You are on page 1of 8

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Adams, H.P., Mark, J.A, Deepak, L.B., Lawrence, B., Anthony, F., Robert, L.G.,
dkk. 2007, Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic
stroke: a guideline from the AHA/ASA Stroke Council, Clinical
Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council,
and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care
Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: the American
Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an
educational tool for neurologists, Stroke, 38(5):1655-711.

Adams, R.J., Greg, A., Mark, J.A., Oscar, B., Karen, F., Larry, B.G., dkk.
2010,American Hearth Association; American Stroke Association. Update
to the AHA/ASA recommendations for the prevention of stroke in patients
with stroke and transient ischemic attack, Stroke. 41:e455.

Amarenco, P., Bogousslavsky, J., Callahan, A., Goldstein, L.B., Hennerici, M.,
Rudolph, A.E., dkk. 2006, Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in
Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators: High-dose atorvastatin after
stroke or transient ischemic attack, N Engl J Med, 355:549-559.

Amarenco, P. 2001. Hypercholesterolemia, lipid-lowering agents, and the risk


for brain infarction, Neurology, 57:S35-S44.

Amarenco, P., Labreuche, J., Lavalle, P., dan Touboul, P-J. 2004, Statins in Stroke
Prevention and Carotid Atherosclerosis : Systematic Review and Up-to-Date
Meta-Analysis, Journal American Heart Association, 35:2902-2909.

Anton, E.P. 2000, Suhu Tubuh Saat Masuk Rumah Sakit Sebagai Prediktor
Prognosis Stroke di RSUP DR. Sardjito Yogyakarta, Tesis, Universitas
Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.

Aoki, J. dan Ken, U. 2011. Treatment of Risk Factor to Prevent Stroke.


Neurotherapeutics, 8:463-474

Arboix A, Garcia-Eroles L, Oliveres M, Targa C, Bacells M, Masson J. 2010,


Pretreatment with statin improves early outcome in patients with first-ever
ischaemic sroke: a pleiotropic effect of statins or a beneficial effect of
hypercholesterolemia?. BMC Neurology, 10:47

Aslanyan, S., Weir, C.J., Diener, H.C., Kaste, M., Lees, K.R.. 2004, GAIN
International Steering Committee and Investigators. Pneumonia and
urinary tract infection after acute ischaemic stroke : a tertiary analysis of
the GAIN International trial, Eur J Neurol, 11:49-53.

77
Azizah, L. 2008. Terapi Hipertensi di Masa Depan. Departemen Ilmu Penyakit
Dalam, Majalah Kedokteran Indonesia, 58-2;53-54.

Belladona, M. 2010. Perubahan Patofisiologis Tractus Gastrointestinal Pada


Stroke Iskemik. Http://www.scribd.com/doc/45236930/Perubahan-
Patofisiologis-Tractus-Gastrointestinal-Pada-Stroke-Iskemik.

Biffi, A., Devan, W.J,, Anderson, C.D., Cortellini, L., Furie, K.L., Rosand.
J., dkk. 2011.Statin Treatment and Functional Outcome after Ischemic
Stroke: Case-control and Meta-analysis, Stroke, 42(5):1314-1319.

Braunwald, E., Libby, P., Bonow, R., Mann, D. dan Zipes, D. 2007. Braunwalds
Heart Disease : A textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, Eight Edition,
Saunders Elsevier.

Capalan, L.R., 2000. Caplans Stroke: A Clinical Stroke Approach. Butterworth-


heinemann Limited. Michigan University.

Davenport, R.J., Dennis, M.S., Welwood, I., Warlow, C.P. 1996.Complications


After Acute Stroke, Stroke, 27:415-420.

DEPKES, 2006, Pharmaceutical Care untuk Pasien Penyakit Jantung Koroner :


Fokus Sindrom Koroner Akut, Direktorat Bina Farmasi Komunitas dan
Klinik, DITJEN Bina Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesehatan.

Dipiro, J.T., Rotschafer, J., Kolesar, J., Malone, P., Schwinghammer, T.L.,
Crisholm-Burns M.A.. 2009, Pharmacotherapy Principles and Practice.,
Seventh Edition., The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Dipiro, J.T., Talbert, R.L., Yee, G.C., Matzke, G.R., Wells, B.G., and Posey,
L.M. 2008, Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, Seventh
Edition, McGraw Hill Medical.

Dyker, A.G., Weir, C.J., Lees, K.R. 1997. Influence of cholesterol on survival
after stroke: retrospective study, BMJ, 314:1584-1588.

Fuentes, B., Martnez-Snchez, P., Dez-Tejedor, E. 2009. Lipid-lowering drugs


in ischemic stroke prevention and their influence on acute stroke outcome,
Cerebrovasc Dis, 2:126-33.

