Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398

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Journal of Sound and Vibration

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jsvi

Analytical modeling for vibration analysis of thin rectangular

orthotropic/functionally graded plates with an internal crack
P.V. Joshi a,n, N.K. Jain a, G.D. Ramtekkar b
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
b
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

a r t i c l e i n f o abstract

Article history: An analytical model is presented for vibration analysis of a thin orthotropic and general
Received 17 June 2014 functionally graded rectangular plate containing an internal crack located at the center. The
Received in revised form continuous line crack is parallel to one of the edges of the plate. The equation of motion of the
25 December 2014
orthotropic plate is derived using the equilibrium principle. The crack terms are formulated
Accepted 19 January 2015
using Line Spring Model. The effect of location of crack along the thickness of the plate on
Handling Editor: M.P. Cartmell
Available online 10 February 2015 natural frequencies is analyzed using appropriate crack compliance coefficients in the Line
Spring Model. By using the Berger formulation for in-plane forces, the derived equation of
motion of the cracked plate is transformed into a cubic nonlinear system. Applying the
Galerkin's method, the equation is converted into well known Duffing equation. The peak
amplitude is obtained by employing Multiple Scales perturbation method. The effect of
nonlinearity is also established by deriving frequency response equation for the cracked plate
using method of multiple scales. The influence of crack length, boundary conditions and crack
location along the thickness, on the natural frequencies of a square and rectangular plate is
demonstrated. It is found that the vibration characteristics are affected by the length and
location of crack along the thickness of the plate. It is thus deduced that the natural
frequencies are minimum when crack is internal and its depth is symmetric about the mid-
plane of the plate for all the three boundary conditions considered. Further, it is concluded
that the presence of crack across the fibers decreases the frequency more as compared to
crack along the fibers. The Effect of varying elasticity ratio on the fundamental frequencies of
the cracked plate is also established.
& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

The orthotropic behavior of a plate is due to the use of materials with stress strain relations orthotropic in nature or by a
simplification applied to composite plates to model them as orthotropic. An unequal stiffening in any two mutually
perpendicular directions in case of an isotropic plate also makes it to behave as orthotropic (Refs. [1,2]). In order to cater the
wide applications of such plates, dynamic analysis, especially, the knowledge of vibration characteristics become important
to improve upon the reliability of their design. An exhaustive literature review on vibration of plates has been given by
Leissa [3] in his monograph. The conventional Navier and Levy type solution methods (Refs. [2,4]) can be extended to
orthotropic plates having either all edges simply supported or any two opposite edges simply supported. The RayleighRitz
method, one of the well known methods has been widely used to provide approximate solutions to the natural frequencies

n
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: psad@rediffmail.com (P.V. Joshi), nkjmanit@rediffmail.com (N.K. Jain), gdramtekkar.ce@nitrr.ac.in (G.D. Ramtekkar).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2015.01.026
0022-460X/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
378 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398

of orthotropic plates and many researchers have effectively applied this method. Kshirsagar and Bhaskar [5] considered
mixed boundary conditions in their application of the novel superposition approach developed by Bhaskar and Sivaram [6]
for free vibration of orthotropic plates. Xing and Liu [2] deduced a novel method of separation of variables and obtained
exact natural frequencies for thin orthotropic rectangular plates. The authors considered all combinations of simply
supported and fixed boundary conditions. Biancolini et al. [1] solved a problem of free vibration of thin orthotropic plates
starting with a general approximate formula and deduced an approximate way of finding the fundamental modes of
vibration. Although the classical plate theory over-predicts the fundamental frequencies, many researchers (Refs. [1,2]) have
applied it to orthotropic thin plates. Literature shows that the natural frequencies are affected by the presence of defects in
the form of cracks or holes. The literature on cracked plates is studied with an aim to model cracked orthotropic plate
vibrations. Rice and Levy [7] represented a line crack by continuously distributed line spring with stretching and bending
compliances and formulated Line Spring Model (LSM) using the classical plate theory. The authors matched the stress
intensity factors with that of an edge cracked strip under plane strain. They also established the variation of crack
compliance coefficients with relative crack depth. The work of Gutierrez et al., [8] deals with the transverse vibrations of
isotropic and orthotropic plates considering circular and rectangular holes. They concluded that for a clamped plate, the
fundamental frequency increases with increase in hole diameter due to dynamic stiffening. Huang et al., [9] considered an
isotropic rectangular plate with a through crack and applied the Ritz method to solve for the upper bounds of natural
frequencies. New admissible functions were proposed to consider the singularities at crack tips and they showed that
increase in crack length decreases the natural frequency. Extending their own work, Huang et al., [10] considered through
internal cracks for the three dimensional vibration analysis of functionally graded rectangular plates. Bachene et al., [11]
formulated an approximate solution of cracked plates using the extended finite element method. Viola et al. [12]
investigated the dynamics of thick composite plates containing cracks using differential quadrature finite element method
and showed its application to plates of arbitrary shapes. Natarajan et al. [13] applied the extended finite element method
proposed by Bachene et al. [11] for cracked functionally graded plates and considered 20 degrees of freedom for a 4 node
quadrilateral plate element. Extensive results were presented for crack length, orientation, crack location and also for
multiple cracks. Recently Ismail and Cartmell [14] presented an analytical approach for an isotropic plate with a surface
crack considering various angular orientations. Their approach is based on LSM and crack compliances are used to represent
the surface crack. More recently, Bose and Mohanty [15] considered arbitrary position and orientation of a part through
crack in a thin isotropic plate for vibration analysis and deduced that the orientation of crack affects the vibration
characteristics of the plate. Huang et al. [16] obtained accurate vibration frequencies of functionally graded thick plates
containing a side crack. They used the Ritz procedure and deduced new admissible functions. Khadem and Rezaee [17]
introduced modified comparison functions for the vibration analysis of cracked rectangular plate considering bending
compliance only. The authors concluded that the presence of crack at a specific location affects the natural frequencies
differently by their analytical method for cracked plates. Krawczuk et al. [18] devised a finite element scheme for a plate
considering an elasticplastic through crack. The literature did not appear to contain substantial research on analytical
modeling of cracked rectangular plates until Israr et al. [19] developed an approximate analytical model for the vibrations of
cracked plate using LSM to represent bending and tensile forces by the net ligament at crack location, wherein, a surface
crack located at the centre, is parallel to one of the edges of the plate. The authors introduced bending and stretching force
effects due to the crack. They considered three different boundary conditions and employed a perturbation technique called
method of multiple scales to obtain the peak amplitude. The LSM for finding stress intensity factors is used therein to
represent the relationship between tensile and bending stresses at the far sides of the plate, and at the crack location. Their
work is based on the classical plate theory and they concluded that the natural frequency decreases as crack length
increases. Huang and Chan [20] applied moving least squares interpolation functions in their application of the Ritz method
for vibrations of cracked plate. They considered the singular behavior of stress resultants at crack tips which are
discontinuous in displacement and slope across the crack. Chun-Sheng et al. [21] studied the dynamic stability of
functionally graded plates under the action of arbitrary periodic loads. Jha et al. [22] applied higher order shear and normal
deformation theory for free vibration analysis of functionally graded plates. Senthil and Batra [23], using the power series
method presented an exact solution for the three-dimensional thermo-elastic deformations of a simply supported
functionally graded thick rectangular plate. By suitable displacement and temperature functions, they reduced the partial
differential equations governing thermo-elastic deformations to a set of ordinary differential equations. The authors
compared their results with the classical, first order and third-order shear deformation theory for functionally graded plates.
Further, extending their work (Ref. [24]) to the free and forced vibrations of functionally graded plates (FGP), the authors
presented exact natural frequencies for FGP. They also considered the effect of varying microstructure in the thickness
direction. Batra and Jinb [25] devised a finite element scheme based on the first-order shear deformation theory to analyse
free vibrations of functionally graded anisotropic plates. Ferreira et al. [26] studied the natural frequencies of FGP by a
meshless method based on first and third-order theories. Ferreira et al. [27] extended the radial basis function approach to
analyse natural frequencies of orthotropic, monoclinic and hexagonal material thick plates. The authors demonstrated
efficacy of the pseudo-spectral method for eigenvalue problems. Akbari et al. [28] using Meshless Local PetrovGalerkin
method, simulated the propagation of a thermoelastic wave through FGP and presented results for dynamic displacement
and stress fields under transient thermal field. Rahimabadi et al. [29] using an enriched shear flexible 4-noded quadrilateral
element with a Heaviside function to affect displacement across the discontinuity and asymptotic branch functions to
accommodate the singularity around the crack tip presented results for vibrations of FGP as affected by cutouts and cracks.
 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398 379

