Notes from Classical Grammer

Nouns Verbs

The Connective Particle ab,el.SG+. ai. kYi. gi. gYi. yi. pai. bai.
1. Ownership, possession, connection 1. (Contradictory) but, although, however
fn.[os.kYi.[eg.p. in spite of
2. Adjectival, modifying 2. (Confirming) moreover, certainly,
mi.dge.bai.ls. therefore, thus, of course,
3. Equation, identity, apposition
nv.m]od.kYi.bdUd.RCXi. Used between two independent clauses.
(amrita, the inner offering)
4. Location (of, in, on, at, during)
mdUn.gYi.nm.mqa. sFiv.gai.b).m.
the space in front the guru at the heart center
5. Material, composition
rus.pai.RGYn.
bone ornaments
6. Connects relative clauses to a noun
SVr.m.SKYes.pai.fms.
an experience that had never arisen before

The Agentive Particle b*ed.SG+. kYis. gis. gYis. yis ps. bs.
1. Agent, doer (by) Used with transitive 1. Cause, reason (because of, by, therefore)
verbs and verbs of motion (when its ps./bs. + n. , ignore the n. )
2. Instrumental (with, by) 2. Change of referent or speaker, or shows
[ub.RNms.SDig.p.]u.ys.mi.bk+U.Qiv/ a sequence of action through time
dbv.gis. (and, so, having ___ )
3. Reason (because of)
SVr.SBYvs.SMon.lm.gcig.ps.mjl/
They met because of previous training
and the same aspiration.
4. Adverb (-ly) SKd.cig.gis. instantly
5. Lack of rv.bZin.gYis.STov.p. empty of self nature
 Nouns
Locative/Objective/Purpose Particle
1. Direct Object (only l.) (to, for)
2. Movement towards
(to, toward, into,in, on, through)
3. Location (in, on, at)
4. Adverbial (all but l. n. ) (as, -ly)
aqor.b.SDUg.bSVl.dU.m[ov...
seeing samsara as suffering
5. Reference, used like ni. (only l.)
(as for, concerning, about)
de.l. about that
6. Purpose (all but n. )
(for, for the sake of, for the purpose of)
gZn.\n.du.sems.bSKYid/
Arouse bodhicitta for the benefit of others
The Source Particle
1. Source, origin (from, beginning from)
2. Movement away from, beyond, over
3. Comparitive ( ls. and bs. )
4. Exclusive (with neg. verbs,)( ls.only)
(apart from, [other] than, except for)
5. Inclusive (among, amongst,
from among, within)
Verbs
l.don. l. n. tU. dU. su. ru. r.
1. Infinitive (to, in order to, for, so that)
2. Simultaneity (while ___ing) (verbs next
to each other with a particle in between)
3. Adverbial clause ( __ing, __ ) or
(as __ occurs, then __)
bsm.gtn.med.pr.yv.ni.Qes.rb.med/
As there is no (there being no, without)
meditation, there is also no wisdom.
4. Coordinating (only l.) (and)
aq,ul.m.m*ov.l.g+ol.m.m*ov/
It has never been confused
and it has never been liberated
5. Contradictory (only l.) (however, but)
]xig.ajxin.l.don.mi.ajxin.p/
He understands the words, but does not
understand the meaning
6. When ( verb + p./b.+ n.), if (verb + n.)
ab*Uv.quvs. ls. ns.
1. Simultaneity ( __ing, while, during, as)
2. Succession (after __ing, having __)
3. Origin, cause (action of the first verb is
completed) (from, on account of, through)
4. Exclusion (only ls. )
(other than, except for, but)
Forms dependent clauses that have the same
agent as the following independent clause.
verb+p./b.+ls., verb+ns. (without p./b.)
 The Continuative Verbal (or Semi-Final) Particle te. de. STe.
Generally indicates that the action of the preceding verb continues to take place while the
action of the following verb begins. The preceding action isnt yet completed, so one
must continue to read on. Unlike ls. and ns., this particle tends to come after an
independent clause. At times, if functions like a semi-colon or colon. It has the
following uses:

1. Simultaneous action (while __ing, __ )

can occur between two verbs
2. Succession (and [then]) (after __, __ )
3. Lists (comes before or after the list)
svs.RGYs.]os.dv.dge.adun.te. bden.p.bZi.STe/ SDUg.bSVl.b.dv...
4. Reason or proof
\*i.nv.gi.dvos.po.RNms.]os.cn/ yv.dg.pr.SKYe.b.med.de/ m[a.gZi.ls.m.SKYes.pai.\*ir
Outer and inner things, the subject, are ultimately unborn, because they do not arise from
the four extremes.
5. Giving a definition or extensive explanation
svs.RGYs.te... RGYl.s,s.kYi.SPYod.p.STe...
6. Giving a quote
...Zes.gsuvs.te/ mdo.ls/
7. Giving the Other Side ( __, likewise, __ )
8. Contradiction (although, even though, but)
9. Giving a conclusion - the particle comes after the cause or reason, and precedes or
introduces the consequence or conclusion, opposite from reason/proof type above.

