Submitted To- Submit By-:

(MR. MUKESH JHAJHARIA) (PRAKHAR GUPTA)

 Topic Page no.

Certificate of Authenticity 1

Acknowledgement 2

Objective 3

Introduction 4

Factors affecting the rate of Evaporation 5

Application 6

Theory 7

Experiment no.1 8

Experiment no.2 9

Experiment no.3 10

Experiment no.4 11

Bibliography 12
 Certificate
This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine

investigation work has been carried out to investigate about the

subject matter and the related data collection and investigation

has been completed solely, sincerely, and satisfactorily by

Prakhar Gupta of class XII A, Central Academy regarding his

Investigatory Project Report titled Rate of Evaporation of

Liquids

Teachers Signature
 Acknowledgement

I Prakhar Gupta of XII-A has prepared the Investigatory Project

Report on the topic Rate of Evaporation of Liquids. I had prepared

this report under the guidance of Mr. Mukesh Jhajharia Sir and I am

thankful to him for providing help. I had prepared the report from

genuine sources and all the data written is correct.

 Rate of Evaporation
of Liquids

Objective
This project is of the rate of evaporation of Different liquids, in which we will also
discuss the factors which affect the rate of Evaporation. In this project, we shall
investigate various factors such as nature of liquid, surface of liquid, temperature and
effect of air currents and find their correlation with the rate of evaporation of different
liquids by four simple experiments using various liquids.

Introduction
When liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly escapes into gaseous phase eventually
leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as vaporization or evaporation.
Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the terms of kinetic molecular model although
there are strong molecular attractive forces which hold molecules together. The
molecules having sufficient kinetic energy can escape into gaseous phase.
If such molecules happen to come near the surface in a sample of liquid all the molecules
do not have same kinetic energy. There is a small fraction of molecules which have
enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractive forces and escapes into gaseous phase.

Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the molecules which undergo
evaporation have high kinetic energy therefore the kinetic energy of the molecules which
are left behind is less.

Since the remaining molecules which are left have lower average kinetic energy.
Therefore temperature is kept constant the remaining liquid will have same distribution of
the molecular kinetic energy and high molecular energy will kept one escaping from
liquid into gaseous phase of the liquid is taken in an open vessel evaporation will
continue until whole of the liquid evaporates.

Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar energy drives evaporation of
water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources of water. In hydrology,
evaporation and transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant stomata) are
collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation is caused when water is exposed to
air and the liquid molecules turn into water vapor which rises up and forms clouds.

Theory
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, be moving
in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid-phase
intermolecular forces. Only a small proportion of the molecules meet these criteria, so the
rate of evaporation is limited.
Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation
proceeds more quickly at higher temperatures.

As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average
kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid thus decreases. This phenomenon is also
called evaporative cooling. This is why evaporating sweat cools the human body.
Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between the
gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapor pressure. For example, laundry
on a clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still
day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat, humidity and air movement.

If evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, escaping molecules appear as a vapour

above the liquid. Many of the molecules return to the liquid with returning molecules
becoming more frequent as the density and pressure of vapour increases. When process
of escape and return reach equilibrium, vapor is saturated and no change in vapor
pressure and density occur. For system with vapor and liquid of pure substance
equilibrium state is related with vapor pressure by Clausius - Clapeyron equation as:

ln(P2/P1)= - Hvap/R * (1/T2 -1/T1)

P is the vapor pressure at T temperature respectively. H is enthalpy of vaporization and
R is Rydbergs constant. If liquid is heated, when vapor pressure reaches the ambient
value, liquids start boiling. Ability of liquid molecule to evaporate is largely based on
amount of kinetic energy of individual particle. Even at lower temperatures, liquids can
evaporate if individual molecules have higher energy than minimum K.E. required for
vaporization. But vaporization is not only the process of a change of state from liquid to
gas but it is also a change of state from solid to gas. This process is also known as
sublimation but can also be known as vaporization.
 FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF
EVAPORATION
1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air If the air Already has a
high concentration of the substance evaporating, then the given substance will
evaporate more slowly.
2. Concentration of other substances in the air If the air is already saturated with
other substances, it can have a lower capacity forth substance evaporating.
3. Temperature of the substance if the substance is hotter, then evaporation will be
faster.
4. Flow rate of air. This is in part related to the concentration points above. If fresh
air is moving over the substance all the time, then the concentration of the
substance in the air is less likely to go up with time, thus encouraging faster
evaporation. In addition, molecules in motion have more energy than those at rest,
and so the stronger the flow of air, the greater the evaporating power of the air
molecules.
5. Inter-molecular forces the stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in
the liquid or solid state the more energy that must be input in order to evaporate
them.
6. Surface area and temperature the rate of evaporation of liquids varies directly
with temperature. With the increase in the temperature, fraction of molecules
having sufficient kinetic energy to escape out from the surface also increases. Thus
with the increase in temperature rate of evaporation also increases. Molecules that
escape the surface of the liquids constitute the evaporation. Therefore larger
surface area contributes accelerating evaporation.
 7. Nature of Liquids the magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction in liquid
determines the speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-molecular forces of
attraction larger are the extent of evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of evaporations
is greater than that of ethyl alcohol.
8. Composition of Environment The rate of evaporation of liquids depends upon the
flow of air currents above the surface of the liquid. Air current flowing over the
surface of the liquid took away the molecules of the substance in vapour state
thereby preventing condensation
9. Density The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates. In the US, the
National Weather Service measures the actual rate of evaporation from a
standardized "pan" open water surface outdoors, at various locations nationwide.
Others do likewise around the world. The US data is collected and compiled into
an annual evaporation map. The measurements range from under 30 to overthe120
inches (3,000 mm) per year.
10.Pressure In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens faster because there is
less exertion on the surface keeping the molecules from launching themselves

