OPEN ENDED EXPERIMENT

LAB FILE
SUBJECT:BASIC ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING(ES201)

AIM:To design a two stage transistor amplifier which employs

emitter follower configuration prior to common base
configuration to ensure that the maximum percentage of
applied signal appears at the output terminals of the common
base amplifier.

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Dr. Pradeep Kumar Rahul Prajapat(A2305116065)
Apoorv Sharma(A2305116056)
Somesh Rai(A2305116066)
Ashish Kumar(A2305116067)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
ASET,(AUUP)
 CONTANS
Page No.
1. Aim
2. Apparatus Required
3. Theory
4. Calculations
5. Design
6. Working
7. Observation
8. Result
9. Application
10. Outcome
List of Figures and Tables

Page No. Title of figure/Table

Fig.2.1: Direct Coupling

Fig.2: Capacitor Coupling

Table 2.1: Configurations of Transistors Summary

Fig. 3.1: Two stage amplifier circuit

Fig. 3.2: Input

Fig. 3.3: Output

Fig 4.1: Common Emitter
Fig 4.2: Emitter Follower

Fig 4.3: Common Base

1. APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Resistances(10k,47k,5.1k,2.2k,18k,20k,22k and 30k)
2. Capacitores(47 nF)
3. PCB
4. Transistors(2N 3904)
5. Function Generator
6. Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)
7. 12V DC Voltage Source
8. Soldering Iron
9. Soldering Wire

2. THEORY
For most systems a single transistor amplifier does not provide sufficient gain or
bandwidth or will not have the correct input or output impedance matching. The
solution is to combine multiple stages of amplification. We have the three basic
one transistor amplifier configurations to use as building blocks to create more
complex amplifier systems which can provide better optimized specifications and
performance.

Inter-Stage Coupling

For many amplification purposes, a single transistor does not provide enough gain,
so multiple circuits, or stages of amplification are needed. When an amplifier
contains multiple stages the total gain is the product of the individual stage gains:

Gain G = G1 x G2 x G3 etc.

Or, when the gain is expressed in decibels, the sum of the individual stage gains:

Total gain in dBs = dB1 + dB2 + dB3 etc.

The way in which the individual stages are coupled together is important. The
design of the coupling circuitry must fulfill several requirements, including:

a.) Impedance Matching

When coupling amplifier stages together impedance maatching is important so

that as much signal as possible is transferred from the output of one stage to the
input of the next, keeping inter stage losses to a minimum.
b.) Correct Frequency Response.

Ensuring that the correct bandwidth is maintained throughout all stages of

amplification.

c.) DC Isolation.

It may be required that where the output of one stage is at a different DC

potential to the input of the next, the two stages are electrically isolated from
each other.

Fig.2.1: Direct Coupling

Direct (DC) coupling

In some amplifiers, it is important that DC, as well as AC is coupled between

stages. In direct coupling, illustrated in Fig. 2.5.1, the output of one stage (e.g.
the collector) is connected directly, or via a component such as a resistor, which
does not block DC, to the input (e.g. the base) of the next stage. This method
allows the amplification of very low frequencies as well as DC (0Hz).

DC coupling may also be used in wideband amplifiers to eliminate the use of

capacitors where there may be a possibility of high frequency instability caused
by capacitors and resistors combining to form filter or phase shift circuits; if this
happens the gain may have variations at some frequencies due to filter action and
may become unstable and begin to oscillate if unwanted phase shifts occur.

Amplifiers using direct coupling must be very stable in their operation,

especially with regard to variations in temperature, as even a very small change
in the bias conditions at the base of a transistor caused by fluctuating
temperature, will cause a large change in the DC conditions at the collector,
creating an error voltage (the difference between the predicted collector voltage
and the actual voltage present). Any such error will be magnified at each
subsequent stage, and so efficient bias stabilization is vital, also some additional
error correcting feedback is normally required.

Capacitor Coupling

Fig.2: Capacitor Coupling

Capacitor coupling provides electrical isolation (DC Blocking) between the

coupled stages, whilst allowing AC signals to pass. This allows for different
collector and base voltages on the coupled stages, and reduces DC stability
problems. With this type of coupling, the reactance of the capacitor must be low
enough at the lowest signal frequencies so as not to unduly reduce signal
between stages. However, using capacitors in this way can introduce unwanted
high and low pass filter effects, as described in DC Coupling above.

Transformer Coupling
 Fig. 2.2: Transformer Coupling

In transformer coupling (Fig.3), the signal current flowing in the collector circuit
of one stage flows through the primary winding of a transformer, which induces
a signal voltage into a secondary winding connected in the input of the next
stage. This signal is added to the DC bias at the base of the next stage.

