Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I. Morbidity
II. Mortality
Measures of Disease Frequency
Incidence Rate
a type of rate
the number of new cases that
develop in a group of individuals
during a specific time period
Some medical statistic in Epidemiology :
Morbidity statistic
Mortality statistic
Measurement of Risk *)
Screening *)
Standardization *)
1. INCIDENCE RATE
2. INCIDENCE PROPORTION
3. ATTACK RATE
4. PREVALENCE PROPORTION
5. PROPORTIONAL DISTRIBUTION
6. MORTALITY RATE
Time
# Events
Incidence Rate =
individual time periods at risk
Incidence Rate
The incidence rate is an instaneous measure.
Although it is measured over a period of time,
the measurement time has no connection
with the time units used to express rate, and
whatever its value, it refers to only an instant
in time.
E.g: vehicle speed
Incidence Proportion
The average risk for a population
The proportion of a population that develops
a disease during a specified time.
It is measured only in closed populations
= cumulative incidence
Incidence Proportion
and Incidence Rate
For small incidence proportion,
Incidence Proportion I T
For larger incidence proportion, if I is constant
over time,
Incidence Proportion = 1 e -I T
When I varies over time,
Incidence Proportion = 1 e -IiTi
ATTACK RATE
Similar as Incidence rate
It is used in a short period of an event an
outbreak -, the population being affected is
limited closely, the duration of epidemic is
short period.
The formula is the same as the incidence
rate.
Prevalence proportion
The proportion of a population that has
disease at given instant.
Period Prevalence
The total number of persons known to have
had the disease or attribute at any time during
specified period .
Annual Prevalence
PROPORTIONAL DISTRIBUTION
The percentage of a disease or event in a
defined population to all diseases or events
happened in those population.
Example :
Percentage of death of heart disease
compared to all death happened in the
population.
Percentage of sickness cause by certain
disease compare to all disease happened in
the population.
THE INCIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS
1. Indicated for the new events or cases
occurred in the population
2. A fundamental tool in etiological study of
disease
3. Act as direct indicator of the risk of getting
sick ( the probability of getting sick )
THE INCIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS
In a steady state,
Prevalence proportion = I x D/ (1 + I x D)
Prevalence odds = I x D
VITAL EVENTS:
Births
Marriages
Divorces
Deaths
Mortality Studies
Distribution of mortality in populations
Time: Trend in mortality rates - secular trends
- trends over time
Place: Migrant studies - helps to establish an
environmental contribution to disease
Person: Age, gender, race & ethnicity, social
class, birth cohort
Mortality Data Sources
Autopsy records
Financial records (insurance, pension)
Hospital records
Occupational records
Death Certificates
Mortality statistics - Autopsies
Autopsy data and hospital records may be more
accurate about details, but may not represent
the general population
Useful for investigating diseases with a high-case
fatality
Problem of selection bias - impossible to
correlate an autopsy series with any well-
defined population at risk, or to estimate the
frequency of disease
MORTALITY RATE :
The rapidity with which persons within a given
population die from a particular disease
MORTALITY STATISTIC
The are 3 elements :
1. Group of population who are at risk of death
(denominator)
2. Designed period of time
3. Number of death in group of population in
designed period of time (numerator)
CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR)
Number of population dying every year or
number of death in the community per 1000
population divided by population taken at
midyear.
Age Specific Death Rate
Number of death of specific group every year
per 1000 of specific group divided by number
of specific group.
E.g. : Neonatal Mortality Rate, Perinatal
Mortality Rate, Infant Mortality Rate,
Maternal mortality Rate, etc.
CAUSE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE
Death rate for any specific disease, such as
heart disease, may be stated for the entire
population or for any age, race, or sex
subgroup.
CASE FATALITY RATE ( in % )
The number of death due to the disease in a
specified period of time divided by the
number of cases of the disease in the same
period of time.
The k = 100
Other Demographic Measures:
Survival Analysis
Used to make demographic predictions and to
analyze data in clinical trials
Years of Potential Life Lost (YPPL)
o Recognizes that death occurring in the same
person at a younger age clearly involves a greater
loss of future productive years than were it to
occur at an older age.
o Measures the impact of premature mortality on a
population
YPLL before age 65 years among
children younger than 20.