Yet, volcanic rocks are often more chemically reactive than the other hard rocks because of the

presence of fine particles, large specific surfaces, and abundance of vitreous matter. Generally volcanic
rocks charge conspicuously with age for the most compact rocks when they have not been subject to high
temperature environmental conditions. Groundwater flow enhances the weathering rate, which is faster
the higher temperature is. Rock weathering may be important in a few years in wet, tropical climate,
especially for calcalkaline rocks.

Groundwater in volcanic rocks has typically a low content of chloride, sulphate, and other solutes,
even if of marine origin. Chloride can be used to calculate recharge if rainfall contribution is known.
However, old marine water may be trapped in raised low permeability formations or some chloride may
be contributed in areas receiving deep warm gases.
Volcanic rock formations, each with their own particular hydrogeological characteristics, occur in
circumstances that cover a multiplicity of situations. These range from permeable porous rock
formations to permeable fissured formations and include all types of intermediate situation between
the two. The type of volcanism, distance from the source of emission, age, alteration processes and
tectonics are all factors which determine their behaviour. Volcanic formations usually constitute a single
aquifer system, even though this may be very heterogeneous and may locally be separated into clearly
defined subunits. At times, formations may be hundreds of metres thick and are fairly permeable almost
throughout. As a rule, volcanic material does not yield directly soluble salts to the water that flows
through it. Mineralization of the water is due to the concentration of rainfall and the hydrolysis of
silicates as a result of CO2 being absorbed from the atmosphere and the ground, or as a result of
volcanism itself. Cationic grouping is usually closely correlated to that of the rock formation in which the
chemical composition is formed. Most environmental isotope and radioisotope techniques may be used,
and at times are of unquestionable value. However, the existence of evaporation in the soil with
possible isotopic fractionation, the effects of marked relief, the dilution of dissolved carbon by volcanic
carbon and isotopic exchange brought about by volcanic carbon, etc., should be taken into account
before valid conclusions are drawn.
POIN 1 & 2
1
Batuan vulkanik heterogen dan anisotropis
Variasi batuan vulkanik: Permeable porous rock formations (ex: coarse ash fall formations)
- permeable fissured formations (ex: dense lavas or densely welded ignimbrites) and
include all types of intermediate situation between the two.
Batuan vulkanik biasanya lebih reaktif dibandingkan batuan lainnya karena adanya partikel
halus, specific surface yang lebar, dan melimpahnya bahan vitreous.

Aliran airtanah akan mempertinggi tingkat pelapukan, yang mana akan lebih cepat terjadi
saat suhu semakin tinggi. Hal ini akan sangat berpengaruh pada batuan calcalkaline.
Material vulkanik tidak menghasilkan secara langsung garam terlarut pada air yang
melewatinya. Mineralisasi air terjadi karena konsentrasi air hujan dan hidrolisis silikat
sebagai hasil dari CO2 yang diserap dari atmosfer dan permukaan, atau sebagai hasil dari
vulkanisme tersebut.
Air tanah pada batuan vulkanik memiliki kandungan klorida, sulfat, dan material terlarut
lainnya yang rendah.
Perubahan suhu yang sangat tinggi di zona yang terkena fluida panas konvektif
menghasilkan mineral dan void baru, dan fraktur dapat terisi seluruhnya atau sebagian. Air
dan karbon dioksida, serta komponen lainnya, berperan dominan dalam perubahan ini.
Pada suhu rendah mineral lempung terbentuk, terutama jika CO2 berasal dari deep
formations atau dari pembusukan vegetasi, hal ini membantu menurunkan pH air yang
tinggi.
Airtanah yang terbentuk biasanya memiliki tipe Na-HCO3.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Krasny, Jiri dan Sharp, John M. 2007. Groundwater in Fractured Rocks. London: Taylor &
Francis Group.
https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&lr=&id=46Zsgp-
xqWAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA95&dq=groundwater+in+volcanic+rock&ots=NZFgBW64Xy&
sig=IEPJvHG4CYI05Blqq0C9E7xNltc&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=groundwater%20in
%20volcanic%20rock&f=false