Goetz, C.G. 2007. Cerebrovascular Diseases. In : Goetz: Textbook of Clinical


Neurology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia:Saunders.

Gofir, A. 2009, Manajemen Stroke Evidence Based Medicine, Pustaka Cendikia


Press, Yogyakarta.

78
Goldstein, L.B., Pierre, A., Justin, Z., Michael, M., Irfan, A., Alfred, C., dkk.
2009, Statin Treatment and Stroke Outcome in Stroke Prevention by
Aggressive Reduction in Cholestrol Level (SPARCL) Trial, American
Hearth Association/American Stroke Association, Stroke, 40:3526 -3531.
Goldstein, L.B., Cheryl, D.B., Robert, J.A., Lawrence, J.A., Lynne, T.B.,
Seemant, C., dkk. 2011, Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke:
A Guideline for Healthcare Professional From the American Heart
Association/American Stroke Association, Stroke, 42;517.
Good dan Gilmans, 2008. Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics : Portable
Guidance from the Worlds Must Trusted Textbook of Pharmacology;
Laurence Brunton, Keith Parker, Donald Blumenthal, Lain Buxton;
McGraw-Hill medical. New York.

Greene, R.J. dan Harris, N.D. 2008, Pathology and Therapeutics for
Pharmacists: A basic for clinical pharmacy practice, 3th Edition, by
Cambridge University Press.

Greisenegger, S., Mllner, M., Tentschert, S., Lang, W., Lalouschek, W. 2004,
Effect of pretreatment with statins on the severity of acute ischemic
cerebrovascular events, J Neurol Sci, 221:5-10.

Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J.I., Merz, N.B., Brewer, B., Clark, L.T., Smith, S.C.,
dkk. 2004, Implications of Recent Clinical Trials for the National
Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines,
AHA journal, 37:577-617.

Hacke, W. Kaste,M., Bogousslavsky J, Brainin,M., Gugging M., Chamorro,A.,


Less,K., Leys,D., Kwiecinski,H. and Toni,D.2003. European Stroke
Initiative: Ischemic Stroke Prophylaxis and Treatment. EUSI. Heidelberg

Harms, H., Prass, K., Meisel, C., Klehmet, J., Rogge, W., Christoph, D., dkk.
2008, Preventive Antibacterial Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A
Randomized Controlled Trial, PLoS ONE, 3(5): e2158.

Hartwig, M.J. 2006, Penyakit Serebrovaskular dalam Hartanto, H., Susi, N.,
Wulansari, P., Mahanani, D.A., Patofisiologi Konsep Klinis Proses-Proses
Penyakit, edisi 6, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta, 1106, 1111-
1112.

Ikawati, Z. 2011, Farmakoterapi penyakit sistem saraf pusat, Bursa Ilmu,


Yogyakarta.

Iswara, Raja Al Fath W. 2009, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro.


Http://rajacakepzzz.wordpress.com/2011/01/07/penatalaksanaan-stroke.

79
Jain K.K. 2011,. The Handbook of Neuroprotection. Humana Press. Switzerland.
p:25-139.

Japardi, I. 2002, Patofisiolgi stroke infark akibat tromboemboli. Medan : USU


digital library.

Kamal, A.K., Ahmed, I., Muhammed, M., Maria, K., Asif, R., Amin, A., dkk.
2009, The burden of stroke and transient ischemic attack in Pakistan: a
community-based prevalence study, BMC Neurology, 9:58.

Katzung, B. 2011, Farmakologi dasar dan klinik. Edisi 8. Jakarta : Salemba


Medika, 2002.h. 421-2.

Keidar, S. 1998, Angiotensin, LDL Peroxidation and Atherosclerosis, Journal


Elsevier, 63, Issue 1. 1.

Kotsaftis,, P., Ntaios, G., Savopoulos, C., Kiparoglou,, R., Agapakis, D., Baltatzi,
M., dkk. 2009, Trend in Incidence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in
Elderly and Over-aged Stroke Patients between 2003 and 2007 in Greece,
Journal Elsevier, 50:e31.

Lacy, C.F., (ed), 2012-2013, Drug Information Handbook, 21th edition, Lexi-
Comp. :Ohio USA.

Lakhan, S.E., Bagchi, S., Hofer, M. 2010, Statin and clinical outcome of acute
ischemic stroke: a systematic review, International Archive of Medicine,
3:22

Lotisna, M., Aliah, A., Aulina, S. 2000, Hubungan Suhu Badan Saat Masuk
Rumah Sakit dengan Beratnya Stroke Pada Fase Akut di Beberapa Rumah
Sakit Pendidikan di Makasar. Tesis Universitas Hasanuddin.

