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GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS II
Important Notes:
For Paper 1 (Objective Questions), the questions asked are usually related to the shapes and
positions of basic graphs of LINEAR, QUADRATIC, CUBIC and RECIPROCAL
FUNCTIONS.
y
y y
y
O x x
O
O x
O x
Note : This module concentrates on graph sketching, the skills needed for Paper 1. For details on how
to plot graphs please refer to the other related modules (eg. Chapter 12 The Straight Line on how to
draw / plot straight lines)
II. The general form of a Quadratic Function is f(x) = ax2 + bx + c; a, b, c are constants and a 0.
Characteristics of a quadratic function:
Involves one variable only,
The highest power of the variable is 2.
III. The general form of a Cubic Function is f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d ; a, b, c and d are constants and
a 0.
Characteristics of a cubic function:
Involves one variable only,
The highest power of the variable is 3.
a
IV. The simple Reciprocal Function is of the form y = , where a is a constant.
x
Graphs of Functions II 1
a
x
19.1 To Identify The Type Of Function Given Its Equation
Example 1
No. Linear Quadratic Cubic Reciprocal
y = mx + c 2
y = ax + bx + c 3 2
y = ax + bx + cx + d a
y=
x
3
1. y =x y = x2 + 2x -3 y = x3 + 2x2 + 3x 4 y=
x
1
2. y = 2x + 3 y = x2 + 2 y = x3 3 y= -
x
3. y = 3x 4 y = 4 3x2 y = 4 3x3 xy = 4
1
4. y = 5 y = 3x2 y = 2x3 y=
2x
6
5. x+ y = 4 y = 3 4x + 5x2 y = 1 2x + 5x3 y= -
x
Exercise 1
Below is a list of various functions. Try to identify the type of function and state whether it is a linear,
quafratic , cubic or reciprocal function. Hence complete the table given by writing the correct
functions in the respective columns.
1. y =x+1 2. y = x3 2 3. y = x2 + 2x 4 4. y = -x3
5. y = 2x2 + 3 6. y= x 7. y = x3 3 8. y = 1 + x2
2 1
9. y= - 10. y = 6 3x2 11. y = - 12. y = 20
x x
13. y = 2 x + 3 1
14. y= 15. y = 2x3 16. y =
5x2 x 2x
Exercise 2 : State whether the following are linear, quadratic, cubic or reciprocal functions.
Graphs of Functions II 2
No. Functions Type No. Functions Type
1. y = 2x 3 Linear 1. y = x2 5
3 10
2. y = Reciprocal 2. y =
x x
3 y = x3 Cubic 3 y = 10 x
4. y = x2 + x Quadratic 4. y = x2 + 5
1
5. y= - 5. y = 2 + 2x
x
6
6. y = (x 1)2 6. y= -
x
7. y = x ( x 2) 7. x + 2y = 1
8. y = 3 + x3 8. y= 3
9. y = x2 + 2 9. y = 4 x2
y=x+3
y=x
3 y=x2
2
x
-3 O
O x
-2
Graphs of Functions II 3
1. y= x (a) y = x + 2
y = x+3 (b) y = x 1
y = x 2 yy (c) y = x + 4
-2 O 3 x
O x
-2 y= x+
3
y = x
y=x2
-O2 O O
xx x
O
O
O 1 xx x
yy y
O
OO xx x
Graphs of Functions II 4
Case 1 : y = ax2 + c , a > 0
(a) y = x2 + 2 (b) y = x2 3
1. y = x2 y y
xx
OO
(a) y = x2 + 4 (b) y = x2 1
2. y = x2 +y3
y
x
3O
O
x (a) y = 2x2 1 (b) y = 2x2 + 3
3 y = 2xy2
y
x
O x
O (a) y = 2 + 2x2 (b) y = 3+2x2
y
4 y = 1 + 2x2
y
x
O
1
More challenges for you . x
O
Sketch the given quadratic functions :
Graphs of Functions II 5
No. Quadratic Function Quadratic Function Quadratic Function
y = x2 4 y = x2 2 y = x2 + 2
y
y
y
1. O x
O x
O x
-4
y = 3 + x2 y = 3 + x2 y = 1 + x2
yyy
2.
OOO xxx
y = x2 + 1 y = 2x2 + 1 y = 3 x2 + 1
yy
3.
y
OO xx
1
y = x2 3 x y = 2x2 3 y = 3 x2 3
O
4. O xx
O x
-3
Case 2 : y = ax2 + c , a < 0
Graphs of Functions II 6
No. Function (Sketched) Graph Your turn to try !
(a) y = x2 + 2 (b) y = x2 3
yy
O
O x
1. y = x2 x
(a) y = x2 + 4 (b) y = x2
1
y y
2. 22+2
y = x
x
O
x
O
1 2 1 2
(a) y = x 1 (b) y = x
yy 2 2
+3
O1
O
3 y = - x2 xx
2
O
x
4 y = 1 12x2
x
O
Graphs of Functions II 7
No. Quadratic Function Quadratic Function Quadratic Function
y = x2 + 4 y = x2 2 y = x2 + 2
yy y
4
1.
O
O
O xx x
y = 3 x2 y = 3 x2 y = 1 x2
y yy
O
2. x
OO xx
y = x2 + 1 y = 2x2 + 1 y = 3 x2 + 1
y
yy
1
3.
x
OO xx
y = x2 3 y = 2x2 3 y = 3 x2 3
y
y
O
O xxx
4. -3
Graphs of Functions II 8
No. Function (Sketched) Graph Your turn to try !
