Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Asteelstoragetankofdiameter32m&height11.5mistobefoundedonthesubsoilshownin
thefigure.
Treatthesoilsuitablywith0.8mdiastonecolumns.Comparebetweenrectangular&triangulargrid.
c 39 kgcm
E c c N;Formediumsand c 4.5 kgcm N
N 15
SOLUTIONS:
Assuming2 : 1 dispersionofload,
Diameterofdispersionarea
1. Atgroundlevel:S 32 2 1 33
2. AtmiddepthofLayerI:S 32 2 1.5 34.5
3. AtmiddepthofLayerII: S 33 2 8.5 41.5
4. AtmiddepthofLayerIII: S 33 2 19.5 52.5
Settlementofuntreatedsoil
A. Consolidationsettlement:
.
Netfoundationpressure q 2t 1
m
12.8
WeassumeGWTtobebelow25m.
C
Layer H(m) P t m P tm PP C P P
H log
1 e P
12.8 33
I 3 3 4 4.33 0.08 3 log 1 4.33
1.8
2 34. .5 0.174
4
2.7 11.7
3 1.8
II 11 11 12.8 33 0.547 0.15 11 log 1 0.547
2 41.5 0.313
1.7 8.07
14.75
3 1.8
III 11 11 12.8 33 0.144 _
1.7 52.5
11 5.06
2
2
35.1
B. Immediatesettlement:
1. ForsandLayer(LayerIII):
E C C N
39 4.5 15 kgcm
106.3 kgcm
1065
P 35.1 tm
Shownearlier
P 5.06 tm
2.3 P P
log
P
0.049
Forclaylayers(layersI&II):
3 3t 11 2t
Average value m m
14
2.21
E~600 C 600 2.21 1328 t
m
B
1 I
E
.
1 0.5 1[Sincesettlementatcentreis
higherso atcentreistaken]
0.238
SinceWThasbeenassumedbelow25 ,thereisnoporewaterpressurecorrection.The
finalsettlementvaluesare
Layer m m
I }0.238 0.174
II 0.313
III 0.049
Total settlement of untreated soil 0.238 0.174 0.313 0.049 0.774 774mm
Depthofstonecolumn:Settlementreductionoftreatedgroundlargelydependsondepthof
stonecolumn.Fromsettlementvalues,itisclearmaximumsettlementoccursinlayerII.Thisisalso
evidentfromOPvalues.SoweextendstonecolumnsuptoendoflayerII,i.e.Uptoadepthof14
belowGL.
Bearingcapacityoftreatedground:
A. Assumingtriangulargridpattern:
Diaofstonecolumn=0.8
0.866 1.6 m
2.217m
Capacityofstonecolumn 25C 25 3t
m
75 t
m
Perstonecolumn 0.5m 75 t
m
37.5
Q .
=Q Perstonecolumn 18.75
FOS
Bearingcapacityoftreatedground
N
. A A
FOS
. . .
.
.
[Henceok]
Sowecanadopt0.8mdiastonecolumnsinatriangulargridof1.6mspacing.
B. Assumingrectangulargridpattern
spacing 2d 2 0.8 1.6
Radiusofinfluence 0.902 2.568m
Bearingcapacityoftreatedground
. . .
. t
. m
12.8 t
13.12 t
[Henceok]
m m
Sowecanseebearingcapacityoftreatedgroundislessinrectangulargridpattern(ifweuse
samespacing)thaninrectangulargridpattern;sinceeachstonecolumnhastocoverlarger
influencearea.
However,hencewecanuse0.8 diastonecolumnsinarectangulargridpatternof1.6
spacingalso.
Settlementoftreatedsoil:
Diaofstonecolumn 0.8m.
Areaofstonecolumn 0.5m .
A. Assumingtriangulargridpattern:
Influencearea 2.217 (shownearlier)
.
Arearatio a 0.226
.
Settlementreductionfactor
[nvaluevariesfrom3to6.Weassumedn=5]
.
0.525
Settlementoftreatedground
I II III
0.525 0.238 0.174 0.313 0.049
0.525 0.725 0.049
0.430m 430mm
B. Assumingrectangulargridpattern:
Influencearea 2.558 (shownearlier)
.
Arearatio 0.195
.
Settlementreductionratio
.