Various Other Particles

Possession Particle cn. lus.cn. one who possesses a body

Plural Particles RNms.dg.
Coordinating Particle dv. and, with dv.mfm.p. equal with
dv.ab,el.b. connected with dv.[un.p. in agreement with
Topic Particle ni. marks the subject or emphasizes (as for, concerning, with respect to)
Concessive Particle kYv. yv. av.
1. Limiting (even, just, only) used with a negative verb
2. Adding (also, too, as well)
3. Topic (as for)
Verbal Coordinating Particle Ziv. civ. Qiv. (and) It follows the verb, and shows:
1. Simultaneity (while __ing, __ )
2. Succession (and [then]) (after __, __ )
3. Contradiction (but, however)
4. Can link adjectives and adverbs (and)

No particle after a noun indicates:

1. that its a direct object of a transitive verb.
2. that its the subject of an intransitive verb.
3. the vocative case.
4. an adverb (especially of time).
bcs.p. including, having, possessing, together with (in a list all units are included)
l.sog.p. et cetera, and so on, and the like, such as (in a list not all units are included)
ab,l.b. free from b)o.dv.ab,l.b. free from conceptual mind
And/or particle - the last letter + m. yod.dm.med/ existing or not existing
At the end of the sentence, it indicates a question.

yin. shows identity or quality yod. shows presence and existence

agYUr. present and future gYUr. past and imperative (become, change, to be)
agYUr. and b*ed. can help to show tense. [ob.pr.agYUr. will attain
locative particle + gYUr.p. = the one who/which is
ajm.dpl.gZon.nur.gYUr.p. the youthful Manjushri
b*s. past b*ed. present b*. future b*os. imperative
m[ov.br.b*ed. sees m[ov.br.b*s. saw Qes.pr.b*os. know!
They also give a causative effect to a verb.
Zi.b. to be peaceful Zi.br.b*ed.p to make peaceful, to pacify
verb + b*. = should, ought to - that which is to be, can be, or should be ____
Also shows the object. Qes.pr.b*. should know Qes.b*. object of knowledge
verb + b*ed = can mean that which __ SKYed.b*ed that which produces, producer
adul.b*. ( adul.br.b*.b. ) the one who is to be tamed (direct object)
adul.b*ed. ( adul.br.b*ed.p. ) the taming (the action) or that which tames (i.e. the dharma)
adul.b*ed.p.po. ( adul.br.b*ed.p.po. ) the one who tames (the subject/agent)
Interrogative Pronouns
gv. what, which, who, where, why? (things and persons)
ci. ji. what, which? (things)
nm. when?
gv.l. where to? gv.ns. where from? ciai.\*ir. why?
ji.STr. ci.ad,.how? (like what way?)
The indefinite article can be added without any change in meaning.
ci.Zig. what, how?

Relative Pronouns
gv.Zig. someone, something, the one who is, whoever, whatever
ci.Zig. something su.Zig. someone, one who su.yv. anyone, whoever.
gv.yv. anyone, anything whatever ci.yv. anything, whatever
gv.l.yv. wherever, in (at, one, etc.) whatever, to whomever
gv.yin.p. whatever is, anything or anyone that is
gv.yod.p. whatever exists, is; anything or anyone that exists, is
cxi.SM+s.p. what is said, whatever is said
su.l.bSTn.kYv. to whomever he teaches
 ag+o. dv. yov.
Directional Markers
ag,o. is movement away from and yov. is towards the speaker. It can also mark the present
progressive, but can be used in the past or the future.

RT.RGYUg.yov.gis/ RT.RGYUg.ag+o.gis/ fi.m.Qr.yov.gis/ fi.m.nUb.ag+o.gis/

qov.m]ov.yov.gis/ qov.m]ov.yov.gis/ b*.de.]xo.a\ur.yov.b*Uv/ b*.de.]xo.a\ur.\*in.sov/
v.nv.l.log.yov.gi.yin/ v.nv.l.log.ag+o.gi.yin/ (coming back home, going back home)
Appearing and Disappearing
Used with involuntary verbs. yov. is for appearance, development, or growth, and ag+o. is
for disappearance or decline. They are used with gi.adUg. gi.yod. gi.red/ They strictly
show an unfinished state, so are not used in the past except for the imperfect.

gnm.g+U.gnm.qai.nv.l.yl.ag+o.gis/ pr.gsl.po.]gs.yov.gis/
vs.miv.adi.bRJed.ag+o.gis/ d,in.cn.\.mai.SKor.l.bsm.b)o.aqor.yov.gis/
me.tog.adi.sFid.ag+o.gis/ me.tog.SKYe.yov.gis/
Self and Other
ag+o. is used with others, and yov. is used for oneself with verbs of sensation or feelings.
The action is about to happen, in the middle of happening, starting to happen.

v.gfid.qug.yov.gis/ qov.gfid.qug.ag+o.gis/ qv.p.adi.SKYid.po.yov.gis/

j.g+v.ag+o.gis/ v.q*g.yov.gis/ mo.q*g.ag+o.gis/
v.Zed.yov.gis/ bu.mo.]uv.]uv.Zed.ag+o.gis/ v.]x.yov.gis/ qov.]x.ag+o.gis/

Other uses of yov.

yov. with the first person, along with ]og. and dgos. , shows that one is volunteering to do
something for someone. Unlike ]og. and dgos., yov. has a directional sense. The verb that
its with is in the past, and vs. is always used. yov. is also used with the second and third
persons and a volitional verb to mean a warning or imminent danger.

vs.j.fos.yov/ vs.bzos.dgos/ vs.lm.sev.s)eb.yov/ vs.qov.l.Zus.]og

gzb.gzb.b*s.n.m.gtogs.zg.yov/ SMn.adi.zs.ni.Qi.yov/