Laufs, U., Gertz, K., Dirnagl, U., Bohm, M., Nickenig, G., Endres, M. 2002,
Rosuvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, upregulates
endothelial nitric oxide synthase and protects from ischemic stroke in
mice, Brain Res, 942:23-30.

Lefer, D.J. 2002. Statin as potent antiinflamatory drugs, Circulation, 106:2041-


2042.

Leoo, T., Lindgren, A., Petersson, J., dan Arbin, M.V. 2008, Risk Factors and
Treatment at Recurrent Stroke Onset : Results from the Recurrent Stroke
Quality and Epidemiology (RESQUE) Study Cerebrovasc Dis; 25:254.

Lewington, S., Whitlock, G., Clarke, R., Sherliker, P., Emberson, J., Halsey, J.,
dkk. 2007, Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and

80
blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective
studies with 55,000 vascular deaths, Lancet, 370:1829-1839.

Lipska, K., Sylaja, P.N., Sarma, P.S., Thankappan, K.R., Kutty, V.R., Vasan,
R.S., dkk. 2007, Risk factors for acute ischaemic stroke in young adults in
South India, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 78:959-963.

Lloyd-Jones D., Adams, R., Carnethon, M., Simone, G., Ferguson, B., Flegal, K.
2009, Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2009 Update : A Report From the
American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics
Subcommittee, Circulation, 119:e21-e181.

Mannino, D.M., Watt, G., Hole, D., Gill, C., Hart, C., McConnachiea, A., dkk. 2006,
The Natural History of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Eur Respir
J, 27:267-43.

Mart-Fbregas, J., Gomis, M., Arboix, A., Aleu, A., Pagonabarraga, J., Belvs,
R., dkk. 2004, Favorable outcome of ischemic stroke in patients pretreated
with statins, Stroke, 35:1117-21.

Meyer, B.C., Hemmen, T.M., Jackson, C.M., Lyden, P.D. 2002, Modified
National Institute of Health Stroke Scale for Use in Stroke Clinical Trials:
Prospective Reliability and Validity, Stroke, 33:1261-1266

Misbach, J. 2007, Stroke, Aspek Diagnostik,Patofisiologi,Manajemen,edisi pertama,


BP FK Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta.

Montaner, J., Chacn, P., Krupinski, J., Rubio, F., Milln, M., Molina, C.A., dkk.
2008, Simvastatin in the acute phase of ischemic stroke: a safety and
efficacy pilot trial, Eur J Neurol, 15:82-90.

Moonis, M., Kane, K., Schwiderski, U., Sandage, B.W., Fisher, M.. 2005,
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Improve Acute Ischemic Stroke
Outcome, Stroke, 36:1298-1300.

Navarro, J.C., Ester, B., Nijasri, S., Hui, M.C., Shan, J.R., Yi, N.H., dkk. 2008.
Complication of acute stroke: A Study in Ten Asian Countries. Neurology
Asia, 13:33-9.

Pamela. 2008, Hubungan antara Kadar LDL Darah pada Stroke Iskemik Fase
Akut dengan lama Perawatan Pasien Pulang Hidup dan Pulang
Meninggal, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.

Paul, S., Jellinger, FACE. 2002, The American association of Clinical


Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the

81
Diagnosis and Treatment of Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Atherogenesis
2002 Amended Version, Endocrine Practice 2000, 6: 170-7.

Pedersen, E.D., Waje-Andreassen, U., Vedeler, C.A., Aamodt, G., Mollnes, T.E.
2004. Systemic complement activation following human acute ischaemic
stroke. Clin Exp Immunol, 137:117-122.

Pizzi, A., Carrai, R., Falsini, C., Martini, M., Verdesca, S., Grippo, A. 2009.
Prognostic Value of Motor Evoked Potentials in Motor Function
Recovery of Upper Limb After Stroke, J Rehabil Med, 41:654-660.

Price, S. A. dan Wilson, L. M.. 2006, Patofisiologi : Konsep Klinis Proses-roses


Penyakit, Volume ke-2, Edisi 6, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran, EGC.

Purnomo, S. 2007, Dasar Molekuler Penyakit Aterosklerosis : Kapita selekta


Ilmu Kedokeran Molekuler, Sagung Seto, Cetakan II, Jakarta.

Reeves, M..J, Gargano, J.W., Luo, Z., Mullard, A.J., Jacobs, B.S., Majid, A., dkk.
2008, National Acute Stroke Registry Michigan Prototype Investigators:
Effect of pretreatment with statins on ischemic stroke outcomes, Stroke,
39:1779-85.

Ridker, P.M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F.A., Genest, J., Gotto, A.M., Kastelein,
J.J, dkk. 2009. JUPITER Trial Study Group: Reduction in C-reactive
protein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation
of rosuvastatin: a prospective study of the JUPITER trial. Lancet,
373:1175-82.

