Design of Steel Bolted Connections

Design of steel structures 10CV72
UNIT 2: BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Any steel structure is an assemblage of different members such as beams , columns etc..,
which are connected or fastened to one another using fasteners so that the structure act
monolithically . Connections helps to transfer loads from one member to another member and
finally to the foundation. Connections are also required for extending the lengths of members,
to connect columns to footings etc..
It is required to avoid connection failure before the members failure because,
a. Connection failure may result in catastrophic failure of the whole structures.

b. Connection failure is not as ductile as that of a steel member.
It is advisable to design connection such that it is little stronger than a member it is joined.
Connection failure may be avoided by adopting a higher factor of safety than the members it
is joined.
Mainly we have 3 types of connections
1. Rigid connections
2. Flexible connections
3. Semi- rigid connections
Rigid connections
A rigid connection develops the full moment capacity of the connecting members and the
angle between the members remains unchanged under joint rotation i.e... Rotational
movements of the joint will be very small on these connections.
Flexible or simple connections
In this type of connection, no moment transfer occurs between the connected parts. The
rotational movement of the joint will be large in this case. This type of connections is also
called pinned connection.
Mrs. Arunima Martin Page 1

Mtech (Structures), Dept. of Civil Engg, JIT
Semi-rigid connections
In reality all the connections are semi

semi-rigid. However for convenience
onvenience we assume some of
them are rigid and some are flexible.
Semi-rigid
rigid connection may not have sufficient rigidity to hold the original angles between the
members and develop less than the full moment capacity of the connected members.
A bolted connection:
A bolt is a metal pin with a head at one end and a shank threaded at the other end to receive a
nut as shown in fig. Typical details of a bolt and nut along with a bolted joint connecting two
plates are shown in fig. It is a good practice to prov
provide
ide washers under both the bolt heads to
distribute the clamping pressure on the bolted member and to prevent the threaded portion of
the bolt from bearing on the connecting pieces.

Types of bolts
The following are some of the types of bolts.
a. Black bolts or unfinished bolts or Grade C bolts

b. Turned bolts
c. Ribbed bolts
d. High strength friction gripped bolts(HSFG bolts)
a. Black bolts
These are also called as ordinary or common bolts. These are made from mild steel rods with
a square or hexagonal head and nuts. These are least expensive, but connections may require
a large number of bolts. They are primarily used in light structures under static loads such as
trusses, purling etc. But they are not recommended for connections subjected to impact,
fatigue, and dynamic loads.
b. Turned bolts (close tolerance bolts)
These are similar to black blots except that the shanks are made from hexagonal rod. These
bolts are used when no slippage is permitted between connected parts and where accurate
alignment of the components is required. These are expensive and are mainly used in special
jobs.
c. Ribbed bolts( Fluted bolts)
These bolts have a round head similar to a rivet and raised ribs parallel to the shank. The
actual diameter of a ribbed bolt is slightly larger than the hole into which it is driven these are
used in bearing type connections where there are stress reverse. These types of bolts are
rarely used in ordinary steel structures.

d. High strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts
Fig: High strength

streng bolt
These bolts are tightened until they have very high tensile stresses, two or more times that of
ordinary bolts, so that connected parts are clamped tightly together between the bolt and nut
heads. This permits loads to be transferred by friction an
and
d not by shear. For high strength
bolted joints, this transfer of forces is accomplished through the friction between interfaces
formed between load carrying elements joined as shown in fig. This friction is developed by
applying a load normal to the joint by tightening these bolts. These bolts are also known as
friction type bolts. The joint using HSFG bolts are called as non-slip
non slip connections or friction
type connection.
{10.4, pg 76 of IS 800 discuss about design using HSFG bolts}
Advantages and disadvantages

ntages of HSFG bolts
Advantages
1. HSFG bolts provide a rigid joint. They do not allow and slip between the elements
connected, thus providing a rigid connection.
2. Due to the clamping action, loading is transmitted by friction only and hence the bolts
are not subjected to shear and bearing.
3. Since HSFG bolts transfer loads by friction, holes larger than usual can be provided to
ease erection and takes care of lack of fit.
4. The tension in bolts is uniform. Also the bolts are tensioned up to proof load
preventing the nuts from loosening.
5. Since the load is transferred by friction, there is no stress concentration in the holes
and hence the fatigue strength is more.