Applications

When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the ambient temperature is below
the boiling point of water, water evaporates. This is accelerated by factors such as low
humidity, heat (from the sun), and wind. In clothes dryer hot air is blown through the
clothes, allowing water to evaporate very rapidly.
 EXPERIMENT-1
Aim: To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene, chloroform.

Requirement: Three same size petri dishes of diameter 10 cm, 10 ml. pipette, stopwatch,
acetone, benzene, chloroform.

Procedure:

Clean and dry all petri dishes and identify them as A, B, C.

1. Pipette out 10 ml. acetone in petri dish A with stopper.

2. Similarly pipette out 10 ml. benzene and chloroform in each of petri dish B and C.
Remove the cover plates from all petri dishes and start the stopwatch.
3. Let the petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minutes.
4. Now cover each of the dishes and note the volume of remaining material in them.

Observations:

Time 10 minutes = 600 seconds

Petri dishes Liquid taken Volume Vol. Evap. Rate (V/T)

marked (V1) ml remaining (V2) V= V1-V2 ml./s
ml
A 10 2 8 8/600=0.0133
B 10 3 7 7/600=0.0116
C 10 4 6 6/600=0.010
Results: Rate of evaporation of acetone is 0.0133ml./s

Rate of evaporation of benzene is 0.0116ml./s.

Rate of evaporation of chloroform is 0.010ml./s.

Conclusion: Intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform are in order:

Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.

 EXPERIMENT2
Aim: To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of diethyl ether.

Requirement: Three petri dishes of diameter- 2.5, 5, 7.5 cm, 10 ml. pipette, stopwatch.

Procedure:

1. Clean and dry all petri dishes and identify them as A, B, C.

2. Pipette out 10 ml. diethyl ether in each of petri dishes A, B and C.
3. Remove the cover plates from all petri dishes and start the stopwatch.
4. Note the remaining volume after 10 minute vaporization of diethyl ether from each
petri dish.

Observations:

Time 10 minutes = 600 seconds

Petri dishes Diameter of Volume taken Volume Evaporated

marked P.T.Ds. (mL.) remaining volume
(mL.)
A 2.5 10 4 6
B 5 10 2 8
C 7.5 10 0 10

Result: The order of evaporation of acetone in three dishes as

7.5>5>2.5 cm.

Conclusion: Larger is the surface area more is the evaporation.

 EXPERIMENT-3
Aim: To study the effect of temperature on the rate of
evaporation of acetone.

Requirement: Two petri dishes of diameter 5 cm each, 10

ml. pipette, stopwatch, thermometer, thermostat.

Procedure:

1. Wash, clean, dry and mark the petri dishes as A and B.

2. Pipette out 10 ml. acetone in petri dish A and B and cover them.
3. Put one petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat at same time.
4. Note the reading.

Observations:
Time 10 minutes = 600 seconds

Petri Dishes Time (sec.) Temperature Volume Taken Evaporated

Marked (0C) (ml.) volume (ml.)
A 10 30 10 10
B 20 40 10 10

Result: The order of evaporation of acetone in two dishes as given

Room temperature< Heating

Conclusion: Observation clearly shows that the evaporation increases with temperature.
 EXPERIMENT-4
Aim: to study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation.

Requirement: Two petri dishes, acetone.

Procedure:

1. Wash, clean, dry and mark the petri dishes as A and B.

2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air current.
3. Note the reading.

Observation:

Initial volume of acetone is 10 ml.

Petri Dishes Marked Conditions Time (sec.) Evaporated volume

(ml.)
A With Fan 40 10
B Without Fan 50 10

Result: The order of evaporation of acetone in two dishes as given

With Fan > Without Fan

Conclusion: The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with increase in rate of flow of
air current.
 Bibliography

.. www.google.com

.. www.wikipedia.com

.. Comprehensive Practical Book Of 12th

.. NCERT