Rutishauser, J. 2006, The Role of Statins in Clinical Medicine-LDL-Cholesterol


Lowering and Beyond, Swiss Med Wkly, 136:44.

Sacco, R.L., Adams, R..V., Albers, G., Alberts, M. J., Benavente, O., Furie, K.,
dkk. 2006, Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic
Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack, Circulation, 113:e409-e449.

Salat, D., Ribosa, R., Garca-Bonilla, L., Montaner, J. 2009,Statin use before and
after acute ischemic stroke onset improves neurological outcome, Expert
Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 7:1219-1230.

Schlegel, D., Kolb, S.J., Luciano, J.M., Tovar, J.M., Cucchiara, B.L., Liebeskind,
D.S. 2003. Utility of the NIH Stroke Scale as a predictor of hospital
disposition, Stroke, 34(1):134-7

Siregar, J. 2010, Perbandingan Kadar LDL Kolesterol pada DM tipe 2 dengan


atau tanpa Hipertensi, Universitas Sumatera Utara.

82
Siswanto, Y. 2005, Beberapa Faktor Risiko yang Mempengaruhi Kejadian Stroke
Berulang (Studi Kasus di RS DR. Kariadi Semarang. Jurnal Epidemiologi
Diponegoro University. Http://eprints.undip.ac.id/4942.

Stead, L.G., Vaidyanathan, L., Kumar, G., Bellolio, M.F., Brown, R.D.,
Suravaram, S., dkk. 2009, Statins in ischemic stroke: just low-density
lipoprotein lowering or more, J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 18:124-7.

Suk, S., Hyun, B., Jin, K., Chun, W., Moon, S., Suh, C., dkk. 2008. Cardiac
Troponin T Elavation After Stroke : Relationships between Elevated
Serum Troponin T, Stroke Location, and Prognosis, Journal of Clinical
Neurology, 34(1):134-7.

Suprajitno. 2004, Asuhan Keperawatan Keluarga. Aplikasi Dalam Praktik. Jakarta;


EGC.

Suyatna, F.D., Tony, H. 2003, Hipolipidemik dalam : Ganiswarna dkk., editor :


Farmakologi dan Terapi. Jakarta : Gaya Baru. Hal 366-68, 374-76.

Szczepaska-Szerej A., Kurzepa, J., Wojczal, J., Stelmasiak, Z. 2007,


Simvastatin-induced prevention of the increase in TNF-alpha level in the
acute phase of ischemic stroke, Pharmacol Rep, 59:94-7.

Van der Most, P.J., Dolga, A.M., Nijholt, I.M., Luiten, P.G., Eisel, U.L. 2009,
Statins: mechanisms of neuroprotection, Prog Neurobiol, 88(1):64-75.

Vauthey, C., de Freitas, G.R., Van, M.G., Devuyst, G., Bogousslavsky, J. 2000,
Better outcome after stroke with higher serum cholesterol levels.
Neurology, 23:1944-9.

Vincent, P., Endres, M. 2011, Statin and stroke: prevention and beyond, Curr
Opin Neurol, 24:75-80.

Walter, U., Knoblich, R., Steinhagen, V., Donat, M., Benecke, R., Kloth, A.
2007, Predictors of Pneumonia in Acute Stroke Patient Admitted to a
Neurological Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Neurology. Vol. 254 : 1323-
1329

Weaver C., 2012. Prehospital GCS as a Predictor of Outcome after Acute


Ischaemic Stroke. Neurology. 78:P06.238

Weimar, C., Knig, I.R., Kraywinkel, K., Ziegler, A., Diener, H.C. 2004, Age
and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale Score Within 6 Hours After
Onset Are Accurate Predictor of Outcome After Cerebral Ischemia:
Development and External Validation of Prognostic Models, Stroke,
35:158-162.

83
Wijayanti, A. 2012, Disfagia sebagai faktor risiko status gizi pasien stroke di
ruang rawat inap RSCM Jakarta, Electronic Theses & Dissertation of
Gadjah Mada University.

Williams, L.S., Yilmaz, E.Y., Lopez-Yunez, A.M. 2000, Retrospective


assessment of initial stroke severity with the NIH Stroke Scale, Stroke,
31(4):858-62.

Worp, H.B. dan Jan, V.G. 2007, Acute Ischemic Stroke, N Engl J Med,
357:572-579.

Yoon, S.S., Dambrosia, J., Chalela, J., Ezzeddine, M., Warach, S., Haymore, J.
2004, Rising statin use and effect on ischemic stroke outcome, BMC
Medicine, 2:4-7.

Yulinda, W. 2009, Pengaruh Empat Minggu Terapi Latihan pada kemempuan


Motorik Penderita, Karya Tulis Ilmiah, Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Medan.

84

You might also like