0.561
Settlementoftreatedground I II III
0.561 0.725 0.049
0.455 455
Comparisonbetweenrectangular&triangulargridofsamespacing:
Triangular Rectangular
Radiusof 0.525& 0.564&
influence =0.84m =0.902m
Areaofinfluence 0.866& 0.999&
=2.217 =2.558
Bearingcapacity 14.03 13.12
oftreatedground
Settlementof 430mm 455mm
treatedground
Settlement 52.5% 56.1%
reductionratio()
Itisseentriangulargridarrangementismoreeffectivethanrectangulargridofsamespacing;
inbothbearingcapacityincreasingandsettlementreduction.
Itisevident,becauseforsamespacingaparticularstonecolumninrectangulargrid
arrangementhastocovermoreinfluencearea.
ProblemNo2
Designa12ft.highgeotextileswallthatistocarryastorageareaofequivalentdead
loadof200lbft .Thewallistobebackfilledwithagranularsoilhavingpropertiesof
110 lb , 36 &c 0 lb .Awovenslitfilmgeotextileswithultimatewidewidth
ft ft
tensilestrengthof250lb andT 485 lb ftisintendedtobeusedintheconstruction.
in
Thepropertiesoffoundationsolis 110 lb , 15 ,c 0 lb ,C 0.8C.Take
ft ft
frictionanglewithwallas2 3 forbackfillmaterial&0.95 forfoundationsoil.Forbearing
capacityanalysistakeN 10.98 0.95,N 2.65 0.7where0.95&0.7denotethe
adhesionfactors.
ThetotalhorizontalearthpressureatanydepthZisgivenby
Px z
K z K q
R
L
Where =Activeearthpressurecoefficient
tan 45 2
tan 45 36
2
tan 27 0.26
Axleloadisabsenthere.
Givenq 200 lb
ft
& 110 lb forbackfill.
ft
0.26 110 Z 0.26 200
52 28.6Z
T
Weknow s
F.S.
UsingF.S.=1.3;S
. Z . . Z
373 12
S in inches Z inft
52 28.6Z
Z(ft) S inches
12 11.28
11 12.24
10 13.20
9 14.52
8 15.96
7 17.76
6 20.04
5 22.92
4 26.88
3 32.52
2 40.92
1 55.56
Letstake10layersasshownbelow.Thisarrangementsatisfiesthespacingrequirementat
differentdepthsasshownearlier.
. .
. .
[Note tan
Z 2 36 24 and ]
3 3
. . Z S
. Z
.
0.38 (1)
Z
LR H Z tan 45 2
` 12 Z tan 45 36
2
12 Z 0.509
6.11 0.51Z(2)
C.g.distanceofforcepolygon1aboveA, 4 8ft
C.g.distanceofforcepolygon2aboveB, 4 8 6.67ft
C.g.distanceofforcepolygon3aboveC, 2.0ft
. .
C.g.distanceofforcepolygon4aboveD,
. .
2.13ft
Alltheseforcesactonthe10 or5 longsoilwedgeatfrictionangleof2 3 2
3 36
24
Earthpress. Value lb ft Dist.Ofpt.of Horz.Component Vertical
component actionaboveof F cos 24 lb ft component
(toe)ft. F sin 24 lb ft
F 52 8 416 8.0 380.0 169.2
F 1 6.67 836.1 372.2
8 228.8
2
915.2
F 52 4 208 2.0 190.0 84.6
F 4 2.13 1045.1 465.3
2
228.8
343.2
1144
Sototaldisturbingmoment
380 8 836.1 6.67 190 2 1045.1 2.13
11222.9 lbft
ft
Weightofsoilwedgeattop 8 10 110 lb ft 8800 lb ft
Weightofsoilwedgeatbottom 4 5 110 lb ft 2200 lb ft
Sototalresistingmoment
10 5
8800 2200 169.2 10 372.2 10 84.6 5 465.3 5 200 10 5
2 2
67663.5 lbft ft
MR .
F.S.againstoverturning MO
.
6.03 3
[Hencesafe]
B. Safetyagainstsliding:
Totalverticalforce 169.2 372.2 84.6 465.3 8800 2200 200 10
14091.3 lb ft
2451.2 lb ft
0.259
F . .
F.S.againstsliding FA
.
1.46 1.5
[Hencenotsafe]
Letsincreaselengthofthebottom&geotextileslayersto10 also.
