Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Periodized Training
Program
For Slalom Ski Racing
Andrea Hori 5A
3/28/2012
Sport: Slalom Ski Racing
Level: Recreational (Individual) made it to Nationals for the last 2 ski seasons
Training Experience: Previous 2 years of training
Periodization Plan
JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY
NON-COMPETITIVE SEASON PRE-COMP. COMPETITIVE TRANSITION
EG LG ES LS On snow prep Slalom Events Rest Period
6 Weeks 4 Weeks 4 4 Approx. 2 3 months on snow 2 Months post
Weeks Weeks months on training & competitions competition
snow training
and time
trials
Overall Goals:
1. To build the aerobic system to withstand small bouts of high intensity repeatedly since a general
slalom race is 50-55 seconds each run plus conditioning the aerobic system will help with altitude
increase
2. To build the anaerobic system to withstand small bout of very high intensity for cross blocking gates,
going through hairpins and flushes, etc.
3. To have a solid endurance base of resistance, followed by in strength, hypertrophy and power
specifically in the lower body, dominant while turning and switching edges very quickly and
repeatedly
4. To increase agility anaerobically as well as plyometrics (speed, acceraltion, agility) specifically in the
lower body again because it is the most dominant in skiing
Overall Metabolic:
All 3 energy systems are contributed at the same time throughout exercise but usually 1 of the
energy systems are dominant depending on the effort applied (intensity) and the rate in which the energy is
used during the exercise. Energy systems do not have the ability to shut off and turn back on so although all 3
may be contributed in the exercise, in ski racing the most dominant energy systems or the ones that play the
highest contribution to metabolic activity is the ATP-PC and the Glycolytic system. Anaerobic glycolysis is
best developed using workloads that last 30 seconds up to 2 minutes. Therefore, since a classic slalom ski
race lasts between 50-55 seconds, demands from anaerobic metabolism of glycolysis is the highest and most
predominant in this line of professional sport. The ATP-PCR system is the most immediate source of energy
in activities lasting 6 to 10 seconds at very high intensity (close to maximum intensity) and short duration.
Demands from this system are at highest contribution during high intensity bouts through the gates, kick
start at the starting gate and through hairpins and flushes on the race course (broken down in chart below).
Since there is no inactive recovery during the race course to replenish the ATP and CP stores, it will not be
available for use for the entire race and this energy is depleted very quickly, within 10 seconds of time. The
oxidative system or aerobic metabolism is used at a very minimal amount during a race of such short
duration. Although the aerobic metabolism is not the primary energy used during a slalom ski race, training
the aerobic system may cause some improvements for anaerobic metabolism and should not go unmentioned
in this report. With sufficient endurance training, it is possible to elevate the anaerobic threshold and
increase the contribution of aerobic metabolism to the total production of energy for muscle activity. This
will help diminish or prevent the onset of byproducts of anaerobic metabolism like lactic acid which places a
negative effect on athletic performance.
Energy Systems
ATP-PC
GLYCOLYTIC
OXIDATIVE
Muscular Demands:
Component: Description:
Strength Exerting force on a muscle in one maximal repetition
Component: Description:
Agility The ability to change and control the direction and position of the body while maintaining a
constant rapid motion without loss of balance
- For repetitive concentric and eccentric contractions of the muscles in the upper and
lower body throughout the turn radius with sudden changes in direction around the
gates, between the gates and through flushes and hairpins of the course and still being
able to maintain balance without falling
- Agility will also improve how quickly and smoothly you can change edges on the skis
throughout the turn
Balance The ability to maintain equilibrium while the body is stationary or moving (static/dynamic
balance)
- In ski racing, dynamic balance is important (balance while the body is in motion)
- Being able to maintain balance throughout each turn on edge when the skiers center
of mass is displaced off center and also while switching edges on the skis from left to
right
Coordination The ability to carry out a series of movements or motor tasks smoothly and efficiently
- Being able to carry out the movements in the arm to cross block the gate out of the way
of the skiers direct line at the same time as switching edges to turn around the gate in
the skiers path
- This is a necessary skill especially since this action is repeated many times in a row
from the starting gate to the finish line
- Movements become tighter through hairpins and flushes because of their set up on the
slope and coordination skills need to increase more at this point
Reaction Time Time elapsed between stimulus and the response to that stimulus responding quickly to the
stimuli
- The stimulus being the gate in the path of the skier and being able to react quickly to
cross block the gate out of the way is essential
- The act of cross blocking is repeated many times in a row from the start to finish and
reaction to the stimulus is again increased through a hairpin and a flush in the course
Speed The ability to move all or part of the body as quickly as possible more distance in the same
time, same distance in less time
- The skiers ability to be able to get a certain distance in the fastest time is crucial for the
sport of ski racing
- The distanced covered in a slalom course remains the same but being able to improve
your time and cover the same amount of distance is essential
Deceleration The rate of decrease in speed
- This is crucial after passing the finish line and the clock stops the time
- The skier must be able to slow down or decrease speed quickly to come to a full stop at
the bottom of the race course
Early General Phase
6 Weeks
The purpose of this phase is to build a solid base for exercise in preparation to move into more sport
specific exercises later on in the periodized training program. The athlete has just finished their competitive
season and been through approximately a month of rest so the focus here is to build that base again in terms
of muscular endurance and cardiovascular fitness. This is to ensure the athlete does not lose these general
components of fitness that essentially help them to transition into specific exercises that gear more towards
their competitive sport.