6. Lesser number of bolts is required as compared to ordinary bolts which brings overall
economy.
7. Due to smaller number of bolts, the gusset plate or cover plate sizes required will be
smaller.
8. Replacement of defective bolts can be done easily than in welded connection.
9. Few persons are required to make the connections.
10. Since the bolts are tightened with wrenches, the fabrication is noiseless.
Disadvantages
1. Material cost of HSFG bolts are about 50% higher than ordinary bolts.
2. Requires special workmanship for installation.
3. The connections with HSFG bolts may not be as rigid as welded connection.
4. Bolting usually involves a significant fabrication effort to produce bolt holes.
Advantages and disadvantages of ordinary (black) bolts
Advantages
1. Noiseless and fit fabrication.

2. No special equipment needed for installation.
3. Fast progress of work.
4. User unstainable and simple tools.
5. The connection supports the load as soon as the bolts are tightened.
Disadvantages
1. Slip of the joint when subjected to loading.

2. When large forces are to be transferred, the space required for the joint is more.

Types of bolted joints
Fig: Single bolted lap joint Fig: Double bolted lap joint
Fig: Single bolted butt joint with a single cover plate
Fig: Double bolted butt joint with double cover plate

Behaviour (failure) of bolted joints
The various types or modess of failure of bolted connection are,
a) Shear failure of bolt
Shear stresses are generated when the plates slip due to applied forces. When the shear force
exceeds the shear capacity of the bolt, the failure occurs. The bolt may fail due to single shear
or double shear as shown in fig.
b) Bearing failure of bolt
When plates are made up of high strength steel and low strength bolts, if the heaviest strength
plate stresses against the bolt, the bolt gets crushed around half circumference. But this will
not occur
cur in practice as the bolts are always stronger.

c) Bending of bolts
d) Bearing failure of plate

When a joint is subjected to load, the load transfer takes place from one plate to
another plate through the surface of contact between the plates and the bolts.
bolts If the
plate material is weaker than the bolt material, the plate may get crushed as shown in
fig.

e) Shear failure of plate
If the bolts are placed with the end distance less than what required, the plate may fail due to
shear as shown in fig.
f) Tensilee failure (tearing) of plate
Tearing of plates occurs when the bolts are stronger than the plates.

g) Tensile failure of bolts
Bolts subjected to tension may fail at the stress area. In case if any of the connecting plates
are sufficiently flexible, additional
itional prying forces included in the bolts must also be
considered.
Spacing and edge distance of bolt holes
Pitch: The centre to centre distance between individual bolts in a line, in the direction of
load/stress is called pitch.
Staggered pitch: The distance

ance between any two consecutive fasteners in a zig zag pattern of
bolts measured parallel to their direction of load/stress is called staggered pitch.
Gauge: It is the centre to centre distance between two consecutive bolts measured along the
width of the member. Gauge lines are also called as bolt lines.
End distance: The distance from centre of a fastener hole to the edge of an element along the
direction of load is called end distance.
Edge distance: The distance from centre of a fastener hole to the edge
edge of an element
measured at right angle to the direction of load is called edge distance.
Spacing: A minimum spacing of 2 to 5 times the nominal diameter of the fastener is

specified in the code to ensure that there is sufficient space to tighten the bolts,
bolt prevent
overlapping of washers and provide adequate resistance to tear out of the bolts.

Grade or classification of bolts
Bolts are represented as grade 3.6, 4.6, 5.8 etc. This means, the number before the decimal
indicates the 1/100th of the nominal ultimate tensile strength and the fractional part indicates
the ratio of yield stress to the ultimate stress.
Eg:
1. Class(grade) 3.6 bolt

Nominal ultimate strength (stress) = 3*100 = 300 N/mm2
Yield strength (stress) = 0.6
Nominal ultimate strength
Therefore, Yield strength = 0.6*300 = 180 N/mm2
2. Class(grade) 5.8 bolt
Nominal ultimate strength (stress) = 5*100 = 500 N/mm2
Yield strength (stress) = 0.8
Nominal ultimate strength
Therefore, Yield strength = 0.8*500 = 400 N/mm2
Strength and efficiency of bolt
Efficiency of the bolt () also called the percentage strength of the joint is the ratio of
strength of the joint to the strength of main member expressed as a percentage. The
effectiveness of a particular bolted joint is measured by its efficiency.
= Strength of the bolt per pitch length * 100

Strength of solid plate per pitch length
Bolt sizes
The bolts are available from 5mm to 36mm in diameter and are designated as M5 to M36. To
reduce the connection length and/or the number of bolts in a joint, bolts of larger diameter
and/or are used. The most commonly used bolts are M16, M20, M24, and M30.
Note:
IS 800:2007 (10.3.1.1page 74) stipulates that net tensile area to be considered is the
area at the root of the thread. This area is also called stress area or proof area.