(a) y = x3 + 2 (b) y = x3 3
y
y
1. y = x3
O x
O x
(a) y = x3 + 4 (b) y = x3 2
2. y = x3 + 3
y
O x
(a) y = x3 + 2 (b) y = x3 3
O
y x
3 y = x3 y
O x
O x (a) y = 2 x3 (b) y = 3 x3
y
4 y = 1 x3
y
O x
O x
a
19.5 To sketch graphs of reciprocal functions of the form y = .
x
Graphs of Functions II 9
No. Function Your turn to try !
1 2
y = y y =
x x
y
1.
O x
O x
1 4
y = y y = -
x x
y
2.
O x
O x
2 xy = 3
xy = 2 ( can be written as y = )
x
y y
O O x x
2
xy + 2 = 0 ( can be written as y = - ) xy + 5 = 0
x
y
y
4
O x
O x
Graphs of Functions II 10
1. y = x2 1 y = x3 1 y = 2x 1
y
y
y
y
O
O
x x
O x
O x
2.
y = x 2 x+y = 2 y = x2 2 y = 2 x2
yy
y
O
OO xx
O x
3
3. y = y = x3 +2 y = 2 + x3 xy = 4
x
y y
y
y
x x
O
O
O x
O x
Graphs of Functions II 11
y = x2 + 1 y = 2x + 1 y = x3 + 1
yy y
1.
O
O
O xx x
y = x + 3 y = 3+ x x+ y = 4
yyy
2.
OOO xxx
3 xy = 1
y = xy = 2
x
y
yy
3.
OO
xx
x
y = x3 3 y = 3 + x3 y = x2 + 2
y
y
O xxx
4. O
O
Graphs of Functions II 12
1. Which of the following graphs represents y = x2 2 ?
A. B.
y y
O x
2 2 O x
C. D.
y
y
O
x
2 O
2 x
A. y = 2 + x2 B. xy = 2 C. x y = 2 D. y = 2x 2
x
O
5
4
4. Which of the following graphs represents y= - ?
x
Graphs of Functions II 13
y
A. y B.
x x
O O
C. y D.
O
x
x
O
A y B y
5
x x
O 5
O
C D y
y
x
5 -5 O
x
O
(1, k) .
x
6 0
Graphs of Functions II 14
Diagram 1
y Diagram 2
( h, 0)
.
Diagram 2 shows the graph of y = x3 + k. Find thex value of h.
0
A. 2 B. 3 C. 2 D. 3
A. y = 1 + x2 B. xy = 4 C. x y = 2 D. y = 3x 1
A. y = 1 + 2x B. y x = 4 C. x y + 2 = 0 D. y = 3x3
A B C D
y
y
y
y
O
O
x x
O x
O x
Graphs of Functions II 15
10
11. Which of the following represents the graph of y=- ?
x
A B C D
y
y
y
O
O
O x x x
O x
12.
y
y = 2x2
O x
The graph labelled G most likely represents
G
A. y = 2x2 B. y = 2x2 2 C. x y + 2 = 0 D. y = 2x3
13. y
y=x+2
G
O x
A. y = x 2 B. y = x 2 C. y = x + 2 D. y = - 2x
Graphs of Functions II 16
14. y y=x
O x
1
A. y = x B. y = x C. y = x + 2 D. y = 2x
2
A B C D
yy
y
y
OO
xxx
O
O x
A B C D
y y
y y
O
O
xx
OO x
x
17.
y
Diagram 3
x
O
Diagram 3 shows the graph of y = - 4xn. Find the value of n
A. 2 B. 3 C. 1 D. 2
Graphs of Functions II 17
18.
x
O
A. y=-x+2 C. y=2x2
6 6
B. y = D. y = -
x x
19.
y
16
x
-4 O 4
A. y = x2 + 16 C. y = (x + 4)2
B. y= x2 + 16 D. y = 16 (x+4)2
A. y = x B. x = 2y C. xy = 2 D. y = 2
Graphs of Functions II 18
1 Nov 2003, Q12
A. B.
C D.
A. B.
y y
x
O
x
O
C. D.
y
y
O
x
x
O
Graphs of Functions II 19
Diagram 12 shows a sketch of a function.
x
O
3
A. B.
y
y
O x
4 4 O x
C. D.
y
y
O x
4 O
4 x
Graphs of Functions II 20
5 July 2006, Q27
1
Which of the following graphs represents y = -
4
A. B.
C. D.
A. B.
C. D.
7 Jun 2007, Q 30
Graphs of Functions II 21
Which of the following graphs represents y = 5x3 ?
A. B y
y
0 x
0 x
C D y
y
x
0
0 x
5 5
8 Nov 2007, Q 28
y
A B y
0 5
5 x
0 x
C D
y y
0 5 x 5
9 Jun 2008, Q 29 0 x
Graphs of Functions II 22
1
Which graph represents y = x -3?
2
A y B y
6
0 6 x
0 x 3
3
C y D y
3 0 x 6 0 x
6 3
10 Nov 2008, Q 27
Which graph represents y = - x2 - x 2 ?
A B
y y
C y D y
2 0 1 x 1 0 2 x
2 0 1 x 1 0 2 x
ANSWERS
Graphs of Functions II 23
Questions Base On Examination Format
1. A 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. D
11. C 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. B 16. D 17. C 18. B 19. A 20. C
Past-Year Questions
1 B
2 D
3 D
4 A
5 C
6 B
7 B
8 B
9 B
10 C
Graphs of Functions II 24