Single Stage Distillation

CHE134P/CPMONTEROLA
 Types of distillation
1. simple batch/differential distillation
2. Flash Distillation
3. simple continuous
4. steam distillation
5. fractional distillation
Simple Batch or differential distillation
 Rayleigh equation
(1)
=ABln
(1)

F is the Feed
xF is the concentration of more volatile component in the feed
W is the Residue
xW is the concentration of the more volatile component in the residue
AB is the relative volatility of A with respect to B
 Sample Problem 1
A solution containing 35% by weight toluene and 65% by weight
benzene is subjected to a simple batch distillation at
atmospheric pressure. For this purpose, assume relative volatility
is equal to 3. If the distillation is discontinued when the weight
of the distillate amounts to 45% of the charge, calculate the
amount of benzene in the distillate as % benzene in the charge.
a. 85.93 b. 45.17 c. 72.16 d. 56.26
 Sample Problem 2
A 537 kg solution containing 50% by weight heptane and 50% by
weight octane is batch distilled until only 4.74 lbmoles remain in
the pot. If the relative volatility of the mixture is 2.0, what will be
the distillate composition in terms of mole fraction heptane?
A. 0.5327 B. 0.4673 C. 0.3889 D. 0.6398
 Sample Problem 3
A 100 kgmol liquid mixture containing 45% A and 55% B by mole
is differentially distilled until 40 kgmole of A is vaporized. If the
relative volatility of A with respect to B is equal to 1, what is the
mole fraction of A in the remaining liquid?
A. 0.45 B. 0.55 C. 0.38 D. 0.63
 exercise 1
A batch differential distillation is made upon a 25 kg mixture of
ethanol-water containing 7% weight alcohol. How many kg of
distillate must be collected so that it will have an ethanol content
of 30% weight? Assume that the relative volatility of the mixture
to be equal to 12.
A. 5 B. 7 C. 9 D.12
 Exercise 2
500 moles of a liquid mixture are charged to a distillation unit.
This liquid mixture contains 0.25 mole fraction of component A
and 0.75 mole fraction of component B. If the mixture is
subjected to a simple batch distillation, what will be the
liquid/residue composition after 100 moles of component A has
been removed with the vapors? Assume the relative volatility of
component a with respect to B is 3.15.
A. 0.25 B. 0.15 C. 0.10 D. 0.05
 Exercise 3
A mixture containing 0.65 mole fraction A and 0.35 mole fraction
B is subjected to a simple batch distillation until the
instantaneous composition of the vapors leaving becomes 0.55
mole fraction A. If the relative volatility for the mixture is
constant at 2.5, estimate the average composition of the total
distillate collected. A is more volatile than B.
A. 0.65 B. 0.74 C. 0.81 D. 0.93
 Sample problem
The temperature of a simple batch distillation is
maintain at 90C, the vapor pressure of pure
methylbenzene is 53.3 kPa and that of pure 1,2-
dimethylbenzene is 20 kPa. What is the composition of
the bottoms when the pressure is 0.5 atm? What is the
composition of the distillate produced?
Simple Continuous distillation
Simple Continuous distillation