As per IS 1367 (part III)- 1979, the ratio of net tensile area to the nominal plain shank
area of the bolt is 0.78
In steel construction, bolts of property classes 4.6, 5.6, 8.8 and 10.9 are widely used.
Out of these most commonly used black bolt is class 4.6
Tensile stress area of ordinary bolt
Bolt size(mm) 12 16 20 22 24 27 30 36
Tensile stress area or 84.3 157 245 303 353 459 561 817
thread area (mm2)
Normal area or shank 113 201 314 380 452 573 707 1018
area(mm2)
Examples:
1. Calculate the strength of 20mm diameter bolts of grade 4.6 for the following
cases. The main plates are to be joined are 12 mm thick. The plates are made of
Fe410 steel.
a) Lap joint
b) Single cover butt joint; cover plates being 10mm thick
c) Double cover butt joint; each of the cover plate being 8mm thick.
Solution:
For a plate material, the characteristic ultimate tensile strength of plate, fu = 410 N/mm2
For bolt material, the characteristic tensile strength of bolt,
fub = 400N/mm2
Net tensile area of bolt, Anb = 245 mm2
mb= 1.25
a) Lap joint
Shear:
Here the bolt is in single shear.
Design strength of bolt in shear, Vdsb = Vnsb/ mb

( . . )
= 1/mb


( )
=
.
=45264 N
Vdsb= 45.26 KN
Bearing:
The design strength in bearing,
Vdpb= Vnpb/mb
Vdpb=(2.5 Kb.d.t.fu)*1/mb
Kb is least of the following:
e/3do, p/3do-0.25,fub/fu, 1.0
here, do=20+2=22mm ( Refer tb-19)
emin=1.5do=1.5*22=33 mm
emax=12t, =250/fy= 250/250 =1
= 12*12*1
=144 mm.
p=2.5*d=2.5*20=50mm
e/3do = 33/3*22 = 0.5

p/3do-0.25 = 50/3*22 0.25 = 0.51
fub/fu= 400/410= 0.975
1.0
Therefore take kb=0.5
now ,Vdpb=2.5*0.5*20*12*400*1/1.25
=96000 N
Vdpb= 96KN
Therefore, Design strength of bolt/ bolt value=45.26 KN.
b) Single cover butt joint, the cover plate being 10mm thick
Shear:
Vdsb= 45.26 KN
Bearing:

Vdpb= Vnpb/mb
e/3do, p/3do-0.25,fub/fu, 1.0
here, do=20+2=22mm ( Refer tb-19)
emin=1.5do=1.5*22=33 mm
emax=12t, =250/fy= 250/250 =1
= 12*12*1
=144 mm.
p=2.5*d=2.5*20=50mm
e/3do = 33/3*22 = 0.5

p/3do-0.25 = 50/3*22 0.25 = 0.51
fub/fu= 400/410= 0.975
1.0
now ,Vdpb=2.5*0.5*20*10*400*1/1.25
=80000 N
Vdpb= 80KN
c) Double cover butt joint; each of cover plate being 8 mm thick
Shear:
Here the bolt is in double shear.

( . . )
= 1/mb

( )
=
.
=90520 N
Vdsb= 90.52 KN
Bearing:

Vdpb= Vnpb/mb
e/3do, p/3do-0.25,fub/fu, 1.0
e/3do = 33/3*22 = 0.5

p/3do-0.25 = 50/3*22 0.25 = 0.51
fub/fu= 400/410= 0.975
1.0
now ,Vdpb=2.5*0.5*20*12*400*1/1.25
=96000 N
Vdpb= 96KN
2) A single bolted double cover butt joint is used to connect 2 plates which are 8mm
thick. Assume 16mm diameter bolts of grade 4.6 and cover plate being 6 mm thick.
i. Calculate the strength and efficiency of the joint, if bolts are provided in the bolt
line at a pitch of 45mm as shown in fig a.
ii. Also determine the efficiency of the joint, if 2 lines of bolts with 2 bolts in line
have been arranged to result in a double bolted double cover butt joint as in fig
b.
Solution:
fub = 400N/mm2
mb= 1.25
ml= 1.25
Case i)
Shear:

