INDEX

1. Summary: .......................................... 2
2. Introduction ...................................... 2
3. OBJECTIVES: ...................................... 2
Four. .............. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.
3
5. EROSION: .......................................... 3
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
5.1. DEFINITION. .............................. 3
5.2. TYPES OF EROSION: .................. 4
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL
5.3. Erosion factors: ......................... 5
SCHOOL
5.4. Calculation of erosion: .............. 6
5.5. Consequences: .......................... 7
5.6. SURFACE EROSION PREVENTION:
8
Erosion and Sedimentation
5.7. EROSION IN PERU: .................... 9
6. Sediment transport:........................ 10
6.1. factors: .................................... 10
Author (s):
6.2. Damage sediments: ................ 11
Mauro Ventura Garca
6.3. Calculation of sediment volume:
Lpez Prez Jos Gernimo
11
Jorge Yen Rucoba
6.4. reservoir sedimentation method:
11
Adviser: 7.CONCLUSIONS:....................................11
Ms.Ing. Jos Ramos Arbulu 8. REFERENCES BIBLEOGRAFIAS ............. 12

Chiclayo - Peru
(2017)

1. Summary:
Soil erosion is the separation of surface
material by the wind (wind) or water (water)
of the mass of material in which it is located.
The development of erosion models aims to
facilitate the estimation of solid material
eroded and thus design the possible
protective measures to prevent soil loss. two
large groups of erosion models, empirical
models and physically based models are
distinguished. As empirical models described
the model USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation)
expressing average annual soil loss long term.
Increasing rates of soil erosion and
sedimentation can also endanger the matrix
vices of ecosystems be-provided by
watersheds. These services include climate
regulation, water purification, groundwater
recharge, effective nutrient cycle, and
maintaining biodiversity are
Pellets were derived from soil erosion in
slopes and the flow ducts of a water shed.
However, there is necessarily a direct
correlation between the amount of soil
erosion has occurred and the amount of
sediment deposited in a flow channel.
2. Introduction
Since the beginning of time the erosion
process - natural sedimentation has remained
a constant balance until the man has
interceded at.
Loss of soil resources watershed another
productively and well-functioning, a
recurring problem confronting
hydrologists and river basin
management. These soil losses have both
onsite and offsite effects on the affected
watershed. Besides the loss of inherent
soil resources through the processes of
erosion, in place effects can include
rupture of the soil structure, a decrease in
organic matter and nutrients in the soil,
and a reduction in moisture available soil.
The amount of sediment deposited in a
stream, river, lake or reservoir is
indicative of the amount of soil erosion on
the slopes and stream channels
contributing basin.
3. OBJECTIVES:
Describe the processes that lead to loss
of soil resources by erosion
Effective methods of preventing
unacceptable loss of soil in the basins
Methods to control losses of soil
resources when these losses are
excessive.
Describe sedimentation probably
occurs with the loss of soil resources
4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.

5. EROSION:
5.1. DEFINITION.

Soil erosion is the separation of

surface material by the wind (wind
erosion) or water (water erosion) of
the mass of material in which it is
located.

If this is water, the process is

presented by the presence of the
same in two forms: rain or runoff.

Rainwater contacts the ground as

impact. Runoff generates tangential
forces which overcome particle
strength (friction or cohesion). When
these opposing forces in motion the
process of erosion is generated due.

Soil erosion, soil loss and siltation are

terms that have different meanings
in the technology of soil erosion:

SOIL EROSION: NumberGross floor

removed by the dispersing action of
raindrops and runoff. It is measured
as sediment discharge, therefore its
measurement unit is m3.

LOSS OF SOIL: Soil detached from a

given slope. It is measured in mm of
soil per m2 detached study (mm /
m2).

SLUDGE BUILD: Volume of soil

deposited at a point that is under
evaluation. Like erosion, deposition
is measured in m3.

Figure 1. Erosion, transport and accumulation of soil.
5.2. TYPES OF EROSION:
Water and wind erosion are now the two
main causes of land degradation. Both
are responsible for 84% cd soil loss,
which is one of the most important
environmental problems.
Splash:erosion is causing the fall of
5.2.1. EROSION EOLICA:
Wind erosion is the weathering of
rocks or soil removal due to wind
action. Wind erosion is therefore
produced in arid areas such as deserts
and high mountains. They also have
another essential feature: the large
temperature differences. This causes
the rock to break and wind erosion
can act moreeffectiveness.
Sheet erosion: It is the result of water
Figure 2. wind erosion.
5.2.2. WATER EROSION:
It is erosion by rainwater and
therefore impact by hydraulic
action starts and carries soil
particles by runoff on slopes.
Figure 3. water erosion.
Different types of water erosion:
raindrops, is the result of the kinetic
energy of the particle of water on the
floor. It has been determined that the
speed of the drops and their impact on
the surface, is the largest force
detachment of soil particles and initiate
erosion. The impact is much greater in
the absence of vegetation.
Figure 4. Splash erosion.
movement along the ground surface
and consequent removal of loose soil
particles into a uniform layer by
exceeding infiltration, runoff with soil
particle transport occurs.
 Figure 5. Sheet erosion.