EX: ON WEEK 2; MONDAY GOES FROM GROUP 1 EXERCISES TO GROUP 2 AND WEDNESDAY GOES FROM GROUP
2 EXERCISES TO GROUP 1 ENSURE THIS IS FOLLOWED FOR THE REMAINING WEEKS IN THIS TRAINING
PHASE
Aerobic Guidelines:
Aerobic Progression:
The purpose of this phase is to progress with exercises from the early general phase and maintain
endurance status with both aerobic and resistance training, moving into hypertrophy and strength training.
This phase is to also prepare the athlete to progress appropriately into the early specific phase of training.
The intervals will be adjusted here and intensity with increase to prepare for the specific phases of training,
as a regular slalom ski race course last approximately 50-55 seconds total. Hypertrophy training will focus
more so in the lower body, as legs are dominant and skiing and endurance-strength will be maintained in the
upper body for stability to brace falls and stability to cross block through gates on the race course.
Hypertrophy: Begin with 12 reps for each one of the above exercises and once the 2nd set of 12 reps becomes
easy to push out reps down to 11, then down to 10 reps to prepare to further progress in hypertrophy and
strength gains moving into the early specific phase of training
Endurance: Maintain 3 sets of 12 reps at 70% intensity increase weight (lbs) by 5% when the last rep of
the 2nd set becomes too easy to push out
Aerobic/Anaerobic Guidelines:
Aerobic/Anaerobic Progression:
The purpose of this phase of training is to transition into the beginning of sport specific training from
the late general phase. In this phase circuit training for resistance and cardio will be introduced as well as the
beginning stages of plyometrics. The main focus in this phase is to increase strength and hypertrophy
intensities and maintain current endurance moving forward into the last phase of periodized training.
Plyometrics focus will be mainly on the lower body as that is the most dominant in skiing. Upper body will
remain with endurance guidelines and maintaining that with slight progression. Circuits will be full body and
cardio will be incorporated into it.
See below for interval and See below for hypertrophy See below for plyometrics
circuit options and progressions circuit and progression for progression over the 4 weeks of
for the 4 weeks of training resistance exercises training phase
phase
Resistance Progression:
Strength: Begin with 10 reps for each one of the above exercises and once the 2nd set of 10 reps becomes easy
to push out the last rep, reps down to 9, then down to 8 reps to prepare to further progress in strength
gains moving into the late specific phase of training
Hypertrophy: Maintain 10 reps at and once the last rep in the 2nd set becomes too easy to push out, weight
(lbs) by 5% and continue to progress forward with this format
10 REPS FOR EACH ONE OF THE RESISTANCE EXERCISES IN THE CIRCUIT TO START
1. Bench Press Narrow Sprint around 10 cones to the end and back 3 times
2. Bent Over Narrow Row Up and down stairs twice
3. Upright Row Sprint around 10 cones to the end and back 3 times
4. Lunges Up and down stairs twice
5. Mountain Climbers Sprint around 10 cones to the end and back 3 times
6. KB Squats Up and down stairs twice
7. Oblique Crunch on BOSU Sprint around 10 cones to the end and back 3 times
8. Lateral Flexion Up and down stairs twice
Anaerobic Progression:
1. 5 cones at the beginning of Week 2 and Ex: The 1st day of training of Week 2 there should be 15
cones keep the number of times to the end and back the same
2. 1 stair climb up and down at the beginning of Week 2 Ex: The 1st day of training of Week 2 you
should go up and down the stairs 3 times
Aerobic Guidelines:
Interval Program:
Mode: Treadmill
Work: 40 secs 10.0 mph @1% grade
Rest: 1 min 4.0 mph @ 1% grade
Aerobic Progression:
1. .5 mph each week Ex: At the beginning of Week 2, should be at 10.5 mph
2. grade to 1.5% during work/rest interval at the end of Week 2 Ex: The 1st training day of week 3,
the grade intensity should be at 1.5%
3. work by 5 seconds at the end of Week 2 Ex: At the beginning of Week 3, work should be at 35
seconds
4. rest by 10 seconds at the end of Week 1 Ex: At the beginning of Week 2, rest should be at 50
seconds
Plyometrics Progression:
- difficulty and intensity of each exercise Ex: Adding a box and/or directional changes in multiple
planes, etc.
