Table of Content

Title Page Number

Objective 1
Introduction 1
Procedure 1-4
Result 5-6
Question 7
Discussion 7
Conclusion 8
Reference 8

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Objective : To determine the specific gravity of liquids using measuring beaker , eureka can, density
bottle and hydrometer .

Apparatus : Measuring Beaker ,Eureka Can , Density Bottle ,Hydrometer ,Metal Ball ,Electronic Balance,
Water , Syrup , Olive Oil

Introduction :
True specific gravity can be expressed mathematically as:

where is the density of the sample and is the density of water.

The apparent specific gravity is simply the ratio of the weights of equal volumes of sample and water
in air:

where represents the weight of sample and the weight of water, both
measured in air.

It can be shown that true specific gravity can be computed from different properties:

where is the local acceleration due to gravity, is the volume of the sample and of water
(the same for both), is the density of the sample, is the density of water
and represents a weight obtained in vacuum.

Procedure :

(A) Using Measuring Beaker

1. The empty measuring beaker is weigh and the mass is recorder.

2. The beaker is filled with wather and the volume is read as accurately as possible . The volume is
recorded.

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3. The beaker plus water is weigh and the mass is recorder . The mass of water is calculate
subtracting the mass of empty beaker.

4. The mass density of water is determined by

=
3

5. The average mass density is calculated.

6. The above step is repeated using given liquids to replace water.

7. The specific gravity of liquid is calculated as

=

(B) Using Eureka Can

1. The solid object is taken and the dimensions of object is measured accurately , its volume is calculated
and recorded .

2. The Eureka Can is placed at the edge of the working table and is filled with water until it overflows .

3. The empty beaker is weighed and its mass is recorded and placed under the spout of the Eureka can.

4. The object is carefully dropped into the Eureka can and the displaced water is collected in the beaker.

5. The beaker plus the collected water is weighed and the mass is recorded . The mass of water is
calculated by subtracting mass of the empty beaker.

6. The mass density is calculated.

7. The above step is repeated using syrup to replace water .

8. The specific gravity of syrup is calculated.

(C) Using Density Bottle

1. The bottle and stopper is dried. The bottle and stopper is weighed is weighed and its mass is recorded.

2. The bottle is fileed with water and the stopper is placed . The outside of the bottle is carefully dried
with tissue water and any excess water from the stopper is removed such that the liquid in the hole is
level with the top of the stopper.

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3. The volume of water is equal to the volume of the density bottle when the water level is with the top of
the stopper.

4. The bottle with stopper plus water is weighed . The mass is recorded. The mass of water is calculated
by subtracting mass of mass of empty bottle with stopper.

5. The mass density is calculated.

6. The above step is repeated using syrup to replace water.

7. The specific gravity of the syrup is calculated.

(D) Using Hydrometer

1. The tall glass cylinders is placed on the flat working surface.

2. The cylinder is filled with a given liquids , the air is allowed to rise to the top.

3. The Hydrometer is carefully insert and allowed to settle at the centre of the cylinder. The Hydrometer
is ensured not to touch the side of the cylinder otherwise the surface tension may cause errors.

4. The scale of the Hydrometer is read after it has settled at the bottom of the free water surface.

5. The reading is recorded and the Hydrometer is gently take out .

6. Step 3-5 is repeated three times . The average specific gravity is calculated.

7. The above procedure is followed for other given liquid .

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RESULT

(A)Using Measuring Beaker

No. Mass of empty Mass of empty beaker Mass of Volume Mass of density of
beaker (kg) + water (kg) water (kg) of water water (kg/m3)
(m3)
1 0.1635 0.6608 0.4973 5.00 x 10-4 994.60
2 0.1635 0.6588 0.4953 5.00 x 10-4 990.60
3 0.1635 0.6615 0.4980 5.00 x 10-4 996.00
AVERAGE 0.1635 0.6603 0.4969 5.00 x 10-4 993.80

No. Mass of empty Mass of empty beaker Mass of Volume Mass of density of
beaker (kg) + syrup (kg) syrup (kg) of syrup syrup (kg/m3)
(m3)
1 0.1635 0.2124 0.0489 5.00 x 10-5 978.00
2 0.1635 0.2125 0.0490 5.00 x 10-5 980.00
3 0.1635 0.2124 0.0489 5.00 x 10-5 978.00
AVERAGE 0.1635 0.2124 0.0489 5.00 x 10-5 978.67

