Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER 3
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Misalignment
Mechanical unbalance
Soft foot
Bearing fatigue
Overheating
Loss of cooling
Improper lubrication
Insulation failure
a) Overheating of motor:
i) Over load
It can be seen that 44% of motor failure problems are related to heat.
Allowing a motor to reach and operate at a temperature 10oC above its
maximum temperature rating will reduce the motors expected life by 50%.
Operating at 10oC above this, the motors life will be reduced again by 50%.
The reduction in the expected life of the motor repeats itself for every 10 oC.
This is referred to as the half life rule. Although there is no industry
standard that defines the life of an electric motor, it is generally considered to
be 20 years. The term, temperature rise means that the heat produced in the
motor windings (copper losses), friction of the bearings, rotor and stator
losses (core losses) will continue to increase until the heat dissipation equals
the heat being generated.
i) Single phasing
c) Speed fall:
i) Voltage drop
The squirrel cage induction motors are the most popular AC motor
used in agriculture firms and industrial applications due to their reliability,
low cost and high performance. However these motors experience several
types of electrical/incipient faults. The main faults considered in this analysis
are: Unbalanced supply voltage, Single phasing, Phase reversing, Over and
28
under voltages, Over load, Earth fault and Power frequency variations. All the
above faults affect the motor performance and reduce the motor lifetime.
Since the three phase induction motors have been widely employed
in industrial, commercial and residential systems, the supplied three phase
voltage significantly affects their operating performance. When the supplied
three phase voltage is unbalanced, the startup transients, dynamic
performance and steady state characteristics of the three phase induction
motor will vary accordingly.
overload protective devices particularly. Because devices selected for one set
of unbalanced conditions may not be inadequate for a different set of
unbalanced voltages. Hence, increasing the size of the overload protective
device is not a solution. Figure 3.1 identifies the potential troubles which can
result in voltage unbalance. The effects of voltage unbalance are stator and
rotor heating with the ultimate failure mode being stator winding failure or
bearing failure due to bearing lubricant overheating or rotor vibration. Further
failure can only be prevented by derating the machine according to standards,
allowing it to operate within its thermal limitations.
Primary Open
Delta Transformer
Bank Stator
heating
Plant Distribution System
Voltage
Large Single Unbalance
Phase loads (Negative
sequence Rotor bar
Unbalanced effects) heating
Three phase (Loose Stator
Lighting Loads bars) Induced
Rotor
current
heating
Unequal conductor
Impedance
Shaft/ Bearing
Blown Fuse on a Bearing failure
Three phase Lubricant
Bank of P.F. Over
Correction Capacitors heating
Rotor
Plant Expansions Vibration
Without additional Mechanical Failures (31%)
Distribution capacity
In this thesis, all the above six types of unbalanced conditions are
considered for analysis.
The term single phasing means one of the phases is open. A single
phasing condition subjects an electric motor to the worst possible case of
voltage unbalance. If a three phase motor is running when the single phase
condition occurs, it will attempt to deliver its full horsepower, enough to drive
the load. The motor will continue to drive the load, until the motor burns out
or the properly sized overload elements take the motor off the line.
32
When an induction motor loses one phase its slip increases but it is
does not stall unless the resulting single phase supply voltage is below normal
or the shaft load is more than 80% of full load. The losses increase
significantly when loaded near or above its rating. Single phasing is a
hazardous condition and steps should be taken to de-energize the motor. For
lightly loaded three phase motors, say 70% of normal full load amperes, the
phase current will increase by the square root of three under secondary single
phase conditions.
The potential troubles which can lead to single phasing are shown in
Figure 3.2. The effects of single phasing on three phase motors vary with
service conditions and motor thermal capacities. The effects are similar to
those identified for unbalance voltages, since single phasing represents the
worst case of an unbalance voltage condition. An additional effect is the
33
Transmission line
Out on one phase Electrical Failures (33%)
Over heated/Loose
Electrical connection
In one phase
The phase reversal occurs when two of the three phases (RYB) of
supply line reverses. Most of motor will react very badly to such a
situation. Motor suddenly in the wrong direction, causing major collateral
damage.
If any one of the line voltage in the motor is greater than 110% of
rated value, over voltage fault occurs. An over voltage is an increase in the
RMS voltage greater than 110% at power frequency for duration longer than 1
min. Examples include load switching, incorrect tap settings on transformers,
etc., Over voltage faults result in harmful effects on machine insulation.
3.2.5 Overload
Voltage low on
Incoming line
Continuous
Overloading Turn to
turn short
Prolonged
Acceleration
Stator
Stator
Time Winding Coil to Winding
Overheating coil short Failure &
Motor load
Potential
Mechanical
Insulation Phase to Iron core
Troubles
Deterioration phase Damage
Low voltage Cracking short
Supply Over heating
Coil to
Tracking
ground
Repeated starting Pulverizing
short
Repeated stalling Mechanical
stresses on Iron
winding end damage
turns and
individual
coils Mechanical Failures (31%)
motor jogging operations or repeated starts within a short time period. This
can be the result of normal production, start up of the process line or the
implementation of new production equipment.
available in the system. Very low level ground fault currents between 100mA
to 2A can be used only as a possible indication of fault since capacitive
charge currents can also indicate a false ground fault. A ground fault that
propagates to a threshold level of 5A or more is imminent indication of a
motor failure. Ground fault results in hazards for human safety, thermal stress
due to fault current, voltage stress, interference with telecommunication and
interruption of power supply.
3.3 CONCLUSION