Interactive GW Modeling Software Tutorial

INTERACTIVE GROUNDWATER MODELING
DR. SHUGUANG LI AND ASSOCIATES
VERSION 3.0
TUTORIAL
INTERACTIVE GROUNDWATER MODELING......................................................6
A Real-time, Interactive, and Visual Software System for Unified Deterministic
& Stochastic Groundwater Modeling...................................................................6
Introduction..........................................................................................................7
PROGRAM CONTROL BUTTONS........................................................................8
Create New Model..............................................................................................8
Open Existing Model...........................................................................................8
Save Model.........................................................................................................8
Initialize Cursor....................................................................................................8
Set Basemap and Register Basemap.................................................................9
Mapping Basemap Location............................................................................9
Model Explorer Window....................................................................................10
List of Model Features...................................................................................11
Polygon Features...........................................................................................11
Polygon Mass Balance..................................................................................11
Physical/Chemical Properties Window.............................................................12
Line Features....................................................................................................13
Flux Display...................................................................................................13
Add Well Features.............................................................................................14
Pumping, Injection Wells...............................................................................14
Well Location.................................................................................................14
Monitoring Wells............................................................................................15
Discretize Button...............................................................................................16
Set Simulation Grid...........................................................................................16
Redefine Applied Area for a Zone.....................................................................16
Add Scatter Point..............................................................................................16
Scatter Point Interpolation.............................................................................16
Inverse Distance Weighted............................................................................17
Kriging Method..............................................................................................17
Regression Method.......................................................................................18
User Defined Regression..............................................................................18
Regression and Interpolation Simultaneously...............................................19
Identify Scatter Point.........................................................................................19
Select Polygon..................................................................................................19
Select Polyline...................................................................................................19
Select Well........................................................................................................19
Refresh Screen.................................................................................................19
Add Single Particle to Model Area....................................................................19
Add Particles inside a Polygon.........................................................................20
Add Particles Around Well.................................................................................20
Set Simulation Time Parameters......................................................................21
Save Edit Default Parameters...........................................................................21
Multiple Models.................................................................................................22
Undo Multiple Models........................................................................................22
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Set Drawing Options.........................................................................................22
Set Visualization Sequence...........................................................................23
Display Choices.............................................................................................23
Display Parameters to Choose From............................................................24
Forward.............................................................................................................24
Backward...........................................................................................................24
Stop.......................................................................................................................24
Define Sub-Model Area.....................................................................................25
Select a Sub-Model...........................................................................................25
Zoom In.............................................................................................................25
Zoom Out..............................................................................................................25
Reset Flow........................................................................................................26
Initialize Flow.....................................................................................................26
Reset Concentration.........................................................................................26
Initialize Plume..................................................................................................26
Reset Particles..................................................................................................26
Initialize Particles..............................................................................................26
Delete All Particles............................................................................................26
Add Text.............................................................................................................26
Select Text Button.............................................................................................27
External Calling Capture...................................................................................27
Timing Capture..................................................................................................27
No Capture Button............................................................................................27
Set Capture Option...........................................................................................28
Solver Engine....................................................................................................29
Mean Model...................................................................................................29
Flow Solver....................................................................................................29
Transport Solver................................................................................................30
MMOC_Linear...............................................................................................30
Random Walk................................................................................................30
Stochastic Model...............................................................................................31
Aquifer Heterogeneity Characteristics...........................................................31
Random Field Dialog Box..............................................................................32
Monte Carlo Simulations...................................................................................33
Monte Carlo Display Options.........................................................................34
Monte Carlo Simulation Visualization Dialog Box.........................................35
Monitoring Wells Using Monte Carlo.............................................................36
Well Probability Statistics..............................................................................37
Cursor Activated Table......................................................................................38
Choose Parameters at Cursor Dialog Box....................................................39
Model Time Clock..............................................................................................40
Plume, Particle, and Visualization Time Steps..............................................40
IGW Modeling Tutorial..........................................................................................41
Tutorial Introduction...........................................................................................41
Conceptual Features............................................................................................42
Set Basemap and Register Basemap...............................................................42
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Define Model Area and Add Source and Sink...................................................42
Discretize Model Area Converting to Numerical Model.................................43
Change Display Options...................................................................................44
Change Head Contour Lines......................................................................44
Change Velocity Vectors.............................................................................44
Add Wells..........................................................................................................45
Refining Conductivity to Better Reflect Our Model Basin.................................47
Particle Tracking...................................................................................................49
Forward Particle Tracking.................................................................................49
Backward Particle Tracking...............................................................................49
Add Dispersivity to Aquifer While Particle Tracking..........................................50
Contaminant Modeling and Mass Balance...........................................................50
Model Contaminant Plume as a Concentration and Observe Monitoring Well 50
Viewing the Graphical Results in the Monitoring Well......................................51
Monitoring Well Time Process...........................................................................52
Water and Concentration Mass Balance of a Polygon.....................................52
Viewing the Graphical Results of Mass Balance in Real-Time.........................52
Deleting Concentration Polygon.......................................................................52
Improve the Aquifer Structure...............................................................................53
Well Data...........................................................................................................53
Change Display.................................................................................................53
Add Scatter Points to Polygon..........................................................................54
Transient Model Simulation..................................................................................55
Monitoring Wells and Data................................................................................56
Add Monitoring Well..........................................................................................56
Adding Specific Storage, and Specific Yield.....................................................57
Running Model in Transient State.....................................................................58
Change Simulation Time Parameters............................................................58
Viewing the Graphical Results in the Monitoring Well......................................58
Modeling Woburn Area Pump Test....................................................................59
Woburn Model Calibration.............................................................................59
Adding Specific Storage, and Specific Yield.....................................................59
Calculating Initial Conditions for Transient Model.............................................60
Turn off Wells G and H..................................................................................60
Running Model in Transient State.....................................................................61
Turn on Wells G and H..................................................................................61
Turn Off Recharge to the Model Area............................................................62
Change Simulation Time Parameters............................................................62
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Viewing the Graphical Results of Monitoring Wells and Mass Balance in Real-
Time...................................................................................................................63
Saving Display for Reports and Presentations..............................................64
Sub-Models...........................................................................................................64
Adding a Sub-Model in to the Parent Model.....................................................64
Opening an Existing Model...............................................................................65
Creating Sub-Model Areas within a Parent Model............................................65
Use the Cursor to Look at the Results of the Sub-Model.................................66
Stochastic Model Solver.......................................................................................66
Opening an Existing Model...............................................................................67
Add Heterogeneity to the Aquifer......................................................................67
Single Realization with Heterogeneity..............................................................67
Monte Carlo Stochastic Modeling.....................................................................67
Monitoring Well Statistics and Polyline Flux.....................................................68
Selecting Display Options for Monte Carlo.......................................................68
Monte Carlo Parallel Displays...........................................................................69
Viewing Monitoring Well Graphics....................................................................70
Stochastic Probability Statistics.....................................................................70
Cumulative Density Function.........................................................................71
Stochastic Statistics of Polyline Seepage Flux.................................................72
Means and Variances Display...........................................................................73
Selecting Display Options for Means and Variance Window........................73
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INTERACTIVE GROUNDWATER MODELING
A Real-time, Interactive, and Visual Software System for Unified