- the amount of reps and sets of plyometric circuit
- Add more sport specific exercises to increase challenge
Late Specific Phase
4 Weeks
This is the final phase of the preriodized training program for the off season. The point of this phase
is to progress from the early specific exercises and training into even more specific aspects of training by
increasing intensity and difficulty in all the different components being trained. The focus here is to get the
athlete as optimally ready for the pre-competitive and competitive season as possible. Here we want to make
sure the intensity and difficulty is at its highest point for sport specific training meeting the predominant
demands of the sport.
See below for interval and See below for power circuit and 3 sets; 12 reps each exercise
circuit options and progression for resistance
progressions for the 4 exercises See below for plyometrics
weeks of training phase progression over 4 week
phase
Resistance Progression:
Strength: Maintain 8 reps and once the last rep of the 2 nd set becomes too easy to push out, reps down to 7
then to 6 and weight (lbs) by 5 % continue with this format progressing into the later weeks of this final
training phase before the pre-competitive season begins
Hypertrophy: Maintain 10 reps at you did in the early specific and once the last rep of the 2 nd set becomes
too easy to push out, weight (lbs) by 5 % once again continue with this format progressing into the later
weeks of this final training phase before the pre-competitive season begins
Power: Start with 6 reps and once the last rep of the 2nd set becomes too easy to push out, down to 5 reps
then again to 4 reps and once you are at the 4 rep mark, intensity by increasing weight (lbs) continue
increasing weight every time the last rep of the 2nd set becomes too easy and you move further into the final
weeks of training
1. Bench Press Narrow Sprint over 10 hurdles to the end and back twice
2. Bent Over Narrow Row Up and down stairs 3 times
3. Upright Row Sprint over 10 hurdles to the end and back twice
4. Side Lunges Up and down stairs 3 times
5. Mountain Climbers Sprint over 10 hurdles to the end and back twice
6. Squats on BOSU Up and down stairs 3 times
7. Oblique Pike on BOSU Sprint around 10 cones to the end and back 3 times
8. Side Plank Trunk Twist Up and down stairs 3 times
Anaerobic Progression:
1. 5 hurdles at the end of Week 2 Ex: 1st training day of Week 3, should be at 5 hurdles
2. 3 times to the end and back over the hurdles at the end of Week 2 Ex: 1st training day of Week 3,
should go to the end and back of the hurdles 3 times
3. Keep stair climb the same
Aerobic Guidelines:
Interval Program:
Mode: Treadmill
Work: 35 secs 11.5 mph @1.5% grade
Rest: 50 secs 4.0 mph @ 1.5% grade
Aerobic Progression:
1. .5 mph at the end of Week 2 Ex: At the beginning of Week 3, should be at 12.0 mph
2. work by 5 seconds at the end of Week 2 Ex: At the beginning of Week 3, work should be at 30
seconds
3. Keep rest interval the same
4. Keep % grade intensity the same for work and rest
Plyometrics Progression:
- sets to 4 at the end of Week 2 Ex: At the beginning of Week 3 should be doing 4 sets of plyometric
circuit
- reps to 15 at the end of Week 3 Ex: At the beginning of final week of training, should be at 15 reps
of each one of the plyometrics exercises in the circuits