Heat Transport by Thermal Radiation

Thermal radiation is a type of heat transfer through waves (EMR).

Electromagnetic radiation are electromagnetic waves emitted due to oscillation
of charged particles (electron, protons).

EMR covers a wide range of wavelength (spectrum).

- EMR with short wavelength (or higher frequency) has higher energy (e.g.
x-rays, gamma rays).
- Used for different applications.

Thermal Radiation
Thermal radiation is a part of EMR with wavelengths from 0.1 ~ 100 m.
- Infrared, visible light and some UV.
Characteristics of thermal radiation
- Occurs to all materials
- Transmission at the speed of light
- Transmission requires no medium
- Volumetric or surface
Intensity and Emissive Power
Thermal radiation is transmitted at different wavelengths and to all the
directions (hemi-sphere for surface radiation)
 - The radiation intensity varies with wavelength and direction.

- Grey surface: Radiation is independent of wavelength.

- Diffuse Surface: Radiation is independent of direction.
Radiation, Irradiation and Radiosity
- Radiation Emissive Power (E): Self-emitted
thermal radiation across all direction and
wavelengths.
- Irradiation (G): Received radiation from
other sources received (incoming energy).
Reflection, adsorption and transmission.
- Radiosity (J): Sum of self-emitted radiation
and the reflected part of irradiation. Total
energy leaving a surface.
Example: The special distribution for surface irradiation is as follows, what is the
total irradiation. (Answer is 20 000 W/m2)

Blackbody Emission
Blackbody is an ideal emitter and absorber of all incident radiation. It has the
highest emissive power at a given temperature.
- This was approximated by a Hohlraum (a large cavity with a small hole).
Radiation entering the cavity through a small aperture is likely to
 experience many reflections before returning hence it is almost entirely
absorbed by the cavity.
Solar Radiation Spectrum

Plancks Law
Describes the spectral emissive power of a
blackbody as a function of wavelength and
temperature.

- T is in absolute temperature (Kelvin)

- C1 and C2 are the first and second radiation
constant
- The spectral emissive power increases with increasing temperature.
- With increasing temperature, the emission curve shifts to shorter
wavelength (e.g. red -> white -> blue).
- Note E is in Wm-2
Wiens Displacement Law
The wavelength of the peak is inversely proportional to the temperature.

- max the wavelength at which the maximum emissive power occurs.

- Describes how the peak shifts with temperature (moving to shorter
wavelength at high temperatures).
 - C3 = 2898 m.K is the third radiation constant.
E.g. Sun temperature at around 5778 K, max = 0.5 m
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Describes the total emissive power of a blackbody at temperature T per unit
area.

- (5.67 x 10-8 W.m-2.K-4) : Stefan-Boltzmann Constant

- T: Temperature in Kelvin
- Eb: Wm-2
Band Emission of Blackbody
The emission from a blackbody between wavelength 1 and
2 (band emission) is

Where f the fraction function

This is a hard integral hence there is a table for this.

Emissivity of a Real Surface
A real surface emits less radiation than a blackbody at the same temperature.
The emissive power of a real surface is characterized by emissivity .

- With different wavelengths and directions, different emissivity can be

defined (monochromatic, directional, total).
Directional of Emissivity
 - Non-conductors have larger than conductors.
- Oxide materials have larger than metals.
Spectral and Total Emissivity

- Metallic surfaces have smaller than oxide layers.

- Conductors have higher with increasing temperatures.
- Non-conductors have smaller with increasing temperature.
Absorptivity, Reflectivity and Transmissivity
A real surface cannot absorb all irradiation.
- Irradiation can be absorbed, reflected and transmitted.
- Absorptivity, Reflectivity and Transmissivity
Kirchhoffs Law
At a thermal equilibrium, the emissivity of a body equals its absorptivity.

- Poor reflector is a good emitter and a good reflector is a poor emitter (e.g.
thermal blanket).
Hohlraum Revisit: E = Eb (Derivation in Textbook)
A blackbody can be closely approximated by a Hohlraum.
- The hole in the wall of a real isothermal cavity is small enough that
radiation entering the cavity through the hole undergoes multiple
reflections from the walls.
- At each point, part of the energy is absorbed, and part is reflected.

View Factor
View factor (F) is the ratio of the radiation intercepted by a surface from a
surface to the total radiation from a surface.

- q1->2 is the amount of energy received by surface 2 from surface 1.

- The total radiation emitted by surface 1 q1 = A1J1
Reciprocity Relation and Summation Rule
Reciprocity Relation: If the surfaces are diffuse emitters and receivers then.

Summation Rule: within an enclosure formed by n radiating surfaces, all the

radiation emitted by any one surface is intercepted by the surfaces of the
enclosure.

View Factor for Different Objects

Radiation Exchange between Blackbodies
Blackbodies have two characteristics.
- The total radiation from the blackbody is the emissive power.
q1 = A1Eb,1
- All radiation intercepted is absorbed (irradiation is absorbed).
q1-2 = q1->2
Note:
- q1-2 is the rate at which radiation is emitted by 1 and absorbed 2.
- q1->2 is rate at which radiation from surface 1 is intercepted by surface 2.
- q12 is the net exchange of radiation between to surfaces
q12 = q1-2 q2-1 = q1->2 q2->1
Hence
Radiation Between Real Surfaces
Radiation leaves at the rate of J1A1 and the surface is irradiated
at the rate of G1A1. If the radiosity is greater than the irradiation,
maintenance of a constant surface temperature T1 requires that
thermal energy be supplied to the surface by some means other
than radiation at the rate q

- is the resistance to the radiation flux leaving the surface (surface

radiation resistance) by treating q1 as current and Eb,1 J1 as the driving
force.
View Resistance
The irradiation received by surface 1 from surfaces 2 and 3 is.

From reciprocity relations.

Substitution to (9.52)

Using summation rule F12 + F13 = 1 gives

Hence for an enclosure containing N surfaces

- With J1 Jj as the driving force we see that 1/A1F1j is the resistance with
our electric analogy.
Energy Exchange of a Real Surface
Combining two equations of two resistances sets up a balance equation for each
surface.

Multi-mode Heat Transfer

Consider a small convex object in a large enclosure,
- When the heat transfer from a surface involve both convection and
radiation, the rate of heat flux is.

- Define the radiation heat transfer coefficient hr as

- So