Deterministic & Stochastic Groundwater Modeling
Taking advantage of the recent developments in groundwater research,
numerical simulation techniques, and visual programming, Dr. Li and his group
are developing a software system for unified deterministic and stochastic
groundwater modeling. The system is designed to simulate unsteady flow and
reactive transport in general groundwater formations subject to both systematic
and "randomly" varying stresses and geological and chemical heterogeneity. The
current version of the software, characterized by its full interactivity and built-in
real-time and animated visualization, has the following distinct capabilities:
High level and grid independent conceptual modeling. Interactive and visual
specification and editting of model domain and aquifer properties and stresses
over any arbitrarily-shaped area at any point in time in the process of model
construction, simulation, and analysis.
Automatic grid generation and automatic conversion of conceptual

representation to numerical models
Interactive simulation and "real time" visualization and animation of flow in

response to deterministic as well as stochastic stresses.
Interactive, visual, and "real time" particle tracking, random walk, and
reactive plume modeling in both systematically and randomly fluctuating
flow.
Interactive and visual conditional simulation of hydrogeologic and

geochemical spatial fields; "real-time", visual and parallel conditional flow
and transport simulations.
Interactive scattered data interpolation, regression, and Kriging
Interactive water and contamiannt mass balance analysis and visual and real-
time flux update.
Interactive, visual, and "real time" monitoring of head hydrographs and

concentration breakthroughs.
Real-time modeling and visualization of aquifer transition from confined to

unconfined to partially desaturated or completely dry and rewetting.
Interactive, visual, and "real time" sub-scale modeling using telescopic

approach .
Interactive, visual, and "real time" stochastic Monte Carlo simulation.
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The user-friendly software system dramatically simplifies the process of
groundwater modeling and provides virtually "instant" visual solution and
analysis. The software provides an effective tool 1) for groundwater
professionals, site planners, managers, and regulators to conduct site
investigation and experiment in "real time" with sampling strategies, management
options, and remedial schemes, 2) for researchers to study field-scale physical
and chemical groundwater processes in heterogeneous soils, and 3) for
professors to teach groundwater flow and transport and site investigation and
remediation using vivid interactive and real-time simulations.
Future research will focus on extending the model and analysis capabilities,
refining solution algorithms, and improving the graphical interface
Introduction
This document contains tutorial lessons for Interactive Groundwater Modeling.
The first section lists all the control buttons and dialog boxes that are used to
implement the modeling program and describes there functions. The final
section provides training in specific capabilities of the modeling program. The
tutorial is designed to introduce the user to the software and demonstrate the
programs abilities.
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PROGRAM CONTROL BUTTONS
Create New Model.

This button opens a new file to build a new conceptual model. If you are
presently working on another model, save your work before opening a new
project.
Open Existing Model.

This button is used to open an existing project. A dialog box opens and you
need to map the route to where your project is stored.
Save Model.
Save project button used to save your work. The dialog box opens to let you
map the directory in which you wish to store your project. The conceptual
model is saved as an asci text file, which can be opened and edited. You may
need to edit this file if you move the location of your basemap. The program
looks for the basemap where it was located when originally added to the
project. The features in the conceptual model are stored in a real world x, y
coordinate based system.
Initialize Cursor.
Use this button to initialize the cursor when you are going to modify or add new
features to a project.
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Set Basemap and Register Basemap.
Set basemap and register basemap button is used to import a background
picture into the work area. Image formats that are recognized are BMP, JPG,
and DXF (Auto-Cad). The DXF format is a vector format and very versatile as
resolution in not lost when changing the scale for display purposes. A
basemap is useful in defining zones of interest on the model work area.
The real-world coordinates of
the map can be registered into
the model in the boxes labeled
XO and YO. Map or image
scales are entered in the X
length and y length boxes, If
scale in the same in both
directions only the x direction
needs to be entered.
Otherwise, enter distances in
both directions, x and y. Units
of entry are chosen by clicking
on the arrow to the left of the
coordinate boxes. After
dimensions are set, click the
Load Basemap Button. To
delete an image from a project click the Clear Basemap button.
Mapping Basemap Location
A dialog box opens where

the location of the
basemap has to be
specified.
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Model Explorer Window
When identifying the first feature of the model, the explorer window opens and
this is where all user-defined parameters are entered. The selected feature of
the model will be highlighted in blue in the explorer window, and available
parameters are shown and located behind the different indexes. The explorer
window also keeps a summary of the features added to the model, and by
selecting a feature here you can change parameters for that feature. The
explorer window is toggled by the control button on the keyboard which moves
it so that the work area is visible. If the control key becomes inactive, click on
display and in the drop down list select display model explore window. The
control key will be reactivated.
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List of Model Features.
The lists of features added to this model are in

the white area on the left. There is a zone with
scatter points, 2 polylines and 2 wells. Everything
that is added to your model will be listed in this
area. This feature operates similar to the
windows explorer program, and when the box to
the left of the feature shows a plus symbol, more
features are accessible by double clicking on that
feature.
You can select any feature in the model explorer
window by clicking on its name. Model Features
may also be selected by using the select buttons,
which are explained later in this document.
Features may be renamed in the explorer window,
by clicking on them to highlight them. After
feature is highlighted, click on feature to be
renamed. Enter a new name in the box. The
program by default numbers all features, but
giving a meaningful name is a good idea.
Different choices of interpolation are accessed in
the explorer window are explained in detail under
scatter point interpolation.
Polygon Features
When entering polygons remember that the polygon placed on top of another will
always be the priority object and its physical parameters will apply to the new
zone. (Overwrite the parameters for the original polygon.) Always, discretize
after adding features such as polygons, polylines, wells, and scatter points.
Polygon Mass Balance
To perform a mass balance for a zone, click on mass

balance in the explorer window. In the upper right corner
of the model icons appear in the graphical display options
window. Double click on the water and plume xs and
graphics for mass balance open. Stretch the open
window until it is readable.
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Physical/Chemical Properties Window
A corresponding window to the selected feature will display in the gray area
to the left, and the name of the selected feature will be shown at the top. The
selected feature will change to red color in the workspace, making location easy.
All parameters for that feature will be located here. If tabs are listed at the top,
shown in this view, then more options are located by clicking on these tabs. The
choices of tabs in this window are physical/chemical properties, sources and
sinks, and aquifer types/elevations. The physical/chemical tab is where
parameters such as conductivity, specific yield, specific storage and porosity are
defined for the selected feature. The user can examine the rest of the parameter
choices and make entries that are applicable. The sources and sinks tab is
where recharge and outputs are entered for a polygon. This tab also lets the
user define the polygon as a drain or river, and assign a head elevation in these
areas. Head can be entered as constant or transient. When transient is chosen
there are default options or the transient function may be user defined. Click on
the Transient button to view the default settings or to specify user options. The
aquifer type/elevations tab has boxes to choose the type of system either
confined or unconfined. Elevations of the aquifer may also be registered for the
top and bottom extents of the aquifer.
The user may define whether a zone is active, inactive or for drawing purpose
only at the bottom of the explorer window. Colors or fills may be user defined at
the bottom of the explorer window.
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Line Features
This button is used to add features as a line in the model, such as rivers when
the scale of the work area dictates.
The line feature can be non-specified for drawing purposes only, or may be given
a constant head, water table level, or variable constant head. The variable
constant head is entered as a beginning and ending elevation for the selected
polyline feature. Head elevation is then interpolated along the length of the line.
The model will calculate and display a flux across the line feature if the radio
button is selected. The width and color of the polyline can also be user defined.
Flux Display
Access to graphical displays of model results are

located in the upper right of the model display. Seen
here is a Flux available for Pline 102. By double
clicking on the x by Flux a window opens that will
display the flux across the line feature. Stretch the
window that opens to view easily.
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Add Well Features
Add a well feature button adds new wells. The user defines the type of well in
the explorer window and sets the parameters for that feature.
Pumping, Injection Wells
Default colors are dark blue for pumping wells and light blue for injection
wells.Colors can be user defined. The pumping and injection wells can be either
steady state or transient, with the user defining periods of transient operation.
Click on the Transient button to select user defined periods of transient
pumping. The default setting is steady state and volumes are entered in the
explorer window. The units of volume may be selected by clicking on the arrow
next to number located by Constant Q.
Well Location.
The well coordinates are shown in the explorer window, and a well can be
positioned manually by entering the coordinates in the coordinate boxes.
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Monitoring Wells
. When using monitoring wells, data can be entered and compared with
model predictions
for calibration
purposes. To enter
data, click on the
radio button for
monitoring well, and
then check the box
that says
Monitoring Head
and Concentration.
Click the box to the
right and a table will
open where data
can be entered.
Shown here is head
data entered and by
clicking the
Concentration Tab,
data for a break-
through curve can
be entered. After entering the data, click the Redraw Button and a
hydrograph or break-through curve of the entered data will appear.
Access to the hydrograph is by double clicking on the

x icon, next to the blue color highlighted text, in the
upper right corner of the work area.
This opens the hydrograph and break-

through curve graphic display. The
user may choose which display to look
at by clicking on head or
concentration, located at the bottom of
the graphical display window. Entered
data is also displayed, so that
comparison can be made and used to
calibrate the model.
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Discretize Button
Use this button to discretize the conceptual model without changing the grid
resolution. The default grid of 50 x cells and 36 y cells is used. This button
must be used to discretize the model after changing or adding features. Igw is
a real-time interactive model and results can be viewed immediately after
discretization by using the run button.
Set Simulation Grid

