RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION IN CARBONATE OF BATURAJA FORMATION AT

THE ALMANDINE FIELD BY INTEGRATING ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE INVERSION,

DEPOSITIONAL FACIES, AND DIAGENESIS PROCESS

Yordan Wahyu Christanto1, Said Sabeq2, Sigit Sukmono1

Institute of Technology Bandung, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia
PT. Pertamina Upstream Technology Center, Jakarta, Indonesia
Email : yordanwchgeoupn@gmail.com

Abstract. The Almandine Field was proven containing the hydrocarbon, in the form of gas in the
reservoir carbonate of Baturaja Formation. The carbonate facies distribution has the heterogeneity tendency that
significant at over short distance horizontally and vertically, so it would influence the porosity distribution which
could be used as a reservoir property. To reservoir characterization in carbonate of Baturaja Formation, the
researchers used acoustic impedance inversion method integrated with depositional facies and diagenesis process
analysis. The results of this research are expecting could be used to determine the location of the development
wells optimally.
Porosity of carbonate was strongly influenced by depositional facies and diagenesis process. Depositional
facies and diagenesis process analysis are usually used to reservoir characterization in carbonate with geological
interpretation qualitatively. However, in order to get a better reservoir characterization in carbonate, this method
need to integrated with geophysics interpretation quantitatively, namely, acoustic impedance inversion.
Based on characterization in carbonate of Baturaja Formation in the Almandine Field obtained two
recommended areas to development wells, which followed a pattern the Lembak Straightness and had a role as
the path of migration and for the trap controlled by structure, geometry, and stratigraphy.

Key words : reservoir characterization, carbonate, acoustic impedance, depositional facies, diagenesis
process

Introduction
The Almandine Field was part of the Pagardewa Area was proven containing hydrocarbon in the form
of gas in the reservoir carbonate of Baturaja Formation, South Palembang Sub Basin, South Sumatra Basin (Figure
1). To develop a better Almandine Field, we could drill some development wells to find a good reservoir zone.
Yuliandri et al , 2012 did reconstruction paleomodel of Pagardewa, Prabumulih, and the surrounding
areas used by acoustic impedance and data geophysics other. Based on the results of the data analysis it was known
that the direction the spread of forereef being in regions of eastern parts of with a value of acoustic impedance
low .The development of fore reef is bounded by the development of low relief reef and back reef that develops
toward the west at a value of acoustic impedance high. Saputra, 2015 did resesarch about reservoir
characterization, petrophyscis analysis, and calculate the volume of hydrocarbon in carbonate of Baturaja
Formation. Based on the lithofasies data, carbonate of Baturaja Formations in the DAS Field consisting of 2 facies,
which are Restricted Circulation Shelf and Tidal Flats and Shelf Lagoon Open Circulation.
Distribution of porosity and permeability in carbonate rock would be controlled by facies, mineralogy,
and diagenesis (dissolving, cementation, dolomititaion, mechanism compaction, and chemical compaction).
Facies and mineralogy was part of factor that was affect the quality of a carbonate reservoir, but diagenesis was
the most determining the quality of a carbonate reservoir, because diagenesis would change deposition texture of
carbonate rock. Because distribution of porosity and permeability in carbonate rock controlled by diagenesa,
causing to scatter of property was so not have the pattern and that would make it difficult for in characterization
a carbonate reservoir.
This research used the depositional facies and the diagenesis process analysis integrated with inversion
acoustic impedance, which seismic inversion would give a resolution of acoustic impedance better laterally than
well log data. In contrast, well data give resolution better vertically (Sukmono, 2002). Integration of the three is
expected to characterize a carbonate reservoir of Baturaja Formation optimally and help in determining the
location of development wells in the Almandine Field, in the direction of development in the future. Geologically
the research area was in the Lematang Depressions, South Palembang Sub Basin, South Sumatra Basin (Figure
2).

