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Faradays Law

Faradays Law (I)

d d
C E dl = dt S B dS = dt
dl E
C n
B
S

Electromotive Force (emf) ------ V


emf = E dl
C
Total Magnetic Flux ------ Wb
= B dS
S
Faradays Law (II)

d d
C E dl = dt S B dS = dt
dl E
C n
B
S
The emf generated around a closed contour C is
related to the time rate of change of the total
magnetic flux through the open surface S bounded
by that contour.
Faradays Law (III)
d d
C E dl = dt S B dS = dt
Lenzs Law: The emf induced in the contour is of a polarity
that tends to generate an induced current
whose magnetic flux tends to oppose any
change in the original magnetic flux.
i
E

B --- B
Vind d
+++ Vind =
dt
Faradays Law (IV)

Top view
B

---
B +
Vind Vind
N turns -
+++

d
Vind =N
dt
Linear DC Machine
Induced Voltage from a Moving Bar

B B
+
+
l Vind
Vind
- v v
-
0 x
= BA = Blx
d dx
Vind = = Bl = Blv
dt dt
Magnetic Force Biot-Savarts Law

B dF = idl B
dF
idl

l F F=Bli

i
Linear Machine Case 1 (Motor, No Load)

i B
t=0 R +
VB Vind l
Find
-
0 x
VB
1. t = 0, close the switch, it =0 = , Find = Blit =0
R
dv
Find = M , M : mass of bar, v : velocity of bar. The bar will accelerate.
dt
VB Vind
2. v , Vind = Blv , i = , Find = Bli
R
3. When Vind = VB , i = 0, Find = 0, no force is on the bar.
The machine reaches steady state with constant velocity v.
Vind VB
From Vind = Blv, we have v = = .
Bl Bl
Linear Machine Case 2 (Motor, with Load)

i B
t=0 +
R
VB Vind Fload l
Find
-
0 x
VB
1. t = 0, close the switch, it =0 = , Find = Blit =0 ,
R
dv
Fnet = Find Fload The bar will accelerate if Fnet > 0. Fnet =M
dt
VB Vind
2. v , Vind = Blv , i = , Find = Bli
R
3. When Find = Fload or Fnet = 0, motor reaches steady state with constant velocity v.
Find Vind
From Find = Fload = Bli, we get i = . Vind = VB -iR = Blv, we have v = .
Bl Bl
Linear Machine Case 3 (Generator)
i B

R +
Vind Find l
Fapply
-
0 x

dv
1. t = 0, apply Fapply , the bar will accelerate. Fapply = M
dt
Vind
2. v , Vind = Blv , i = , Find = Bli , opposite to Fapply or against the motion.
R
3. When Fnet = Fapply Find = 0, reaches steady state with constant velocity v.
Fapply Vind
From Find = Fapply = Bli, i = . From Vind = iR = Blv, v = .
Bl Bl
Linear Machine Case 4 (Mixed - 1)
i (t=) B
t=0
R i(t=0) +
VB Fload Fapply l
Vind
- F (t=) Find (t=0)
ind
0 x
Assume Fext = Fapply Fload > 0
VB
1. t = 0, close the switch and apply Fapply , it =0 = , Find = Bli in the direction of Fapply
R
dv
Fnet = Fapply + Find Fload . The bar will accelerate if Fnet > 0. Fnet = M
dt
V Vind
2. v , Vind = Blv , i = B , Find = Bli .
R
When Vind = VB , i = 0, Find = 0.
Since Fext = Fapply Fload > 0, the bar will still accelerate.
Linear Machine Case 4 (Mixed - 2)

B
t=0
R i(t=0) +
VB Fload Fapply l
Vind
- F (t=) Find (t=0)
ind
0 x

3. Vind , Vind > VB , directions of i and Find =


Bli changed, device becomes generator.
=
4. When Find F=
ext or Fnet 0, bar reaches steady state with constant velocity v
Find
From Find = Fapply Fload = Bli, we get it = = .
Bl
V
Vind =
VB + it = R =Blv, we have v =ind .
Bl
Example
B
t=0 B = 0.1 T
R l = 10 m
VB Fload Fapply l VB=120 V
R = 0.3
0 x

Find steady state current and speed of the bar if


(1) No external force;
(2) Fload = 30N; also plot vsteady for Fload from 0 to 50N
(3) Fapply = 30N; also plot vsteady for Fapply from 0 to 50N.

(1) Case 1, (2) Case 2, (3) Case 4

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