13200 lb ft
Totalverticalforce 13200 169.2 372.2 84.6 200 10 465.3 16292 lb ft
F .
F.S.againstsliding FH
1.69 1.5[i.e.justsafe]
C. Safetyagainstbearingcapacityfailure:
L MR M
e
2 W
MR 13200 5 169.2 10 372.2 10 84.6 10 465.3 10 200 10 5
86193.0 lbft ft
M 11222.9 lbft ft(Remainssameasbefore)
10 86193 11222.9
2 16292
0.35 ft
L 10
6 6 1.67 ft
[Ok]
16292 6 0.35
q 1
10 10
1971.3
0.5 115 12 2 0.35 2.65 0.7 400 10.98 0.95
5377.7 lb
ft
.
F. S. 2.73 3[Hencenotadequatefactorofsafety]
.
Letsincreaselengthofallgeotextilesto12 .
Thentotalverticalforce
12 12 110 200 12 169.2 372.2 84.6 465.3 19331.3
L MR MO
e
2 FV
12 122535.6 11223
2 19331.3
12
0.24 2
6
193313.3 6 0.24
q 1
12 12
1804.3
0.5 2
5401.15
5401.15
. . 2.994~3
1804.3
[Hencejustsafe]
Problem3
Designa6mhighgeotextilewall.Thewallistobebackfilledwithasoilhaving
16 kN
m
32
Thepropertiesofthefoundationsoilare
16 kN
m
20
C 30 kN
m
TakeF.S.=1.5
2
3
AndT 15 kN m
Thetotalhorz.earthpress.atanydepthZ,
P Z
K Z K q
R
K Z[Here]sincenosurchargeoraxleloadarepresent
GivenF.S.=1.5&T 15 kN m
15 2.03
1.5 4.91
Z(m)
0.5 4.06
1.0 2.03
1.5 1.35
2.0 1.01
2.5 0.81
3.0 0.68
3.5 0.58
4.0 0.51
4.5 0.45
5.0 0.41
5.5 0.37
6.0 0.34
S F. S.
L
2 c Z tan 2 3
4.916Z 1.5 S
2 0 16Z tan 2 3 32
0.59S Z
EXTERNALSTABILITY:
A. SAFETYAGAINSTSLIDING:
Totalverticalforce
1
V 16 4 5 16 2 2 19.65 4
2
sin 26.3 19.65 2 sin 21.3 39.30 sin 21.3
416.15
[Henceok]
B. SAFETYAGAINSTOVERTURING:
5
MR 5 4 16 2 2 1 16 39.3 sin 21.3 5 2 9.85 sin 21.3 2
2
971.1 kN m
n
M 39.3 cos 21.3 3.33 1 9.85 cos 21.3 0.67
164.7 kN m
n
.
F. S. 5.9 3[Henceok]
.
C. SAFETYAGAINSTB.C.FAILURE:
Sinceadhesionfactorsarenotgiven,LetscalculatebygeneraleqnofMeyerhof.
q cN S d i 0.5BN S d i [Since valuenotgivenothertermnot
considered]
S S 1.Here
6 20
d 1 0.2 tan 45 2
2
1.856
6
d 1 0.1 tan 45 2
2
1.428
V Largecomparedto H
i i ~1
q 30 14.83 1.856 0.5 18 2 5.39 1.428
964.3
L MR MO
e
2 V
971 164.7
0
2 416.2 6
Soletsincreaseallgeotextileslengthto5 .
MR 5 6 16 39.3 sin 21.3 5 5 9.85 sin 21.3 5
1360.6 kN m n
MO 164.7 kN m nasbefore
V 5 6 16 39.3 2 9.85 568.5
5 1360.6 164.7
2 568.5
0.40
568.5 6 0.4
q 1
5 5
841.4
168.3
5
Now 1 0.2 tan 45 2 1.34
6
1 0.1 tan 45 2 1.17
5
q 30 14.83 1.34 0.5 18 2 5.39 1.17
709.6 kN
m
.