Method and Analysis of Results

The methods were used of this research are (Figure 3) :
1. Depositional Facies Analysis
Depositional facies analysis in this research referred to lithofacies data from the result of the observation
of petrography sample of sidewall core in DAS-1 well from the different field which was about 7 km from the
south of the research areas (Saputra, 2015) (Figure 4). This decision was taken due to the lack of the data such as:
thin section, core, and cutting in the research areas. Facies identification in the research areas was conducted by
using gamma ray and RHOB log, and the concept of cyclicity (Figure 5). In this stage, the researcher did the
facies correlation between DAS-1 well and Garnierite well with Amethyst well at the research areas. Based on the
matrix composition and dominant allochem in samples of sidewall core petrography, there were two facies at
samples interval of sidewall core and they indicated that depositional areas was the lagoon region (Table 1). The
classification was used in the facies analysis was Wilson classifications,1975 with a facies rimmed platform
model. The facies in the research area were divided into:
a) Shelf Lagoon Open Circulation (Cycle 1)
This facies was characterized by lithology of coralline bryozoa floatstone and coralline floatstone (with
the matrix mollusca bioclastic packstone) with the presence allochem dominant of coral, mollusca, and bryozoa.
In these facies, there was a larger foraminifera red-algae packstone with the presence of allochem dominant of
coral red algae and larger foram. But those lithologies didnt contain too much matrix composition since the
facies was near to the sea with an open circulation so waves could enter and clean mud from the mainland.
b) Restricted Circulation Shelf and Tidal Flats (Cycle 2 )
These facies was characterized by lithology of bioclastic wackestone-packstone in the presence of
allochem dominant of mollusca, coral, brachiopoda, and bioclast with quite a lot of the matrix composition. Since
they located near to the mainland, so the facies get the sediment supply from the mainland (mud) and far away
from the waves. They have quite a lot composition mud, because the waves of the sea could not reach out at the
region to clean up mud from the mainland.
2. Diagenesis Process Analysis
Diagenesis process analysis was conducted by combining Garnierite and Amethyst well regard to the
gamma ray, RHOB, and porosity log. The carbonate cycle of Baturaja Formation have correlation based on
lithology and facies. This stage was conducted based on the concept of cyclicity that focuses on the importance
of sea level change to predict lithology and the potential of hydrocarbons (Figure 6). From the gamma ray, RHOB,
and porosity log responses, showed that there was a clearly different between first cycle and second cycle.
The first cycle carbonate stage was started during transgressive which was indicated by sea level periods
of shallow water deposition over the platform. This transgressive sea level rise period was still continued until the
carbonate reached the top of first cycle. After that, sea level was dropped and the carbonate exsposed to the surface,
and followed by diagenesis process. In figure 6 showed the diagenesis process concerning the establishment of
the high porosity in the upper part of the first cycle have been associated with meteoric diagenesis. Porosity log
showed a good porosity development in the upper part of the first cycle. However, in the lower part, diagenesis
process was not well developed as in the upper part. This was due to the fact that the diagenesis dissolution which
formed secondary porosity both in meteoric vadose zone and phreatic zone was more excellent developed in the
upper part than in the lower part zone.
The second cycle carbonate stages started when the sea level rise to fill the space again. Based on the
gamma ray log pattern which increase gradually, carbonate in the second cycle was dominated by wackestone.
RHOB log showed that the carbonate within cycle two was a tight carbonate.
3. Petrophysics Analysis
The petrophysics analysis could be seen in the flow following diagram (Figure 7) :
3.1 . The Calculation of shale volume and porosity
In this research, gamma ray log could not running good because a solid carbonate lithology, so it didnt
contain shale .To predict the vshale of carbonate, this research used the method of calculations with RHOB and
NPHI log combination. The equation was:
 neutron density
Vsh( neut, dens) (1)
neutron density
shale shale

where neutron : the value of porosity from a NPHI log, density : the value of porosity from a RHOB log, neutron shale