( . . )
= 1/mb

( )
=
.
=58000 N
Vdsb= 58 KN
Bearing:
The design strength in bearing:
Vdpb= Vnpb/mb
e/3do, p/3do-0.25,fub/fu, 1.0
e/3do = 30/3*18 = 0.55

p/3do-0.25 = 45/3*18 0.25 = 0.583
fub/fu= 400/410= 0.975
1.0
now ,Vdpb=2.5*0.55*16*8*400*1/1.25
=56320 N
Vdpb= 56.32 KN
Rupture due to tension:
The design strength of bolt per pitch length in tension = 0.9*An*fu/ ml
In section 1-1 from fig a., Area per pitch= An = [45-(16+2)]8
= 216 mm 2
Therefore, design strength of plate in section 1-1
= 0.9*216*410/1.25
= 63.76 mm 2
Strength of joint per pitch length = 56.32Kn
Strength of solid plate per pitch length = 0.9*An*fu/ml
= 0.9[45*8]410/1.25
= 106.272 KN

Efficiency of the joint, =
.
= * 100
.
= 53%
Therefore, = 53%
Case ii)
Shear:
Design strength of bolt in shear , Vdsb = Vnsb/ mb

( . . )
= 1/mb

( )
=
.
=58000 N
Since we have 2 bolts along the line of the load per pitch length,
Strength of the joint in shear = 2*58
= 116 KN
Bearing:
Strength of bearing, Vdpb= 2*56.32

= 112.64 KN
Rupture due to tension remains same i.e.. 63.76 KN
Strength of joint per pitch length = 63.76 KN
Strength of solid plate per pitch length = 106.27 KN

.
Therefore efficiency of the joint, = *100
.
= 60%
3) Two flats (Fe410 grade) each 210*8mm are jointed using 20mm diameter bolts of
grade 4.6 to form a lap joint. The joint is supported to transfer a factored load of 250
KN. Design the joint and determine the suitable pitch for the bolts.
Solution:

fub = 400N/mm2
mb= 1.25
ml= 1.25
Case i)
Shear:
( . . )
= 1/mb

( )
=
.
=45260 N
Vdsb= 45.26 KN
Minimum no. of bolts required = P/Vdsb
= 250/45.26
=6
To fix pitch and edge distance:
Pitch:
Pmin= 2.5d
= 2.5 * 20
= 50 mm = gmin
Pmax= 12t or 200mm
= 12*8 or 200mm
= 96mm
Edge/End distance:

emin=1.5do=1.5*22=33 mm
emax=12t, =250/fy= 250/250 =1
= 12*8*1
=96 mm.
Take e = 40 mm
Gauge:
gmax= 32t
= 32* 8
= 256mm or 300mm
gmax= 256mm
To check the adequacy of bolts:
Shear:
Vdsb= 45.26 KN
The joint strength in shear = 6*45.26
= 271.56>250 KN. Hence ok.
Bearing:
Vdpb= Vnpb/mb
e/3do, p/3do-0.25,fub/fu, 1.0
e/3do = 40/3*22 = 0.606

p/3do-0.25 = 65/3*22 0.25 = 0.735
fub/fu= 400/410= 0.975
1.0
now ,Vdpb=2.5*0.606*20*8*400*1/1.25
=77570 N
Vdpd= 77.57KN
Joint strength in bearing = 6*77.57

465.41 KN>250 KN Hence ok.
Rupture due to tension:
Design strength of plate in plate, Tdn =0.9*An*fu/ml
= 0.9*[210-3(20+2)]*8*410/1.25
= 340.07 KN>250 KN Hence ok.
6 no. of 20 mm diameter bolts with pitch/gauge and edge/end distance as shown in fig.
below is adequate.
4) Two ISF sections 200mm*10mm each and 1.5m long are to be jointed to make a
member length of 3m. Design a butt joint with the bolts arranged in the diamond
pattern. The flats are supposed to be carrying a factored tensile force of 450 KN. Steel is
of grade 4.6 is used to make the connection. Also determine the net tensile strength of
the main plate and cover plate.
Solution:
fub = 400N/mm2
mb= 1.25
ml= 1.25
Factored load, P = 450 KN
To calculate the thickness of the cover plate:
Minimum thickness of each cover plate required = * thickness of main plate
= * 10
= 6.25mm or take 8mm
Shear:

( . . )
= 1/mb

( )
=
.
=90530 N
Vdsb= 90.53 KN
To fix pitch and edge distance:
Pitch:
Pmin= 2.5d
= 2.5 * 20
= 50 mm
Edge/End distance:
emin=1.5do=1.5*22=33 mm.
Take e = 35 mm
Bearing:
Vdpb= Vnpb/mb
e/3do, p/3do-0.25,fub/fu, 1.0
e/3do = 35/3*22 = 0.53

p/3do-0.25 = 50/3*22 0.25 = 0.51
fub/fu= 400/410= 0.975
1.0
now ,Vdpb=2.5*0.51*20*10*400*1/1.25
=81600 N
Vdpb= 81.6KN
Minimum no. of bolts required = P/bolt value
= 450/81.6
=6

We shall arrange 6 bolts in diamond pattern as shown in fig.
To check the adequacy of the joint:
Shear (already done)
Bearing (already done)
To check the tensile strength of main plate:
Section 1-1 is critical for the main plate
Tensile strength of main plate, Tdn =0.9*An*fu/ml
= 0.9*[200-1(20+2)]*10*410/1.25
= 525.46 KN>450 KN Hence ok.
To check the tensile strength of cover plate:
Section 2-2 is critical for the cover plate
Tensile strength of main plate, Tdn=0.9*An*fu/ml
= 0.9*[200-3(20+2)]*16*410/1.25
= 632.91 KN>450 KN Hence ok.
6 no. of 20 mm diameter bolts of grade 4.6 with diamond pattern arrangement as shown
in fig. is adequate to carry 450 KN force.
5) Two plates 10mm and 18mm thick are to be joined by a double cover butt joint.
Assuming cover plates are of 6mm thickness; evaluate the joint strength and its
efficiency. Use M20 bolts of grade 4.6 and Fe410 plates. Assume a pitch of 60mm and
edge distance of 40mm.
Solution:
Shear
Since the bolts are in double shear and the packing plate thickness is more than 6mm, the V dsb
value should be multiplied by pk
Where, pk= 1-0.0125tpk
= 1-0.0125(8)
= 0.9mm
Vdsb = Vnsb*pk/mb

[Now continue the problem similar to previous examples]
Slip critical connection

6. An ISA 100mm*100mm*10mm carries a factored tensile force of 100KN .It is to
be joined with a 12mm thick gusset plate. Design a high strength bolted joint
When, (a) no slip is permitted
(b) When slip is permitted.
Steel is of grade Fe410
Solution:
We shall assume 16mm 8.85 grade bolt
Anb=157mm2
fub= 800 N/mm2
For Fe410, fu=410 N/mm2
(a) No slip is permitted[slip critical connection]
Vdsf = Vnsf/ mf
= f *ne*Kh*Fo/ mf
Fo = fo*Anb
= 0.7*fub* Anb
= 0.7*800*157
= 87.92 KN
On substituting these values we get,
Vdsf = 0.5*1*1*87.92/1.25
= 35.17 KN
Hence, minimum n no of bolts required=100/35.17 = 3no.s
(b) When minimum slip is permitted.

(Bearing type connection)
Shear: The bolt is in single shear.
Vdsb = Vnsb/ mb

( . . )
= 1/mb

( )
=
.
Vdsb= 58 KN
Bearing:
Vdpb = Vnpb / mb
= (2.5 Kb d.t .fu) 1/ mb
Kb = ?
e/ 3do = 1.5 (16+2)/3(16+2) = 0.5
p/3do 0.25 = 2.5*16 /3(16+2) - 0.25 = 0.49
fub/ fu = 800/410 = 1.95
1.0
Take Kb = 0.49
Therfore Vdpb = 2.5*0.49*16*10*410*1/1.25*1/1000
Vdpb = 64.29 KN
Therfore, Strength of the bolt / bolt value = 58 KN
Therfore minimum no of bolts required = 100/58 = 1.72
=2 no.s(say)
Eccentrically loaded connections