. . 4.21 3[Henceok]
.
x
m
H
Z
n
H
CaseI:m 0.4
H 0.28n
QP 0.16 n
, cos 1.10
Z(ft) Z X(ft) x H lb
n m cos 1.1
H
H ft
QP
WHEEL1&WHEEL2
2 0.167 1.177 40.87 9.03
4 0.333 1.562 54.24 11.99
6 0.50 3.0 0.25<0.4 1.016 35.28 7.80
8 0.667 0.563 19.55 4.32
10 0.833 0.312 10.83 2.39
12 1.0 0.179 6.22 1.37
WHEEL3&WHEEL4
2 0.167 1.177 40.87 16.39
4 0.333 1.562 54.24 21.75
6 0.50 4.33 0.36<0.4 1.016 35.28 14.15
8 0.667 0.563 19.55 7.84
10 0.833 0.312 10.83 4.34
12 1.0 0.179 6.22 2.49
WHEEL5&WHEEL6
2 0.167 0.133 4.62 3.52
4 0.333 0.357 12.40 9.46
6 0.50 9.0 0.75>0.4 0.459 15.94 12.16
8 0.667 0.428 14.86 11.33
10 0.833 0.344 11.94 9.11
12 1.0 0.258 8.96 6.83
Wheel7&wheel8
2 0.167 0.080 2.78 2.25
4 0.333 0.235 8.16 6.61
6 0.50 10.33 0.861>0.4 0.337 11.70 9.48
8 0.667 0.350 12.15 9.84
10 0.833 0.308 10.69 8.66
12 1.0 0.248 8.61 6.97
EARTHPRESSUREDUETOWHEELLOAD
Z(FT) lb
ft
0 0
2 40.87+9.03+40.87+16.39+4.62+3.52+2.78+2.25=120.33
4 178.85
6 141.79
8 99.44
10 68.79
12 47.67
K tan 45 tan 45 36 0.2596
2 2
EARTHPRESSUREDUETOWEIGHTOFSOIL:
K Z 0.2596 110 Z 28.6ZatanydepthZ.
&EARTHPRESSUREDUETOSURCHARGE
K q 0.2596 200 51.92atalldepths,
S F. S. T
S ft inch inch(1)
. .
Graph1
Depth(Z)ft lb S 4477 n
ft
(inch)fromeq (1)
1 140.68 31.8
2 229.45 19.4
3 287.31 15.6
4 345.17 13.0
5 383.84 11.7
6 422.51 10.6
7 401.34 11.2
8 380.16 11.8
9 393.44 11.4
10 406.71 11.0
11 424.75 10.5
12 442.79 10.1
Soletsprovide6layersat10spacingforthebottom5ft&7layersat12spacingforthetop7ft.
S FS 2TL
S . S
L 0.0133 (3)
Z Z
CHECKFOROVERTURNING:
Resistingmoment MR
114869.4 lb ft
ft
18948.1 lb ft
ft
MR
F. S. 6.06 3[Ok]
MO
CHECKFORSLIDING:
V C L
F. S.
H
15840 4062.71 sin 24 tan 0.95 15 0.8 400 12
4062.71 cos 24
.
2.23 1.5[ok]
.
CHECKFORBEARINGCAPACITYFAILURE:
HR MO L 114869.4 18948.1 12
E
V 2 15840 4062.71 sin 24 2
0.52 [Ok]
15840 4062.71 sin 24 6 0.48
q 1
12 12
1807.5 lb
ft
q CN 0.5 L 2e N
400 10.98 0.95 10.43 0.5 115
12 2 0.48 0.7 2.65 1.89
5371.7 lb
ft
.
F. S. 2.98~3[Canbeconsideredjustsafe]
.
S F. S.
L p length L
4 c Z tan
L
3 inalllayers
LO 3ftprovidedinalllayers
e.g.ofatrapeziumasshowninfig(frombottom)
h 1 h
ah h b a
2 2 3
b a h
ah
2
Frombottom
Sothee.g.softrapezium(1)to(6)areasbelow
. .
(1) 10 10.79ftfrombasegeotextileswall
. .
. .
(2) 8 8.93ftfrombasegeotextilewall
. .
. .
(3) 6 6.97ftfrombasegeotextilewall
. .
. .
(4) 6 5.02ftfrombasegeotextilewall
. .
. .
(5) 2 2.99ftfrombasegeotextileswall
. .
. .
(6) 0.99ftfrombasegeotextilewall
. .
