01 Codeibc2015 1

Seismic Changes
Codes define seismic hazard by seismic zoning maps.

Previous codes (UBC 97) are based on 10% chance of
excedance in 50 years. The UBC divides US into four
zones with a Z-factor given in UBC Table 16-1.
IBC 2000-2015 codes based on 2% chance of

exceedance in 50 years (ASCE 21.2.1, 21.5.1)
IBC2015
Problem statement:
A hotel is to be built in Nablus region on a soft rock profile. It is a
soft story structure of six floors.
a. Determine design risk category according to IBC2015
b. Determine allowed method of analysis
c. Determine type of structural system
Step 1: Select the most appropriate risk category: 3
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Calculation of Seismic Design Category (SDC)
Step 1: Select the most appropriate risk category
Step 2: Set the importance factor Ie

Importance factor is a function from the risk category. It points to
the level of danger to human life, health, and welfare concerning
damage to property, loss of use or functionality: 1.25
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Calculation of Seismic Design
Category (SDC)
Step 3: Based on the location of the building, determine the mapped

acceleration parameters Ss & S1
Ss = Mapped 5% damped, spectral response acceleration parameter at
0.2 sec.2.5Z
S1 = Mapped 5% damped spectral response acceleration parameter at
a period of 1 sec.1.25Z
Hazard map of Palestine in terms of earthquake response spectral
acceleration in g, for 475 years return period and damping ratio of 5%
computed for periods (a) 0.2 sec and (b) 1 sec
Ss = 0.325 S1 = 0.075
Or Ss = 2.5*0.2=0.5 S1 =1.25*0.2=0.25 (very large difference in S1)
Determination of response spectrum curve
and analysis method
SS
Determination of response spectrum curve
and analysis method
S1
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Step 4 Determine Site Soil
Classification: Site Classes
See ASCE 7-10 11.4.2, 20
Site Classes are also labeled A-F

A is for hard rock, F for very soft soils
Choice of site class is based on soil stiffness
which is measured in different ways for
different types of soil.
See ASCE 7-10 20 for procedure
If insufficient data is available, assume Site
Class D unless there is a probability of a Site
Class F.
Category (SDC)
Step 4: Upon the Soil profile name, assign the site classification: C
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Step 5 Calculate Response Accelerations:
Compute SMS and SM1
See ASCE 7-10 11.4.3
SMS = FaSS
Fa from Table
11.4-1
SM1= FvS1
Fv from Table
11.4-2
Step 5: Based on the soil profile name and the mapped spectral
accelerations: define the site coefficients, Fa and Fv
Fa = short-period site coefficient (at 0.2 s-period).
Fv = long-period site coefficient (at 1.0 s-period).
Fa = 1.2 Fv = 1.55
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Category (SDC)
Step 6: Calculate the maximum considered earthquake (MCER)

Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters SMS and SM1 using
both site class and site coefficients
SMS = the MCER, 5 percent damped, spectral response
acceleration parameter at short periods adjusted for site class
effects.
SM1 = the MCER, 5 percent damped, spectral response
acceleration parameter at a period of 1 s adjusted for site class
effects.
SMS = Fa * SS = 1.2*0.5=0.6
SM1 = Fv * S1 = 1.55*0.25 = 0.3875
Step 7: Calculate the design spectral acceleration SDS & SD1

Despite that fact that seismic hazard in ASCE 7 is quantified in terms
of 2% of being exceeded in broadening time of 50 years (2500 years
return period), the basic ground motion parameters corresponding
to 10% probability occurs of being exceeded in 50 years (475 years
return period) is closer to reality in Palestine. This results obey with
the low seismicity of the region.
SDS = SMS = 0.6
SD1 = SM1 = 0.3875
IBC2015 response spectrum
For equivalent static force, the value Sds

extends to zero period
Design Response Spectrum
See ASCE 7-10 11.4.5
Period Limiting Values