The effect of twisting moment and the shear force on the bolt group is to cause shear forces
along 2 directions of the bolt.
Combined shear and twisting moment ( torque)
(Type 1 connection)
When twisting moment is in the plane of connection the connection may be termed as Type 1
connection Both the moment and the eccentric load result in shear effects in the bolt group , it
is termed as eccentric shear . These eccentric shear forces tend to rotate the connections.
Essentially two approaches are available to the designer to designing this type of connection

a. Traditional elastic (vector ) analysis

b. Strength (plastic) analysis
Elastic analysis:
The load p due to the eccentricity e will cause shear in the bolts due to its direct and
rotational effects.
Let n be the no of bolts .Let F1 be the force in each bolt due to direct of the bolt
Therefore F1= p/n ..........................> (1)
Polar moment of inertia of the bolt group about its centroid
= a1+r12 + a1+r22..............................+ an+rn2
=
ai ri 2
If a1= a2=........................=an= a
Then polar moment of inertia = ari2 ...............(a)
Where, a1, a2,a3..................... are the areas of c/s of the bolts.
r1, r2, r3,...............................................are the radial distances of the bolts with areas a1, a2,
a3,.................................... respectively
we have , T/ Ip = fs/r
therfore fs = T/ Ip *r .....................................(b)
Substituting the values in equ (b) , we get
fs = pe / ari2 * r
where , r= radial distance of the bolt considered from the centroid of the bolt group
fs *a = pe / ari2 * r
F= pe / ari2 * r..................................(2)
Where , F is the shear force in the bolt located at a distance of r from the centroid , G that is
from the centroid of the bolt group

Therefore , the resultant force in the bolt is given by,
F=F12+ F22+2F1F2cos
Where , is the angle between F1 and F2which needs to be calculated.
A critical bolt is one which is subjected to a max force i.e
(a) the most distant bolt from the centroid of blot group.
( b ) the one which makes the least angle between F1 and F2 .
Therefore from fig the bolt 1 is most critical (ie., the one stressed to the max load when
compared to other bolts.
Types of problems:
Calculate the stress in critical bolt
Calculate the bracket load p that can be applied
Calculate the diameter of the bolt
Design of bracket connection.
7. Locate the critical bolt in the joint shown in fig M20 bolts with 4.6 grade are used
Shank of the bolt is carrying shear. Also check the safety of the joint.
Solution:
Load, P =200KN
Eccentricity, e= 200 mm
Torsional moment, M = P*e = 200*200 KN.mm
= 40 KN. m
For M20 4.6bolt
Diameter of bolt= 20mm
Therefore Asb = (20)2 = 314 mm2
Bolt (1) ,(5),(6) and (10) are located at the farthest distance of r1 from the centroid of the bolt
group but the bolt 1 is subjected to force F1 and F2 with the value of angle is the least of all
above

Therefore bolt (1) is critical
To calculate F1
F1 = P/ no of bolts = 200/10
Therefore F1= 20 KN
To calculate F2
M= 40 KN.m
r= 702 + 1202
= 138.92 mm
ri2 = 4[ 702 + 1202 ] + 4[702 + 602] + 2[702]
F2 = [M/ ri2 ]* r
ri2 = 121000mm2
F2 = 40*103 / 121000 * 138.92
F2 = 45.92 KN
To calculate angle 1
Form the fig, tan 1 = 120/70
1 = 59.74
We have, Resultant = R= F12+ F22+2F1F2 cos
By substituting all the value in the above equation we get
R=202+ 45.922+ 2(20 * 45.92) cos 59.74
R= 58.64 KN
Therefore the bolt (1) is subjected to is 58.64 KN
To check the strength of the bolt
The bolt is subjected to shear and bearing
Shear: the bolt is in single shear
Vdsb = Vnsb / mb
( . . )
= 1/mb


( )
=
.
Vdsb = 58 KN
Bearing:
Vdpb = Vnpb / mb
= (2.5 Kb d.t. fu) 1/ mb
To calculate Kb =?
e/ 3do = 40 /3(20+2) = 0.606

p/3do 0.25 = 60/3(20+2) - 0.25 = 0.66
fub/ fu = 400/410 = .975
1.0
Therefore Kb = 0.606
Therefore Vdpb = 2.5*0.606*20*10*400*1/1.25
Vdpb = 97.6 KN
Therefore Strength of the bolt / bolt value = 58 KN
Hence, the force in the critical bolt is 58.6KN which is almost equal to bolt strength of
58KN. Therefore the joint is safe.
8. Determine the safe load P that can be carried by the joint shown in figure. The
bolts used are 20mm diameter of grade 4.6. The thickness of the flange of the I
section is 9.1mm and that of bracket plate is 10mm.
Solution:
The safe load, P = Design load/1.5
Eccentricity, e= 200 mm
For M20 4.6bolt
Diameter of bolt= 20mm
Therefore Anb = 245 mm2
Shear: The bolt is in single shear