: the approximate value of porosity from a NPHI log for shale, and density shale
: the approximate value of porosity

from a log RHOB for shale. To get values of neutronshale

and density shale
, the researchers crossplot both NPHI and

RHOB log beforehand, like at figure 8 and calculations density shale

and density . Before we do the porosity
calculations, we need to do some following parameter calculation :
a. Rock Matrix and Formation Water Density
The matrix density was the density of calcites with the 2.71 gr/cc, while the formation water density
obtained from the Drill Steam Test (DST) results, which explained that salinity value of Baturaja Formation was
34.000 mg/l. The water classification was based on the amount of salt dissolved (Hem, 1959) which was showed
in table 2, including in the very saline water type, so the expected value of the density was 1.09 gr/cc.
b. Wet Shale and Dry Shale Density
Wet shale and dry shale density was used in counting the value of shale porosity which useful to calculate
the porosity effectively. This research did not have any diffraction X rays (XRD ) data, so the percentage of the
largest mineral clay content in the Baturaja Formation was unknown. Baturaja Formation in the research areas
had been through a diagenesis process which was formed an illite clay mineral at the end of diagenesis (Reynolds,
1980 in Worden and Morad, 2003). Furthermore, this research assumed that the content of mineral clay on
carbonate of Baturaja Formation was illite, with the density 2,78 gr/cc (Schlumberger ltd.). This value was puting
on NPHI and RHOB crossplot to get wet shale value. Based on crossplot in figure 8 obtained wetshale = 2.5882

gr/cc. After got the parameters value, then the researchers calculate density shale
, by using an equation :

matrix wetshale
density (2)
shale
matrix fluida
, where matrix the value of rock matrix density, wetshale : the approximate value of density for shale, and fluida
: the value of fluid density. Besides that, the researchers also calculated tshale to get eff , by using an equation :

dryshale wetshale
tshale (3)
dryshale fluida
, where tshale : the value of total porosity and dryshale : the value of clay mineral density. The next petrophysics
analysis step was calculate the density by using the RHOB log. The equation density was :
matrix bulk
density (4)
matrix fluida
, where bulk : the value of density from a RHOB log.
The next calculation was calculating the porosity by combining total and eff . Then the porosity

obtained from the combination of neutron and density defined as total , while to obtain eff , was required the