T0 = .2 SD1/SDS=0.129sec
TS = SD1/SDS=0.646sec
TL=4sec
Sa, design spectral
response acceleration
Sa is a function of
structure period, Tn
Four regions, four
equations.
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New ASCE 7-16
http://kupce.ku.edu/sites/kupce.ku.edu/files/docs/cpep/structural/speaker-presentations-2016/soules.pdf
23
New ASCE 7-16
Section 11.4 of ASCE 7-10 (ASCE 7-16) - Use of only two

response periods (0.2s and 1.0s) to define ELF (and MRSA)
design forces is not sufficient, in general, to accurately
represent response spectral acceleration for all design
periods
Reasonably Accurate (or Conservative) When peak MCER
response spectral acceleration occurs at or near 0.2s and
peak MCER response spectral velocity occurs at or near 1.0s
for the site of interest.
Potentially Non-conservative When peak MCER response
spectral velocity occurs at periods greater than 1.0s for the
site of interest (e.g., softer soil sites whose seismic hazard is
dominated by large magnitude events)
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New ASCE 7-16
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How to fix the Problem
Multipoint spectrum is the ultimate solution but is not

ready for the 2016 Edition (Future Project 17).
Factors could be applied to the current ground motions
to make the correction (fix rejected by ASCE 7).
Require site-specific response analysis in the following
situations (fix accepted by ASCE 7 in Section 11.4.7):
structures on Site Class E sites with SS greater than or
equal to 1.0.
structures on Site Class D and E sites with S1 greater
than or equal to 0.2 (? Too much for our area).
Site-specific studies will become more common place in
large portions of the USA.
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Project 17
Joint BSSC USGS project to develop consensus

between earth science and geotechnical
communities as to basis for maps in ASCE 7-22
Initiated in February 2013
Will complete mid-year 2018 with publication of
preliminary maps for ASCE 7-22
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Project 17
Multi-period spectra
Precision vs. Uncertainty
Small changes in earth science mean radical
change in contours
Maps change significantly every cycle
Changes are not statistically significant
Acceptable Collapse Risk
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Step 8 Determine the Seismic Design Category
See ASCE 7-10 11.6

To be determined for every structure
function of:
Occupancy Category
Spectral Response Accelerations SDS
and SD1.
Used to determine analysis options,
detailed requirements, height
limitations, and other limits on usage.
Seismic Design Categories labeled A-F
Seismic Design Category: summary
Buildings are classified into three seismic

design categories according to their
seismic hazard:
Category A (regions of negligible
seismicity: SDS <0.167 and SD1 <0.067): no
spectral values are required. Use a
minimum lateral force 1% of the dead
load.
Categories B and C (low to moderate
seismicity): use Ss and S1 map values.
Categories D, E and F (high seismicity)
Seismic Design Category A
See ASCE 7-10 11.7
Very limited seismic exposure and risk

Lateral forces taken to equal 1% of
structure weight.
A complete load path must be in place.
Analysis Procedures
Category A: regular and irregular structures designed for a

minimum lateral force
Category B & C: regular and irregular structures using any
of the three methods
Category D, E, & F: Table 12.6-1 with some limits on SDS
and SD1
ELF for regular and some irregular
Modal for some irregular
Site specific required in Site Classes E or F
Step 8: Pick out the most appropriate seismic design category: SDC
D is extracted from the below tables.
Structure Configuration (regular or irregular)
Plan Configuration: ASCE 7-10 12.3.2.1

Vertical Configuration: ASCE 7-10 12.3.2.2
Go to appendix at the end
Structures assigned to Seismic Design Category E or
F having horizontal irregularity Type 1b of Table
12.3-1 or vertical irregularities Type 1b, 5a, or 5b
of Table 12.3-2 shall not be permitted
Structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D
having vertical irregularity Type 5b of Table 12.3-2
shall not be permitted.
Structural configuration (regular or irregular)
Structure Configuration
(regular or irregular)
Plan Configuration
ASCE 7-10 12.3.2.1
Vertical Configuration
ASCE 7-10 12.3.2.2
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Plan Structural Irregularities

1a - Torsional Irregularity
1b - Extreme Torsional Irregularity
2 - Re-entrant Corners
3 - Diaphragm Discontinuity
4 - Out-of-plane Offsets
5 - Nonparallel Systems
Type 1: Torsional Irregularities

1a - Torsional Irregularity
larger story drift more than 1.2 times
average story drift
1b - Extreme Torsional Irregularity
larger story drift more than 1.4 times
average story drift
Not permitted in Design Categories E
&F
Design forces for lateral force connections to
be increased 25% in Design Categories D, E,
& F.
Type 2: Re-entrant Corners