They also considered the presence of thermal environment. The work of Natarajan et al. [3033] shows an application of
finite element method to study the static bending, free vibration, mechanical and thermal buckling of an intact and cracked
FGP. The authors used 8-noded shear flexible element (Ref. [30]), an enriched 4-noded quadrilateral element (Ref. [31]), 3-
noded triangular element (Ref. [32]) and NURBS basis functions based iso-geometric finite element method(Ref. [33]), based
on the work of Valizadeh et al. (Refs. [34,35]). Shear correction factors were evaluated using energy equivalence principle.
The plate kinematics are based on the first-order shear deformation theory and they concluded that the natural frequencies
of FGP decrease as a result of increase in the gradient index, through crack length and temperature gradient. The supersonic
flutter behavior of simply supported thin, cracked FGP submerged in supersonic flow is also studied by Natarajan et al. [31]
wherein, a crack is modeled independent of the underlying mesh. They concluded that the critical frequency and critical
pressure are at a minimum when the crack is aligned to the flow angle. A shear locking free, simple and efficient plate
element formulation for FGP is presented by Shuohui et al. [36] to study bending, buckling and free vibrations. Erdogan and
Wu (Refs. [37,38]) presented mode I stress intensity factors for cracked FGP. They also considered the effect of thermal
environment (Ref. [37]). Reddy [39] presented deflection and stress analysis of FGP based on the third-order shear
deformation theory with linear and nonlinear finite element models. Ganapathi et al. [40] studied critical buckling of simply
supported functionally graded skew plates subjected to mechanical loads. Their finite element formulation is based on the
first-order shear deformation theory and they presented results for critical buckling load as affected by the gradient index,
aspect ratio and skew angle. Recently Joshi et al. [41] presented results for isotropic plates containing multiple internal
cracks and showed that the crack location along the thickness of the plate affects the vibration characteristics. Literature
(Refs. [9,14,1719,3033,4143]) shows that the natural frequencies of cracked plate depend on several factors such as crack
length, plate geometry, crack orientation and crack location.
To the best of the author's knowledge, literature lacks in analytical modeling for the vibration characteristics of an
orthotropic/general functionally graded plate with an internal crack located along the thickness of the plate. Thus, it is
important to analyze the effect of an internal crack on the natural frequencies in order to improve on the reliability of the
structure. The present work references the analytical model deduced by Israr et al. [19] for an isotropic plate containing a
surface crack and extended by Joshi et al. [41] for internal cracks. It extends and applies it to a thin orthotropic and
functionally graded plate. A new configuration of crack i.e. internal crack, located along the thickness of the plate is
considered, thus extending the currently developing field of analytical modeling of cracked plates. The Line Spring Model is
modified to accommodate the orthotropic nature of the plate. The location of crack along the thickness of the plate is taken
care of by appropriate crack compliance coefficients. Thus the present model incorporates the following:

1) Vibration analysis of a specially orthotropic (requiring four elastic constants ((x ; y ; Ex ; Ey )) and general functionally
graded cracked plate containing an internal crack at various locations across the thickness.
2) The crack terms based on the LSM are modified to accommodate the flexural rigidities (Dx and Dy ) and the Poisson's ratio
(x and y ) in the two mutually perpendicular directions for orthotropic plates.
3) A single internal material length parameter based on a modified couple stress theory is also accommodated in the model.
Thus an analytical model is proposed for an orthotropic/general functionally graded micro-plate with an internal crack.

The results for vibration characteristics are obtained by considering the influence of boundary conditions, crack length
and the location of crack along the thickness of the plate. The effect of geometric nonlinearity in the frequency response is
established using method of multiple scales. The presence of defect like hole reduces both mass and stiffness and depending
on the size of the hole, the vibration characteristics differ. In the present work, the crack is in the form of a continuous line
and is parallel to one of the edges of the plate. Such a line crack with length and depth as its only dimensions, affects only
the stiffness of the plate and not its mass. The configuration of cracked plate under study is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1(a) shows
an internal crack parallel to the x axis and Fig. 1(b) shows the internal crack parallel to the y-axis, located along the thickness
of the plate. The effect of location of crack along the thickness of the plate on the frequencies is studied by considering
appropriate crack compliances. L1 and L2 are plate dimensions along the x and y axis respectively. d is the offset distance
between the crack centre line and neutral plane of the plate. The plate of thickness h has a crack of length 2a along the fibers
and is parallel to the x axis, whereas its length is 2b when it is across the fibers and is parallel to the y axis. The equation of
motion of the cracked plate is transformed into a cubic nonlinear system by using Berger's formulation for in-plane forces.
The crack terms are devised using the LSM. Three boundary conditions, viz. (i) all edges simply supported (SSSS); (ii) two
adjacent edges clamped and two free (CCFF) and (iii) two adjacent edges clamped and two simply supported (CCSS) are
considered to analyze the effect of location of the crack along the thickness of the plate on the natural frequencies of
vibration. The influence of crack length, three boundary conditions, location of the crack along the thickness and elasticity
ratio Ex/Ey on the vibration characteristics is illustrated.

2. Governing equation of cracked plate

The governing differential equation of motion of the orthotropic rectangular plate is derived in this section considering
the two mutually perpendicular principle directions of orthotropy to coincide with the x and y axis. The standard form of the
equation of motion of such an orthotropic intact plate by the equilibrium principle is treated by Szilard [4]. The equation of
380 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398

z crack depth2a z crack depth 2b

h d x h d y

fibre direction
y x
L1 L2

2a 2b
L2 L1

x y

fibre direction
L1 L2
x y
2a 2b
L2 L1

h h
y z x z

Fig. 1. Orthotropic plate with an internal crack: (a) crack along the fibers and (b) crack perpendicular to the fibers.

motion of cracked plate is derived by the equilibrium principle, wherein a line crack of length 2a is parallel to the x axis as
shown in Fig. 1(a). The plate considered is specially orthotropic requiring four elastic constants x ; y ; Ex ; Ey , for stress
strain relations holding Hooke's law. The thickness h of the plate is small as compared to the other two dimensions. The
effect of rotary inertia, shear deformation and normal stress component in the transverse direction are neglected. Based on
these simplifying assumptions, the equation of motion of the orthotropic intact plate considering simultaneous stretching
and bending is given by
4 w 4 w 4 w 2 w 2 w 2 w 2 w
Dx 2B 2 2 Dy 4  h 2 N x 2 Ny 2 2N xy Pz (1)
x 4 x y y t x y xy
where Dx Ex h =121  x y and Dy Ey h =121  x y are the flexural rigidities, Pz is the transverse load, x and y are
3 3

the Poisson's ratio, the effective torsional rigidity is B p 1=2y Dx x Dy 4Dt . For uniform thickness of the orthotropic
 p
plate, torsional rigidity is given by Dt 1=2 1  x y Dx Dy . is the density and w is the transverse deflection of the
plate. Nx ; Ny and Nxy are membrane or in-plane forces per unit length.
Employing the equilibrium principle used in deriving Eq. (1) for the cracked plate element shown in Fig. 1, one obtains
the equation of motion of the cracked plate as
4 w 4 w 4 w 2 w 2 M 2 w 2 w
2B 2 2 Dy 4  h 2
y
Dx Nx 2 N
y Pz (2)
x4 x y y t y2 x y2
The stretching or in-plane forces in the y direction N y and N xy are neglected (Ref. [19]) in Eq. (2) because of the
discontinuity across the y axis. Also, the formulation of analytical model for an inclined surface crack by Ismail and Cartmell
[14] shows that the in-plane shear force N xy N
yx appears only when the crack is inclined to an edge of the plate and hence
this is neglected in Eq. (2). Two new terms M y and N y are introduced in the equilibrium principle in deriving Eq. (2) which
compensate for the moment and membrane force due to the crack of length 2a. Also the bending moments
M x ; M y and M xy M yx are expressed in terms of the lateral deflection as
 2 
w 2 w
M x Dx y 2
x 2 y
 2 
w 2 w
My  Dy x 2
y 2 x
 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398 381