The number of grid cells in the work area are set with this button. The user
may define any amount of cells in either direction. Keep in mind that the
number of cells used will affect the run time length of a model simulation.
Choose the amount of grid cells by
entering an amount for the x
direction. The y direction will the
automatically be updated to reflect
the appropriate value. After
choosing the grid amount the user
converts the conceptual model to a
numerical model by clicking the
discretize/OK button in the dialog
box. Interactive Groundwater then
updates the information and is ready
to solve the numerical model.
Redefine Applied Area for a Zone

When a polygon has been defined incorrectly, this button is used to define a
new area and delete the old area. Make sure that the area you want to delete
is the selected area, colored red in the work space or blue in the explorer
window.
Add Scatter Point

Add scatter points by clicking this button. When scatter points are added to a
polygon there parameters have priority over polygon settings. Physical
parameters for scatter points are entered in the same window as polygon data.
Spatial interpolation is used to interpolate model parameters at grid points from
the available data. The spatial methods implemented in IGW are
Regression(linear, quadratic and cubic) and Inverse Distance method.
Scatter Point Interpolation

When the zone containing the scatter points is selected, click the Interpolation
Model button, located on the Physical/Chemical Properties tab, to define the
method used for interpolation. This will add icons for
physical parameters of the scatter points in the
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explorer window. Shown is zone 101, and the parameters conductivity, porosity,
and specific yield are listed. The method of interpolation may be chosen for each
parameter independent of the others.
Double click on the desired parameter and the interpolation dialog box opens.
Inverse Distance Weighted

The default setting is the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and is most
commonly used. IDW is based on the assumption that the interpolating
surface should be influenced most by near points and less by distant points.
Kriging Method
Kriging is based on the
assumption that points that
are near each other have a
certain degree of spatial
correlation, but points that are
widely spread are statistically
independent. Kriging is a set
of linear regression routines
which minimize estimation
variance from a predefined
covariance model.
The Kriging interpolation
method is chosen by clicking
17
the arrow in the Interpolation Method box and then clicking Kriging. This
method is based on the statistics of the available data, and the spatial statistics
are entered by the user.
Click on the edit button to open the dialog box. The user may then define the
variance and the range for the data being used.
Regression Method
The choices of regression are linear, bi-linear, quadratic, and bi-quadratic.
By clicking in the more options radio box as shown more choices are available
for the type of regression that is used.
User Defined Regression

In this dilaog box the user may choose the polynomial equation and the desired
coefficients that are used in the application of the equation.
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Regression and Interpolation Simultaneously
Regression and interpolation may be used together. This will remove trends
from the data and the residuals would then be interpolated by the desired
method.
Identify Scatter Point

Click this button and use the cursor to identify a scatter point. The selected
feature will turn red in color in the work space and blue in the explorer window.
Remember that features can also be identified by clicking on the desired
feature in the explorer window.
Select Polygon
To select a polygon, click this button and then use the cursor to select a
polygon. The selected feature will turn red in color in the work space and blue
in the explorer window. Remember that a feature can also be selected in the
explorer window by clicking on its name.
Select Polyline
To select a polyline, click this button and then use the cursor to select a
polyline. The selected feature will turn red in color in the work space and blue
in the explorer window. Remember that a feature can also be selected in the
explorer window by clicking on its name.
Select Well
To select a well, click this button and then use the cursor to select the well. The
selected feature will turn red in color in the work space and blue in the explorer
window. Remember that a feature can also be selected in the explorer window
by clicking on its name
Refresh Screen
Refresh screen button. Automatic refreshing is done most of the time, but after
a process is peformed and the user does see what is expected then use the
refresh button. The refresh button must also be used after zoom operations.
Add Single Particle to Model Area

To add a single particle to the system click on
this button. The explorer window then gives
options where the particle can be displayed as
a continuous pathline or a discrete particle,
depending on users choice. Continuous
pathlines are useful to delineate flow paths.
Color and size of particle can be user defined in
explorer window.
19
Add Particles inside a Polygon
Particles may be added in a polygon with this button. The explorer window
then gives options where the particle can be displayed as a continuous
pathline or a discrete particle, depending on users choice. Particle density is
also defined by columns in the window. Color and size of particle can be user
defined in explorer window.
Add Particles Around Well

Click this button to add particles around a well. When clicked a dialog box
opens and the user chooses which well to add particles to, and how many
particles to add. This feature is useful for defining well capture zones. After
adding particles, the model
is run backwards to
delineate the capture zone.
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Set Simulation Time Parameters
The clock button is where the user defines the simulation time state of the
model run. The
choices are steady
state and transient
state. When transient
state is chosen, the
user will define
simulation length and
simulation time step.
The units of the time
step are defined by
clicking the arrow next
to the units.
The simulation time step can also be defined below the

control buttons, by clicking on the up or down arrows in
the graphical time step window.
Save Edit Default Parameters

This button is where to set or edit the default parameters. These parameters
are over written when the user selects parameters locally for selected
polygons and features.
21
Multiple Models
Multiple models can be created with this button. A selected physical parameter
is then varied in each sub-model to test the models sensitivity. It is
recommended to save conceptual model before using this feature, and saving
any multiple models desired under a different name.
Undo Multiple Models

Undo multiple models with this button
Set Drawing Options

Set drawing options button. How the results of a solution are displayed are
defined using this button. The user chooses what features and the sequence
in which they are displayed. Default settings are shown here.
Set
Visualization Sequence
The Set Visualization Sequence window is where the order of the display is
chosen. Click on the parameter and it becomes highlighted. Use the up and
down arrows to move the item to the desired location. Click on the x button to
delete the item. To add items to the display sequence, click the approptiate box.
Images used for maps and colored zones should always be at the bottom. This
22
enables other features drawn as contours to be seen in the display. Also notice
there is a box where submodel display may be chosen.
Display Choices
Output parameters of the model may be displayed as contour lines of color
zones. The dialog box is opened by clicking the buttons next to flow and
transport model parameters in the display window. You can also display a legend
for the parameter or choose to plot results in log scale.
Display Parameters to Choose From.

