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The calculation sheet supports maximum 5 cases. An example case has been shown in the first row.
The calculation sheet does not assess the failure mode of local buckling.
Notes
!
Pipe Grade: Input the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS). "Reference" sheet list the default SMYS for various pipe grade
* The critical longitudinal stress appears under the maximum pressure, please check the report for further discussion.
&
This recommended criterion is equivalent to the allowable stress criterion in B31.4-2009 for Class 1 design.
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SMTS: specified minimum tensile strength. The value of SMTS is determined by the input for SMYS.
The calculation sheet supports maximum 5 cases. An example case has been shown in the first row.
The calculation sheet does not assess the failure mode of local buckling.
Notes
!
Pipe Grade: Input the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS). "Reference" sheet list the default SMYS for various pipe grade
#
Input "Yes" or "No". Please check the "Reference" sheet to determine the input for various scenarios.
* The critical longitudinal stress appears under the maximum pressure, please check the report for further discussion.
&
This recommended criterion is equivalent to the allowable stress criterion in B31.4-2009 for Class 1 design.
$
SMTS: specified minimum tensile strength. The value of SMTS is determined by the input for SMYS.
-0.37056454 0.4585054396
-0.6535768
OWABLE LONGITUDINAL STRESS
CRES Recommended Upper Bound& (Critical Stress = Flow Strength)
ve Stress Compressive Stress Tensile Stress Criteria for
Tensile Stress Girth Welds
Annex C (Von Mises) Tresca Von Mises
Factors for Soil Condition at Span Ends: used to estimate the bending moment in the pipe span. Fill "8" for
very soft soil, "10" for medium soil, and "12" for hard soil or rocks. The default value is "10". A softer soil
assumption results in a conservatively higher bending stress estimation if the bending stress is assessed by
the loading conditions; however, a stiffer soil assumption results in the conservatively higher bending stress
estimation if bending stress is assessed by the measured deflection at the span center.
Input
All the data related to the pipe span under investigation should be filled in the INPUT block. Please refer the
explanation of each item to determine the proper input value.
Pipe information
Outside Diameter (D): nominal pipe outside diameter
Wall Thickness (t): nominal pipe wall thickness
Pipe Grade (sY): Input the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of the pipe. The default values in API 5L
(2004) have been listed in the table above.
Temperature (The default values are listed below the table in the "Calculation" sheet)
Min Temperature at Installation (TInsMin): minimum temperature experienced during the pipeline installation
Max Temperature at Installation (TInsMax): maximum temperature experienced during the pipeline installation
Min Temperature at Operation (TOpMin): minimum temperature experienced during the pipeline operation
Max Temperature at Operation (TOpMax): maximum temperature experienced during the pipeline operation
Internal Pressure (The default values are listed below the table in the "Calculation" sheet)
Min (PMin): minimum internal pressure in the pipeline during the operation.
Max(PMax): maximum internal pressure in the pipeline during the operation.
Span
Span Length (L): length of the span segment
The following three inputs are only needed for one of the two options
Measured Deflection at Span Center (d) (only in "By Span Deflection" sheet): the deflection at the center of
the bended span.
Unit Weight of the Product (WProd) (only in "By Span Loading" sheet): unit weight of the product carried
inside the pipeline, 0 for gas pipeline.
Min (sLMin): sLMin = sp+sthDTMin-sb+sc. Please refer to the "Resulting Stresses" part in the "INTERMEDIATE
RESULTS" section near the bottom of the sheet for the estimation of sp, sthDTMin and sb.
The output longitudinal stress are compared with allowable stress following existing standards to assess the
integrity of the pipe span in this block.
The combined stress (se) in standards are determined by two yielding criteria including
Tresca: se = max(|sH-sL|, |sH|, |sL|), where "| |" represents absolute value and max() represents the
maximum value
Allowable (sATen): sATen = 90%sY, following the "Sum of Longitudinal Stresses from Sustained and Occasional
Loads" for "Restrained pipeline" in Table 403.3.1-1
Applied/Allowable: sLMax/sATen
Compressive Stress (Tresca)
Allowable (sACom): Solving {se = 90%sY, se = sHMax-sACom}, following the "Equivalent Combined Stress" for
"Restrained pipeline" in Table 403.3.1-1 and Tresca yielding criterion
Allowable (sACom): Solving {se = 90%sY, se2 = (sACom)2+(sHMax)2-sAComsHMax}, following the "Equivalent
Combined Stress" for "Restrained pipeline" in Table 403.3.1-1 and Tresca yielding criterion
This block presented the important quantities during the analysis. These quantities are calculated by the
data in the INPUT block and used to determined the stresses in the APPLIED/RESULTING STRESS block. All
the quantities in the block are for information purpose and should not be modified by the user.
Structure Properties
Section Modulus (S): S = I/(D/2), where I is the moment of inertia as calculated below. The bending stress,
sb, is then determined by sb = M/S
M = 384EId/(48-l)L2 if l < 12; Md = 32EId/L2 if l = 12. The default values of E and l are listed in the above
table of "Material Constants".
Bending Moment from Loading (M) (only in "By Span Loading" sheet)
Buoyant Force (FB): If "Is Pipe Submerged Under Water" is "Yes", FB = rwatergp(D/2)2; if "Is Pipe Submerged
Under Water" is "No", FB = 0.
Product Weight (wProd): wProd = rProdgAI, where AI = p[(D-t)/2]2 is the internal area in the cross section
enclosed by the pipe
Steel Pipe Weight (wPipe): wPipe = rSteelgA, where A = p(D-t)t is the area of the steel pipe cross section
Bending Moment from Loading (M): M = wL2/l. The bending moment in the pipe span is generated by the
weight of the pipe and the inside product, as well as the buoyant force if submerged.
Resulting Stresses
Hoop Stress
Hoop stress generated by the internal pressure. No contribution from other resources, such as the pressure
of soil, is considered.
Min (sHMin): sHMin = PMinD/(2t) hoop stress generated by the minimum internal pressure. The ratio of the
resulting hoop stress over the yield strength of the pipe is also provided.
Max (sHMax): sHMax = PMaxD/(2t) hoop stress generated by the maximum internal pressure. The ratio of the
resulting hoop stress over the yield strength of the pipe is also provided.
Longitudinal Stress Components
From Max Internal Pressure (sp): sp = vsHMax
From Bending (sb): sb = M/S
From Maximum Temperature Differential (sthDTMax): sthDTMax = -aDTMaxE, thermal stress due to the maximum
temperature differential DTMax
From Minimum Temperature Differential (sthDTMin): sthDTMin = -aDTMinE, thermal stress due to the minimum
temperature differential DTMin