 
2 w
M xy  2Dt (3)
xy

3. Crack terms M
y and N
y

The relationship between the constraining effect produced by the net ligament and the tensile and bending moments at
the edges of the plate can be obtained by the LSM. It approximates the crack problem by reducing the net ligament stresses
to the neutral plane of the plate as an unknown membrane and bending load and assumes that the constraining effect
caused by the net ligament stresses may be accounted by applying bending and membrane stress resultants on the crack
surfaces. The stress intensity factor along the crack front may be approximated by the corresponding stress intensity factor
for an edge crack strip under plane strain is another assumption of the LSM. Thus crack terms can be represented by crack
compliance coefficients. Israr et al. [19] have successfully applied these for an isotropic plate containing a surface crack and
Ismail and Cartmell [14] have employed these for various angular orientations of the surface crack in an isotropic plate.
To apply the LSM to the orthotropic plate shown in Fig. 1, it is necessary to obtain new relationships between Ny and N y
and My and M y compensating the orthotropic nature of the plate. The bending and tensile stresses at far edges of the plate
are
Z
N 1 h=2
pq pq pq x; y; zdz (4)
h h  h=2

Z h=2
6 6
mpq M 2
2 pq
zpq x; y; zdz (5)
h h  h=2

where pq x; y; z is the stress state, Npq and M pq is the force and bending moment per unit length in the direction
perpendicular to the crack length at far edges of the plate respectively, p and q are the intermediate variables. The LSM
represents the crack section as a continuous line spring with its compliances matched to that of an edge cracked strip under
plane strain using two dimensional plane stress and plate bending, thus giving the relationship between pq ;  pq and
pq. Where pq and 
mpq ; m pq are the tensile stresses at the far sides of the plate and at crack location respectively. Similarly
mpq and m pq are the bending stresses. These relations can be converted to the force effects as in Ref. [19]. Thus, for an
orthotropic plate, new relations between the tensile and bending force at the crack location and at the far sides of the plate
can be written as
2a
y
N   Ny (6)
6ctb ctt 1  2x h 2a

2a
y
M   My (7)
3 ctb =6 cbb 3 x 1  x h 2a

cbb ; ctb cbt and ctt are the bending, stretchingbending and tensile compliance coefficients at the centre of the crack.
Eqs. (6) and (7) are for a crack parallel to the x axis; for a crack parallel to the y axis these relations become
2a
x
N   Nx (8)
6ctb ctt 1  2y h 2a

2a
x
M    Mx (9)
3 ctb =6 cbb 3 y 1  y h 2a

4. Crack compliance coefcients

The crack compliance coefficients in the crack terms are functions of crack depth, thickness of the plate and can be found
by suitable curve fitting the shape functions defining the stress intensity factor as deduced in the LSM. These coefficients for
finding stress intensity factors are different for various values of the offset distance d. Aksel and Erdogan [44] studied the
surface crack problem in an orthotropic plate under tension and bending. The authors in their formulation for stress
intensity factors formulated crack terms using the LSM. They found the stress intensity factors for the case of internal and
multiple cracks and established polynomials Ai ; Bi and C i for crack compliance coefficients. Thus the location of crack along
the thickness of the plate is taken care by the use of appropriate crack compliance coefficients. In this work these
coefficients, originally deduced for finding the stress intensity factors are applied to evaluate the constraining effect of the
net ligament, which reduces the stiffness of the plate. Reducing the three dimensional orthotropy to two dimensions by
382 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398

defining the stress intensity factors (K A and K B ) for an internal crack with two crack tips (Ref. [44]) as
p
K A h g tA s mg bA s
p
K B h g tB s mgbB s (10)
and m are the tensile and nominal bending stresses at the crack surface respectively. s is the ratio of depth of crack to the
plate thickness. g tA s and g bA s are the shape functions for tension and bending respectively, for the crack tip A. Similarly,
g tB s and g bB s are the shape functions for tension and bending respectively, for the crack tip B:
p X
n
g tA s qAi s2i  1
i1
p X
n
g bA s r Ai si  1
i1
p X
n
g tB s qBi s2i  1
i1
p X
n
g bB s r Bi si  1 (11)
i1

q and r with subscripts A and B are coefficients for curve fitting the shape functions and are different for different d/h values
originally deduced for finding the stress intensity factors. Eq. (11) is used to compute the crack compliance coefficients for
internal cracks using Eqs. (12)(14).
Z
1 x g 2tA g 2tB
ctt dx (12)
h 0 2
Z
1 x
g 2bA g 2bB
cbb dx (13)
h 0 2
Z x
1 g tA g bA g tB g bB
cbt ctb dx (14)
h 0 2
For the special case of symmetric internal crack where d0, Aksel and Erdogan [44] showed that cbt ctb 0,
g tA g tB and g bA g bB . The variation of crack compliance coefficients with d/h is established in this work and is shown in
Fig. 4 in the results and discussion section.
The damage in the form of crack causes reduction in the stiffness of the plate, therefore Eqs. (6) and (7) are used in Eq. (2)
with a negative sign, a phenomenon found in literature (Refs. [14,17,19]). Using Eqs. (6), (7) and (2), the equation of motion
of the cracked plate becomes
4 w 4 w 4 w
Dx2B 2 2 Dy 4
x4 x y y
 
2 w 2a Dy 4 w=y4 x 4 w=x2 y2
 h 2  
t 3 cbt =6 cbb 3 x 1  x h 2a
2 w 2a 2 w
Nx    Ny Pz (15)
x2 6cbt ctt 1  2x h 2a y2

Eq. (15) shows the two crack terms containing the crack length 2a. Out of these two terms, the first term containing Dy
represents the reduction in stiffness due to the moment M y produced by the partial crack and the second term represents
the in-plane force. The moment My in the equilibrium principle depends on the rigidity Dy and Poisson's ratio x and hence
Poisson's ratio x appears along with the crack compliance coefficients in Eq. (15). Similarly for the crack of length 2b, Dy and
x are replaced by Dx and y . Thus the two mutually perpendicular direction rigidities (Dx and Dy ) and the two Poisson's
ratios (x and y ) are accommodated in the crack terms making the model applicable to the orthotropic plate.

5. Solution of equation of motion

The solution of the governing equation is obtained by defining the characteristic modal functions depending on the
boundary conditions of the plate. The general solution for the transverse deflection by Galerkin's method is
X
1 X
1
wx; y; t Amn X m Y n mn t (16)
n1m1

where X m and Y n are the characteristic modal functions treated by different researchers satisfying the boundary conditions.
Amn is the arbitrary amplitude and mn t is the time dependent modal coordinate. Berger [45] obtained the deflection of
plates by neglecting the strain energy due to the second invariant of mid-surface strains and showed that the forms of
 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398 383

in-plane forces obtained work well for combinations of simply supported and clamped boundary conditions. Many
researchers (Refs. [14,19]) have applied the Berger formulation for nonlinear vibrations of rectangular plates. Expressing the
membrane forces in terms of the mid-surface strains, one obtains
Ey h
Ny y x x
1  x y
Ex h
Nx x y y
1  x y

Applying the definition of w(x y t), integrating over the plate area and multiplying both sides by XmYn:
X1 X 1 Z L1 Z L2
2 mn t
h Amn X 2m Y 2n dx dy
n1m1 0 0 t 2
X1 X 1 Z L1 Z L2 n
Amn mn t Dx X iv ii ii iv
m Y n 2B X m Y n Dy Y n X m
n1m1 0 0
  9
2aDy ii ii
xXmY n Y iv
n Xm
=
   X m Y n dx dy
3 cbt =6 cbb 3 x 1  x h 2a;

X1 X1 Z L1 Z L2 ( )
2aDy B2 mn Y iin Y n X 2m
A3mn mn t 3 Dx B1 mn X m Y n 2 X iim   dx dy P z (17)
n1m1 0 0 6cbt ctt 1  2x h 2a

where
(    )
X 1 Z
1 X Z
6 X m 2 2 Y n 2 2
L1 L2
B1mn 2 Y n y X m dx dy
h L1 L2 n 1 m 1 0 0 x y
(    )
X1 X 1 Z L1 Z L2
6 Y n 2 2 X m 2 2
B2mn 2 X m x Y n dx dy
h L1 L2 n 1 m 1 0 0 y x

In Eq. (17), the middle surface strains x and y are expressed in terms of the lateral deflection. The modal peak
amplitude Amn is normalized to unity. The lateral load Pz is neglected here for free vibrations. Eq. (17) may be expressed in
the form of well known Duffing equation as
2 mn t
M mn K mn mn t G mn mn t3 0 (18)
t 2
where
1 X
X 1 Z L1 Z L2
M mn h Amn Xm 2
Y n 2 dx dy (19)
n1m1 0 0

8   9
X
1 X
1 Z L1 Z L2 < 2aDy x X iim Y iin Y iv Xm =
n
K mn Amn mn t Dx X iv ii ii iv
m Y n 2B X m Y n Dy Y n X m 
  X m Y n dx dy
n1m1 0 0 : 3 cbt =6 cbb 3 x 1  x h 2a;

(20)
Z Z ( )
X
1 X
1 L1 L2
2aDy B2 mn Y iin Y n X 2m
Gmn A3mn mn t 3 Dx B1 mn X m Y 2n X iim   dx dy (21)
n1m1 0 0 6cbt ctt 1  2x h 2a

From Eq. (18), the natural frequency can be evaluated as 2mn K mn =Mmn .