Click on the Model Input and Data Visualization button and a dialog box with
more parameters available for visualization opens. Clicking the boxes next to
each parameter lets the user define the draw options.
23
Forward
Forward run button activates the model to calculate a solution. By right
clicking mouse the user may define step by step calculation of model.
Backward
Backward particle tracking button is used to run the model in reverse. This
feature makes it possible to delineate capture zones for wells. By right clicking
mouse user may define step by step calculation of model.
Stop
Stop button ends the model calculation. May be used anytime.
Define Sub-Model Area

To define a sub-model
use this button. This
feature uses the
telescopic approach to
examine an area of
interest in more detail.
The user selects this
button and then defines
the area using the cursor.
The sub-models grid
resolution is user defined
24
in the dialog box that opens after an area is defined. A sub-model uses the
solution to the regional flow model of the area it is drawn in for boundary
conditions. The parameters for the sub-model are taken from the original model
and intrerpolated into the finer grid. More than 1 sub-model may be defined for
a model. Different solvers are available for a sub-model, and multiple sub-
models may have solvers independent of each other. The different types of
solvers are explained further under the Tools button. The display for all sub-
models is turned on by default. The user may choose which sub-models are
displayed and set the display choices for each model by clicking on the Visual
Sub-Model button when the desired sub-model is selected. Choices for sub-
models are basically the same as parent model displays discussed under
display options.
Select a Sub-Model
Select a sub-model with this button. The selected feature will turn red in color
in the work space and blue in the explorer window. Remember that a feature
can also be selected in the explorer window by clicking on its name
Zoom In
Zoom in button makes the display smaller. Always click refresh
button after using this button.
Zoom Out
Zoom out button makes the display larger. Always click refresh
button after using this button.
Reset Flow
To initialize the flow clock, click on the clock next to the initialize flow
button. This feature sets the display clock to zero, independent of
the internal model clock.
Initialize Flow
Initialize flow button returns the model to the initial boundary
conditions. The plume, particles, and model internal clock are all
initialized using this button.
Reset Concentration
To initialize the concentration clock, click on the clock next to the
initialize flow button. This feature sets the display clock to zero,
independent of the internal model clock.
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Initialize Plume
Initialize plume button returns the model to initial concentration
specifications. The flow and internal model clock are not initialized
using this button.
Reset Particles
To initialize the particle clock, click on the clock next to the initialize
particles button. This feature sets the display clock to zero,
independent of the internal model clock.
Initialize Particles
Initialize particles button returns the particles to the initial
conditions. for another analysis. The flow, plume, and internal
model clock are not initialized using this button.
Delete All Particles

Removes all particles that are present in the model area.
Add Text
Use to add text to the display
Select Text Button

Select text button allows user to select text with the cursor when clicked.
Remember that selection can also be made in the explorer window.
External Calling Capture

Clicking this button saves every image for each model time step. The images
are saved in a file in the directory specified in the Set Capture Options
button. Images are large files so be careful not to exceed the storage of your
system.
26
Timing Capture
Clicking this button and images are captured for a specified time period.
Images are large files so be careful not to exceed the storage of your system.
No Capture Button
Clicking this button shuts off all capturing processes.
Set Capture Option

This button opens the
Automatic capture
dialog box. The user
defines what is
captured and where
the images are
stored. The options
are shown and the
user defines a
specific area to
capture. Click on the
capture screen
radio box and then
the Click here to
27
start capture button. Then define the area to be captured with the cross-hair
cursor. The images are stored in a directory mapped in the box labeled File
prefix The default setting is C:\Temp\cap. The images will be named in
sequence cap1, cap2, cap3, etc. This feature is especially useful for graphical
presentation of the model data. The images in bitmap format can be made into
movies or slides showing the movement of a contamination plume. This
requires software that is separate from the IGW program. Images are large files
so be careful not to exceed the storage of your system.
Solver Engine
Mean Model
Click this button and the solver dialog box opens. By default the Mean Model
which is deterministic approach is used for the flow and transport.
Flow Solver Methods

. The Jacobi Method solves for every variable locally with respect to other
variables. Convergance is slow using the Jacobi method as it examines each of
the equations in the
linear system in
isolation. The Gauss-
Seidal Method is
similar to the Jacobi
method. In this method
an equation at a time in
the sequence will use
previously computed
results as they become
available.
Computations are serial
with each variable of the
new iteration depending
upon all previously
computed variables.
Advantage of this
method is that it uses
less computer memory.
The Successive
Overrelaxation Method
28
(SOR) is devised by extrapolation of the Guass-Seidal method. This
extrapolation takes the form of a weighted average between the previous iterate
and the computed Guass-Seidal iterate successively for each variable.
Experience shows that 1.85 relaxation factor is good for IGW flow simulation with
random geological parameters. The SOR method is the default method in IGW.
Transport Solver
MMOC_Linear
The default method is the Modified Method of Characteristics (MMOC-Linear).
This method uses a conventional particle tracking technique for solving the
advection term. A set of particles are introduced into the flow field and assigned
the concentration of the cell in which they are initiated. Particles are tracked
forward through the flow field. At a given time t, the concentration of a cell is then
evaluated from the concentrations of moving particles within that cell. If
dispersion exists the finite difference method is used to compute the dispersion
and reaction.
29
Random Walk
Particle tracking is the introduction of imaginary particles into the flow field to
simulate particle movement in the velocity field. Physical diffusion of the particles
is simulated using the random walk model. The movement of each particle
consists of two kinds of movement: advection and dispersion. The advection part
is represented by movement of the particle in the flow field, while the dispersion
part is a random fluctuation around the average movement.
Stochastic Model
In groundwater modeling there is a large amount of uncertainty and a stochastic
modeling procedure is a way to examine the many possibilities of heterogeneity
that share the same statistical structure. Using the statistics of the data, possible
aquifer formations are randomly generated. Solutions for these aquifer
possibilities are then computed by the model; using the single realization, the
Monte Carlo, and the First Order Perturbation methods.
30
Aquifer Heterogeneity Characteristics
The parameters of conductivity, porosity, and Kd (partitioning coefficient) are
available for a statistical data analysis. These are set in the explorer window.
After selecting and setting conductivity, select the box next to the Random
button. For porosity and Kd factor do the same and click in the Random box
below it. Shown the Kd factor is not selected, so the Random box has not been
activated. When
the Random
button is
activated, click on it
to access the
Random dialog
box.
Random Field
Dialog Box
The Option of Random Field dialog box opens showing the options available for
the random generated fields. Once these parameters have been set you may
use the stochastic modeling feature.
31
Monte Carlo Simulations
32
In the Stochastic Model index in the solver location, click on Monte Carlo
Simulations. Click the box next to Monte Carlo Simulation opening the dialog
box. The user may choose the number of simulations and the output times for
each simulation.
33
Monte Carlo Display Options
The visualization choices for Monte Carlo Simulations are found in the Display
Options dialog box. Select box next to Monte Carlo Simulization Realizations
and then click the button that has become active.
Monte Carlo Simulation Visualization Dialog Box

This will
open the
Monte
Carlo
34
Visualization dialog box. Choose the number of realizations shown in the model
work area, and you may also set the time for the realizations. Remember that
time is also set with the Clock button.
It desired you can save realizations of the variance and the covariance by
clicking on the appropriate boxes in the display window. A dialog box opens that
gives parameter choices for the user to define. Click in the boxes for
personalized choices and displays will be shown in the model work area. You
may also change display of the choices to create custom displays.
35
Monitoring Wells Using Monte Carlo
When using Monte Carlo simulations the probabilities of a point of interest may
be examined using a monitoring well. In the explorer window select the well and
then click on Monitoring Probability Distribution.
Well Probability Statistics

This will place an X in the Graphic Display Window which when double clicked
will open the display of probabilities for the well. Customize the choices as
desired. Notice the cumulative statistics of the parameter chosen in the graphic.
36
Cursor Activated Table
Located at the right of the work area is a cursor activated
table which lists parameter values for any spot in the
work space. X and Y coordinates are given for cursor
location viewed at the top of this table. After a model has
be run many other parameters may be viewed in this
table for any location in the model. This is a quick and
easy way to check if the model is responding as
expected. The x, y coordinate feature may also be used
to place features, such as wells and scatter points, on
the model accurately.
37
38
Choose Parameters at Cursor Dialog Box
To view a list of all the selections for this table, click on
the Choose Parameters at Cursor button located at
the top of the table. The dialog box listing all the choices opens. Click the
options that are desired. If all parameters are chosen, the display will not show
them all. The user will have to use the scroll bar to see all choices.
39
Model Time Clock
Displayed in the lower left corner is the model time clock. The time steps of
model simulation may be set here as well as in the clock button. Running times
are recorded for flow, plume and particle objects. Use the initialize clock buttons
to reset these clocks to zero.
Plume, Particle, and Visualization Time Steps

