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    Panopticism

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    6 views4 pages

    Panopticism

    Uploaded by

    Arun Krishnan
    Panopticism

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 4
    Panopticism ‘pom Discipline and Punish) Disp” may be denied neither wit an nsttaton for with an apparatus if a ype of power, « modality for its cee shaping whol St of ferment, techies, eric of aplation targets ties“ physs” oan ra we ech ay be kn or cine spate nsuhasne ie peitentrieso “hose sesecliot of tc rane centr) ory instaions at oie es an eseena instrument fora pata end choos, Spat by pressing utortes hat find im eae we een of onnsng neal mechanisms ower (enelny ne should how how tte reltinsesentally (ore cenerclden cl have become ciple,” abot nant he css! age extra! smal, fst eduaonl seg ary, then medial, paysite. paycholopel, which Mate Tune ela the pinged es of emergence for he "Wipe question of te portal and the abnormal, o By seins that have made dip the pincpe of teral seine he ccplnassaton ofthe amnistbve 4p ‘Risizom he Nopueenic pro) or Sal by sate spare ‘Thon naar notexlase,fmchontrt au hat iscpne Tens owersocey ava whole he Pac). ‘a the whole, there, oe can apenk of the formation of a ascplnay soy ints ovement hatches om the SSE Rpne voto socal “guaran,” tan inde stiey generate machismo panoptigsm.” Notbemsse MSE Einar modality of power bas replsced all the others ‘rteeaact Ratt he others, sometimes dering inant serving as an infeneiary been them, inking ther opti evening hem and above all making pose 206 Parepticon «207 sible to bring the effets of power tothe most minute and distant flements. It assures an innitesimal distribution ofthe power relations “The formation ofthe disciplinary society is connected with 1 number of broad historical processes—economic,jurdico political and, lastly siento which forms part 1. Generally speaking i might be sad thatthe dscipines are {techniques for assuring the ordering of human multiplicities. It {is true that thee is nothing exceptional or even characteristic in this every system of power i presented with the same problem But the peculiarity ofthe disciplines is that they ty to deine in relation to the multiplicities a tactics of power that fulfils three ‘itera frst, 0 obtain the exerise of ower at the lowest pos sible cost (economically, bythe low expenditure it involves; po- ically, by is discretion, its low exteiozation, its relative Anis, the ite resistance it arouses); second, to bring the cefects ofthis social power to their maximum intensity and to ‘extend them as far as possible, without either failure or interval: thi, to link this “economic” growth of power with the output ‘ofthe apparatuses (educational, mltary, industrial, or medical) Within which itis exercised In short to ncreaseboth the docity And the utlty ofall the elements ofthe system. Tis tiple ‘objective ofthe disciplines corresponds toa wellknown histor: ical conjuncture. One aspect ofthis conjuncture was the large demographic trust of the eighteenth century; an inerease in the eating population (ane of the primary abject of discipline is to fix; san antinomadic technique) change of quantiative scale in the groups to be supervised or manipulated (fom the beginning of the seventeenth century to the eve of the French Revolution, the school population had been increasing rapidly, as had no doubt the hospital population; by the end of the eighteenth century, the peacatine army exceeded 200,00 me). ‘The other aspect ofthe conjuncture was the growth in the ap paratus of production, which was becoming more and mare fxtended and complex; was alo becoming more cosy and its profitability had to be increased. The development of the disciplinary methods corresponded hese two processes, oF rather, no doubt, to the new need 0 adjust thelr correlation, 208 + Pts and Ksullge [Neither the residual forms of feudal power nor the structures, ‘of the administrative monarchy, nor the local mechanisms of Supervision, nor the unstable, tangled mass they all formed to- tether, could carry out this role they Were hindered fom doing by the regular and inadequate extension of their network, by their often conlicting fantioning, but above all bythe “east” nature of the power that was exercised in them. It was costly in several senses: because directly it cost a great deal to the treasury, because the system of comspt offices and farmed-out taxes weighted indirely, but very heavily, on the population; because the resistance it encountered forced it into a eyee of| [perpetual reinforcement: because it proceeded essentially by levying (levying om money or products by royal, seignioral, ‘cclesasial tonation levying on men or time by caroes of press ‘ganging, by locking wp or Banishing vagabond). The devel pment ofthe dacplines marks the appearance of elementary techniques belonging toa quite different economy’: mechanisms ‘of power which, instead of proceeding by deduction, ate inte trated into the productive efficiency ofthe apparatuses from ‘within, into the growth of this efficiency and into the use of ‘what it produces, For the old principle of “levying violence,” ‘which governed the economy of power, the disciplines subst tute the principle of "mildness-production profi.” These are the techniques that make t possible fo adjust the multiplicity of ten and the multiplication of the apparatuses of production Gnd this mesns not only “production” im the strict sense, but tlto the production of knowledge and skis in the school, the production of healt in the hospitals, the production of desruc- Eve force in the army), In this task of achustment, discipline had to solve a number of problems for sehich the old economy of power was not suf- ficentlyequlpped. Itcould reduce the ineffiencyof mass phe- rnomena: reduce what, in a multiplicity, makes it much less manageable than a unity; reduce what is opposed tothe use of tech ofits elements and of their sum; reduce everything that nay counter the advantages of number. That i why discipline fixes: it arests or regulates movements t eas up confusion; it dissipates compact groupings of individuals wandering about the country in unpredictable ways; it establishes calculated dis- Poplin + 209 tributions. It must also master all the forces that are formed fom the very constitution of an organized multiplicity; i must neutralize the effects of eounterpower that spring from them find which form a resistance to the power that wishes to dom inate it agitations, revolts, spontaneous organizations, col fions—anything that may’ establish horizontal conjunctions Hence the fact that the disciplines use procedures of parioning and vertcality; that they introduce, between the diferent ele ‘ments atthe same level, a solid separations as possible; that they define compact hierarchical networks; in short, that they ‘oppose tothe intrnsl, adverse force of mulliplcly the tech rique ofthe continuous, individualizng pyramid. They must Also increase the particular utity of each element ofthe mul- Uplicty, but by means that are the most rapid and the least costly, that is to say, by using the mulphty itself as an in- Strument of this growth, Hence, it order o extract fom bodies the maximum time and force, the use of those overall methods known as timetables, collective taining, exercises, total and de- tilled surveillance. Furthermore, the dsciplines rust incense the effect of utility proper tothe multiplies, so that each is made more useful than the simple sum of ts elements: ts in ‘order to increase the utlizable effets of the mallple thatthe disciplines define tactics of distribution; reciprocal adjustment of bodies, gestures, and rhythms; diferentation of expaciies ‘proc cordination in relation to apparatuses or tasks. Lastly, the disciplines have to bring ito play the power relations, not above but inside the very texture ofthe muliplicy, as discreetly 88 possible, as well articulated onthe other functions ofthese ‘multiplicities and also in the lest expensive way possible: [0 this correspond anonymous instruments of power, coextensive with the multiplicity that they regiment, such as hierarchical Surveillance, contindous registration, perpetual assessment and asifiaton. In short, to substitute for a power that Is mani fested through the billance of those who exercise Il, 2 power that insidiously objectfes those om whom it applied to form ‘body of knowledge about these individuals, rather than to Seploy the ostentatious signs of sovereignty. In a word, the

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