6. Peak amplitude

One of the perturbation methods, the method of multiple scales is very well presented in the book, Perturbation Theory
and Methods by Murdock [46]. Israr et al. [19] applied this method to examine the amplitude response for an isotropic
rectangular plate with a single surface crack. The present work extends this method to a square orthotropic plate containing
a single internal crack. The solution to Eq. (18) is approximated by the method of multiple scales thus giving the peak
amplitude as
mn
Jp p0 (22)
2mn
where p0 is the amplitude of excitation (Refs. [14,19]) and is the damping factor. The term mn X m x0 Y n y0 =M mn can be
obtained for the location of P z at x0 ; y0 . Eq. (22) is the newly formed relation for the peak amplitude of the
orthotropic plate.
384 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398

7. Frequency response

The method of multiple scales (Ref. [46]) applied to study the frequency response of an isotropic plate with a surface
crack in Ref. [19] is extended here for the case of orthotropic plate with an internal crack. Eq. (18) is rearranged by
considering the appropriate delta function for the external load as given in the work of Fan [47]:
mn t 2mn mn t mn mn t3 mn p0 t
(23)
where mn Gmn =M mn is the nonlinear term and the load P z mn p0 t
With the idealization of the nonlinear damping to weak classical linear viscous damping and the external load to be
harmonic, p0 t p0 cos mn t the equation of the cracked plate becomes
mn t 2
_ 2 mn t mn mn t3 mn p0 cos mn t
_ mn t (24)
mn

Literature (Refs. [14,19,46]) shows the use of detuning parameter, emn which describes the closeness of the excitation
frequency mn ; to mn and can be written as mn mn emn , where is the perturbation parameter. Restricting the
solution to first-order perturbation (Ref. [46]) as the higher order perturbations does not contribute much to the solution.
Perturbing the damping, cubic nonlinearity, external excitation and expanding mn t and its derivatives as
  9
mn t; 0mn T 0 ; T 1 1mn T 0 ; T 1 =
(25)
d
dt
T 0 T 1 D0 D1 ;

2
d
2 D20 2 D0 D1 (26)
Et 2 T 0 T 0 T 1
where T 0 t is the fast time and T 1 t is the slow time. Eqs. (25) and (26) can be applied to Eq. (24) and separating the
like terms of 0 and 1 , one obtains
2 0 mn
2mn 0 mn 0 (27)
T 0 2
 
2 1mn 0mn 0mn
2mn 1mn  2  2  mn 30mn mn p0 cos mn T 0 emn T 1 (28)
T 0 2 T 0 T 1 T 0

Eqs. (27) and (28) can be solved by assuming a general solution involving unknown complex amplitude and its complex
conjugate. Expressing the amplitude in polar form, the frequency response equation in case of steady-state motion is
obtained (Appendix I) and can be stated as
v
!
u
3 mn J2 u 2
emn 7t mn
p0 2  2 (29)
8mn 4 2mn J 2

Eq. (29) is the frequency response relation for geometrically nonlinear cracked orthotropic plate and flexural rigidity is
not present in the second term on the right hand side of this equation which makes this relation different from its isotropic
counterpart obtained by Israr et al. [19]. J is the modal amplitude of response as a function of the detuning parameter emn
and the initial excitation amplitude p0.

8. Functionally graded plates and couple stress theory

The present formulation can be extended to a general functionally graded plate with an internal crack. Consider a
functionally graded material (FGM) plate made by mixing two distinct phases (ceramic and metal). The grading of material
is along the thickness direction only. The top surface is ceramic (z h/2) and is graded to metal at the bottom surface
(z h/2) by a power law. The effective material properties for such a functionally graded material plate can be obtained by
the MoriTanaka homogenization scheme (Refs. [13,30]):
9KG
E (30)
3K G

K K m Vc
(31)
K c  K m 1 1  V c 3Kc  K m =3K m 4Gm

G  Gm Vc
(32)
Gc  Gm 1 1  V c Gc  Gm =Gm Gm 9K m 8Gm =6K m 2Gm
where K, G and E are the effective bulk modulus, shear modulus and Young's modulus respectively. K m and Gm are the bulk
modulus and shear modulus of the metal phase. K c and Gc are the bulk modulus and shear modulus of the ceramic phase.
The volume fractions of the metal and ceramic phases are related by V c V m 1. Where V c 2z h=2hn and n is the
 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398 385

x L1
z
h
y
2a
L2

Fig. 2. Internally cracked FGM plate with a crack of length 2a.

gradient index and is equal to or greater than zero. Consider a FGM plate shown in Fig. 2. Employing the derivation of Eqs.
(19)(21) for the internally cracked FGM plate with a crack of length 2a parallel to the x axis, one can arrive at the following
equations:
Z Z
e h X
1 X
1 L1 L2
M mn Amn X 2m Y 2n dx dy (33)
De n1m1 0 0

8 8   99
1 X
X Z Z <n o < 2a X iim Y iin Y iv ==
n Xm
1 L1 L2
K mn Amn mn t X iv Y n X iim Y iin Y iv
n Xm    (34)
n1m1 0 0 : m
:3 cbt =6 cbb 3 1  h 2a;;

Z Z ( )
X
1 X
1 L1 L2
2aB2 mn Y iin Y n X 2m
Gmn A3mn mn t 3  B1mn X m Y 2n X iim   dx dy (35)
n1m1 0 0 6cbt ctt 1  2 h 2a

where De is the effective flexural rigidity. e is the effective density. is the effective Poison's ratio of the FGM plate and is
taken as constant at 0.28 (Refs. [13,30]).
The behavior of micro-plates has been proven to be size dependent and hence implementation of strain gradient theories
(containing internal material length scale parameters) is essential due to inadequacy of the classical continuum theory.
The higher order theories in their simple form contain two additional constants (Lame constants, Ref. [49]).
Many researchers (Refs. [50,51]) have used a simplified strain gradient theory containing only one strain coefficient of
length squared dimension. Yang et al. [52] proposed a modified couple stress theory in which only one material length
parameter captures the size effect. Tsiatas [53] developed a new Kirchhoff plate model based on a simplified couple stress
theory proposed by Yang et al. [52]. They presented a static analysis of micro-plates of complex geometries and boundary
conditions using only one internal material length scale parameter to capture the size effect. Yin et al. [54] implemented the
non-classical Kirchhoff plate model developed by Tsiatas [53], for the dynamic analysis of micro-plates using modified
couple stress theory. They presented results for the first two natural frequencies of intact isotropic plates and concluded that
the internal material length scale parameter increases the bending rigidity thereby giving higher values of frequency as
compared to the classical results. They also showed that when the material length scale parameter is twice the plate
thickness, then the frequency increases by a factor of 4 when compared to the classical results thus capturing the strong
dependence of the size effect and Poisson's ratio on very thin plates. The present model of the cracked plate can also be
extended to incorporate the single internal material length scale parameter proposed by Yin et al. [54], thus making it based
on the modified couple stress theory. The equation of motion of a cracked FGM plate capturing the effect of material length
parameter can be written as
4

w 4 w 4 w 2 w 2 M 2 w 2 w
 h 2
y
De Dl Nx 2 Ny Pz (36)
x 4 x y
2 2 y 4
t y 2 x y2

where Dl El h=21 , l is the material length scale parameter. Dl is the contribution of the rotation gradients to bending
2

rigidity.
Incorporating the internal material parameter length in Eq. (2), the equation of motion for the cracked orthotropic plate
based on the modified couple stress theory can be written as

4 w 4 w 4 w 2 w 2 M 2 w 2 w
Dx Dlx 4 2Bl 2 2 Dy Dly 4  h 2
y
Nx 2 N
y Pz (37)
x x y y t y 2 x y2

where Dlx Ex l h=21 x and Dly Ey l h=21 y are the contributions of the internal material length parameter to the
2 2

bending rigidity of orthotropic plate. Also Bl 1=2y Dx Dlx x Dy Dly 4 Dtl and Dtl 1=2
 q
p
1  x y Dx Dlx Dy Dly
Eqs. (36) and (37) can be further solved to obtain an equation similar to Eq. (18).
386 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398