Both projections
beyond the
corner are more
than 15% of the
plan dimension
of the structure
in the same
direction
Type 3: Diaphragm Discontinuities

Diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or variations in
stiffness, including those having cutout or open areas
greater than 50% of the gross enclosed diaphragm area,
or changes in effective diaphragm stiffness of more than
50% from one story to the next.
Design forces for lateral force connections to be

increased 25% in Design Categories D, E, & F.
Type 4: Out-of-Plane Offsets
Discontinuities in a lateral
force resistance path, such
as out-of-plane offsets of
the vertical elements.
Design forces for lateral

force connections to be
increased 25% in Design
Categories D, E, & F.
Type 5: Nonparallel Systems

The vertical lateral force-
resisting elements are not
parallel to or symmetric about
the major orthogonal axes of
the lateral force resisting
system.
Analyze for forces applied in

the direction that causes the
most critical load effect for
Design Categories C - F.
Vertical Irregularities
1a - Stiffness Irregularity -Soft Story
1b - Stiffness Irregularity - Extreme Soft Story
2 - Weight (Mass) Irregularity
3 - Vertical Geometry Irregularity
4 - In-plane Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral Force
Resisting Elements
5a - Discontinuity in Lateral Strength- Weak Story
irregularity
5b - Discontinuity in Lateral Strength- Extreme Weak
Story irregularity
Type 1: Stiffness Irregularities

1a - Soft Story
the lateral stiffness is less than 70%
of that in the story above or less
than 80% of the average stiffness of
the three stories above.
1b - Extreme Soft Story
the lateral stiffness is less than 60%
of that in the story above or less
than 70% of the average stiffness of
the three stories above.
Not permitted in Design Categories
E&F
Type 2: Weight (Mass) Irregularity
Mass irregularity shall be
considered to exist where
the effective mass of any
story is more than 150% of
the effective mass of an
adjacent story. A roof that
is lighter than the floor
below need not be
considered.
Type 3: Vertical Geometry Irregularity

Vertical geometry
irregularity shall be
considered to exist
where the horizontal
dimension of the
lateral force-
resisting system in
any story is more
than 130% of that in
an adjacent story.
Type 4: In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral

Force Resisting Elements
An in-plane offset of the lateral force-resisting elements greater than
the length of those elements or a reduction in stiffness in the
resisting element in the story below.
Design forces for lateral force connections to be increased 25% in
Design Categories D, E, & F.
Type 5: Discontinuity in Capacity weak story

5a. A weak story irregularity is dened to exist where the story
lateral strength is less than 80% of that in the story above. The story
lateral strength is the total lateral strength of all seismic-resisting
elements sharing the story shear for the direction under
consideration.
Not permitted in design category E and F
5b. An extreme weak story irregularity is dened to exist where the
story lateral strength is less than 65% of that in the story above. The
story strength is the total strength of all seismic-resisting elements
sharing the story shear for the direction under consideration.
Not permitted in design category D, E and F.
Category (SDC)
Step 9: Check which method of analysis is legitimated

The table shows three principal methods for analysis. They are:
1- The equivalent lateral force method of analysis, (ELF).
2- The modal response spectrum method of analysis, (MRS).
3- Linear or nonlinear response history method of analysis, (LRH or
NRH).
For the described hotel, ELF is NP
Determination of response spectrum curve and
analysis method
Category A: regular and irregular structures designed for a

minimum lateral force
Category B & C: regular and irregular structures using any of
the three methods
Category D, E, & F: Table 12.6-1 with some limits on SDS and
SD1
ELF for regular and some irregular
Modal for some irregular
Site specific required in Site Classes E or F
Determination of analysis method
Types of structural system
The codes explicitly state that any system not listed

in their tables shall not be permitted unless the
system is proven by theory and experiment to be
capable of resisting earthquakes. As may be
expected, this is a very difficult and involved task
for engineers to complete in practice.
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Types of structural system
-Bearing wall system: walls carrying gravity and lateral

loads.
-Building frame system: Frames carrying gravity loads,
and shear walls take lateral loads.
-Moment resisting frame: Frames carrying gravity and
lateral loads.
-Dual systems with special moment capable of resisting
at least 25% of prescribed seismic force: Frames and
walls carrying gravity and lateral loads.
Selection either from bearing or dual system, trying
bearing wall, the system is special RC shear walls.
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Selection of structural system type
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Response modification factor (R) is 6 to determine
the base shear
system over strength, Omega factor (0) is 2.5 to
determine element design forces .
deflection amplification factor (Cd) is 5 to
determine design story drift.
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ELF
Earthquake engineering philosophy is to relate

earthquake dynamic forces to the equivalent static
forces of the structure.
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Equivalent force method
See ASCE 7-10 12.8.1
Base Shear, V = CsW

Where:
Cs = seismic response coefficient=SDS I/R
SDS = period- dependent coefficient depends on location of
structure and site class
I = importance factor (1-1.5)
R=response modification factor=1.5-8
W = the effective seismic weight, including applicable
portions of other storage and snow loads (See ASCE 7-10
12.7.2)
Seismic Weight, W
See ASCE 7-10 12.7.2
W is to include:
all dead load (all permanent components of the building, including
permanent equipment)
25% of any design storage floor live loads except for floor live load
in public garages and open parking structures.
If partition loads are considered in floor design, at least 0.5kN/m2
is to be included.
A portion of the snow load (20% pf minimum) in regions where
the flat roof snow load exceeds 1.5kN/m2
Response Modification
Coefficient, R
See ASCE 7-10 12.2
The response modification factor, R,

accounts for the dynamic characteristics,
lateral force resistance, and energy
dissipation capacity of the structural
system.
Can be different for different directions.
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Fundamental Period, T
May be computed by analytical means:
Rayleighs formula
May be computed by approximate means, Ta

Where analysis is used to compute T: T < Cu Ta
Cu is given in Table 12.8-1

Approximate Fundamental Period, Ta
An approximate means may be used.
Ta = CThnx
Where:
CT = Building period coefficient.
hn = height above the base to the highest level of the building
for moment frames not exceeding 12 stories and having a minimum
story height of 3m, Ta may be taken as 0.1N, where N = number of
stories.
For masonry or concrete shear wall buildings use eq 12.8-9
Ta may be different in each direction.
See ASCE 7-10

12.8.2
Where
Ct =0.047 for moment resisting frame systems of
reinforced concrete
= 0.049 for other concrete structural systems
x = 0.9 for concrete moment resisting frames
=0.75 for other concrete structural systems
hn = distance from base to highest level (in m)
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Vertical Distribution of Base Shear
For short period buildings the

vertical distribution follows
generally the first mode of vibration
in which the force increases linearly
with height for evenly distributed
mass.
For long period buildings the force
is shifted upwards to account for
the whipping action associated with
increased flexibility
Story Force, Fx
Fx = CvxV
Where Cvx = Vertical Distribution Factor
k
W x hx
Cv x
n
k
W i hi
i= 1
Wx = Weight at level x
hx = elevation of level x above the base
k = exponent related to structure period
When T < 0.5sec, k =1, When T > 2.5sec, k =2,
Linearly interpolate when 0.5 < T < 2.5sec
Story Shear, Vx
Story shear, Vx, is the shear force at a given story level
Vx is the sum of all the forces above that level.
Horizontal Distribution
See ASCE 7-10
12.8.4
Being an inertial force, the Story Force, Fx, is distributed in
accordance with the distribution of the mass at each level.
The Story Shear, Vx, is distributed to the vertical lateral force

resisting elements based on the relative lateral stiffnesses of the
vertical resisting elements and the diaphragm.
Torsion
The analysis must take into account any torsional effects resulting
from the location of the masses relative to the centers of
resistance.
In addition to the predicted torsion, accidental torsion must be
applied for structures with rigid diaphragms by assuming the
center of mass at each level is moved from its actual location a
distance equal to 5% the building dimension perpendicular to the
direction of motion.
Buildings of Seismic Design Categories C, D, E, and F with torsional
irregularities are to have their accidental torsional moments
magnified by the following:
Example 1
An 8-story residential building with story height = 3 m is shown. The

building will be constructed in a region with 2% probability of excedance
Ss = 0.5, S1 =0.16 and TL = 4 sec. The site is classified as Soil Type C. The
structural system of the building consists of 4 RC moment frames spaced
in each direction.
The first 7 floors carry a total mass weight of 10kN/m2. The 8th floor
carries a total mass weight of 7kN/m2.
Find the design seismic force for each of the four frames marked 1
through 4 on the plan if the earthquake direction is along these frames
(in the short direction as also shown in the same figure). Assume no
torsion.
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Example 1
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Example 1
1. Seismic coefficients Fa=1.2, Fv=1.65

SMS = Fa Ss = 1.2(0.50) = 0.60
SDS = 2/3 SMS = 2/3(0.60) = 0.40
S M1 = Fv S1 = 1.65(0.16) = 0.264
SD1 = 2/3 SM1 = 2/3(0.264) = 0.176
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Example 1
(2) A residential building of 8 stories has less than 250

people so it is in risk category I.
For an SDS= 0.40, and an SD1 = 0.176, the building is
in Seismic Design Category C.
Because the design category is C, ELF may be used
The importance factor, I, is 1.
(3) Response spectrum

Ts = SD1lSDS = 0.176/0.4 = 0.44 sec
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Example 1
Ta = 0.0466(24)0.9 = 0.81 sec

Table 12.2.1, indicates that ordinary moment
frames are not allowed for Seismic Design Category
C, but intermediate and special moment frames are
permitted. Therefore,Example
if an intermediate
1 moment
frame is selected for the building, the response
modification factor, R, is obtained for IMF as R = 5.
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Example 1
(4) Mass weight, W: A = 9(12) = 108 m2

weight first 7 floors: wi = 10(108) = 1,080kN
Weight 8 floor: w8 =7(108) = 756kN
Total W = 1,080(7) + 756 = 8,316 kN
(5) Base shear,
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Example 1
V = Cs W = 0.043(8,316) = 358 kN
(6) Vertical force distribution (floor forces),
T = 0.810.5 and 2.5, k=1+(0.81 - 0.5)/(2.5 - 0.5) = 1.16
level w (kN) h (m) w(h^1.16) F
8 756 24 30169 64
7 1080 21 36915 78
6 1080 18 30870 66
5 1080 15 24986 53
4 1080 12 19287 41
3 1080 9 13815 29
2 1080 6 8631 18
1 1080 3 3863 8
22/3/2015 sum 168536 358 82

(7) Horizontal distribution of forces due to Fx:
Each frame force will be composed of two components: one due to
the force applied at the CR and another one due to the
eccentricity of the CM.
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Example 1
The frame forces due to a force applied at CR is

proportional to frame stiffness because all frames
displace the same amount as shown. The relative
stiffness k1 = k, k2 = 2k, k3 = 2k, k4 = k. Thus, interior
frames share is twice exterior
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Example 1
(8) Horizontal force distribution due to eccentricity of
force, Fx: Because CM does not coincide with CR, this
eccentricity will generate a torsional moment. The
force distribution due to this moment is proportional to
rotational stiffness of each frame. Illustration of how to
do it in
a later
example.
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Modal Response Spectrum MRS Analysis
This method is used for structures that do not conform to the

requirements of the ELF method.
The analysis shall include a sufcient number of modes to obtain
a combined modal mass participation of at least 90% of the
actual mass in each of the orthogonal horizontal directions of
response considered by the model.
The value for each parameter of interest calculated for the
various modes shall be combined using the square root of the
sum of the squares (SRSS) method, the complete quadratic
combination (CQC) method, or an approved equivalent
approach.
The CQC method shall be used for each of the modal values
where closely spaced modes have signicant cross correlation
of translational and torsional response.
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The value for each force-related design parameter

of interest, including story drifts, support forces,
and individual member forces for each mode of
response shall be computed using the properties of
each mode and the response spectra divided by the
quantity R/(gI). The value for displacement and
drift quantities shall be multiplied by the quantity
Cd /I.
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Where the calculated fundamental period exceeds CuTa in

a given direction, CuTa shall be used in lieu of T in that
direction.
Where the combined response for the modal base shear
(Vt) is less than 85 percent of the calculated base shear (V)
using the ELF procedure, the forces shall be multiplied by
0.85V/Vt
The response modification above indicates that the code is
more concerned about the distribution of the force inside
the structure as determined by MRS. Consequently, the
force distribution inside the structure must be maintained
with revised values according to the conditions above.
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Time-History Analysis
IBC allows the use of time-history analysis (ASCE 7, Chapter 16. To

include directional effect, the code requires the simultaneous
application of earthquake records to both major directions.
This type of analysis requires ground motion records. These records

shall reflect site characteristics and seismic hazard and can either be
scaled from actual records or artificially generated (synthetic records).
The code requires use of a suite of pairs of records.
The code specifies if 7 records are used in the analysis, the maximum
response quantities may be taken as the average of the resulting values.
If less than 7 records, the response values shall be taken as the
maximum value of all records for each quantity.
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Time-History Analysis
Time-history analysis may be performed using elastic

and inelastic structural properties. In the elastic
analysis procedure, the design forces and
displacements are obtained by modifying the results of
the computer output by the factors R and . In the
inelastic analysis procedure, the design forces and
displacements are directly obtained from the analysis.
For inelastic analysis, an approved hysteresis model is
needed (based on the experimental and analytical
results). In addition, the code requires the design to be
reviewed by an independent team of experts (for
example, licensed professional engineers).
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Example 2
4-storey RC slab-beam structure shown with dimensions next page
10cm slab, square beams and columns 35cm dims.
superimposed loads=130kg/m2, E=35GPa, =0.2, =2.5t/m3
Find base shear and its distribution across height in x-direction if

structure is located in Nablus on rock and is subjected to
earthquake using:
1. Equivalent lateral force method and IBC2015 response spectrum.
2. Response spectrum dynamic analysis method and IBC2015

response spectrum.
3. Time history analysis method and structure is subjected to

Elcentro earthquake
Example 2
Example 2
Example 2
From Tables 11.6-1 and 11.6-2, the seismic design category for risk
category 1 and 2 and for Sds=0.5 and Sd1=0.25 is: C or D. Thus
use D (however: for this category neither OMF nor IMF are
permitted, whereas for category C IMF is permitted.
Recommend use IMF for appropriate available technology)
Structure with no irregularities and not exceeding 48m in height,
ELF is permitted
Example 2
Example 2
Area=12*12=144m2 /floor
Slab mass=144*0.1*2.5=36t/floor
Superimposed=144*.13=18.7t/floor
Beam mass=(8*12)(0.35((0.25)*2.5=21t/floor
Column mass=16*3(0.352)*2.5=14.7t/floor
Floor mass=36+18.7+21+14.7=90.4t
Structure mass=90.4*4=361.6t
V=0.1*361.6*9.81=355kN
SAP result=.kN
Example 2
Fx CvxV
k
W x hx
Cvx n
W
i 1
i hi k
k 1:T 0.5sec, k 2 :T 2.5sec

Example 2
Example 2
Response spectrum
Dynamic analysis will be performed using the following:
scale factor=g/(R/I)=9.8/5=1.96 (in case computer software is
programmed for 2% excedance do modifications)
The result is: V=..kN
Example 2
time history
The earthquake should be modified to suit the location. The

PGA= 0.37g for elcentro. Thus multiply by (.2/0.37) for
equivalent earthquake.
Instead of doing nonlinear analysis, we can do linear analysis
and use: (R/I) scale factor=0.01*.2/.37R=0.00108, the result will
be V=.kN
Load Combinations
The load combinations that include seismic effect

are given as follows:
U = 1.2D + L + E
U = 0.9D + E
Where E is calculated as follows:
E = Eh + Ev = QE + 0.2SDSD
QE = Effect of horizontal seismic forces
= the reliability factor
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The Reliability Factor,
The reliability factor , , is intended to encourage redundant

force paths in the structure. In other words, the code requires
larger design seismic forces for less redundant systems.
The factor, , may be taken as 1.0 for eight cases listed in ASCE
7-10 12.3.4.1, including Seismic Design Categories A-C.
For structures of Seismic Design Categories D-F:
= 1.3
With listed exceptions (ASCE 7-10 12.3.4.2)

Definitions and Requirements of Structural Systems
structural systems may be grouped into three major categories:

frames, shear walls, and a combination of both (dual systems). For
each system. The code assigns values for R, 0 and for Cd (IBC Table
12.2-1). Each system listed in this table has associated detailing and
design requirements.
The ACI code provides detailing of reinforced concrete structures for
seismic provisions, the AISC code provides detailing of steel elements
for seismic provisions.
The systems approved by the IBC code are listed in IBC Table 12.2-1.
Some of these systems are prohibited in high seismic risk regions. For
example, concrete OMRF are prohibited for Seismic Design Categories
C, D, E and F.
For nonbuilding structures, the code assigns values for R, 0 and for
Cd as given in ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 and 15.4-2. Such structures
include tanks, silos, chimneys, towers .
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Diaphragm Design Forces
Floor and roof diaphragms shall be designed to

resist an in-plane force, Fpx, given as
where the summation is carried out from the

diaphragm under consideration to the top of the
building. F and w are the forces and weights of the
floors as defined in previous sections.
22/3/2015 104
Story Drift Determination
Drift limitations under earthquakes are imposed on

inelastic displacements. The story drift, , is defined as
the relative displacements between adjacent story
displacements, . The story displacement, x, at level x
is calculated as follows:
22/3/2015 105
P-Delta Effects: modify
P-delta effects on story shears and moments, the

resulting member forces and moments, and the story
drifts induced by these effects are not required to be
considered where the stability coefcient () as
determined by the following equation is equal to or less
than 0.10:
22/3/2015 106
The story drift limitation is given according to the Seismic Design Category
in Table
The drift limitations under earthquakes are almost ten times its
limitations under other service loads.
22/3/2015 107

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Seismic Changes

Codes define seismic hazard by seismic zoning maps.

IBC 2000-2015 codes based on 2% chance of

Step 1: Select the most appropriate risk category: 3

Step 2: Set the importance factor Ie

Step 3: Based on the location of the building, determine the mapped

Site Classes are also labeled A-F

See ASCE 7-10 11.4.3

Step 6: Calculate the maximum considered earthquake (MCER)

Step 7: Calculate the design spectral acceleration SDS & SD1

For equivalent static force, the value Sds

See ASCE 7-10 11.4.5

Period Limiting Values

Section 11.4 of ASCE 7-10 (ASCE 7-16) - Use of only two

Multipoint spectrum is the ultimate solution but is not

Joint BSSC USGS project to develop consensus

See ASCE 7-10 11.6

Buildings are classified into three seismic

See ASCE 7-10 11.7

Very limited seismic exposure and risk

Category A: regular and irregular structures designed for a

Plan Configuration: ASCE 7-10 12.3.2.1

Plan Structural Irregularities

Type 1: Torsional Irregularities

Type 2: Re-entrant Corners

Type 3: Diaphragm Discontinuities

Design forces for lateral force connections to be

Type 4: Out-of-Plane Offsets

Design forces for lateral

Type 5: Nonparallel Systems

Analyze for forces applied in

Type 1: Stiffness Irregularities

Type 3: Vertical Geometry Irregularity

Type 4: In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral

Type 5: Discontinuity in Capacity weak story

Step 9: Check which method of analysis is legitimated

Category A: regular and irregular structures designed for a

The codes explicitly state that any system not listed

-Bearing wall system: walls carrying gravity and lateral

Earthquake engineering philosophy is to relate

Base Shear, V = CsW

See ASCE 7-10 12.7.2

The response modification factor, R,

May be computed by approximate means, Ta

Cu is given in Table 12.8-1

See ASCE 7-10

Vertical Distribution of Base Shear

For short period buildings the

The Story Shear, Vx, is distributed to the vertical lateral force

An 8-story residential building with story height = 3 m is shown. The

1. Seismic coefficients Fa=1.2, Fv=1.65

(2) A residential building of 8 stories has less than 250

The importance factor, I, is 1.

(3) Response spectrum

Ta = 0.0466(24)0.9 = 0.81 sec

(4) Mass weight, W: A = 9(12) = 108 m2

22/3/2015 sum 168536 358 82

The frame forces due to a force applied at CR is

This method is used for structures that do not conform to the

The value for each force-related design parameter

Where the calculated fundamental period exceeds CuTa in

IBC allows the use of time-history analysis (ASCE 7, Chapter 16. To

This type of analysis requires ground motion records. These records