Transformer Practical

Considerations
UCF Magnetizing Current

N pi p N s=
is H ( B )l=
C F
Ns
N pi p N sis = N p (i p is )
Np
Ns
Define: iM= i p is
Np

N piM= H ( )lC= F( )
Ac
UCF Effects of Peak Flux on Magnetizing Current

Saturated!

1 T 2
I M ,rms =
T 0
iM (t )dt
UCF Current Inrush at Start-up (1)

Transient d
=vP (t ) cos(t + ) N P
2Vrms ,max=
dt
1 t 2Vrms ,max
= (t )
NP
=
0
vP (t )dt
NP
[sin(t + ) sin( )]
2Vrms ,max 2Vrms ,max
If =0, (t) = sin(t ), peak is = max . No problem!
NP NP
2Vrms ,max
If = or vP (t ) =2Vrms ,max sin(t ), (t) = [cos(t ) + sin( )].
2 NP 2
2Vrms ,max Will induce very
at t = 0, = 2 = 2 max high inrush current!
NP
UCF Current Inrush at Start-up (2)

vP (t ) = 2Vrms ,max sin(t )

UCF Maximum Voltage

d
=
Steady State v p (t ) = 2V cos(t ) N p
dt
1 2V p ,rms
= =
Np v p (t )dt
N p
sin(t )

2V
max = p ,rms
2 fN p
V p ,rms=
,max 2 fN p max 4.44 fN p Bmax Ac
Vs ,rms=
,max 2 fN s max 4.44 fN s Bmax Ac
UCF Voltage and Frequency Ratings

Volt-Second Balance

=
Vrms ,max 2 fN max 4.44 fNBmax Ac
Vrms ,max
or: = 2 N max 4.44 NBmax Ac
f
UCF Number of Turns and Cross Section of Core

From =
Vrms ,max 2 fN max 4.44 fNBmax Ac
Vrms ,max Vrms ,max
=
NAc
2 fBmax 4.44 fBmax
UCF Apparent Power Rating
UCF Magnetic Loss (1)
Pm = pm ( m Vol m )
where pm = core loss power density at rated flux density (W/kg)
m = core material density (kg/m 3 )
Vol m = volume of the core

Core-form

Vol m = Ac lc
Ac = ld SF, SF is stacking factor Vol m = 2ld (2l + w + h) SF
lc = 2(l + w + l + h) Pm = 2 m pmld (2l + w + h) SF
UCF Magnetic Loss (2)
Shell-form

Based on what we got from core form (like 2 core together)

l l
Vol m = 2 2 d (2 + w + h) SF
2 2
Vol m = 2ld (l + w + h) SF
Pm = 2 m pmld (l + w + h) SF
UCF Copper Loss (1)
PCu = I P2 RP + I S2 RS
where I P = J Cu AwireP
I S = J Cu AwireS
J Cu is rated current density of conductor
l P ,average lS ,average
RP = N P Cu , RS = N S Cu
AwireP AwireS
Cu is equivalent AC resistivity of copper
Cu 1.05 Cu , DC at 60Hz
PCu = J Cu
2
Cu ( N P AwireP lP ,average + N S AwireS lS ,average )
Since the primary and secondary are interleaved l P ,average lS ,average
PCu = J Cu
2
Cu laverage ( N P AwireP + N S AwireS ) = J Cu
2
Cu laverage Awindow kCu
where Awindow is the area of the window;
kCu is coil window conductor filling factor (needs insulation, cooling)
UCF Copper Loss (2)
Core-form

w+l

PCu = J Cu
2
Cu laverage Awindow kCu
Awindow = wh w+l
linner louter 2(l + d ) 2( w + l + d ) w
laverage = + = + = 2(l + d + )
2 2 2 2 2
w
PCu = 2 J Cu
2
Cu kCu wh(l + d + )
2
UCF Copper Loss (3)
Shell-form

2w+l

PCu = J Cu
2
Cu laverage Awindow kCu
Awindow = wh (one window!)
2w+l
linner louter 2(l + d ) 2(2 w + l + d )
laverage = + = + = 2(l + d + w)
2 2 2 2

PCu = 2 J Cu
2
Cu kCu wh(l + d + w)
UCF Instrument Transformers (1)
Potential transformer
UCF Instrument Transformers (2)
Current transformer (1)
UCF Instrument Transformers (3)
Current transformer (2)

shorting interlock
UCF Pole Transformer Fabrication

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUO3o5JTGhQ