9. Results and discussion

This section presents new results for the cracked orthotropic and functionally graded plate considering various locations
of crack (d/h) along the thickness of the plate. The effect of crack length on the significant first mode natural frequency
pis
examined. The first mode natural frequency is expressed as a non dimensional frequency parameter, F L21 h=Dx .
The three boundary conditions and two plate aspect ratios (L1/L2) are considered for the analysis. The depth of crack and
plate thickness are 6 mm and 10 mm respectively. Thus the ratio of crack depth to plate thickness (relative crack depth s) is
taken as 0.6. The locations of crack (d/h) along the thickness of the plate are shown in Table 1. When the offset distance d0,
then the crack is internal and its depth is symmetric about the neutral plane of the plate. A configuration for d/h0.15 is
shown in Fig. 3. Other configurations for d/h0, 0.05, 0.1 can be constructed using Table 1. A point load of 10 N is considered
to be acting at a point (0.375, 0.75) for the frequency response. The material for the orthotropic plate is taken as Boron
Epoxy with properties, Ex 208  109 Pa, Ey 18.9  109 Pa, x 0.23, y 0.0208, Gxy 5.7  109 Pa, 2000 kg/m3, 0.08.
The functionally graded material properties are taken from Refs. [13,30,32,33] for silicon nitride and stainless steel (Si3N4/
SUS304).
Table 2 shows the non-dimensional frequency parameter for an intact orthotropic plate of aspect ratio L1/L2 1 and
validates the present results with the known results. To the best of the author's knowledge, the literature lacks in the results
for an internal crack and hence for the validation study of the cracked orthotropic plate, the results obtained from the
present model are compared with the numerical results obtained from ANSYS for a square plate of side 0.5 m and Boron
Epoxy material.
The plate of thickness 10 mm is modeled as a 3D quarter plate, with the given geometric and mechanical properties.
A partial line crack of depth 6 mm is introduced in the plate model using suitable symmetric boundary conditions. Such a
partial and internal line crack is difficult to model using 2D elements and hence the plate is modeled as a 3D problem.
8 node Brick element and the Block Lanczos solver are employed for the modal analysis. Number of checks and convergence
tests are carried out to select the proper element type and the element edge length after convergence test is taken as 0.01 m.
Table 3 gives the comparison of the first mode natural frequencies for SSSS boundary condition. The FEM results show good
agreement with the present results.
Results for functionally graded plates with a through crack are available in Refs. [13,30,32,33]. The present model for
partial crack is based on LSM involving the crack compliance coefficients which represent the net ligament (intact portion)
stresses. The compliance coefficients can be obtained from literature on stress intensity factors (Refs. [7,14,19,44,55]) for the
ratio of crack depth to plate thickness varying from 0 to 0.95 (crack depth of 00.95 h). Hence, for the purpose of validation,
the present model is applied to a general functionally graded plate (FGP) with the crack depth to plate thickness ratio of
s 0.95 (crack depth of 0.95 h) and the results are compared with the results for through crack (Refs. [13]). Table 4 shows the
first mode non dimensional frequency parameter () for SSSS FGP, for an aspect ratio of L1/L2 1, L1/h10 and gradient index
n 1. The present results are slightly higher than the published results because of two reasons: (1) The present results are
for a partial crack with crack depth equal to 0.95 h whereas results from Ref. [13] are for a through crack. (2) The present
model is based on the classical plate theory, whereas Ref. [13] is a finite element formulation. Considering these two facts,
the present results are in good agreement with the available results.

Table 1
Offset distance d for the ratio of crack depth to plate thickness 0.6.

Plate thickness (mm) Crack depth (mm) d/h Offset distance d (mm) Crack location

10 6 0 0 Internal
0.05 0.5 Internal
0.1 1 Internal
0.15 1.5 Internal

2a

0.5

5 3 Crack depth = 6
h=10 3 d= 1.5 x
3.5

z
Fig. 3. Plate with a crack of length 2a (parallel to the x axis) showing the offset distance d 1.5 (all distances in mm).
 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398 387

Table 2
Fundamental frequency parameter for intact orthotropic plate.

Boundary conditions Frequency parameter, F

CCSS Ref. [48] 17.18

Present 17.18
SSSS Ref. [4] 10.99
Present 10.99

Table 3
First mode natural frequency (Hz) for SSSS square orthotropic plate of side 0.5 m.

Intact plate Cracked plate (a/L1 0.01, d/h 0.2) Cracked plate (a/L1 0.01, d/h 0)

Present ANSYS % Diff. Present ANSYS % Diff. Present ANSYS % Diff.

206.60 206.76 0.07 205.10 205.14 0.01 197.55 204.02 3.2

Table 4
First mode frequency parameter for the cracked FGP, crack depth0.95 h.

p
Frequency parameter ( L21 =h c =Ec )

Half-crack length Ref. [13] (through Present (partial crack with

(a) crack) s 0.95)

0 3.3376 (3.3875a) 3.4597

0.01 3.3255
0.02 3.0452 3.1325
0.03 2.8657 2.9512

a
Ref. [33].

The variation of first mode natural frequency parameter for an orthotropic plate, for three boundary conditions, two plate
aspect ratios (L1/L2 1, 2), various half-crack lengths a and positions of the crack along the thickness (d/h0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15)
is shown in Table 5. Whereas Table 6 shows the same for various half-crack length b. It is seen that the presence of crack
decreases the first mode natural frequencies. When d/h0, the crack is internal and its depth is symmetric about the mid-
plane of the plate. For all the plate aspect ratios, for a given half-crack length, the frequency is minimum when d/h0. This is
obvious from the values of crack compliance coefficients seen in Fig. 4. Thus from Eq. (20) and Fig. 4 it is seen that the
stiffness of the plate is at minimum, when the crack is internal and its depth is symmetric about the neutral plane of the
plate and increases as the crack shifts towards the surface (from d/h 0 to d/h0.15). When d/h 0.15, the crack is 0.5 mm
below the surface of the plate. Aksel and Erdogan [44] in their work on stress intensity factors (SIF) showed that for an
internal crack, the stress intensity factor is less than that for a surface crack. These tensile and bending stresses in the net
ligament (intact portion of the plate) are represented here by crack compliance coefficients which are functions of the offset
distance d. The variation of the three crack compliance coefficients with d/h is established in this work and is shown in
Fig. 4. For d/h0.15, the values of the three compliance coefficients are more than those for d/h0. Thus, from Eq. (20), it is
seen that the stiffness of the plate for d/h0 is less than that for d/h 0.15. Furthermore for d/h0, the net ligament has
space for stress dispersion (space for stress variation from the stress at crack tip to the nominal stress) and for the locations
of crack from d/h0.05 to 0.15 the space for stress dispersion decreases, resulting in a more stressed net ligament which
increases the stiffness of the plate. Thus the net ligament for d/h0.15 is more stressed than the net ligament for d/h0. If
one considers only the bending stiffness than the participation of the internal core in bending is minimum. But the present
work considers not only the bending stiffness, but also the combined bending-axial stiffness. Both the bending and bending-
stretching crack compliance coefficients appear in Eq. (20) Due to which the effect of bending and combined bending
stretching is incorporated. For all the plate aspect ratios the natural frequencies go on decreasing as the crack length
increases and this decrease is dependent on the location (d/h). Comparing the decrease in frequencies in Tables 4 and 5, it
can be deduced that the presence of crack perpendicular to the fibers in an orthotropic plate affects the vibration
characteristics more than the crack along the fibers. As the natural frequencies are influenced by the geometry of the plate;
388 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398

Table 5
Frequency parameter F based on the Classical Theory for the cracked orthotropic plate with various half-crack lengths a.

a/L1 d/h Boundary condition

SSSS CCFF CCSS

L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2

1 2 1 2 1 2

Intact 0 10.995 17.253 3.687 5.547 17.179 26.533

Cracked 0.01 0 10.514 12.455 3.537 3.688 16.447 18.616
0.05 10.532 12.671 3.542 3.776 16.476 18.977
0.1 10.566 13.053 3.553 3.929 16.527 19.616
0.15 10.621 13.655 3.570 4.168 16.611 20.618
0.05 0 10.494 12.225 3.530 3.594 16.417 18.229
0.05 10.498 12.274 3.532 3.615 16.424 18.312
0.1 10.507 12.372 3.534 3.654 16.436 18.475
0.15 10.522 12.556 3.539 3.729 16.460 18.785
0.1 0 10.491 12.195 3.530 3.582 16.413 18.178
0.05 10.494 12.220 3.530 3.592 16.417 18.220
0.1 10.498 12.270 3.532 3.613 16.423 18.305
0.15 10.506 12.368 3.534 3.653 16.436 18.469