(B) Using Eureka Can

No. Mass of empty Mass of empty beaker Mass of Volume of Mass of density of
beaker (kg) + water (kg) water (kg) water (m3) water (kg/m3)
1 0.0982 0.1010 2.98 x 10-3 1.75 x 10-4 1.70 x 10-5
2 0.0982 0.1000 1.83 x 10-3 1.75 x 10-4 1.05 x 10-5
3 0.0982 0.1010 2.64 x 10-3 1.75 x 10-4 1.51 x 10-5
AVERAGE 0.0982 0.1000 2.48 x 10-3 1.75 x 10-4 1.42 x 10-5

No. Mass of empty Mass of empty beaker Mass of Volume of Mass of density of
beaker (kg) + syrup (kg) syrup (kg) syrup (m3) syrup (kg/m3)
1 0.0982 0.1020 3.80 x10-3 1.75 x 10-4 2.17 x 10-5
2 0.0982 0.1015 3.19 x10-3 1.75 x 10-4 1.80 x 10-5
3 0.0982 0.1026 4.42 x 10-3 1.75 x 10-4 2.50 x 10-5
AVERAGE 0.0982 0.1020 3.80 x10-3 1.75 x 10-4 2.16 x 10-5

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(C) Using Density Bottle

No. Mass of empty bottle Mass of empty bottle Mass of Volume Mass of density of
+ lid (kg) + lid + water (kg) water (kg) of water water (kg/m3)
(m3)
1 0.0341 0.1328 0.0987 1.00 x 10-4 9.87 x 10-4
2 0.0299 0.1252 0.0953 1.00 x 10-4 9.53 x 10-4
3 0.0300 0.1101 0.0801 1.00 x 10-4 8.00 x 10-4
AVERAGE 0.0313 0.1227 0.0914 1.00 x 10-4 9.15 x 10-4

No. Mass of empty bottle Mass of empty bottle Mass of Volume Mass of density of
+ lid (kg) + lid + syrup (kg) syrup (kg) of syrup syrup (kg/m3)
(m3)
1 0.0294 0.1265 0.0971 1.00 x 10-4 9.71 x 10-4
2 0.0297 0.1276 0.0979 1.00 x 10-4 9.79 x 10-4
3 0.0301 0.1291 0.0990 1.00 x 10-4 9.90 x 10-4
AVERAGE 0.0297 0.1277 0.0980 1.00 x 10-4 9.80 x 10-4

(D) Using Hydrometer

No. WATER SYRUP OIL

1 1.010mL 1.33mL 1.36mL
2 1.010mL 1.34mL 1.36mL
3 1.010mL 1.35mL 1.36mL
AVERAGE 1.010mL 1.34mL 1.36mL

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QUESTIONS

1. What maybe the reason for different methods giving different results ?

- Because differents method use different apparatus , different apparatus have different ways of
calibration and measurement units used . Thus ,giving different results.

2. What Hydrometer sinks more in the lighter liquids than the heavier ones ?

- Because denser liquids are better at supplying a buoyancy force for each unit volume of the submerged
position of the submerged portion of the object.

3. Would the specific gravity of mercury be same on the moon where gravity one sixth that on the earth?
Explain you answer.
-No. Because the specific gravity of mercury would be influenced by the gravitational force .

4. Why it is easy to swim in sea water than swimming pools ?

- Because the sea water is more denser than swimming pools .

DISCUSSION

Based on the result that we have obtained , most of the reading that have been taken was quite
accurate except for just several of it that differ a bit from what we expected . This maybe due to several
factor which lead to minor mistake while doing the experiment .

Firstly, incorrect eye position while taking the reading is one of the factor which can lead to the
minor mistake.Although we are taking the average of the reading, still we get slighty differ reading from
what we expect.

Then, temperature was also one of the factor. As we are doing the experiment in our lab which is
quite cold in there, the viscosity of the fluid that we are using will be decreasing. As a result, different
reading of the fluid was obtained.

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CONCLUSION

The result from the experiment has showed that the specific gravity gravity of liquids
can be determined using measuring beaker , eureka can, density bottle and hydrometer . These method
have proved that water is denser than syrup and oil is the more denser than water . The objective of the
experiment have been achieved. The density bottle accuracy was followed by the measuring beaker then
eureka can, which had error due to reading the miniscus. The specific weight of water, syrup and oil were
measured by using a hydrometer. The hydrometer was very accurate with a percentage of error for syrup
of 0.521% and 0.318% for oil. The viscosities of water, syrup and oil were measured using falling
spheres.

Reference

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravity