AFFILIATED TO ABSTRACT

A PROJECT REPORT ON ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The construction of a light dimmer circuit that utilizes the current-regulating properties of
GUJARATTECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY(GTU)
a triac. Prior to being triggered, the triac provides a barrier in the circuit, preventing current flow
LIGHT DIMMER BY USING TRIAC AND DIAC from a 70V AC source through the light bulb. During this time voltage across a capacitor within
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC , (RAJPIPLA) The Completion of any task is incomplete without mentioning the people whose constant
SUBMITTED BY, in the circuit builds up until it exceeds the breakover voltage of a diac. Once the breakover
guidance and solution for the minor or major problems related to our task. voltage is exceeded, the diac fires the triac into a conducting state and current flows through
Names Enroll No: (UNDER M. H.R.D.GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNI VERSI TY)
We give our gratitude to our project guide, in charge of HOD S hree M.B.TADVI of the light bulb. The amount of voltage seen over the light bulb is determined by the firing angle of
PATANWADIA DHAVAL M. 159730309028 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRI CAL ENGI NEERI NG electrical department for his constant support and guidance and encouragement. We also give our the triac which is set by the RC time constant of the circuit. This process then repeats every half
gratitude to our principle S hree K.D.PATEL for encouragement and giving us moral support and cycle. Finally, it can be seen that this switching introduces high order harmonics into the system.
SEWALE BHAVYA V. 159730309047 our faculties MS . KRIS HNA B. CHAUHAN too solve our queries related to tas k.
SHETH SAGAR M. 159730309048 Finally, we express our gratitude to all other members who are involved either directly or
indirectly for the completion of this project.
VALAND PIYUSH M. 159730309056

GUIDED BY :- Ms KRISHNA B. CHAUHAN

DEP ARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE
This is to that the following students (5th SEM) have satisfactorily completed his
IN project work entitled as LIGHT DIMMER BY USING TRIAC AND DIAC for the term
ending in OCT-2017.
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC , RAJPIPLA
Names Enroll No:
PATANWADIA DHAVAL M. 159730309028
SEWALE BHAVYA V. 159730309047
SHETH SAGAR M. 159730309048
VALAND PIYUSH M. 159730309056

DATE
(Project Guide ) (Head of Department )
Ms KRIS HNA B CHAUHAN

1 2 3 4

CHAPTERNO :1 1.2 PRI NCIPLE OPERATIONS CHAPTER NO 2.

INDEX The light sources s uch as tube light or bulbs blink according to their particular watt
BLOCK DIAGRAM
1.1INTRODUCTION rating. If you need more light, then you have to us e high watt bulb and if you need low light,
then you have to replace with low watt rating bulb. But, if there is not needed to change the
The construction, operation, and testing of a light dimmer circuit. Using simple devices
brightness of the light from the same light source, here is the simple light dimmer circuit project,
SR. PAGE such as a diac and a triac, power flow is regulated to a light bulb by intermittently applying a
NAME SIGN which is used to control the brightness of the light according to our requirement. This light
NO NO. 70V AC source across the load during each half cycle. The intensity of the light is determined
dimmer circuit is used to control the voltage which gets to the light. This circuit has been
by the proportion of the sine wave that is applied across the load. This document contains the
1. I NTRODUCTI ON OF PROJECT possible for many decades by using variable transformers and resistors
circuit operation, testing results, and the observations that were made during the exp eriment.
2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
The control circuitry consists of the following :
3 CIRCUI T DIAGRAM 1. Triggering circuit
4. COMPONENT & I TS ESTIMATED COST 2. Triac circuit and

5 TECHNICAL DISCRIPTION OF COMPONENT 3. Power supply circuit.

The power supply circuit will provide DC supply 5v and 12v to the electronic which
6 PROJECT PLANNI NG
require the biasing voltage.
7 REFERENCE The triggering circuit will generate the pulses and are given to triac as gate puls es for
triggering purpose.
And finally triac circuit acts as intermediate part between supply and induction motor.
Therefore applied voltage from the supply to induction motor and thereby lights are controlled. Figure

In this method of control we are using an intermediate part called AC cycloconverter

between the AC s upply and light. Therefore supply voltage is controlled by controlling the gate
pulses to the cycloconverter. And thereby torque is also controlled and thus the control of the
light intensity.

5 6 7 8

CHAPTER NO: 3 WORKI NG CHAPTER NO: 4 CHAPTER NO.5

3.1 CI RCUI T DIAGRAM& I TS WORKING
LI GHT DI MMER CIRCUIT USING TRIAC
This light dimmer circuit is built with various electrical and electronic comp onents like
resistors R1=68 kilo ohms , R2=280 kilo ohms and R3=10 kilo ohms, variable resistors VR1=100
kilo ohms and VR2=200 kilo ohms, capacitors C1, C2 and C3=0.33 uF/400V, TRIAC is BT136
and DIAC is ER900.
4.1COMPONENT LIST DIFFERENT COMPONENT I N DETAIL
1. TRIAC
Modern light dimmers work by changing the duty cycle of the AC voltage which is 3.1.1 TRIAC
2. DIAC
applied to the lights being controlled. For instance, if the voltage is app lied to half of the AC
3. TRANS FORMER
cycle, then the light bulb will appear with less intens ity when it gets the full AC voltage. Because As mentioned above, triac is a three terminal, four layer bilateral semiconductor
4. ZENER DIODE
it gets the low power to heat the filament. These light dimmers us e the brightness knob to control device. It incorporates two SCRs connected in inverse parallel with a common gate
5. S CR
at what point each cycle to switch the light ON and OFF. terminal in a single chip device. The arrangement of the triac is shown in figure. As
6. RECTIFIER
seen, it has s ix doped regions. The gate terminal G makes ohmic contacts with both the
Typical light dimmers are built with thyristors and the fixed time when the thyristor is 7. CAPACITO R
N and P materials. This permits trigger puls e of either polarity to start conduction.
activated virtual to the zero crossings of the AC power is used to determine the level of power. 8. RES IS TOR
Electrical equivalent circuit and schematic symbol are shown in figure.1 and figure 2
When the thyristor activates then it keeps directing until the current passing through when it goes 9. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)
respectively. Since the triac is a bilateral device, the term anode and cathode has no
to zero. The phase can be changed when the TRIAC is activated, you change the duty cycle and meaning, and therefore, terminals are designated as main terminal1. (MT1), main terminal2
thus the brightness of the light. (MT 2) and gate G. To avoid confusion, it has become common practice to specify all
voltages and currents using MT 1 as the reference.

Fig:3

The basic circuit of light dimmer using TRIAC is s hown below and this circuit depends
on phase control. The variable resistor VR1 plays as a main controller in the light dimmer circuit.
The capacitor C2 in the circuit below gets charge from the main supply. In the circuit, variable
resistor VR1 and D1 DIAC are used to control the brightness of the lower level. To overcome the
interface problem, R2 & C3 are used.
Fig: 6
Here in this light dimmer circuit, without any change DIAC can be replaced by the
BC148 transistor. When the transistor is used instead of DIAC, then the base terminal of the CHARACTERIS TICS OF TRIAC
transistor not connected and remaining terminals like emitter and collector are connected without
the help of polarity. In this circuit, diode is used as a DIAC. Typical V-I characteristics of a triac are shown in figure. The triac has on and off
state characteristics similar to SCR but now the characteristic is applicable to both

9 10 11 12

positive and negative voltages. This is expected because triac consists of two SCR the diac cannot be expected to maintain a low (on) voltage drop until its current falls below a
connected in parallel but opposite in directions. 3.1.2 DIAC holding current level.