Table 6
Frequency parameter F based on the Classical Theory for the cracked orthotropic plate with various half-crack lengths b.

b/L2 d/h Boundary condition

SSSS CCFF CCSS

L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2

1 2 1 2 1 2

0 10.995 17.253 3.687 5.547 17.179 26.533

0.01 0 5.208 14.077 1.385 4.365 7.532 21.370
0.05 5.593 14.233 1.561 4.424 8.204 21.625
0.1 6.223 14.507 1.834 4.528 9.286 22.074
0.15 7.106 14.931 2.197 4.687 10.777 22.766
0.05 0 4.762 13.908 1.168 4.301 6.741 21.094
0.05 4.861 13.944 1.218 4.314 6.917 21.153
0.1 5.050 14.015 1.310 4.341 7.253 21.270
0.15 5.391 14.150 1.470 4.392 7.853 21.489
0.1 0 4.701 13.886 1.137 4.292 6.630 21.057
0.05 4.752 13.904 1.163 4.299 6.721 21.088
0.1 4.852 13.941 1.213 4.313 6.902 21.148
0.15 5.043 14.013 1.307 4.340 7.241 21.265

Fig. 4. Variation of the three crack compliance coefficients with d/h for relative crack depth of 0.6.
 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398 389

this is equally true for the cracked plate also. Thus, it is concluded that the natural frequencies are affected by the crack
length and their location (d/h) along the thickness of the plate. Among the two, the location of crack has a more prominent
effect than the crack length. Although the decrease in the natural frequencies is different for CCFF and CCSS, it is seen that
the findings for the SSSS plate are principally true for the CCFF and CCSS boundary conditions.
The effect of varying elasticity ratio Ex/Ey on the natural frequencies of the orthotropic plate is studied for various crack
lengths and locations of crack along the thickness. The values Ex 208  109 Pa, x 0.23 are kept constant and Ey and y are
varied so that the elasticity ratio varies from 1 onwards. The natural frequencies of the orthotropic plate in Tables 79 are
expressed in terms of the non-dimensional frequency parameter F. Table 7 shows the effect of elasticity ratio on natural
frequencies for an intact plate of aspect ratio L1/L2 1. The results for the three boundary conditions are in agreement with
the known results. Table 8 shows the variation of fundamental frequency parameter with elasticity ratio for various half-
crack lengths a and locations of crack along the thickness, d/h for a plate of aspect ratio L1/L2 1. Whereas these variations
for half-crack length b are shown in Table 9. For all half-crack lengths a or b and for all the locations of crack d/h, there is
decrease in the fundamental frequency with increase in the elasticity ratio for the three boundary conditions. This decrease
is naturally more for crack lengths b as compared to a. This decrease in the fundamental frequencies is due to the decrease
in Ey and constant Ex in the varying elasticity ratio. For a given d/h, as the half-crack length a and the elasticity ratio
increases, the change in the frequency decreases whereas, for crack length b, this change in frequency increases. Thus the
effect of elasticity ratio is different for crack along the two mutually perpendicular directions.
It can also be deduced that the effect of elasticity ratio increase is more on the CCSS plate as compared to the other two
boundary conditions. Whereas, the CCFF plate is minimally affected. It is also concluded that the effect of increase in
elasticity ratio is more for the crack along the direction of low modulus of elasticity.
Employing the method of multiple scales, the peak amplitude of the vibrating orthotropic plate containing an internal
crack is examined. Tables 10 and 11 shows the peak amplitude for a plate of aspect ratio L1/L2 1, for various crack locations
d/h and for various crack lengths a or b. For all the three boundary conditions, the insertion of crack increases the peak
amplitude and this increase is substantial as the crack length increases.
The variation of first mode natural frequency parameter for a functionally graded plate with gradient index n 1, for
the three boundary conditions, two plate aspect ratios (L1/L2 1, 2), various half-crack lengths a and positions of the crack
along the thickness (d/h 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) is shown in Table 12. It also shows the results based on the modified couple stress
theory. Similar to the orthotropic results in Table 4, it is seen from Table 12 that the presence of crack decreases the first
mode natural frequencies and for a given half-crack length, the frequency is minimum when d/h0. From d/h0 to d/
h0.15, the frequency parameter increases owing to the increase in the crack compliance coefficients seen in Fig. 4. Thus, in
case of FGP also, the location of crack along the thickness affects the fundamental frequencies. For an intact isotropic plate,
Yin et al. [54] concluded that the natural frequencies based on the modified couple stress theory are higher than the classical
values. This observation is found to be true for the cracked FGP also and is seen in Table 12.
The effect of gradient index (n) on the frequency parameter of cracked FGP with SSSS boundary condition, for various
locations of the crack (d/h00.15) and for two plate aspect ratios (L1/L2 1, 2) is shown is Table 13. It is observed that as the
gradient index increases from n 0 to 5, the frequency parameter decreases for both the intact and the cracked plate. This is
in accordance with the published results (Refs. [13,30,32,33]). It is also seen that the decrease in frequency parameter with
increase in crack length is dependent on the gradient index. As the gradient index increases the decrease in frequency
parameter with increase in crack length diminishes. Again the results from the modified couple stress theory are higher
than the classical results in Table 13 owing to the contribution of the internal material length parameter towards the
bending rigidity. The plate aspect ratio also affects the frequency parameter and it can be deduced that the presence of crack
parallel to the longer edge of the plate decreases the frequency more as compared to the crack parallel to the shorter edge of
the plate. The frequency parameters for the orthotropic cracked plate based on the modified couple stress theory are
tabulated in Tables 14 and 15. Compared to the results in Tables 5 and 6 (based on the classical plate theory) it is seen that

Table 7
Variation of the frequency parameter, F for intact orthotropic plate.

Edge conditions Ex/Ey

1 5 10 50 100

SSSS 19.7392 14.2834 12.9907 11.2648 10.8566

(19.7391) (14.2830) (12.9906) (11.2642) (10.8564)
{19.9527} {14.4623} {12.9349} {11.2108} {10.8004}
CCFF 5.1184 3.9362 3.7503 3.5802 3.5543
{5.2888} {3.9634} {3.7780} [3.6003] {3.5865}
CCSS 28.3483 20.8726 19.2570 17.2520 16.8092
{28.5645} {20.9877} {19.3589} {17.3764} {16.9813}

( ) Ref. [4], { } ANSYS.

390 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398

Table 8
Variation of the frequency parameter Fwith Ex/Ey for various a and d/h.

a/L1 d/h Ex/Ey F

SSSS CCFF CCSS

0.01 0 1 16.60 3.77 23.07

5 13.46 3.62 19.53
10 12.54 3.58 18.54
0.1 1 16.96 3.94 23.69
5 13.55 3.65 19.67
10 12.59 3.60 18.61
0.15 1 17.33 4.10 24.33
5 13.64 3.69 19.83
10 12.64 3.62 18.70
0.05 0 1 16.46 3.71 22.84
5 13.42 3.60 19.47
10 12.52 3.58 18.51
0.1 1 16.55 3.75 22.99
5 13.44 3.61 19.51
10 12.53 3.58 18.52
0.15 1 16.66 3.80 23.18
5 13.47 3.62 19.55
10 12.55 3.59 18.55
0.1 0 1 16.44 3.71 22.81
5 13.42 3.61 19.47
10 12.52 3.58 18.51
0.1 1 16.49 3.73 22.89
5 13.43 3.61 19.49
10 12.53 3.58 18.52
0.15 1 16.55 3.75 22.99
5 13.45 3.62 19.51
10 12.54 3.59 18.53

Table 9
Variation of the frequency parameter with Ex/Ey for various b and d/h.