correction of vshale content and tshale . Based on DST data, a dominating type of hydrocarbons on a reservoir of
Baturaja Formation was gas, so to obtain the total was used the following equation :
N D
total for gas (5)
2
eff total Vsh tshale
3.2 The Calculation of Water Saturation (Sw)
a. The Calculation of Water Resistivity (Rw)
Rw was water resistivity from the formation of a pickett plot between effective porosity and true
resistivity (Rt ). First step was determining the water bearing zone in Baturaja Formation in each well, then put
into the a pickett plot to obtain the value of water resistivity (Rw) in Baturaja Formation to be used in the
calculation of the water saturation (Sw). Formation temperature obtained from DST report, was 275oF. Based on
a pickett plot obtained that water resistivity value at Baturaja Formation was 0.0624 @ 275, it could be seen at
figure 9.
For the validation Rw value, the researhers calculated the salinity in the water bearing zone used Crain
s model concepts. The equation was :
WS 400000 / FT 1 /(( Rw @ FT )^1.14) (6)
, where WS: water salinity (ppm NaCl ), FT1: temperature formation (F), Rw@FT: water resistivity at a
temperature of formation. The result was 34.372 mg/l. The value was still in the range of salinity from the DST
data of 34.000 mg/l, so that calculation of Rw was valid. Based on the salinity value, the result was very saline so
we could say , the depositional environment of Baturaja Formation was in the sea.
b. The Calculation of Water Saturation (Sw)
In the Almandine Field, the saturation model was used to used was the Archie model, which was used in
clean sandstone lithology. Since the lithology of the petrophysics analysis was carbonate which contain just a few
shale, so in this research the calculation of the water saturation used Archie equation (7). The equation was :
a Rw
Sw n (7)
m
Rt
Parameters a, m, and n was derived from the Archie equation. To determine the value of a, m, and n was
needed SCAL data (special core analysis), but it has a limitation, so the parameter value a (tortuosity factor), m
(cementation exponent), and n (saturation exponent) refer to the determination of the Archie equation, namely a:
1 , m: 2 , and n: 2. The results of the petrophyscis analysis could be seen at figure 10.
4. Well Seismic Tie and Analysis of Tuning Thickness
Well seismic tie was generated to identify top and bottom the horizon of Baturaja Formation in the
seismic (Figure 11). The real depth position of seismic section was estimated and correlated to well data by well
seismic tie. The sonic and density logs (calibrated with checkshot surveys) were used based on two wells. The
convolve reflectivities were then derived with the zero phase wavelet extracted from the seismic data to generate
synthetic seismograms which was correlated to the corresponding seismic traces. The synthetic seismograms
were able to obtain a good character match for the top and bottom of the horizon of carbonate of Baturaja
Formation.
Based on these data, we could draw a conclution that the carbonate thickness is above tuning thickness,
which means it could resolute by seismic. However, a reservoir zone of porous carbonate which only has 4-10 m
in thickness could not resolute by seismic.
5. The Interpretation of Structure and Stratigraphy Seismic
The interpretation of structure was conducting by discontinuing deleneation on 3D seismic section. In
figure 12 showed the development of structure in the research areas. In the age of Eosen- Early Miocen, the tension
phase occured which made the research area become basin of a sediment deposition. Then in the age of Middle
Miocen, the compression phase occured which made the reactivation of the previous fault. Those controls made
the geometry in Baturaja Formation become high and low areas.Variance attribute was used to differentiate the
structure in detail. The researchers combined two techniques, they were: time slice and horizon slice technique
(Figure 13.a and Figure 13.b ). Based on the horizon and time slice map of variance attribute showed that there
were 2 geological fault which face to NE-SW following the Lembak Straightness pattern.
The interpretation of stratigraphy seismic (horizon) as a guidance on seismic interpretation and
interpolate from the inversion result (Figure 14.a). The interpretation of stratigraphy seismic for depositional
facies and diagenesa process has limitation, such as, it didnt showed the amplitude change as an indicator in
interpreting seismic stratigraphy (Figure 14.b). Especially, in well which has information of depositonal facies
and diagenesa process cycles such in Baturaja Formation. That was one of the geophysics method limitation in
this research.
6. Crossplot Analysis
Crossplot analysis intended to see separation the types of lithology, a kind of a fluid with a lithology, and
porous carbonate with tight carbonate. Crossplot of p-impedance and gamma ray log with color key Vp/Vs aimed
to separate a carbonate with clay and to determine carbonate and clay which saturated by gas (Figure 15). The
value cut off gamma ray between a carbonate with clay was 57 gapi. The Vp/Vs was one of parameter that was
sensitive to the presence of fluid, who which the value Vp/Vs relatively small interpreted as gas saturated. Based
on crossplot of Garnierite well, 9500-12390 m/s*gr/cc for value of acoustic impedance of carbonate saturated gas,
while 12390-17282 m/s*gr/cc for value of acoustic impedance of carbonate not saturated gas. In addition, 11393-
12896 m/s*gr/cc for value of acoustic impedance of clay saturated gas, while 12896-16600 m/s*gr/cc for value
of acoustic impedance of clay not saturated gas.
Crossplot of p-impedance and porosity log with color key gamma ray aimed to separate porous carbonate
(a reservoir) with tight carbonate (a non-reservoir) (Figure 16). Based on crossplot of Garnierite well showed that
the trend of gas fill carbonate and gas fill clay, which have almost the same trend with porosity trend, but the
acoustic impedance value was smaller. It indicated that Vfluida (gas) and Vmatrix was more influence the acoustic
impedance value than matrix and gas, which would give a reduction effect toward an acoustic impedance of
carbonate value due to saturation of gas. From the result of crossplot, it could be conclude that the value of range
reservoir zone (porous carbonate) from carbonate of Baturaja Formation in the research areas determined by the
range average the both scores of the well, it was 10140.5-13296 m/s*gr/cc for acoustic impedance and 7-19.5 %
for porosity.
7. Estimation Porosity
Garnierite well was proven containing hydrocarbon in the form of gas in the carbonate reservoir of
Baturaja Formation, while Amethyst well was dry well. In estimation porosity did by implementing conversion
of the acoustic impedance value, which acoustic impedance was the result of Vp x . In controlling value of
acoustic impedance, Vp have more influence than . Porosity or fluid (water, oil, and gas ) more influence value
of Vp than . Hence required sensitivity analysis of Vp and parameter of towards a gas effect at Garnierite well.
In crossplot of Vp vs porosity showed that Vp trend from Garnierite well who indicated the presence of
gas, indicated by deflection low value of Vp (Figure 17). Increasing of porosity value trend due to the presence of
gas effect at Garnierite well was not too significant.
In crossplot of vs porosity showed that trend from Garnierite well lower than trend from Amethyst
well (Figure 18). This showed that the presence of gas would give a reduction value of in Garnierite well, exactly
at porous carbonate zone. Nevertheless, Vp and trend of who saturated by gas and not saturated by gas very
close (do not too sensitive). It was because matrix relationship that were moldic, vuggy, interparticle, and