A diac is an important member of the thyristor family and is usually employed

MT 2 is positive with respect to MT X in the first quadrant and it is negat ive in the
for triggering triacs . A diac is a two-electrode bidirectional avalanche diode which
third quad rant. As already said in previous blog posts , the gate triggering may occur in
can be switched from off-state to the on-state for either polarity of the applied
any of the following four modes.
voltage. This is just like a triac without gate terminal, as shown in figure. Its
equivalent circuit is a pair of inverted four layer diodes. Two schematic symbols are
shown in figure. Again the terminal designations are arbitrary since the diac, like triac, is
also a bilateral device. The switching from off-state to on-state is achieved by simply
exceeding the avalanche break down voltage in either direct ion.
Fig: 10 Transformer

If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the

secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit
through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the
secondary winding [Vs] is in proportion to the primary voltage [Vp], and is given by the
ratio of the number of the s econdary [Ns] to the number of turns in the primary [Np] as
follows:

3.1.4 ZENER DIODE

Fig: 7 Fig: 9
Fig: 8
3.1.3 TRANS FORMER Under specific fabrication conditions, a diode may be created that will not be destroyed
CHARACTERIS TICS OF A DIAC if the breakdown voltage is exceeded, as long asthe current does not exceed a defined
Quadrant I Operatio : VMT2 Positive; VG1 Positive A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
Volt-ampere characteristic of a diac is shown in figure. It resembles the English letter Z because another through inductively coupled conductors the transformers coils. A varying maximum (to prevent overheating). These devices are known as zener diode.
Quadrant II Operation : VM T21 Positive; VGl Negative
Quadrant II Operation : VM T21 Negative; VGl Negative of the symmetrical switching characteristics for either polarity of the applied voltage. current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
Quadrant IV Operation : VMT 21 Negative; VG 1 Positive The diac acts like an open-circuit until its switching or break overvoltage is exceeded. At that transformers core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary
point the diac conducts until its current reduces toward zero (below the level of the holding winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force or
Where VMT21 and VG l are the voltages of terminal MT2 and gate with respect to current of the device). The diac, becaus e of its peculiar construction, does not switch sharply into voltage in the secondary winding. His effect is called mutual induction.
terminal MT1. a low voltage condition at a low current level like the SCR or triac. Instead, once it goes into

The device, when starts conduction permits a very heavy amount of current to flow conduction, the diac maintains an almost continuous negative resistance characteristic, that

through it. This large inrush of current must be restricted by employing external is, voltage decreases with the increase in current. This means that, unlike the SCR and the triac, Fig: 11 ZENER DIODE

resistance, otherwise the device may get damaged.

13 14 15 16
3.1.5 Filename:
SCR dimmer circuit.docx 3.1.8 RES IS TOR
Directory: C:\Users\ankur\Documents
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SCR [Silicon Controlled Rectifier] is a three junction, four layer, and three 3.1.7 CAPACITOR A resistor is a two terminal electrical component that produces a voltage across its
C:\Users\ankur\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Templates\Normal.do
terminal type
tm PNPN switching device. It consists of three electrodes anode [A], cathode terminals that is proportional to the electric current passing through it in accordance with
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a pass ive electronic comp onent
[K] andTitle:
control electrode is called the gate [G]. It allows current to flow in only one Ohms law,
Subject: cons isting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When a potential
direction so it is known as jay
Author: unidirectional device. V = IR
Keywords: difference (voltage) exists across the conductors, an electric field is present in the
Comments: dielectric. This field stores energy and produced a mechanical force between the
Creation Date: 10-10 -2017 18:52 :00
Change Number: 16 conductors . The effect is greatest when there is a narrow s eparation between large areas
Last Saved On: 10-10 -2017 19:45 :00 LED
of conductors ; hence capacitor conductors are often called plates. An ideal capacitor is
Last Saved By: DITYA This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to
Total Editing Time: 45 Minutes characteriz ed by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in faradays.
Last Printed On: 11-10 -2017 09:36 :00 the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An
This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductors to the potential difference
As of Last Complete Printing LED is usually small in areas (less than 1mm2), and integrated optical components are
Number of Pages: 26 between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of
Number of Words: 2,995 (approx.) used to shapeits radiation pattern and assist in reflection.
leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and
Number of Characters: 17,072 (approx.) LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower
the dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.
energy cons umption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, s maller size, faster switching,
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block direct current while allowing Fig 15 RESISTOR
durability and greater reliability. However, they are relatively expensive and require more
Fig: 12 SCR alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and ubiquitous
precise current and heat management than traditional light sources. Current LED products
supplies, and for many other purpos es . They are used in resonant circuits in radio in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and
3.1.6 RECTIFIER for general lighting are more expensive to buy than fluorescent lamp sources of
frequency equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies. films, as well as res istance wire (wire made of a high resistivity alloy, such as
comparable output.
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current [AC], which nickel/chrome). The primary characteristics of a resistor are the res istance, the tolerance,
maximum working voltage and the power rating.
periodically reverses direction, to direct current [DC], current that flows in only one
direction, a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as 3.1.9 LED
components of power supplies and as detectors of radio s ignals. Rectifiers may be made
A LED is a s emiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many
of state diodes , vacuum tube diode, mercury arc values, and other components. The
devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Early LEDs emitted low intensity red
output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts AC into pulsating DC. The
light, but modern vers ions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared
rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier.
wavelengths, with very high brightness. The LED is based on the semiconductor diode.
When a diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with
holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.

Fig: 14 CAPACITOR
Fig: 13 BRIDGE RACTIFIER

17 18 19 20

CHAPTER NO:4 CHAPTER NO: 6 6.2 DISADVANTAGES 6.3 CONCLUSION:

Portability The invention is directed to an SCR circuit controlled universal motor which is equipped

6.1 ADVANTAGES Speed Control with means for providing s mooth speed control at all speed settings that comprises a s eries-
4.1 PROJECT WORK DONE
No Demand Charge wound stator field in the motor and having at leas t one closed conductor loop of wire encircling
Low Initial Cost
the stator magnetic flux path. Preferably a pair of separate clos ed conductor loops encircle the
Simple & Efficient Operation
magnetic path between the poles although at least one loop does improve the speed control. The
N O . P A R T I C U L A R S M O N T H Compact Size cubic inches
invention lies both in the structure to provide the smooth speed control and in the method by
Long Life 30,000 to 50,000 hours
which such control is obtained.
1 . FIND ING T HE T IT AL OF PROJ EC T A UG U S T 2 0 1 7 No Exhaust Emiss ions
Withstand high temporary overloads
2 . CO L LE C T I ON OF DA T A F R OM INT ER N ET SEPT EM BER 2017 Automatic/Remote Start & Control

3 . PREPARATION OF INITIAL REPORT WITH PRESENTATIO N

4 . C O L L E C T C O M P O N E N T OCT OBER 2017

5 . ANA LYSI S OF C IR CUIT D IAGRA M

6 . PREP ARATION OF THE REP ORT WITH P RESENTATION NOVEM BER 2 017

21 22 23 24

6.4 FUTURE SCOPE BIBLIOGRAPHY

WEBS ITES
In electrical regulator by using resistance the output voltage is varied simultaneous ly the
speed is varied. But to reduce the energy losses in the resistor , electronic regulator is introduced, www.ebookbrowse.com
which uses triac to vary the output voltage by varying the firing angle and avoids loss of energy www.electronicsforyou.com
in resistor.
www.digitek.in
This model of speed control of the fan (single phase induction motor) is already existing
technology. Our project(model) of speed control of the fan is only an proto type for the existing www.sridigitek.com
technology.
The existing technology can be improved by doing modifications in the speed adjustment
of the fan through controlling the triac triggering pulses with micro-controller .And the work is
been going for the more efficient and automatic s peed control of the fan(single phas e induction
motor).

25 26