b/L2 d/h Ex/Ey

SSSS CCFF CCSS

0.01 0 1 16.60 3.77 23.07

5 10.38 1.94 13.90
10 8.64 1.54 11.48
0.1 1 16.96 3.94 23.69
5 10.93 2.28 14.92
10 9.29 1.95 12.70
0.15 1 17.33 4.10 24.33
5 11.46 2.58 15.90
10 9.90 2.30 13.83
0.05 0 1 16.46 3.71 22.84
5 10.16 1.80 13.49
10 8.38 1.35 10.98
0.1 1 16.55 3.75 22.99
5 10.30 1.89 13.75
10 8.55 1.47 11.30
0.15 1 16.66 3.80 23.18
5 10.47 2.00 14.08
10 8.75 1.62 11.70
0.1 0 1 16.44 3.71 22.81
5 10.14 1.78 13.44
10 8.35 1.33 10.92
0.1 1 16.49 3.73 22.89
5 10.21 1.83 13.57
10 8.44 1.39 11.09
0.15 1 16.55 3.75 22.99
5 10.30 1.89 13.75
10 8.55 1.47 11.30
 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398 391

Table 10
Peak amplitude (mm) for the orthotropic plate with various half-crack lengths a.

d/h SSSS CCFF CCSS

a 0 a/L1 0.01 a/L1 0.05 a 0 a/L1 0.01 a/L1 0.05 a 0 a/L1 0.01 a/L1 0.05

0 25.16 26.31 26.36 15.47 16.13 16.16 33.06 34.53 34.59

0.05 25.16 26.26 26.35 15.47 16.11 16.15 33.06 34.47 34.58
0.1 25.16 26.18 26.33 15.47 16.06 16.14 33.06 34.36 34.55
0.15 25.16 26.04 26.29 15.47 15.98 16.12 33.06 34.19 34.50

Table 11
Peak amplitude (mm) for the orthotropic plate with various half-crack lengths b.

d/h SSSS CCFF CCSS

b 0 b/L2 0.01 b/L2 0.05 b 0 b/L2 0.01 b/L2 0.05 b 0 b/L2 0.01 b/L2 0.05

0 25.16 53.12 58.09 15.47 41.20 48.83 33.06 75.41 84.26

0.05 25.16 49.46 56.91 15.47 36.55 46.85 33.06 69.23 82.11
0.1 25.16 44.45 54.78 15.47 31.11 43.55 33.06 61.17 78.31
0.15 25.16 38.90 51.31 15.47 25.97 38.82 33.06 52.70 72.33

Table 12
Frequency parameter () of FGP for the three boundary conditions and varying half-crack length a, n 1.

p
a/L1 d/h Frequency parameter ( L21 =h c =Ec )

Classical plate theory Modified couple stress theory l 0:0005

SSSS CCFF CCSS SSSS CCFF CCSS

L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2

0 3.460 8.651 0.897 2.577 4.970 12.955 3.479 8.698 0.902 2.591 4.996 13.024
0.01 0 2.884 5.092 0.661 0.902 4.016 6.760 2.899 5.119 0.664 0.907 4.037 6.796
0.05 2.907 5.263 0.671 1.012 4.054 7.079 2.922 5.291 0.674 1.018 4.076 7.117
0.1 2.948 5.562 0.689 1.188 4.123 7.629 2.964 5.592 0.692 1.194 4.146 7.670
0.15 3.015 6.022 0.717 1.430 4.235 8.456 3.031 6.055 0.721 1.438 4.258 8.502
0.05 0 2.860 4.907 0.650 0.770 3.975 6.408 2.875 4.933 0.654 0.775 3.996 6.443
0.05 2.865 4.946 0.652 0.800 3.984 6.484 2.880 4.973 0.656 0.804 4.005 6.519
0.1 2.875 5.025 0.657 0.856 4.001 6.633 2.891 5.052 0.660 0.861 4.022 6.669
0.15 2.895 5.172 0.665 0.955 4.034 6.910 2.910 5.200 0.669 0.960 4.055 6.947
0.1 0 2.857 4.882 0.649 0.751 3.970 6.361 2.872 4.908 0.652 0.756 3.991 6.395
0.05 2.859 4.902 0.650 0.767 3.974 6.400 2.875 4.929 0.653 0.771 3.996 6.434
0.1 2.865 4.943 0.652 0.798 3.983 6.477 2.880 4.970 0.656 0.802 4.004 6.512
0.15 2.875 5.022 0.657 0.854 4.000 6.627 2.890 5.049 0.660 0.859 4.022 6.663

the results in Tables 14 and 15 are higher due to the incorporation of the internal material length parameter in the modified
couple stress theory. It can also be concluded that the effect of crack is more pronounced in the results from the modified
couple stress theory as compared to the Classical Theory.
Using Eq. (29), the geometrically linear (mn 0) and geometrically nonlinear (mn o 0, soft spring and mn 4 0, hard
spring) response curves are plotted for a square orthotropic and FGM plate of side 1 m and half-crack length of a 0.01 m for
a given damping and excitation. These linear and nonlinear response curves for the three edge conditions are shown in
Figs. 5 and 6. Comparison of the linear and nonlinear curves shows the importance of the nonlinear term which describes
the bending hardening or softening phenomenon. The linear curves are symmetric around the resonant frequency and are
not affected by the location of crack (d/h). The effect of the cubic nonlinear term mn , is to bend the curve towards right or
left depending on whether it is hard or soft spring. For the orthotropic plate, this geometric nonlinearity bends the
frequency response curve towards right for the CCSS and SSSS boundary conditions and towards left for the CCFF condition.
For the FGM plate, this geometric nonlinearity bends the frequency response curve towards left for the CCSS and SSSS
392 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398

Table 13
Frequency parameter () for cracked FGP as affected by gradient index (n).

L1/L2 n a/L1 Frequency parameter ()

Classical plate theory Modified couple stress theory l 0:0005

d/h d/h

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0 0.05 0.1 0.15

1 0 0 5.936 5.936 5.936 5.936 5.968 5.968 5.968 5.968

0.01 4.947 4.986 5.057 5.172 4.974 5.013 5.084 5.200
0.05 4.906 4.914 4.932 4.965 4.932 4.941 4.958 4.992
0.1 4.900 4.905 4.914 4.931 4.927 4.931 4.940 4.958
0.5 0 4.171 4.171 4.171 4.171 4.193 4.193 4.193 4.193
0.01 3.476 3.503 3.553 3.634 3.495 3.522 3.572 3.653
0.05 3.447 3.453 3.465 3.489 3.465 3.472 3.484 3.508
0.1 3.443 3.446 3.453 3.465 3.462 3.465 3.471 3.484
1 0 3.460 3.460 3.460 3.460 3.479 3.479 3.479 3.479
0.01 2.884 2.907 2.948 3.015 2.899 2.922 2.964 3.031
0.05 2.860 2.865 2.875 2.895 2.875 2.880 2.891 2.910
0.1 2.857 2.859 2.865 2.875 2.872 2.875 2.880 2.890
2 0 2.864 2.864 2.864 2.864 2.880 2.880 2.880 2.880
0.01 2.387 2.406 2.440 2.496 2.400 2.419 2.454 2.509
0.05 2.367 2.372 2.380 2.396 2.380 2.384 2.393 2.409
0.1 2.365 2.367 2.371 2.380 2.377 2.380 2.384 2.392
5 0 2.477 2.477 2.477 2.477 2.490 2.490 2.490 2.490
0.01 2.064 2.081 2.110 2.158 2.076 2.092 2.122 2.170
0.05 2.047 2.051 2.058 2.072 2.058 2.062 2.069 2.083
0.1 2.045 2.047 2.051 2.058 2.056 2.058 2.062 2.069
2 0 0 14.83 14.83 14.83 14.83 14.91 14.91 14.91 14.91
0.01 8.734 9.027 9.540 10.330 8.781 9.076 9.592 10.386
0.05 8.416 8.485 8.619 8.872 8.462 8.530 8.666 8.920
0.1 8.374 8.409 8.479 8.614 8.419 8.454 8.524 8.661
0.5 0 10.42 10.42 10.42 10.42 10.48 10.48 10.48 10.48
0.01 6.137 6.343 6.704 7.258 6.170 6.377 6.740 7.297
0.05 5.914 5.962 6.056 6.234 5.946 5.994 6.089 6.267
0.1 5.884 5.908 5.958 6.053 5.916 5.940 5.990 6.085
1 0 8.651 8.651 8.651 8.651 8.697 8.697 8.697 8.697
0.01 5.092 5.263 5.562 6.022 5.119 5.291 5.592 6.055
0.05 4.907 4.946 5.025 5.172 4.933 4.973 5.052 5.200
0.1 4.882 4.902 4.943 5.022 4.908 4.929 4.970 5.049
2 0 7.161 7.161 7.161 7.161 7.200 7.200 7.200 7.200
0.01 4.215 4.356 4.604 4.985 4.238 4.380 4.629 5.012
0.05 4.062 4.094 4.159 4.281 4.083 4.117 4.182 4.304
0.1 4.041 4.058 4.092 4.157 4.063 4.080 4.114 4.179
5 0 6.193 6.193 6.193 6.193 6.226 6.226 6.226 6.226
0.01 3.645 3.767 3.981 4.311 3.665 3.788 4.003 4.334
0.05 3.512 3.541 3.597 3.702 3.531 3.560 3.616 3.722
0.1 3.495 3.509 3.538 3.595 3.513 3.528 3.557 3.614

boundary conditions and towards right for the CCFF condition. Also alike isotropic plate the bending hardening for the SSSS
orthotropic plate is more than the other two boundary conditions.

