Darwinism

On the origin of species 3tahom Darwin a scientific proof 3la the theory of natural
selection
Bima3na
The universe is rulled by other forced
Not god
Hna kifash dakhal literature
Jat a movement called naturalism, even though different it offers the same grounds
It says the same beli there is no God
And the character or behaviour is determined by heredity and social environment
Hna the meeting point of darwinism and lit
Characters walaw they justify their action through darwinism

Bruntiere's Irony if we may say

He was going to prove that literature is independent w ma3adosh 3ala9a b biology and
stuff
Besa7 he also used darwinism terminology when he explained the origin of literary
genres
He treated them as biological species
Who are born who develop and die
2_ Marxism :
is the conflict between the poor and the rich
Counter capitalism
Capitalism tmed means of production ownership bel wjouh
Only to certain individuals
Hadon l individuals they created a class
An upper middle class smaha the bourgeoisie
W tab9a the working class smaha the proletariat

Aya mala J marx golhom ana m3a the proletariat

Rahom ma7gourin
golhom even though u are using education and self improvement
U need a revolution
To come up with a new system
To guarantee EQUALITY
in this system, there will be common ownership
Of production means
Aya tfahmo jma3a smaweh communism

Galek literature is meant to reflect social and economic aspects

So when u
Analyse
U need to trace these aspects in any novels through theories such as Marxism
For example
James Joyce
Portrait
He gets poor yak when his father is in debts
And he is forced to change schools
Hna there is a sense of classes in the issue
He feels the difference between himself Nd richer ppl
Hna ygolek u saw it from a Marxist angle
Better examples talgahom in Dickens works
The struggle of the working class
In works of realism

So literature reflects economic and political aspects of the age it was written In And in
other ages
This is why Marxism was influential
3_Freud

Galek Freud the mind fih consciousness

Subconsciousness
Nd prconsciousness

Kima kayen f the mind two layers

Galek in literature kayen a language
This language has a literal meaning
The obvious one
and another Which stands for a hidden meaning that is deeper
Kima the mind fih consciousness and subconsciousness
Literature fih the outward meaning and the implicit one

So
It is important to examine the symbols and figurative language that the writers use
To get the deeper meaning
To access to their subconscious mind
Which is the most valuable
As for the layers of personality
Id ego superego

According to which we can explain the actions and the motives of characters
In a psychological way
Gal hada he killed
Why?
It's because he was driven by his desires and needa
Etc
Psychoanalytic ta3 the mind
To get to the subconscious
Through language hidden meaning
And the personality theory to analyse characters

The Criticism:
Galek it's said that Freud treats characters as real ppl
It can be false
W hadik l interprtation li ydirouha 3la character
Might be related to the author
And it might be misleading