Areaoftrapezium(1)to(6)isasbelow:
(1) 51.92 229.45 2
2 281.3716perft
(2) 229.45 345.17 2
2 574.6216perft
(3) 345.17 422.51 2
2 767.6816perft
(4) 422.51 380.16 2
2 802.6716perft
(5) 380.16 406.71 2
2 786.8716perft
PROBLEM:4
Designasuitablepreloadingsystem.
Letusassume2 : 1H loaddispersion.
20 kN
Letunitweightofcompactedsandpad m 3
Sonetfoundationpressure q 1 20
121.75 20
141.75 kNm
Forbearingcapacitycalculationletsconsiderthetoptwosofterlayers.
Cu 26.7 kNm
q 26.7 2 kNm
.
q 64.1 kNm q Hence preloading needed
.
Letsconsiderpreloadingwithembanksandbagshavingdensity 18 kNm
Forembankmenttypeloading(fromB.M.DasFig.3.16)
Andforb z ratio 30
2.5 ; I 0.5
forb z ratio 30
10 ; I 0.49
Soletprovide3.5mheightofpreloadinginthefirststage:
PI 18 3.5 63 kNm
PII 17.64 3.5 61.74 kNm
NoweknowincreaseinshearstrengthduetoconsolidationusingtoexcessverticalpressurePisgiven
by
C K A K
P A
C
Generallywetake 0.3
P
Soletusprovide2.5mpreloadingfurtherin2ndstage.
PI 18 2.5 45 kNm
q 141 kNm q
.
Hence3.5mand2.5mheightofpreloading(total6m)istobedoneintwostagesrespectivelywithsand
bagshavingdensity 18 kNm .
Calculationofsettlementwithoutgroundimprovement
Immediatesettlement:
avg Cu 35 kNm .
.
1 0.5 1
0.157m 157mm.
Consolidationsettlement
Layer m m H m P kNm m HP m
kN
0.807m
Timeforconsolidationunderpreload(withoutanyverticaldrainspreloading
Noradialdrainageorconsolidationtakesplacei. e. U U
C
LetknowT
H
For90%consolidation
TU 1.781 0.933 log 100 U%
0.848
ThenconsideringthatmustoftheconsiderationistotheplaceinthesafeclaylayerorlayerII,wetake
H 15 .
H T
t
C
.
9540 days 26.1 years !
.
Sowehavetoprovideverticaldrainagetospeeduptheprocess.Letsassumethegroundimportanthas
bypreloadinghastobecompletedwithin1month.
Finingupdiaandspacingofsandwicks
Letsprovide75mmdiaandwicksintriangulargridarrangement.
Letsstartwitha2mspacing.
Thendiaofinfluence d 1.05 2 2m
n 28.
F ln n 2.587
Assumingcoefficientofradialcondition.
C 0.04. m day.
C .
T 0.272
.
.
T
U 1 exp 1 e . 0.569
F
C .
T 2.67 10
H
U%
SinceU 53% T
.
U 0.0058
UT 1 1 U 1 U
1 1 0.569 1 0.058
0.594 0.9
Sowehavetodecreasespacingtoachieve90%consolidation.
Letsreducespacingto 1600 mm
n 22.4
. .
F ln 22.4 2.366.
. .
C .
T 0.425
.
.
U 1 exp 0.762
.
U remains as before
Sowehavetofurtherdecreasethespacing.Letspacingbe1500mm.
n 21
F ln n 2.302
C .
T 0.484
.
.
T
U 1 exp 1 e . 0.814.
F
U . as before 0.058
Soletsfurtherreducespacingin1400mm.
n 19.6
. .
F ln 19.6 2.234
. .
.
T 0.555
.
.
U 1 exp 0.863
.
Sospacingistobefurtherreduced.
Usespacingof1.3m.
n 18.2
F ln n 2.161
C .
T 0.644
.
.
U 1 0.908
.
15 long, 75 mm dia
at triangular grid
along with sand wicks
arrang, ent with
spacing of 1.3
Settlementduringpreload
SincesadwicksareextendedtotheendoflayerII,91.3%consolidationsettlementoflayerIandIIare
completeduringpreloading.Alsoimmediatesettlementduringpreloading
1 0.5 1 0.119 m
Consolidationsettlementduringpreloading
.
182 567 0.684 m.
total settlement during preloading 0.119 o. 684 0.803m 803 mm
Settlementafterremovalofpreloadandconstructionofstoragebank