Vdsb = Vnsb / mb
( . . )
= 1/mb

( )
=
.
Vdsb = 45.26 KN
Bearing:
Vdpb = Vnpb / mb
= (2.5 Kb .d.t .fu) 1/ mb
To calculate Kb :
e/ 3do = 40 /3(20+2) = 0.606

P/3do 0.25 = 80/3(20+2) - 0.25 = 0.96
fub/ fu = 400/410 = .975
1.0
Take Kb = 0.606
Therefore Vdpb = 2.5*0.606*20*9.1*400*1/1.25
Vdpb = 88.82 KN
Therefore, Strength of the bolt / bolt value = 45.26 KN.....................(i)
Let Pu be the design load
To calculate F1
F1 = P/ no of bolts = Pu/10
Therefore F1= 0.1Pu
To calculate F2
M= Pu * e
= 200Pu
r = 602 + 1602
= 170.88 mm
ri2 = 4[ 602 + 1602 ] + 4[602 + 802] + 2[602]
ri2 = 164000 mm2

F2 = [M/ ri2 ]* r
F2 = [200Pu * 170.88]/ 164000
F2 = 0.21Pu
1 = 69.44
R=[0.1Pu]2+ [0.21Pu]2+ 2(0.1Pu *0.21Pu) cos69.44......................(ii)
Equating equation i and ii we get,
[45.26]2 = [0.1Pu]2+ [0.21Pu]2+ 2(0.1Pu *0.21Pu) cos69.44
Pu = 172.5 KN
Therefore safe load, P = 172.5/1.5
= 115 KN
Hence the safe load P that can be carried by the joint = 115 KN
9. Design a bolted connection between the flange of a column ISHB 450@ 907 N/m
and a bracket plate 15mm thickness. The bracket plate is supporting a design
load of 150KN at an eccentricity of 350mm. Adopt HSFG bolts of property class
8.8
Solution:
Let us assume 20mm diameter HSFG bolts
Anb = 245mm2
fub = 800 N/mm2
Assume Fe410 for bracket plate and I section.
To calculate pitch and edge distance:
Pmin = 2.5do
= 2.5*20

= 50mm
Pmax = 16t or 200mm
= 16*13.7 or 200mm
= 219.2mm or 200mm
Take Pmax = 200mm
Adopt P = 60mm
End distance, emin = 1.5do
= 1.5*22 = 33mm
emax = 164.4 mm
Adopt e = 40mm
Shear: The bolt is in single shear
Vdsb = Vnsb / mb
( . . )
= 1/mb

( )
=
.
Vdsb = 90.53 KN
Bearing:
Vdpb = Vnpb / mb
= (2.5 Kb .d.t.fu) 1/ mb
To calculate Kb :
e/ 3do = 40 /3(20+2) = 0.606

P/3do 0.25 = 80/3(20+2) - 0.25 = 0.96
fub/ fu = 800/410 = 1.95
1.0
Take Kb = 0.606
Therefore Vdpb = 2.5*0.606*20*13.7*400*1/1.25

Vdpb = 137.05 KN
Therefore, Strength of the bolt / bolt value = 90.53 KN
We have, n = 6M/[n1*P*Vdb]
= 6(150*350)/[2*60*90.53]
n=6
We shall provide 20mm diameter 8.8 HSFG bolts 6number in each row and in two
rows.
To calculate adequacy of the connection:
To calculate F1
F1 = P/ no of bolts = 150/12
Therefore F1= 12.5 KN
To calculate F2
M= 150*350 = 52500 KN.mm
r= 802 + 1502
= 170 mm
ri2 = 4[ 802 + 1502 ] + 4[802 + 902] + 4[802 + 302]
ri2 = 202800mm2
F2 = [M/ ri2 ]* r
F2 = 52500 / 202800 * 170
F2 = 44 KN
1 = 61.93
R=12.52+ 442+ 2(12.5 * 44) cos 61.93
R= 51.09 KN

Hence the force to which the critical bolt is subjected to is 51.09KN < 90.53KN
Therefore the connection is safe but uneconomical.
10. Figure shows an eccentrically loaded bracket connection supporting a load of