Rill erosion and gullies:are

grooves and / or trenches product
erosion which generally follows
the maximum slope of the plot is a
natural channel in which
concentrates and water flows
from rains. The water flowing
through the gully drag lot of soil
particles.
Consequently gullies are caused by
the concentration of surface
runoff at certain critical points of
the terrain.
Figure 6. Gully erosion.
5.3. Erosion factors:
Weather:
The most important climatic variable is rain,
because of its strong influence on certain
processes of water erosion (erosion impact,
riles, gullies, etc.). However, not all storms are
the same, so there are some more erosive
than others. Variables as amount of rainfall
(mm) and intensity of the storm (mm / hr), are
those that determine the erosion level of the
event. Thus, in a storm whose intensity is
relatively low, the infiltration rates will not be
exceeded, so no runoff will occur, bypassing
the process sheet erosion and formation riles
and gullies.
Climate also plays a major role in the
processes of wind erosion, because the
detachment of the particles will occur only if
the soil is dry.
Vegetation:
Vegetation acts as a protective cover,
establishing itself as a buffer between the soil
and atmosphere. As a rule, the effectiveness
of vegetation to reduce erosion impact
depends directly on the height and continuity
of the treetops, and the density of the surface
coverage (grasses, herbs and shrubs).
Soil type:
Not all soils are equal in terms of their
resistance to erosion. The erodibility of a
particular soil is a function of variables such as
texture, organic matter content, structure
and permeability. The texture of a soil is
important to define their level of erosion, as
not all textural classes erode as easily. limit
the speed of a flow of water, to which a
particle size as is sloughed. Finer particles are
lighter, they have a greater surface contact
between them and, therefore, a higher
cohesiveness, which makes them more
resistant to erosion. On the other hand, the
coarser particles are heavier, which also
increases its resistance to erosion.
Topography:
The topography is very important when
predicting erosion and sedimentation at a
given site variable. Factors such as pitch and
along the slope determines the amount and
speed of runoff that a given product storm
generated. The horizontal distance in
traveling a particle of soil loosened by the
impact of a raindrop, is directly related to the
steepness of the slope. Furthermore, the
slope length influences the depth and,
therefore, the erosive power of the surface
flow is generated, these being major variables
in the lower sections of the side due to a
higher contribution area
Flow rate:
The flow rate strongly influences water
erosion. It is known that the minimum speed
for detaching and conveying a soil particle is a
function of the diameter thereof. However,
once the particle has been detached, less
energy will be needed to keep it moving.
5.4. Calculation of erosion:
When the erosion rate is higher than the
rate of soil formation, it is a sign that
management is causing degradation and it
becomes necessary to practice and work
soil conservation and thus contribute to
sustainable development of natural
resources. To estimate soil erosion has
been used Universal Soil Loss Equation
(USLE) model to estimate field, current
and potential erosion of soils. This
equation constitutes an instrument of
planning to establish practices and soil
conservation works to make the current
erosion is less than the maximum
allowable rate of erosion.
To estimate soil erosion can use the
following equation:
= . . . . .
Where:
E: soil erosion (Tn / ha year)
 R: rain erosivity (Mj / ha mm / hr) ( + +. . +)
=

K: soil erodibility.
Where:
LS: length and degree of slope.
K: soil erodibility i
C: factor vegetation.
Ai: floor area i
Q: factor of mechanical practices.

Erodibility rain (R) was calculated using an At: total land area
equation of the type Fournier developed
for study region, using data from monthly
and annual precipitation. The length factor shed, L was calculated
0.602
according to the equation:
2
= 125.59 ( )

=( )
.
Where:
Where:
R: erodibility of annual rainfall and runoff
(Mj mm / hr ha) L: length of the slope, defined as the start
point of runoff to the point where start
Mi: monthly precipitation (mm) sediment deposition (m)
Pa: annual rainfall (mm)
m: proportional to the gradient of the slope
The soil erodibility (K) the equation used for (0.1 - 0.5) exponent.
estimating the soil erodibility terrain.