The plume and particle time steps may be user defined by
clicking the arrows next to the desired process. The
denominator is adjusted to make the step smaller.
The time step deterring when graphics are displayed may
be set by adjusting the visual step. The default setting is
to display graphics at every flow time step.
40
IGW Modeling Tutorial
Tutorial Introduction
This tutorial is designed to step you through some of the basic features of
Interactive Groundwater (IGW) using the Woburn site as an example.
Specifically, this tutorial will lead you through importing a basemap, create a
modeling domain, adding hydraulic stresses, converting the conceptual model to
a numerical model, performing flow and transport modeling as well as particle
tracking, and then viewing the results. You will examine the effects of aquifer
heterogeneity on the system, look at the effects of surface and groundwater
interaction by adding surface water bodies to the system, add pumping and
monitoring wells, and perform mass and water balances. In addition you will
perform steps doing stochastic modeling, probability analysis using Monte Carlo
simulations, and defining sub-models within the parent model using the
telescopic approach. The model will be constructed from simple to complex in
successive steps. The steps are designed to give the user an idea of the
capabilities of IWG.
As a note: If the instruction says to Click, then there is button that needs to be
clicked. If it says Select, then you need to check a radio box in the currently
displayed menu. Also, the basemap is the Woburn, Massachusetts contamination
site near Boston. The map is only used to guide the user through the set-up and
use of the conceptual model in IGW.
In 1982, six families in , Woburn, Massachusetts filed a lawsuit against the

Cryovac plant of W.R.Grace , the John J. Riley Tannery, Beatrice Foods, and
other unnamed defendants, alleging that chemicals dumped by those defendants
reached the plaintiffs' drinking water, causing leukemia in members of those
families.
Wells G and H were constructed in 1964 and 1967 to supplement the city of
Woburns drinking water supply during the summer months. These wells were
operated during the summer at 700GPM and 400GPM respectively for Wells G
and H. Both wells were closed in 1979 because of contamination by volatile
organic compounds.
The tutorial will use the Woburn area information to make the lessons more
realistic in their approach. For additional information about the Woburn site,
connect to the following web site and explore the links.
http://www.ce.pdx.edu/~shuguang/Courses/570/homework/woburnproject.htm
41
Conceptual Features
Open IGW Program
Set Basemap and Register Basemap

Set basemap and register basemap button is used to import a background
picture into the work area. The map is used to define features in areas of interest
and set boundary conditions.
1. Click Set Basemap and Register Basemap button
2. Click Load Basemap button
3. Select WoburnAAAA.bmp-click open
4. Register X length scale of map X=1354.m (Notice that the Y length sets
itself for the map size)
5. Click OK button
Define Model Area and Add Source and Sink

Interactive Groundwater is a real time modeling program so this exercise is to
show how quick and easy it is to construct a working model. Features to be
added:, a uniform hydraulic conductivity for the model area, source/sink terms of
recharge (input) and a river (output), elevations for aquifer, both upper and lower.
We will use the basemap that has been loaded in the previous exercise. The
explorer window is toggled by the control button on the keyboard which
moves it so that the work area is visible. If the control key becomes
inactive, click on display and in the drop down list select display model
explore window. The control key will be reactivated.
42
1. Click Create New Arbitrary Zone and Assign Property button , holding
down the shift key draw a rectangle just inside the map borders.
Once the size is correct, double click the mouse button.
2. Select Conductivity and enter 30 m/day (Physical/Chemical
Properties Tab)
3. Click Aquifer Type/Elevations Tab
4. Select Top Elevation and enter 80m
5. Select Bottom Elev and enter -80m
6. Click Source and Sinks Tab
7. Select Const Rech
8. Change units to inch/year, by clicking on arrow , and then clicking on
inch/year
9. Enter 20 in the Const Rech window. This value comes from the
USGS Report for the Woburn Area.
10. Click Create New Arbitrary Zone and Assign Property button
11. Using mouse trace Aberjona River on map, anything close will be
okay. The River is outlined in red on the basemap.
12. Select Constant Head and enter 13.3 m. For river leakance use
default value of 1/day. This term represents the river connection with
aquifer.
Discretize Model Area Converting to Numerical Model

This process will turn our conceptual model of the area into a numeric model that
the computer will solve. We will get real time graphical results.
1. Click Discretize button. This sets up grid 50 X by 43.Y. This is based
on the aspect ration of the map used. User must discretize after new
features are added, for the features to become effective in the model
area. Grid size may be changed using Set Simulation Grid button
2. Click Forward button. Steady state is the default setting. Model will
draw solution when finished.
43
Change Display Options
Some of the features are hard to see with our basemap, so lets change our
display to make it easier to view. We will change color of the head contour lines
and thickness of the lines. We will also change the color of the velocity vectors.
Change Head Contour Lines

1. Click Display Options button
2. Click box to right of Head
3. Click Color box
4. Click Yellow, and then change pixel Thickness to 2
5. Click OK
Change Velocity Vectors

1. Click Velocity button
2. Click Color button
3. Click the pink color in the upper right corner.
4. Click OK
Turn of Transmissivity
1. Click Transmissivity in Set Visualization Sequence window
2. Click on X button to remove from display.
Note: If graphical changes do not take effect automatically then click the refresh
button.
44
Model will refresh with new changes and should look similar to image shown.
Notice that the results seem to be logical as the recharge water moves toward
the river. Always use your logic to interpet results of each model simulation.
Add Wells
Now lets add a pumping well and see how this changes the results of our simple
model. We will add the Riley Industrial Well which pumps at 270GPM during
normal work hours.
1. Click Add New Well button
2. Line cross hair over Riley Well and click
3. Use Control key to make the Explorer Window visible. If Control
key does not work go to Display and then click Show Model Explore
Window in the drop down list.
4. Select Pumping Well
5. Click Units arrow, and then click GPM
45
6. Enter 270 in Flow Rate box
7. Rename well to Riley Well in box labeled Well Name Features may
also be renamed in the explorer window by clicking on the features
name, highlighting the feature and then click once more on feature
name.

1. Click Discretize button. This sets up grid 50 X by 43.Y. This is
based on the aspect ration of the map used. User must discretize
after new features are added, for the features to become effective in
the model area. Grid size may be changed using Set Simulation
Grid button
2. Click Forward button. Steady state is the default setting. Model
will draw solution when finished.
46
The visual output looks as expected with water now moving toward the pumping
well that was added to the model area. The head contour lines also show the
cone of depression created by the well.
This demonstration shows the user how easy it is to use IGW and view results.
When building a model it is recommended to start with the basic hydraulic
stresses, and then to add complexity to the model. Use logic as you build a
model and evaluate the results of each step.
Refining Conductivity to Better Reflect Our Model Basin

The Aberjona aquifer was glacially deposited thousand of years ago. From
available well data of the area, it is known that the aquifer is deepest in the river
area and becomes shallower as you move away from the river. To better
represent the geology of the area we are going to assign different hydraulic
conductivity values to our model area. We will be adding polygons over the
parent polygon.
47
1. Click Create New Arbitrary Zone and Assign Property button
2. Use cursor and define West area, purple polygon on basemap.
3. Double click when finished.
4. Select Conductivity
5. Click on units arrow and click on ft/day
6. Enter 5 into the box
7. Press Control key to move explorer window out of view
8. Use cursor and define East area. Brown polygon on right. Double
click when finished
9. Select Conductivity
10. Click on units arrow and click on ft/day
11. Enter 5 into the box