intraparticle in carbonate rock cause small the influence of fluid to the speed of p-wave and s-wave as well as
value.
To see the correlation between acoustic impedance and porosity, the researchers made a crossplot on
Amethyst and Garnierite well. In this crossplot find equation about correlation the second parameter. Table 3
showed the corelation between acoustic impedance and porosity on linear equation. The equation obtained was
relations vertically from a log, which can be used to know correlation in lateral of carbonate rock in the research
area, because they still in 1 deposition environment and facies. In estimation porosity use linear equation from
Amethyst well, because Vp and in Garnierite well affected by the presence of gas, when used equation of
Garnierite well to estimated porosity value, this porosity value also affected by the gas effect.
9. A Seismic Acoustic Impedance Inversion
The first step in acoustic impedance inversion stage was made an initial model. An initial model made
by using extrapolation well impedance by using seismic horizon data. The second step was analyze the inversion
result in order to control the quality of the inversion result with inversion parameter, so the impedance value would
close to the impedance value on the well data (Figure 19.a and 19.b ). This research would be conducted acoustic
impedance inversion by using linear programming sparse spike inversion. This research was also used maximum
constraint frequency 10 Hz; sparseness 35%; window length 512, to get a really detail result, and used window
inversion followed top BRF (Baturaja Formation) horizon (-100 ms) and top Basement horizon (+100 ms).
The third step was acoustic impedance inversion to show the distribution acoustic impedance value of
carbonate of Baturaja Formation (Figure 20). Fourth step was estimate porosity by linear equation between the
correlation of acoustic impedance and porosity, then the result of acoustic impedance inversion put at the linear
equation.
10. The Map of Acoustic Impedance and Porosity Distribution
Distribution acoustic impedance map obtained by amplitude extraction on top BRF horizon and window
34 ms (until top TAF), with range acoustic impedance 10140.5-16754 (m/s)*(gr/cc). Distribution acoustic
impedance of carbonate of Baturaja Formation was showed in figure 21.
The research areas locate at the end part of north Pagardewa Field seismic data, so they have limitation
in the northern, east, and west part of the areas which related on the data point which could not be trusted if its
related to the seismic acquisitions, so the result of that areas could not be involve in interpreting data.
Carbonate thickness in Baturaja Formation on research area was similar, so the changed of amplitude
value was assumed has nothing to do with the thickness interference, but it was because of the changed of physical
property from its own carbonate. So, distribution of acoustic impedance could showed the lateral change that
could be used to analyze and differentiate the depositional facies among one to others. In carbonate case, if the
value of acoustic impedance was low, its usually related with the porous carbonate region (packstone platform)
and , if the value of acoustic impedance was high, its related with the tight carbonate region (wackestone
platform). The porous carbonate region was in the midle spots of research areas, while the tight carbonate region
was occupying a large part of the research areas.
The distribution porosity map obtained by porosity extraction on top BRF horizon and window 34 ms
(until top TAF), with range porosity value was 0.25-19.5 %. The distribution porosity of carbonate of Baturaja
Formation was showed in figure 22. Its seen the porosity distribution controlled by the main fault which has
relative an direction of NE-SW (with a black circle boundary). In the south and northern region could also be
seen quite wide regions which have average porosity value at 8.32-9.58 % (with a blue circle boundary), which
the porosity was controlled by depositional facies and the diagenesis process.
11. The Integration Geological and Geophysics Analysis
This stage described the results of the integration geological and geophysics analysis. Both of them was
needed to determine the prospect regions to develop the field. Based on the flattened results in Gumai Formation
layer, showed that Baturaja Formation in research areas has region platform and when the carbonate of Baturaja
Formation at the first time, geometrically, the location of Amethyst well was higher than Garnierite well. These
cases would showed that the diagenesis process would be more well develop in the Amethyst well region when
there was sea level fall than Garnierite well region. Based on the structure interpretation in figure 13.a and 13.b,
it could be seen from well position, showed that Garnierite well located of 2 fault which might become the
fracturation zone dominating by variance value approach 1 (dark-red color) around Garnierite well, so it would
increase the quality of reservoir at the zone. The fracturation process was stimulated by fault might increase a
better porosity to wackestone and packstone platform in the research areas.
Based on the depositional facies and diagenesis process analysis, the recommended facies for reservoir
target was shelf lagoon open circulation facies which was the first cycle in research areas, especially in the upper
part of the first cycle which have been in diagenesis process and have good porosity. Porous zone in the Garnierite
well was at window 1602.23-1612.17 ms and in the Amethyst well was at window 1694.22-1701.22 ms.
The next stage is determining the location of the development wells at research areas, relating with
petroleum system which only contain migration, trap, and seal rock, since there was no other supporting data in
the term of geochemistry data. The migration in the research areas controlled by fault from the Lembak
Straightness to the direction of relatively NE-SW, so that allows fluid migrate vertically and stimulate the
presence of accumulation of fluid at Baturaja Formation (Figure 23). Based on the information above, there were
2 prospect areas in the research, namely the 1 and 2 area (Figure 24). Both the areas could be used as the
information in an appraisal stage . The following explanation explained about the proposed prospect areas :
1. Area 1
The first prospect in the Amethyst well areas was located in the south from Amethyst well (dry well).
This area was a reservoir controlled by structure, stratigraphy, and geometry. Based on the results of acoustic
impedance inversion showed that the location has a low acoustic impedance and has average porosity value at
10.25 %, as a result of these fault. This area has a geometry hill bounded by fault on the south that serves as the
hydrocarbon migration from Talang Akar Formation. The distribution of the accumulation of hydrocarbon
influenced by the form of geometry hill. It would lead to the accumulation of hydrocarbon concentrated on a hill.
 2. Area 2
The second prospect areas was an prospect area as reservoir controlled which by structure, stratigraphy,
and geometry. Based on the results of acoustic impedance inversion showed that location has a low acoustic
impedance and has average porosity value at 9.39 %, as a result of these fault. This area has a horst geometry
bounded by fault on the south that serves as the hydrocarbon migration from Talang Akar Formation. The
distribution of the accumulation of hydrocarbon influenced by the form of geometry hill (horst) and bounded by
stratigraphy by lithofacies wackestone and packe packstone stone platform. It would lead to the accumulation of
a hydrocarbon concentrated on a hill of horst and to the horizontal distribution bounded by stratigraphy of different
lithofacies.