. ( + )
= + . + .
Factor gradient of the slope, S, was

calculated according to the equation:
Where:
S = 0.00654 + 0.045 + 0.065
K: soil erodibility (Tn / ha h / ha / MJ / mm)
Where:
AF:% of fine sand in the soil horizon
S: average gradient of slope (%).
SIL:% silt from soil horizon

CO:% organic carbon soil horizon

5.5. Consequences:
AR:% total sand soil.

If the topographic profile of the slope is
uniform and deposition areas, the average
terrain erodibility is the weighted average
using the respective areas (Wischmeier and
Smith, 1978), namely:
The negative effects which can lead to soil
erosion are diverse:
- Erosion on agricultural land can
trigger the decline in cultivable depth
 and soil fertility, thus intensifying
dependence on fertilizers and causing
even abandonment of agricultural
land.
- In other cases if erosion is very
intense it can alter the functioning of
rivers, the retention capacity of flood
areas and even siltation and
eutrophication of reservoirs and
water bodies.
- Accelerated erosion is one of the
main factors influencing directly in
the processes of desertification.
Given the importance of the study
involves soil erosion in different fields
such as agriculture, forestry research
and related environmental sciences,
research in this field has been
extensively developed in recent
years.
5.6. SURFACE EROSION
PREVENTION:
Avoid places susceptible to increases in
surface erosion is the most effective and
economical means to prevent surface erosion
from occurring in the first place and in doing
so, to maintain the productivity of a basin.
More specifically, the most susceptible to
increases in surface erosion sites are those
that have inclined surfaces, shallow soils, soils
with low hydraulic conductivity, and the lack
of protective vegetation cover.
EROSION CONTROL SURFACE:
Maintenance of mulch is the best way to
control the increase in surface erosion.
However, a protective plant cover is not
always present. Instead, the need to reduce
the impact energy of rain and water flowing
suggests the use of control measures applied
by land use practices. The key here is to keep
the soil surface in a condition that readily
accepts water. The more water that infiltrates
into the ground, the greater the possibility to
reduce the erosive effects of surface runoff
and plant growth becomes sustainer.
Vegetative MEASURES
Maintaining a vegetative cover on the soil
surface protects against impact energy of rain
and, therefore, reduces surface erosion.
Plants also increase the roughness of the
ground surface increases torturousity of the
flow path and reduces the speed (energy)
surface runoff. Soil erodibility is also reduced
by the appearance of a network of plant roots
resistance improving soil and improve soil
structure through the addition of organic
matter.
Mechanical methods
Mechanical methods that shorten the length
of the slope and reduce the inclination of the
slope will decrease the energy of surface
runoff and in doing so, the volume and
velocity of runoff is reduced. Any action that
prevents excessive surface runoff and
channeling of surface runoff will reduce the
possibility of further erosion of the surface.
Strips aligned perpendicular to the inclination
vegetation can also slow the speed of runoff.
Some of the most effective mechanical
methods:
Contour ridges - small ditches 20 to 30
centimeters deep depressions and
following contour-forming terraces
which hold water in place until it
infiltrates into the ground.
 Contour ditches - Large grooves
slopes too steep for contour furrows
to contain larger amounts of runoff
and have potential for ground water
recharge according soil.
Fallow strips - vegetation strips about
1 meter wide along the contours on
the ground level roll gently to break
the slope length until vegetation can
be established.
Pitting - shallow depressions 20 to 30
centimeters wide and 45 to 60
centimeters long bored into the soil
surface to create storage depression
to surface runoff and provide soil
water for measures revegetation .
5.7. EROSION IN PERU:
In Peru the problems affecting soils are
severe, causing the destruction of them and
affect the low agricultural production.
- fluvial erosion:rivers carry land on
the banks due to lack of vegetation
and protecting them.
North Coast:
- water and wind erosion:by cutting
and burning of vegetation and
overgrazing by goats. The carob trees
and dry forests have disappeared or
have been reduced by human action
over large areas.
- salinization:excessive irrigation and
poor drainage. Wide irrigated areas
are affected by this problem in
Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque and La
Libertad.
- desertification: by logging of forests
in semi-desert areas (algarrobales,
sapotales) extends the desert and
dunes encroaching on agricultural
areas.
In the western slopes:

In the Central and Southern Coast:

- severe water erosion:with landslides
in the rainy season. The cause is the
- salinization:excessive irrigation and
cutting and burning of vegetation on
poor drainage emerges salt to the
the slopes, and overgrazing. This
surface and poisons the soil. About
problem is widespread by steep
40% of the soils of the Costa suffer
slopes and lack of vegetation cover.
from this problem to a greater or
lesser degree.
In the mountains and valleys:

- Wind erosion:by cutting and burning

- Water erosion (fluvial and pluvial):the
of vegetation winds erode the soil.
lack of vegetation and burning stubble.
One cause is the destruction of
This problem affects 60% of agricultural
vegetation near the valleys and lack
soils in the region.
of windbreaks.