1. Click Discretize button. This sets up grid 50 X by 43.Y. This is
based on the aspect ration of the map used. User must discretize
after new features are added, for the features to become effective in
the model area. Grid size may be changed using Set Simulation
Grid button
2. Click Forward button. Steady state is the default setting. Model
will draw solution when finished.
48
The results should look similar to this. We still see that the well is creating a
cone of depression. The higher conductivity values are holding water in the East
and West zones as illustrated by the head contours. The deeper river basin is
allowing the free flow of water, evidenced by the lack of contour lines.
Particle Tracking
Forward Particle Tracking

We will add particles to the Grace site and model the movement of the particles
in steady state.
1. Click Add Particles Inside a Polygon button
2. Trace building outline below W. R. Grace label and then double click
3. Click OK to dialog box asking how many particles. User may define
the density of particles.
4. Change time step to 160 days by clicking up arrow
5. Use Control key to make the Explorer Window visible. If
Control key does not work go to Display and then click Show Model
Explore Window in the drop down list.
6. Select Porosity
7. Enter 0.2 in box

on the aspect ration of the map used. User must discretize after
new features are added, for the features to become effective in the
model area. Grid size may be changed using Set Simulation Grid
button
2. Click Forward button and watch particles move.
3. Click Stop button anytime
Backward Particle Tracking

Some times we know where the contamination plume is and would like to know
where it came from. IGW is capable of backward particle tracking to determine
where the contaminant originated. Watch as particles move in reverse with the
water flow. This feature only works for particles.
1. Click the Reverse button
2. Click Stop button anytime
49
Add Dispersivity to Aquifer While Particle Tracking
In this operation we will add local dispersivity to the aquifer to better reflect the
real world. This creates a two-dimensional field of conductivity values across the
modeling domain
1. Click Initial Particles button
2. Click Initialize Clock button located next to the Initialize Particles
button
3. Activate explorer window and bring into view
4. Click on the parent zone to highlight and make sure the
Physical/Chemical tab is showing
5. Select Local Dispersivity
6. Enter 5m in Long
7. Enter 1m in Trans
8. Click Apply

2. Click Forward button and watch particles move.
3. Click Stop when satisfied.
Contaminant Modeling and Mass Balance
Model Contaminant Plume as a Concentration and Observe Monitoring Well

Now we will model the contaminant as a continuous concentration source. We
will also install a monitoring well to examine the concentration of the contaminant
at a point of interest.
1. Click Delete All Particles button
2. Click Click Create New Arbitrary Zone and Assign Property button
3. Trace building outline below W. R. Grace label and then double
click
4. Click Sources and Sinks tab
5. Select Const Conc
6. Enter 1000 ppb
7. Click Add Well button
8. Place crosshair over Well GW3 and click,
opening the well dialog box in the explorer
window.
9. Select Monitoring Well
50
10. Click Apply

2. Click Forward button and watch plume move.
3. Click Stop when done viewing, making sure that the plume has
reached Well GW3
Viewing the Graphical Results in the Monitoring Well

We will now examine how the movement of the plume affected our monitoring
well. The user can look at both the time process of head elevation and the
change in concentration. Here we will look at the real-time concentration in the
monitoring well.
1. In upper right corner, double click the well listed under monitoring wells
2. Double click on the X to open the graphical display

3. Select Concentration in the graphical display
4. View results
51
Monitoring Well Time Process
Here we will look at the real-time concentration break through curve in the
monitoring well as the model is running.
1. Click Forward button and watch plume move with concentration
graph automatically updating.
2. Click Stop when done observing
3. Click Initailize Flow button. This will initialize flow and plume.
Water and Concentration Mass Balance of a Polygon

In groundwater modeling we are interested in the flux of water and contaminants
moving across the boundaries of different features. We are going to examine the
flux across the boundary of a section of the Aberjona River. We will look at both
water flux and contaminant flux.
1. Click Click Create New Arbitrary Zone and Assign Property button
2. Using the cursor outline an area containing the middle 2/3 of the
river.
3. Select Perform Mass Balance in properties window

6. Click Stop
Viewing the Graphical Results of Mass Balance in Real-Time

We will now examine the movement of the plume and view the real-time
graphical display of the water and plume mass balance.
1. In upper right corner, double click the Xs next to Water
Balance and Mass Balance. The displays are stacked on
top of each other, so drag the display on top out of view of
the bottom display.
3. Click Stop when satisfied in viewing the results.
Deleting Concentration Polygon

We will now delete the polygon which represents the contaminant in the model
area. Activate the explorer window and bring it into view.
1. Click to highlight the polygon representing the plume
52
2. Once highlighted, right click mouse and choose delete
3. Close all displays.
4. Click Refresh button to redraw screen
Improve the Aquifer Structure
Now we are going to add some complexity to our model by the addition of scatter
points. When using scatter points the model interpolates the physical parameter
using several different methods. The default setting is the Inverse Distance
Weighted (IDW) and is most commonly used. IDW is based on the assumption
that the interpolating surface should be influenced most by near points and less
by distant points. The following table contains well data for the Woburn area.
Well locations are given on the basemap.
Well Data
NUS
WELL
Well Bedrock Ground
Su.rface
(feet) (feet)
GW3 53.1 91.7
S71 54.9 71.4
S70 7.4 69.4
S67 29.3 83.3
S63 47.5 69.5
S81 -7.9 54.1
S82 6 57
S64 22.8 57.8
S85 12 46.1
S72 -65.8 50.2
S68 -59.5 45.5
S86 9 44.7
S77 -90.1 44.9
S83 -38.9 48.1
S78 -44.7 45.8
S80 -14.6 55.4
S79 -60.1 48
S76 -77 53
S75 -18.1 56.9
S74 -19.3 48.2
Change Display
Before we begin lets change the display so that it is easier to see our point
locations on the basemap.
1. Click Display button
53
2. Unselect head, velocity, concentration and particle
The display dialog box should look like this.
3. Click OK
Add Scatter Points to Polygon

1. Make sure Explorer Window is activated. Toggle the window into
view. We will add scatter points to original polygon, so make sure
Zone 101 is highlighted.
2. Click Add Scatter Point button
3. Place cursor over point S70 and click. The scatter point properties are
now visible in the Explorer Window.
4. Click Aquifer Elevations Tab
5. Select Top Elevation
6. Click on the units arrow and then click on ft
7. Enter 91.7 ft
8. Select Bot Elevation
9. Click on the units arrow and then click on ft
10. Enter 53.1
This process would be continued for all the data points that are available. To see
results add at least 5 points and discretize the model. The top five points have
been added and default interpolation used to produce the graphical display.
54
Change the display options to show head, velocity and
transmissivity. Remember that the order of the sequence window
should be as shown here. Notice the changes in transmissivity
when the model has refreshed. The output will reflect interpolation
of the data of the scatter point added.
Transient Model Simulation
Up to now we have been simulating a steady state model and to perform a pump
test we will have to change our model to transient state. The first step is to enter
well data.
Monitoring Wells and Data

The next step in the modeling process is to test our model with pump test data
available for the site. This example will lead you through the addition of a
monitoring well and the data associated with the well. The data used comes
from the USGS report of the Woburn area.
55
Well S84 Well S87
Time Elevation Time Elevation
(days) (m) (days) (m)
0 13.4 0 13.7
1.1 12.97 0.694 13.2
5.9 12.5 2.08 13
12.5 12.5 6.94 13
27.8 11.9 27.8 12.4
Well S86 Well S79

Time Elevation Time Elevation
(days) (m) (days) (m)
0 13.3 0 13.4
0.694 12.9 0.694 13.3
2.08 12.74 2.08 13.2
3.47 12.7 3.47 13.25
6.94 12.5 6.94 13.2
20.83 12.2 20.83 12.95
27.8 12.1 27.8 12.8
Well GW3
Time Elevation
(days) (m)
0 21.7
0.694 21.7
2.08 21.7
3.47 21.7
6.94 21.7
20.83 21.7
27.8 21.7
Add Monitoring Well

1. Click Add New Well button
2. Place crosshair over Well S84 and click, opening the well dialog box in
the explorer window.
3. Rename well to S84a
4. Select Monitoring Well
5. Click on button next to Monitoring Head and Concentration
6. Click in dialog box and enter values. You have to click in each area to
enter values.
7. Press Enter key to add new row.
8. Click Redraw button to see hydrograph of data when finished
9. Click OK
10. Click Discretize to add new features to model
56
Once entered the dialog box will look like this.
The example will only demonstrate the addition of one monitoring well with the
additional data listed for the student. Monitoring wells are a new feature and you
must discretize the model after entering them. The use of monitoring well data is
implemented during a transient simulation and that is covered next.
Adding Specific Storage, and Specific Yield.

