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ANNALS OF MATHEMATICS
Vol. 40, No. 4, October, 1939
(1) ~ 2X
ds2 =(1 )(d
X dX)+
)
2r dt
d2
+ + dx2 3d
it is noted that
g44=(~
vanishesforr = A42. This means that a clock kept at this place would go at
the rate zero. Furtherit is easy to show that both light rays and material
particlestake an infinitelylong time (measuredin "coordinatetime") in order
to reach the point r = 4/2 when originatingfroma point r > A42. In this
sense thespherer = 4/2 constitutesa place wherethe fieldis singular. (4 repre-
sents the gravitatingmass.)
There arises the question whetherit is possible to build up a fieldcontaining
such singularitieswith the help of actual gravitatingmasses, or whethersuch
regionswith vanishing944 do not exist in cases which have physical reality.
Schwarzschildhimselfinvestigatedthe gravitationalfieldwhichis produced by
an incompressibleliquid. He found that in this case, too, there appears a
regionwith vanishingg44if only,with given densityof the liquid, the radius of
the field-producing sphereis chosen large enough.
This argument,however,is not convincing;the concept of an incompressible
liquid is not compatiblewith relativitytheoryas elastic waves would have to
travel with infinitevelocity. It would be necessary,therefore,to introducea
compressibleliquid whose equation of state excludes the possibilityof sound
signalswitha speed in excess of the velocityof light. But the treatmentof any
such problemwould be quite involved; besides, the choice of such an equation
of state would be arbitrarywithinwide limits,and one could not be sure that
therebyno assumptionshave been made whichcontainphysicalimpossibilities.
One is thus led to ask whethermatter cannot be introducedin such a way
that questionable assumptionsare excluded fromthe very beginning. In fact
this can be done by choosing,as the field-producing mass, a great numberof
922
ON STATIONARY SYSTEM WITH SPHERICAL SYMMETRY 923
ds ds ds2 ds2 -
X= = dd2X4 d2t
X2 = =2 =s ds= 0.
924 ALBERT EINSTEIN
(4) -(ar')
dtp + b =0.
Because of (2a), we have
T14 = mnOdx,dx4
d= ds
The particle density n with respect to such a system is determinedby the
equations:
noVo=nV, Vo ds = V dt,
whereVo and V denote the restvolume and the coordinatevolume respectively.
Thereforewe have
ds
no= n-
dX4'
We now considerthe case whenthevelocityvectorofthe particlemakes an angle
a withrespectto the xi-axis,and is perpendicularto the x3-axis. By using the
relationsderivedabove and by introducingd12 = dX2 + dx2 , we obtain
ds (dl\2 C.82 T'12m ds (diV
a, cos asinao,
dx4 ds dx4 ds
T" = mnsna T = mn d-Oa!
24 ds ldl"2 .2 14 ds dl dx4
i-I sin a, T'= mn-d-cosa
2
dx4\d dx4dl ds
T = mn (dX4,24\2n
nds = dldx sin a,
mn ds~~~4j
x d8
~d-, dxI ds
926 ALBERT EINSTEIN
all the othercomponentsof the energytensorbeing zero. In the case that the
velocityvectorsare evenlydistributedover all values of a the resultis
2 2
dx4\dsl/ 22
T7" = mn d= T44 .
ds
We now proceedto the case that the componentsof the metrictensorare gii =
922 = 933 = -a and 944= b. The componentsof the energytensorare obtained
by applying the transformation law for tensors and by transformingthe co-
ordinates according to
dx. = adt.
dx4 = b'dX.
We obtain
Til = () Tl = aTn1,
dl and dx4,containedin Tl and T44, are to be replaceddl by a'dl and dx4by bld-t.
Furtherwe have to introducethe particledensitywith respect to the new co-
ordinates,fl, according to
ndxldx2dx3 = ndx1dx2dd3
or
n = ia1.
Afterhaving made all these transformations and substitutions,and omitting
the bars denotingthe new coordinatesystem,we obtain
IT11
= T22 = imna b_ ds (dil2
(7)
T44= m - b dX4
ds
In theseequations ds/dx4and duds have to be replacedby the expressionsgiven
by (4) and (5) which were derived fromthe equations of the geodesic lines.