Only AC signals are coupled, DC is blocked and the transformer turns ratios can
also be used to provide impedance matching between stages. Transformer
coupling is more ideally suited to radio frequency (RF) amplifiers because the
size of transformers at these frequencies can be kept reasonably small. The much
larger audio transformers are used for matching power output amplifiers to
loudspeakers and microphones to amplifier inputs, but even so, tend to be too
large and heavy for applications such as inter-stage coupling between multiple
stages.

Table 2.1: Configurations of Transistors Summary

The table which gives the main characteristics of a transistor in the three
configurations is given above. The BJT transistors have mainly three types of
configurations. They are common-emitter, common-base and common-collector
configurations. Among all these three configurations common-emitter
configuration is mostly used type. These three have different characteristics
corresponding to both input and output signals. And also these three configurations
have few similarities.
3. Diagrams

Vcc

R1 RC1 R3 R5 RC2
47k 6k 47k 30k 10k

C2 C4

1uF 1uF
Vi C1 Q1 Q2 Q3
2N3904 2N3904 2N3904

1uF

C3

1uF

R2 RE1 R4 RE2 R6 RE3

4.7k 2.2k 18k 10k 20k 22k

Fig. 3.1: Two stage amplifier circuit

Fig. 3.2: Input

 Fig. 3.3: Output
4. Working

First Stage

Fig 4.1: Common Emitter

If the R2 resistor increases then there is an increase in the forward bias and R1 &
bias are inversely proportional to each other. The alternating current is applied to
the base of the transistor of the common emitter amplifier circuit then there is a
flow of small base current. Hence there is a large amount of current flow through
the collector with the help of the RC resistance. The voltage near the resistance RC
will change because the value is very high and the values are from the 4 to
10kohm. Hence there is a huge amount of current present in the collector circuit
which amplified from the weak signal, therefore common emitter transistor work
as an amplifier circuit.

Voltage Buffer

Fig 4.2: Emitter Follower

In Common Collector transistor configuration, we use collector terminal as

common for both input and output signals. This configuration is also known as
emitter follower configuration because the emitter voltage follows the base
voltage. The emitter follower configuration is mostly used as a voltage buffer.
These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because
of their high input impedance.

Second Stage

Fig 4.3: Common Base

It is called the common-base configuration because (DC power source aside), the
signal source and the load share the base of the transistor as a common
connection point. Perhaps the most striking characteristic of this configuration is
that the input signal source must carry the full emitter current of the transistor, as
indicated by the heavy arrows in the first illustration. As we know, the emitter
current is greater than any other current in the transistor, being the sum of base
and collector currents. In the last two amplifier configurations, the signal source
was connected to the base lead of the transistor, thus handling the least current
possible.
Because the input current exceeds all other currents in the circuit, including the
output current, the current gain of this amplifier is actually less than 1 (notice
how Rload is connected to the collector, thus carrying slightly less current than the
signal source). In other words, it attenuates current rather than amplifying it.
With common-emitter and common-collector amplifier configurations, the
transistor parameter most closely associated with gain was . In the common-
base circuit, we follow another basic transistor parameter: the ratio between
collector current and emitter current, which is a fraction always less than 1. This
fractional value for any transistor is called the alpha ratio, or ratio.
5. Observation
Maximum percentage of applied signal appears at the output terminals of the
common base amplifier(Fig. 2 and Fig. 3).

6. Applications
Applications for audio amplifiers include home audio systems, concert and
theatrical sound reinforcement and public address systems.
Video amplifiers can be used to improve the quality and resolution of TVs, DVRs,
computer monitors, set-top boxes and video signals from security cameras. They
can also be used in order to improve the video quality of screens installed in
vehicles and smart phones. In addition, video amplifiers are used in video
switchers and routers and as a pulse amplifier in communications.

Common emitter is one of the more popular transistor arrangements. In this circuit
the emitter is tied to a voltage common to both the base and collector (usually
ground). The base becomes the signal input, and the collector becomes the output.
The common emitter circuit is popular because its well-suited for voltage
amplification, especially at low frequencies. Theyre great for amplifying audio
signals.
7. Outcome

Through this experiment we have learnt to design a two stage amplifier using BJTs
and learnt about its various biasing methods. One such method applied in this
experiment voltage divider bias method.We have also learnt about the stability and
gain of the circuit.

We have also learnt how to solve the issue of impedance matching between first
and second stage through RC coupling and many other properties and applications
of the transistor.