These parameters are added in the physical/chemical properties tab of the
explorer window.
1. Activate the explorer window. The explorer window is toggled by the
control button on the keyboard which moves it so that the work area is
visible. If the control key becomes inactive, click on display and in
the drop down list select display model explore window. The control
key will be reactivated.
2. Select Specific Yield
3. Enter 0.2 in the box
4. Select Specific Storage
57
Running Model in Transient State
Now that we have our initial conditions we will run the transient model.
Change Simulation Time Parameters

This process will switch the model from steady state to transient state. The
simulation time length and the time step will also be specified. The pump test of
the Aberjona Aquifer lasted for 30 days and a time step of 0.25 days has
been arbitrary chosen. It should be kept in mind that the time step affects the
computational time and the accuracy of the calculations. Therefore it is
recommended to keep the time step as small as reasonably possible.
1. Click Set Simulation Time Parameters button
2. Select Transient State
3. Enter 30 in Simulation Length box
4. Enter 1 in Simulation Time Step box
5. Select Stop When Simulation Length is Reached
6. Click OK
Viewing the Graphical Results in the Monitoring Well

1. Click X next to time process under monitoring well added.

2. Click Forward
3. View time process graphic. The results are not good as our model has
not be calibrated yet, but this gives you an example of the feature.
58
Modeling Woburn Area Pump Test
1. Click Open a Model button.
2. In dialog box click on woburn2 and click Open
The program then looks for the basemap at the last file location. If you have
switched computers or file locations you may have to manually locate the
basemap. A dialog box will open and then locate the image file.
Woburn Model Calibration

At this time you should look at the features listed in the explorer window. You will
notice that Wells G and H, scatter points, monitoring wells, localized K values
and a mass balance zone have been added. Click on the labels in the explorer
window and look at the features as they become red in the model area. This will
give you an understanding of the features in the area and the relationships that
exist. The model has been calibrated by adjusting K values and river leakance.
The values for conductivity used were 80ft/day in the river basin area and 5.85
ft/day for the upland area.
Adding Specific Storage, and Specific Yield.

These parameters are added in the physical/chemical properties tab of the
explorer window.
59
2. Select Specific Yield
4. Select Specific Storage
Calculating Initial Conditions for Transient Model

The transient model will use the steady state solution for initial conditions of the
model. This process must be followed to set initial conditions each time the
transient state is run.
Turn off Wells G and H

1. Click on Well G in the explorer window
2. Select none at bottom of window
3. Click on Well H in the explorer window
4. Select none at bottom of window

2. Click Forward button to solve initial conditions. Initial solution should
look like this.
60
Running Model in Transient State
Now that we have our initial conditions we will run the transient model. The
pump test at the Woburn site lasted 30 days so that is the duration of the model
simulation time. The wells on during the test were wells G, H, and the Riley
Industrial well. The monitoring well data was continuously recorded at the site
during the test.
Turn on Wells G and H

1. Click on Well G in the explorer window
2. Un-Select none at bottom of window
3. Click on Well H in the explorer window
4. Un-Select none at bottom of window
61
Turn Off Recharge to the Model Area
During the pump test of the Woburn area there was no significant moisture
recorded so recharge is shut off during the test.
2. Click Tot Area
3. Click Sources and Sinks tab
4. Un-Select Const Rech
5. Click Apply
Change Simulation Time Parameters

This process will switch the model from steady state to transient state. The
simulation time length and the time step will also be specified. The pump test of
the Aberjona Aquifer lasted for 30 days and a time step of 0.25 days has been
62
arbitrary chosen. It should be kept in mind that the time step affects the
computational time and the accuracy of the calculations. Therefore it is
recommended to keep the time step reasonably small.
7. Click Set Simulation Time Parameters button
8. Select Transient State
9. Enter 30 in Simulation Length box
10. Enter 0.25 in Simulation Time Step box
11. Select Stop When Simulation Length is Reached
12. Click OK

Viewing the Graphical Results of Monitoring Wells and Mass Balance in

Real-Time
We will now examine the changes in head and view the results in a real-time
graphical display of the hydrograph. You will open 5 monitoring wells and will
visually compare the model results with the data entered. Also click on the X
next to Water Balance in the graphical display window. You will be able to
watch the transition of the river from a gaining stream to a losing stream.
1. In upper right corner, double click the Xs next to wells S84, S87, S86a,
S79a, and GW3a. The displays are stacked on top of each other, so
drag the displays on top out of view of the bottom display. Position the
63
displays around the edge leaving the start and stop control buttons
visible.
2. Click Forward button and the hydrographs and water mass balance
are updated with each time step.
3. The model will run to 30 days and then a dialog box will ask if you wish
to continue. Click NO
64
Saving Display for Reports and Presentations
Save screen shots for later use in presentations and reports of the modeling
process.
1. Click File upper left of monitor viewing area.
2. Click Export Picture
3. Click either bitmap (*bmp) or jpeg file (*jpg).
4. Choose location and name file. Click Save.
Sub-Models
Adding a Sub-Model in to the Parent Model

The parent model defines the regional influence of the area of interest. There
are times when we are interested in more local details of the model area. When
multiple contamination sites are present in the regional area it is convenient to
look at these sites in more detail. The feature of sub-modeling makes this
possible. In this example we will look at 4 major contributors in the Woburn area.
Theoretically we could run a transient simulation but here we will use a steady
state simulation. The vlues for Wells G and H were adjusted to represent
pumping only 3 months out of the year. The values were 175GPM and 100GPM
for Wells G and H respectively. This simulation will be used for predicting the
aquifer response to the contamination sites and estimate the contaminant arrival
time at the wells. The sub-models use the parent model solution as initial
conditions.
Opening an Existing Model

Open a model that has the 4 contaminent sites entered as constant
concentrations of 1000ppb.
2. In dialog box click on woburn4 and click Open
The program then looks for the basemap at the last file location. If you have
switched computers or file locations you may have to manually locate the
Creating Sub-Model Areas within a Parent Model

We will now create 4 sub-model areas inside the regional flow model of the
Woburn area. When defining the zones, make a zone about a half-inch larger
than the building below the W.R.Grace label.
1. Click Define Sub-Model Area button
2. Select Grace under zones in explorer window.
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3. Using cursor trace zone about half-inch larger than red box at
W.R.Grace label. Double click when finished.
4. Bring the explorer window into view. The explorer window is toggled
by the control button on the keyboard which moves it so that the work
area is visible. If the control key becomes inactive, click on display
and in the drop down list select display model explore window. The
control key will be reactivated.
5. Double the values in the NX and NY boxes.
6. Click on high lighted sub-model and rename to Grace1

the computer will solve. When discretizing 4 sub-model area will also be grided
to the defined matrix.
1. Click Discretize button. After discretizing the sub-models visual
displays will all be located in the upper left corner. Grid size may be
changed using Set Simulation Grid button
2. Double size of each sub-model display and locate as shown below.
3. Click Refresh button.
4. Click Forward button.
5. Watch model and sub-models run.
6. Click Stop when satisfied.
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Use the Cursor to Look at the Results of the Sub-Model
By positioning the cursor in the sub-model zone, you may read
the results in the Cursor Activated Table. Choose a sub-
model and place the cursor at a location and record the
reading. Now place the cursor at the same location in the
parent model and compare the reading. The finer grid of the
sub-model will give more accurate results in areas of concern.
If you wish to look at more parameters in the Cursor Activated
Table, click on Choose Parameters at Cursor button to view
and select all possibilities.
Stochastic Model Solver.
When using a constant hydraulic conductivity value for modeling we have been
averaging the actual conditions. In reality most aquifers are heterogeneous and
IGW is capable of creating this condition. This variability in conductivity will affect
contaminant plume distribution and create uncertainty in the results of using an
average model. Stochastic modeling allows the effects of heterogeneity and
plume uncertainty to be quantified.
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Opening an Existing Model
Open a model that has the 1 contaminent site entered at constant concentrations
of 1000ppb. The location of the site is W.R.Grace Corporation.
2. In dialog box click on woburn5 and click Open. The program then
looks for the basemap at the last file location. If you have switched
computers or file locations you may have to manually locate the
Add Heterogeneity to the Aquifer