50KN at an eccentricity of 200mm. Find the size of the bolt required. Thickness
of the bracket plate is 10mm.
Solution:
To calculate F1
F1 = P/ no of bolts = 50/4
Therefore F1= 12.5 KN
To calculate F2
M= 50*200 = 10000 KN.mm
r= 802 + 1002
= 128.06 mm
ri2 = 4[ 802 + 1002 ]
ri2 = 65600mm2
F2 = [M/ ri2 ]* r
F2 = 10000 / 65600 * 128.06
F2 = 19.52 KN
1 = 51.3
R=12.52+ 19.522+ 2(12.5 * 19.52) cos 51.3
R= 29.09 KN
To calculate the diameter of the bolt required
Area of bolt at thread level , Anb = R/{[fu/3]*[1/ mb]}

= 29.02*103/{[400/3]*[1/1.25]}
= 157.08mm2
Area of shank, Asb = Anb/0.78
= 157.08/0.78
= 201.38 mm2
Wkt, Asb = d2/4
On substitution we get, d = 16mm
To check for bearing
Vdpb = Vnpb / mb
= (2.5 Kb .d.t.fu) 1/ mb
To calculate Kb :
e/ 3do = 1.5(16+2) /3(16+2) = 0.5

P/3do 0.25 = 200/3(16+2) - 0.25 = 3.45
fub/ fu = 400/410 = 0.95
1.0
Take Kb = 0.5
Therefore Vdpb = 2.5*0.5*16*10*400*1/1.25
Vdpb = 64 KN > 29.02KN
Therefore 16mm diameter bolts are adequate.


Design of Steel Bolted Connections

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Design of Steel Bolted Connections

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Design of steel structures 10CV72

UNIT 2: BOLTED CONNECTIONS

It is required to avoid connection failure before the members failure because,

a. Connection failure may result in catastrophic failure of the whole structures.

Mainly we have 3 types of connections

3. Semi- rigid connections

Flexible or simple connections

Mrs. Arunima Martin Page 1

In reality all the connections are semi

Mrs. Arunima Martin Page 2

The following are some of the types of bolts.

a. Black bolts or unfinished bolts or Grade C bolts

b. Turned bolts (close tolerance bolts)

c. Ribbed bolts( Fluted bolts)

Mrs. Arunima Martin Page 3

d. High strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts

Fig: High strength

{10.4, pg 76 of IS 800 discuss about design using HSFG bolts}

Advantages and disadvantages

Mrs. Arunima Martin Page 4

Advantages and disadvantages of ordinary (black) bolts

1. Noiseless and fit fabrication.

1. Slip of the joint when subjected to loading.

Mrs. Arunima Martin Page 5

Types of bolted joints

Fig: Single bolted butt joint with a single cover plate

Fig: Double bolted butt joint with double cover plate

Mrs. Arunima Martin Page 6

Behaviour (failure) of bolted joints

The various types or modess of failure of bolted connection are,

a) Shear failure of bolt

b) Bearing failure of bolt

Mrs. Arunima Martin Page 7

d) Bearing failure of plate

Mrs. Arunima Martin Page 8

e) Shear failure of plate

f) Tensilee failure (tearing) of plate

Mrs. Arunima Martin Page 9

g) Tensile failure of bolts

Spacing and edge distance of bolt holes

Staggered pitch: The distance

Spacing: A minimum spacing of 2 to 5 times the nominal diameter of the fastener is

Mrs. Arunima Martin Page 10

Grade or classification of bolts

1. Class(grade) 3.6 bolt

Strength and efficiency of bolt

= Strength of the bolt per pitch length * 100

Mrs. Arunima Martin Page 11

For bolt material, the characteristic tensile strength of bolt,

Net tensile area of bolt, Anb = 245 mm2

Here the bolt is in single shear.

Design strength of bolt in shear, Vdsb = Vnsb/ mb

Mrs. Arunima Martin Page 12

The design strength in bearing,

Kb is least of the following:

e/3do, p/3do-0.25,fub/fu, 1.0

here, do=20+2=22mm ( Refer tb-19)

emax=12t, =250/fy= 250/250 =1

e/3do = 33/3*22 = 0.5

Here the bolt is in single shear.

The design strength in bearing,

Mrs. Arunima Martin Page 13

The design strength of bolt per pitch length in tension = 0.9Anfu/ ml

Strength of solid plate per pitch length = 0.9Anfu/ml

Design strength of plate in plate, Tdn =0.9Anfu/ml