10. Conclusions

An attempt has been made to model a partially cracked orthotropic and functionally graded plate. The partial crack is
internal and is located along the thickness of the plate. The model deduced on the basis of the classical plate theory is also
modified to accommodate the internal material length parameter, thus applying it for micro-plates using the modified
couple stress theory. The effect of location of crack along the thickness of the plate on the first mode frequencies by
appropriate crack compliance coefficients (the coefficients for bending and combined bendingstretching) based on the LSM
is deduced. New results for the vibration characteristics are obtained considering the influence of boundary conditions,
crack length and locations of the crack along the thickness of the plate. The effect of geometric nonlinearity in the frequency
response is also established using the method of multiple scales. It is observed that the presence of crack decreases the
frequencies and increases the peak amplitude. For a crack of same length, the decrease in frequencies is maximum when
the crack is internal and symmetric about the mid-plane of the plate. Thus, it is concluded that the internal crack affects the
natural frequencies more. Also the presence of crack across the fibers decreases the frequency more as compared to the
 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398 393

Table 14
Frequency parameter F based on the modified couple stress theory for the cracked orthotropic plate with various half-crack lengths a.

a/L1 d/h Internal material length parameter l 0:0005

SSSS CCFF CCSS

L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2

1 2 1 2 1 2

0 11.057 17.350 3.710 5.585 17.280 26.695

0.01 0 10.571 12.505 3.559 3.711 16.542 18.703
0.05 10.590 12.722 3.564 3.799 16.570 19.067
0.1 10.624 13.109 3.575 3.954 16.622 19.714
0.15 10.680 13.717 3.592 4.195 16.707 20.725
0.05 0 10.551 12.272 3.552 3.616 16.5114 18.312
0.05 10.555 12.322 3.553 3.636 16.518 18.396
0.1 10.564 12.420 3.556 3.677 16.5305 18.561
0.15 10.580 12.606 3.561 3.752 16.555 18.873
0.1 0 10.548 12.241 3.551 3.604 16.507 18.260
0.05 10.550 12.266 3.552 3.614 16.5107 18.303
0.1 10.554 12.317 3.553 3.635 16.517 18.388
0.15 10.563 12.416 3.556 3.675 16.5300 18.555

Table 15
Frequency parameter F based on the modified couple stress theory for the cracked orthotropic plate with various half-crack lengths b.

b/L2 d/h Frequency parameter F based on modified couple stress theory

SSSS CCFF CCSS

L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2

1 2 1 2 1 2

0 11.057 17.350 3.710 5.585 17.280 26.695

0.01 0 5.225 14.152 1.394 4.396 7.564 21.499
0.05 5.614 14.309 1.571 4.456 8.242 21.756
0.1 6.249 14.586 1.846 4.560 9.332 22.208
0.15 7.139 15.013 2.211 4.721 10.834 22.904
0.05 0 4.776 13.982 1.176 4.332 6.767 21.221
0.05 4.875 14.019 1.226 4.346 6.944 21.280
0.1 5.066 14.090 1.319 4.373 7.284 21.398
0.15 5.411 14.225 1.479 4.424 7.888 21.619
0.1 0 4.714 13.960 1.145 4.324 6.654 21.184
0.05 4.765 13.978 1.171 4.331 6.747 21.214
0.1 4.867 14.015 1.222 4.345 6.929 21.275
0.15 5.059 14.088 1.316 4.372 7.272 21.394

crack along the fibers. It is also verified that the geometry of the cracked plate affects the natural frequencies. The effect of
increase in elasticity ratio on the fundamental frequencies is also established. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is
the first attempt to analyze thin orthotropic and functionally graded plates containing a partial (internal) crack based on the
classical plate theory. Hence it would be instructive to formulate the response of this analytical model using some shear
deformation theory.

Acknowledgments

Constructive comments of the reviewers are gratefully acknowledged. This work is not funded by any organization.
394 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398

Fig. 5. Linear and nonlinear response curves for the cracked orthotropic plate.

Appendix I

The relation for frequency response and amplitude is derived here starting from Eqs. (27) and (28) of the manuscript.

D20 0mn 2mn 0mn 0 (27)

 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398 395

Fig. 6. Linear and nonlinear response curves for the cracked FGM plate.

D20 1mn 2mn 1mn  2D0 D1 0mn  2D0 0mn  mn 30mn mn p0 cos mn T 0 emn T 1 (28)

Eqs. (27) and (28) is the zeroth and first-order perturbation equation respectively. The general solution of Eq. (27) can be
assumed to be [19]

0 mn Z T 1 eimn T 0 Z T 1 eimn T 0 (i)

where Z is complex conjugate of unknown complex amplitude Z which in turn is expressed in polar form later in this
396 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398

derivation. Using Eq. (i) in Eq. (28) and recalling that D0 =T 0 one obtains
   
D20 1mn 2mn 1mn  2iD1 mn Z T 1 eimn T 0  mn Z T 1 e  imn T 0  2i mn Z T 1 eimn T 0  mn Z T 1 e  imn T 0
n o
 mn Z 3 e3imn T 0 Z e  3imn T 0 3ZZZeimn T 0 Ze  imn T 0 mn p0 cos mn T 0 emn T 1
3
(ii)

Expressing cos mn T 0 emn T 1 in complex form and dropping argument T 1 in Z, one obtains

 mn iemn T 1
D20 1mn 2mn 1mn eimn T 0  2imn D1 Z  2imn Z  3mn Z 2 Z p0 e  mn Z 3 e3imn T 0 C c (iii)
2

where Cc is represents complex conjugate of all the preceding terms.

Some of the terms on right hand side of Eq. (iii) contain eimn T 0 with explicit presence of mn , this shows that these terms
are resonant and are called secular terms. Any solution of Eq. (iii) will contain secular terms having the factor eimn T 0 unless
D1 Z 0. Thus to eliminate the secular terms one must put
mn
 2imn D1 Z  2imn Z 3mn Z 2 Z p0 eiemn T 1 0 (iv)
2
Expressing the complex amplitude in polar form as
1 i
Z 2 Je (v)

where J (real amplitude) and (phase angle) are functions of T1 for steady state.
Using Eq. (v) in Eq. (iv) and recalling D1 =T 1 , one obtains
( )
J 3mn 3 mn cos emn T 1 
mn J  imn  imn J  J p 0 (vi)
T 1 T 1 8 2 0 i sin emn T 1 

Separating real and imaginary parts of Eq. (vi)

J mn
J p sin emn T 1  (vii)
T 1 2mn 0

3mn 3 mn
J J  p cos emn T 1  (viii)
T 1 8mn 2mn 0
In Eqs. (vii) and (viii) T1 appears explicitly and these equations can be transformed by putting
f emn T 1  (ix)

So that
f
emn  (x)
T 1 T 1
Putting Eqs. (ix) and (x) in Eqs. (vii) and (viii)
J mn
J p sin f (xi)
T 1 2mn 0

f 3mn 3 mn
J emn J  J p cos f (xii)
T 1 8mn 2mn 0
For steady-state motion J=T 1 f = T 1 0 and therefore singular points of Eqs. (xi) and (xii) are
mn
J p0 sin f (xiii)
2mn

3mn 3 mn
emn J  J  p cos f (xiv)
8mn 2mn 0
Squaring and adding Eqs. (xiii) and (xiv) and then rearranging, it can be shown that
v
!
u
3 mn J2 ut 2mn 2 2
emn 7 p0  (xv)
8mn 4 2mn J 2

This is frequency response relation for geometrically nonlinear cracked orthotropic plate and it gives modal amplitude
response J as a function of detuning parameter and amplitude of excitation. From Eq. (xiii) it is evident that peak amplitude
 P.V. Joshi et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration 344 (2015) 377398 397

Jp is given by

mn
Jp p0 (xvi)
2mn

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