Relative volatility , AB
 mrii problem
One hundred moles per hour of solution containing
80 moles of A, the rest is B subjected to simple
continuous distillation. The distillate contains 72
moles of A. If A is 5 times more volatile than B,
concentration of A in the distillate is_____.
A. 0.85 b. 0.80 c. 0.533 d. none of these
Steam distillation
Steam Distillation
 Sample Problem 1
If naphthalene were to be steam distilled at 200C and 1 atm,
how many moles of steam would be needed per mole of
naphthalene? Assume the vapor pressure of naphthalene at
200C to be equal to 475 mm Hg.
A. 0.0844
B. 0.60
C. 0.80
D. 0.4482
 Sample Problem 2
Glycerin is steam distilled at 190C under 26-in
vacuum. A test shows a steam consumption of 1.0
pound per pound of glycerin distilled. What percent
excess steam , referred to that theoretically needed,
is actually used? Vapor pressure of glycerin at 190C
is 29 mm Hg.
A. 110
B. 100
C. 85
D. 170
 Sample problem 3
A totally immiscible liquid system composed of
water and an organic liquid boils at 90C when the
barometer reads 734 mm Hg. The distillate contains
73% by weight of the organic liquid. What is the
molecular weight of the organic liquid?
A. 112
B. 123
C. 132
D. 100
 Sample problem 4
If steam is blown into the still containing a
mixture of water and chlorobenzene and the
total pressure is 130 mm Hg. Estimate the
temperature of boiling and the composition of
the distillate. The two components are
immiscible in the liquid. Vapor pressures of
chlorobenzene and water are given below:
Pressure, mm Hg 100 50 30 26
Temperature C, 70.4 53.7 42.7 34.5
Chlorobenzene
Temperature C, 51.7 38.5 29.9 22.5
Water
 Exercise 1
Calculate the weight of water required to steam distill
500 mg of bromobenzene at 95C. The vapor pressure of
water at this temperature is 640 Torr, bromobenzene,
120 Torr. Bromine is 79.9.
 Exercise 2
A mixture contains 100 kg of water and 100 kg of
ethylaniline ( mol wt. = 121.1kg/kg mol), which is
immiscible with water. To purify ethylaniline, it is steam
distilled by bubbling saturated steam into the mixture
at a total pressure of 101.32 kPa. Determine the boiling
point of the mixture and the composition of the vapor.
The vapor pressure of each of the pure compounds is
as follows:
K C Pwater (kPa) Pethylaniline(
kPa)
353.8 80.6 48.5 1.33
369.2 96.0 87.7 2.67
372.3 99.15 98.3 3.04
386.4 113.2 163.3 5.33
Rayleigh equation 2

ln =

 Sample problem:
Rayleigh equation
Differential distillation
A mixture of 100 mol containing 50 mol% n-pentane and 50
mol% n-heptane is distilled under differential conditions at 101.3
kPa until 40 mol is distilled. What is the average composition of
the total vapor distilled and the composition of the liquid left?
The equilibrium data are as follows, where x and y are mole
fractions of n-pentane:
X Y X Y X Y
1.0 1.0 0.398 0.836 0.059 0.271
0.867 0.984 0.254 0.701 0 0
0.594 0.925 0.145 0.521
 11.3-2 geankoplis exercise 3
A mixture containing 70 mol% benzene and 30
mol% toluene is distilled under differential
conditions at 101.32 kPa. A total of one-third of
the moles in the feed is vaporized. Calculate the
average composition of the distillate and the
composition of the remaining liquid. Use the
data below:
X Y X Y X Y
1.0 1.00 0.411 0.632 0 0
0.780 0.9 0.258 0.456
0.581 0.777 0.130 0.261
 Old board problem
A solvent-water mixture is to be distilled at 95C. The vapor
pressure of the solvent at this temperature is 130 mmHg and
that of water is 640 mmHg. The solvent is immiscible in water
and has a molecular weight of 150. The weight of the solvent
in kg that will be carried over in the distillate with 200 kg of
water is
A. 358.73 B. 423.57 C. 338.54 D. 524.63
Fractional distillation
Fractional distillation
Rectifying section

Operating line equation

Liquid-vapor equilibrium curve
 Rectifying section
McCabe-Thiele Method

Slope = L/V
Yint = DXd/V
Perry page 13-18
 Reflux ratio, r
Perry page 13-19
Stripping section

Operating line
 Stripping section
(McCabe-Thiele method)

Slope = L /V
Yint = -BXb/V
Perry page 13-19
Feed section
Quality of feed (perry page 13-19)
 Feed section
(McCabe-Thiele)
McCabe-Thiele Method