Conclusion
Based on the correlation log, in general, Baturaja Formation in the Almandine Field could be divided
into 2 cycles. The first cycle showed the porous zone in the upper part and non porous zone in the lower part.
While in the second cycle just showed the non porous zone. Based on the geophysics method, both cycles could
not be resolute.
In the Almandine Field, dissolution due to diagenesis process did not have much contribution in
enhancing the porosity in wackestone and packstone platform. However, the fracturation process due to faulting
might give better enhancement for wackestone and packstone platform.
The parameters of Vp and not too sensitive to the presence of gas at Garnierite well, because matrix
relationship that were moldic, vuggy, interparticle, and intraparticle in carbonate rock cause small the influence
of fluid to the speed of p-wave and s-wave as well as value.
A recommended facies for a target reservoir was facies of shelf lagoon open circulation which was the
first cycle in the research areas, especially in the upper part of facies that have been in the diagenesis process and
have a good porosity. Porous zone on Garnierite well was at window 1602.23-1612.17 ms and Amethyst well was
at window 1694.22-1701.22 ms.
There were 2 recommended areas to development wells, which followed a pattern the Lembak
Straightness and had a role as the path of migration and for the trap controlled by structure, stratigraphy, and
geometry, and they also have average porosity value at 9.39 % and 10.25 %.