This creates a two-dimensional random field of conductivity values across the
modeling domain. Integral length scales, random seed, variance of Log K, and
type of random model can all be specified. The fluctuation in K is specified
statistically as there is never enough data to map the variability of an aquifer.
Using the mean and variance we are able to characterize a solution that is within
the structure of the statistics.
2. In explorer window click on Tot Area, this will display Physi/Chemical
Properties tab.
3. Select Random below conductivity
4. Click on Random button. The available options are then displayed.
We will use the default settings.
5. Click Apply
Single Realization with Heterogeneity

To run a single realization with variation, discretize and run the model. When
doing a single realization, you may add sub-models to the process.
Monte Carlo Stochastic Modeling

In the Monte Carlo simulation many possibilities of heterogeneity that share the
same statistical structure are generated. The user specifies the number of
simulations and the model calculates the recursive statistics for each simulation.
This feature is very useful for risk analysis and prediction purposes.
1. Click Solver Engine button
2. Click Stochastic Model tab.
3. Select Monte Carlo Simulations
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4. Click on button next to Monte Carlo Simulations and check the
choices. For our purpose we will use the default values.
5. Click OK
Monitoring Well Statistics and Polyline Flux

You will also be shown how to use a monitoring well and polyline to view
statistics for a point of interest in the modeling domain. This will be viewed later
in the tutorial.
1. Click on well GW3a in the explorer window.
2. Select Monitoring Probability Distribution.
3. Click Flux Line in the explore window.
4. Click Calculate and Display Flux across Polyline.
5. Click Apply

After discretizing take notice of the variation in the transmissivity field that is
displayed. This is one of many possible aquifer solutions for the statistics.
Selecting Display Options for Monte Carlo

The display options for the Monte Carlo simulations are specified here.
1. Click Draw Option button.
2. Select Means and Variances and Monte Carlo
Simulations.
3. Click Means and Variances button. Check out the
different choices and the click OK. We will use the default settings.
4. Click OK
5. Click X by Time Process for well GW3a
To speed up the simulations we will change when the
results are plotted. Instead of every time step, we will
change to every 40 steps.
1. In the model display locate the time step drawing setting in the lower
left corner.
2. Change the visual time step by clicking on the up
arrow until the value is 40.
3. Click X next time
4. Click Forward button and notice how fast the model calculates now
that drawing is not as frequent.
5. Click Stop button at any time.
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Monte Carlo Parallel Displays
After running the Monte Carlo Simulation the screen should look similar to the
one shown. By default the last four simulations are graphically displayed, in the
sub-displays. While running notice graphical updates.
70
Viewing Monitoring Well Graphics
Stochastic Probability Statistics

Now we will view the Monte Carlo viewing the probability statistics for well
GW3a.. The probabilty statistics are the temporal distribution of the parameter
viewed.
1. In the Graphical Display Window click on the X
labeled probability under well GW3a.. This will open
the probability display window.
2. In the probalility window under Process Curve
Choice select Mean, Mean+SD, and Mean-SD. The display should
then be similar to the one shown here, depending upon the number of
realizations you ran.
3. Select Head and Concentration under Parameters to Visualize and
look at the statistics. Notice that the cumulative statistics for the
parameters are listed in the display on the right.
4. Select Concentration
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Cumulative Density Function
1. Now select CDF and look at the cumulative density function.
2. Select Concentration under Parameter to Visualize.
The Cumulative Density Function window opens and the resolution is not fine
enough for our task so lets change it.
1. Click Change Probability Resolution button. This
opens the Subdivisions dialog box.
2. In the Concentration/Solute Flux enter 50.
3. Click OK
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The increased resolution is now displayed in the graphical output
Stochastic Statistics of Polyline Seepage Flux

1. Click X under Flux Line to open display
2. Select Mean, Mean+SD, and Mean-SD under Process
Curve Choice
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Spatial Distribution of Means and Variances
This graphic shows the spacial distribution of the mean concentration, head,
velocity vectors and transmissivity at a particular time for all realizations.
Selecting Display Options for Means and Variance Window

The display options for the Monte Carlo simulations are specified here.
1. Click Draw Option button.
2. Select Means and Variances.
3. Click Means and Variances button. The Variance
and Misc Draw Option dialog box opens. This
shows the options that are available .
4. Select Concentration Standard Deviation
5. Un-select Mean Concentration
6. Click OK.
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The means and variances draw option dialog box.
The display will redraw showing the concentration standard deviation.
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Conclusion
When finished with the tutorial you should have a good idea of the capabilities
and functions of IGW.
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INTERACTIVE GROUNDWATER MODELING

DR. SHUGUANG LI AND ASSOCIATES

A Real-time, Interactive, and Visual Software System for Unified

Automatic grid generation and automatic conversion of conceptual

Interactive simulation and "real time" visualization and animation of flow in

Interactive and visual conditional simulation of hydrogeologic and

Interactive scattered data interpolation, regression, and Kriging

Interactive, visual, and "real time" monitoring of head hydrographs and

Real-time modeling and visualization of aquifer transition from confined to

Interactive, visual, and "real time" sub-scale modeling using telescopic

Interactive, visual, and "real time" stochastic Monte Carlo simulation.

Create New Model.

Open Existing Model.

Mapping Basemap Location

A dialog box opens where

The lists of features added to this model are in

Polygon Mass Balance

To perform a mass balance for a zone, click on mass

Access to graphical displays of model results are

Pumping, Injection Wells

Access to the hydrograph is by double clicking on the

This opens the hydrograph and break-

Set Simulation Grid

Redefine Applied Area for a Zone

Add Scatter Point

Scatter Point Interpolation

Inverse Distance Weighted

User Defined Regression

Identify Scatter Point

Add Single Particle to Model Area

Add Particles Around Well

The simulation time step can also be defined below the

Save Edit Default Parameters

Undo Multiple Models

Set Drawing Options

Display Parameters to Choose From.

Stop button ends the model calculation. May be used anytime.

Define Sub-Model Area

Delete All Particles

Select Text Button

External Calling Capture

Set Capture Option

Flow Solver Methods

Monte Carlo Simulation Visualization Dialog Box

Well Probability Statistics

Plume, Particle, and Visualization Time Steps

In 1982, six families in , Woburn, Massachusetts filed a lawsuit against the

Open IGW Program

Set Basemap and Register Basemap

Define Model Area and Add Source and Sink

Discretize Model Area Converting to Numerical Model

Change Head Contour Lines

Change Velocity Vectors

Discretize Model Area Converting to Numerical Model

Refining Conductivity to Better Reflect Our Model Basin

Discretize Model Area Converting to Numerical Model

Forward Particle Tracking

Discretize Model Area Converting to Numerical Model

Backward Particle Tracking

Discretize Model Area Converting to Numerical Model

Contaminant Modeling and Mass Balance

Model Contaminant Plume as a Concentration and Observe Monitoring Well

Discretize Model Area Converting to Numerical Model