, PanggangIsland , SemakDaun Island and Kerambaapung and (3) North
Zone consists ofkelapa Island and HarapanIsland .
2. Models developed marine education tour in this study consists of three circles, the first
circle is the " educational product " being offered; The second circle is the support of "
accommodation , snorkeling , diving , culinary , inter- island transportation " ; and the third
circle is the support of " creative industries and specialties durable " local area .
3.Has been generated model of the management of Maritime Education Travel Industry
Zone in the Thousand Islands ZIWEB involving elements of local governments and
agencies in tourist trips to the Seribu Islands
4 . Development of Tourism Education Model Maritime Industrial Zone in the Seribu
Islands have an impact on improving the resilience of the local economy, through activity
boat rentals , rental homestay , consumption expenditure , shopping for souvenirs , and
leases a variety of educational supplies marine tourism activities.
REFERENCES
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Holdnak, A., & Holland, s. (1996) Edutourism: vacationing to learn: Parks and
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PREFACE

Ladies and gentlemen,

Jakarta, 4 September 2014

Dr. Ucu Cahyana, M.Si

1st International Conference on Biodiversity Crisis (1st ICBC) 2014

Prof. Dr. Endang Sukara, M.Sc.

Jakarta, September 2014

Reviewer : Prof. Dr. Endang Sukara, M.Sc.

Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang

Published by : Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Negeri Jakarta

v hlm; 118 hlm

ORGANIZING EDITOR PROCEEDINGS 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................................... v

1. Sutomo Groundcover Species Composition In Tropical Forest Walk-

2. Wartika Rosa Farida

3. Aroem naroeni Exploring Natural Product for Fighting Against HIV-

4. Laifa Annisa H. The Oral And Saliva Condition of Indonesian Male

5. Sayid Ridho A Solid-Phase Two-Site Chemiluminescent Immunometric

6. Sayid Ridho A Solid-Phase Two-Site Chemiluminescent Immunometric

7. Amos Neolaka Colored Stone Mining at The kolbano Beach. A

8. Afriantoni Implications Of Socio-Agrarian Conflict Between PTPN VII

9. Melati Azzahra Efforts to Increase The Motivations To Learn Science Class

10. Dwi Atmanto Eco-Hydraulic: An Approach to Save Water Ecology On

11. Oot Hotimah The Role of Society In Conservating Bogor Botanical

12. Hamidah How To Improve Society Economic By Zone Model OfA

Groundcover Species Composition in Tropical Forest Walk-Guiding

Sutomo1,2& Eddie van Etten2

site. However, groundcover species also vulnerable of becoming of impacted by the

Number of individual of A species

A series of ordination technique was used to obtain a more thorough analysis of

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

We used Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) to examine the relationship

Table 2. Summary of CCA ordination of species-environment data in the study site

Eigenvalues: 0.446 0.228 0.122 0.06 3.244

Sum of all eigenvalues 3.244

Figure 2. Groundcovers species distribution along some environmental gradients measured in

Tropical forest guided-walk in Bali Botanical Garden is an important facility and as

Figure 3. Invasive alien species Ageratina ripariacrowd out other plants

To be able to control troublesome exotic invasive species first we have to

Aththorick, T.A. 2005.Kemiripan komunitas tumbuhan bawah pada beberapa tipe

Mating Behavior of Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang) at Captivity

Zoology Division, ResearchCenter for Biology -LIPI

Keywords: mating behavior, Nycticebus coucang, captivity

MATERIAL AND METHOD

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

because of the rarity of successful breeding of slow loris in captivity. Furthermore it is

Figure 1. Genitals of male Figure 2.Genitals of female

Figure 4. Pre-copulation process(1)

Figure 5. Pre-copulation process(2)

Bottcher-Law, L., H. Fitch-Snyder, J. Hawes, L. Larson, B. Lester, J. Ogden, H. Schulze,

Exploring Natural Product for Fighting Against HIV-AIDS

Keywords: HIV, antivi ral, in silico, in vitro, natural product

Infectious diseases which is caused by pathogenic virus infections have high

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 2. In Silico Screening of Gp41

In this In Silico analysis, majority of ligands are triterpenoids derivatives (

The replication of HIV can be detected by morphological observation in microscope. It is

need to be confirmed further by immunocytochemistry. This method is purposed to

applicable and can be developed for other drug discovery.

Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of Indonesia

Cassels, BK, Asencio M. (2010). Anti-HIV activity of natural triterpenoids and

THE ORAL AND SALIVA CONDITION OF INDONESIAN MALE