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Bandung, Bandung.
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baturaja formation in x-1 well x field, south sumatra, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum
Association 32nd, Jakarta, Indonesia
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U.S.A
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Acknowledgements
The author would like to acknowledge PT. Pertamina Upstream Technology Center who has given
facility and data for research and BU (Beasiswa Unggulan) Scholarship.
Figure 1 The development of tectonics South Sumatra Basin furnished with stratigraphy column and
petroleum system (Argoekoesoemah, 2004 )

: Daerah Penelitian
: Research Areas

Figure 2 The regional structure of South Palembang Sub Basin (Pulonggono et al., 1992)

Figure 3 Flow of research

Figure 4 The map of research areas location (red color) and the location of DAS-1 well (Saputra, 2015)

a
 b

Figure 5 (a) Facies correlation in the research areas (b) Carbonate facies model type rimmed platforms
according to Wilson , 1975 (red boundary is depositional facies in the Almandine Field)

Figure 6 Diagenesis process analysis in the Garnierite and Amethyst well

 Figure 7 Flow of petrophysic analysis

Figure 8 Crossplot NPHI and RHOB log in the Garnierite and Amethyst well

Figure 9 The pickett plot of PHIE and Rt obtained Rw value for Baturaja Formation
Figure 10 The calculation on petrophysics in the Garnierite well

Figure 11 Well seismic tie for two wells and their correlation
 Figure 12 Interpretation of seismic on inline 1254 and inline 1094

Figure 13 (a) The map of variance attribute on the slice horizon at the depth 15 ms from top of Baturaja
Formation (b) The map of time slice -1700 ms of variance attribute

Figure 14 (a) Cross section of cos of phase on crossline 5144 after flattened layer of Gumai Formation
(b) Limited of geophysics method in this research
Figure 15 Crossplot of acoustic impedance log vs gamma ray log in the Amethyst well (a) and Garnierite
well (b)
Figure 16 Crossplot of acoustic impedance log vs porosity log in the Amethyst well (a) and Garnierite
well (b)

Figure 17 Crossplot of Vp log vs porosity log in the Amethyst well and Garnierite well

Figure 18 Crossplot of density log vs porosity log in the Amethyst well and Garnierite well
Figure 19 (a) Analysis of inversion result in Garnierite well and Amethyst well (b) Comparison
inversion log vs P-Impedance log

Figure 20 The result of acoustic impedance inversion in arbitrary line cross section
 Figure 21 The map of acoustic impedance distribution in carbonate of Baturaja Formation

Figure 22 The map of porosity distribution in carbonate of Baturaja Formation

Figure 23 The process of the migration hydrocarbons and level of maturity analysis in South Palembang
Sub Basin a scale 1:5 km (Sarjono and Sajito, 1989)
 Figure 24 The recommendation map of development well location

Table 1 The classification of carbonate facies (Saputra, 2015)

Table 2 Classification of water based on the amount of salt dissolved (Hem, 1959)
Salinity (mg/l) Water
< 3000 Freshwater
3000 - 10.000 Moderate saline
10.000 - 35.000 Very saline
> 35.000 Brine

Table 3 The result of crossplot to produce a linear equation