Furtherwe writedtinsteadofdx4and rdepinsteadofdl. The finalresultis
(9) - = a
ra -+
rb4a,
+ -2ab = 0,
'b
(10) Gil 2
!!O)
a 2 b
#la'
2 ra
lb'
2 rb
1(b'\
4kb)
+b 77l=0?
a /at\I i1a"1 a' 2 a
(11)
(11) ~~bG/44=(-) + 2 -+4( +gT44=0.
a/ ra 4\a/
For Ti, and T44we have to substitutethe expressionsgivenby (7a), (7b). As m
is to be considereda given constant,the only functionsof the coordinatesin
these equations are n, a, and b. It is to be expected in the firstplace that n,
i.e. radial distributionof matter, remains undeterminedby the equations.
This makes necessarythe existenceof an identitybetween the equations (9),
(10), (11). In factsuch an identityexists. Its formis
(13) 2 + a'3' = O.
r2 + 21a'2
928 ALBERT EINSTEIN
r2
(13a) a' r2 2
C =Kna* r
V2
ON STATIONARY SYSTEM WITH SPHERICAL SYMMETRY 929
(15) z
Z-arctgz - = N = K V2 a-hmN
4irro 8r ro
whereN designatesthe numberof particlesin S. It followsfrom(1) that for
r = ro
1+-
2r
Inside the shellit is givenby the same expression,with the difference,
however,
that r is to be replacedby the constantro, wherebythe inequality
ro > 2 (2 + v/3)
2
930 ALBERT EINSTEIN
0*
.05 .042
.14 .06
.2 .055
.23 .013
.27 -0.022
0 A +r 1+ ad
(18)
( dB 4 rda + adr =0
B r ( + a)(1 -a)
wherea is writtenforr/2r.
These equationsdetermineA, B as functionsofr when r or a is givenas func-
tion of r. It turnsout that a, i3,computedfromthe solutionsA, B of (18), are
the solutionsof (13), representedwith the help of the "parameter"functiona.
r is arbitrarywithincertainlimitsbecause it is closelyconnectedwiththe mass
distribution. On the otherhand, A, B, and r have to satisfythe conditionthat
(17) makes possiblecircularparticlepaths forall values of r, i.e. a and b have to
satisfythe inequality (6). In connectionwith (17) we obtain the inequality
B' -_4 a'
(19) 1- '1 2 _ >
- -
+ + 41+a
(18) and (19) togethercompletelydeterminethe problemwithinthe cluster;
that,togetherwiththe values ofA and
a is arbitrarysave forthe onlyrestriction
B, calculated from(18), it has to satisfy(19).
ON STATIONARY SYSTEM WITH SPHERICAL SYMMETRY 933
This inequalityhas to hold withinas well as outside the cluster. For infinite
values of r, a vanishes. Furthera has to be positive,as negative masses are
excluded. Because of the denominator,uf can nowhere be greater than 1.
Thereforethe numeratorof the lefthand side has to be positive. As the second
factorofthe numeratoris always negativethefirstfactorhas to be negative,too.
We thereforeobtain
(19b) o-< 2-\/3.
This is a generalizationof (6a) as (6a) was only proven to hold forthe outside
boundaryofthe cluster.
r representsthe mass enclosed by the sphericalsurfaceof the radius r. In
orderthat negativemasses should be ruled out it is necessarythat everywhere
(20) dr > 0.
dr=
It is furthernecessarythat r vanishes for r = 0. Save for this condition r
may be chosen arbitrarilyif only u-satisfies(19b). When r and thereforeu-is
given then the problemof determiningthe gravitationalfieldof the form(17)
is reducedto the carryingout of two integrations,accordingto (18).
The equations (18) give us the integrationof (13) witharbitrarymass density
distribution,wherethe latteris expressedby r or u. (14) gives the correspond-
ign particledensityn. We shall expressn in termsof u. We have
(23) V2 = :3- 2= )
a' (1 _ o-)2
t
nential term), we obtain
dA 4ao dr
|A 1 + ao r'
(18a)
dB_ 4o-o dr
B 1 -_ r
ON STATIONARY SYSTEM WITH SPHERICAL SYMMETRY 935
A 0
(18b) B
(=\-4Il+)
M= nm47rfr2dr,
Kml
and the total gravitatingmass of the cluster4u. It can be shown that the first
termof (21) gives only a vanishingcontributionforinfinitely great values of c.
This followsfromthefactthat 1+ wheretheinfluence
) vanisheseverywhere
of the exponentialterm of (24) has become unnoticeable. We compute the
contributionof the second termin (21) by omittingthe exponentialtermfrom
thestartand obtain,aftera shortcalculation,as thefinalresult,withy = 2rooo