Grazing and burning in the upper parts

 pajonales causes deterioration of
vegetation cover and causes erosion.
Grazing with unsuitable species causes
destruction of natural grass cover.
Sheep, horses and cattle, especially in
the more arid areas of the Sierra,
destroying pastures grubbing and
trampling.
In the High Forest:
- severe water erosion by excessive
slopes, high rainfall and uncontrolled
deforestation of hillsides and riverbanks,
that trigger severe erosive processes as
landslides and mudslides. This problem is
widespread.
Loss of fertility farming practices that remove
organic matter and not restitute naturally.
Agroforestry practices are not widespread.
In Lower Selva:
Loss of fertility: the fertility of
Amazonian soils depends on the
vegetation cover, which restores
organic matter. Agroforestry systems
are not widely used.
- fluvial erosion:massive deforestation
of the riverbanks produce
accelerated erosion of the best
alluvium.
6. Sediment transport:
If runoff conditions in an alluvial channel
exceeds the threshold condition then
drag the fluid is able to induce
widespread sediment transport bed. This
transport can be classified in at least two
modes: load transport and suspended
transport. In general it can be defined as
transport line that in which laspartculas
sediment transported by the flow are
maintained in contact with the bed
frequently.
Transport suspension: is that in which
the sediment particles are spread in the
whole water column having a rare
contact with the bed.
The transport line is associated with
relatively coarse sediment, while the
suspended transport relates to fine
sediment.
This is because although in principle it
could be any particle resuspension
(regardless of size) whether sufficient
capacity escurrimientotiene drag, in
practice this capacity is limited in natural
waterways
6.1. factors:
The processes that govern the
movement of sediments in rivers are
complex and depend on the following
factors: hydrological, hydraulic,
geological, geographical and biological.
The water discharge speed, the
characteristics of the materials of the
walls and channel bottom, material
availability for transport.
Other factors include the duration and
intensity of rainfall, slope, land use in the
watershed, vegetation cover, soil type,
human activities.

6.2. Damage sediments:
Although agriculture contributes in many
ways to impair water quality, sedimentation
and anthropogenic erosion is a global
problem that is often particularly associated
with agriculture. While there is no global
figures, is likely to agriculture in the broadest
sense, is the cause of much of the global
sediment into rivers, lakes, estuaries and
finally to the world's oceans.
6.3. Calculation of sediment volume:
natural conditions.
=
Surface erosion is caused by the detachment
Where:
R = sediment production per unit area of the
basin, Ton / Km 2 = Qs / Ac
Ac = area of the watershed in km 2
wt = specific weight or bulk density of the
pellets, kg / m3.
6.4. reservoir sedimentation method:
Sedimentation can not be prevented but
delayed. One way to do this is to select a site
where sediment flow is low and implement
methods soil conservation (terraces, crops
contour), protect margins vegetndolos rivers
or by coating natural barriers that trap
sediment before reaching dams, dam
desazolvar (dredged), deflocculate the
compacted sediment and liquid happens as
Silting of the reservoir the ultimate
destination of all deposits are funds
reservoirs, large productions sediment
shorten the life of a reservoir and to
determine the dead capacity of a reservoir
should be considered sediment production
for "n "years of life planned for the reservoir.
The specific weight of the sediment varies
according to the age of the deposit (t in years)
and the type of sediment.
7. CONCLUSIONS:
In this paper we released the processes
leading soil loss and this cause currently in
sectors such as riverbanks and riverbeds have
been impacted dramatically destroying
partially or completely soil and altering
of soil particles of a site by the impact of
raindrops hitting a mineral soil surface and
transport from the place by surface runoff
Preventing surface erosion or maintaining the
rate of erosion at acceptable levels including
a protective cover of vegetation to reduce the
energy imparted by the falling water droplets
and high speeds of runoff.
The contribution to reservoirs sediment from
soil produced by dismantling of materials due
to water erosion can be a serious problem as
this may cause turbidity or dammed water
pollution, reduction of the initial capacity
even silting. We therefore consider it
appropriate that water erosion is monitored
in these areas and put in place a strategy to
control erosion such as in areas where
vegetation is sparse practice reforestation
with species resistant to increase the
consolidation of the soil and reduce the
removing material
8. BIBLEOGRAFICAS
REFERENCES:

http://eprints.ucm.es/17468/1/TFM_AfricaD
umas.pdf

http://eias.utalca.cl/isi/publicaciones/erosio
n_y_sedimentacion_vol1.pdf

http://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handl
e/2099.1/24492/711-TES-CA-
6655.Memoria.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=
y

https://www.greenfacts.org/es/recursos-
hidricos/figtableboxes/4.htm

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