Professional Documents
Culture Documents
David A. Reckhow
1 University of Massachusetts Dave Reckhow
Outline
Intro & Definitions
NOM Generation
The Hydrologic Cycle
Land vsWater sources
Compounds in NOM
Water Treatment
Historical
Types of Treatment Its one of my favorite
recipes. I call it NOM
Components or Processes
Some current issues & popular books
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4 Dave Reckhow
Watershed Origins
Upper Soil Horizon
Litter Layer
Lake
Algae
Aquifer
Sediment & Gravel in Lake Bed
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5 Dave Reckhow
Watershed Origins
Lake
Algae
Aquifer
Sediment & Gravel in Lake Bed
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6 Dave Reckhow
D&M, Fig 6-1
Hydrologic Cycle
Three levels
Surface runoff, overland flow, direct runoff
Interflow
Infiltration, percolation, groundwater flow
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Dave Reckhow
During dry periods: base flow
http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/images/nature/grdwtr/a5f2e.htm
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Dave Reckhow
NOM: Which is the bigger source?
or
Allochthonous Autochthonous
9 land plants Aquatic plants
Dave Reckhow
Aquatic sources: Algae
Scenedesmus quadricauda
~25% from EOM
Cyclotella sp.
Algae
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Dave Reckhow
pH 7, 20-24C, chlorine excess
Terrestrial Sources: Darleen Bryans study
Leaching Experiments
Oak SUVA
1.2 Pine SUVA 6
Ultraviolet (UV254)
SUVA (L/mg-C/m)
absorbance 1.0 5
measures a certain
0.8 4
fraction
0.6 3
The ratio of UV254
to dissolved organic 0.4 2
carbon (DOC)
0.2 1
concentration is
called SUVA and 0.0 0
0 2 4 6 8
reflects organic
Leaching Time (days)
matter reactivity
UV254
12 SUVA x100 Dave Reckhow
DOC
Composition of an average leaf
250 g/m2/yr EABP
Highly-
colored
Some
color
13 Dave Reckhow
Plant biopolymers
Cellulose
Lignin
Phenyl-propane units
Cross-linked
Radical polymerization
Ill defined structure
Hemicellulose
Terpeniods
Proteins
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Dave Reckhow
Tannins, Aromatic Acids and Phenols, cont.
Lignin monomers
COOH COOH
OCH3
OH
OH
C C
H OH
Plant Products OH
HO O H
Likely THM Precursors
OH
Source of Color & DBPs
HO H H
O
HO OH
H2 H OH
HO C O C Condensed Tannin
HO O CH OH
HO
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HO C O CH2 Hydrolyzable Tannin Dave Reckhow
HO
Carbohydrates
empirical formula: Cx(H2O)y
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
H H H OH O
O O
H O H
H OH H OH H
OH H
OH OH
OH OH H OH H OH
H OH
CH2OH
H OH
O
Glucosamine (amino sugar) H
OH H
OH H
17 H NH2 Dave Reckhow
At neutral pHs most lose H+
maybe 4% of DOC
other mixed acids may account for 2%
CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH H3-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH
Butyric Acid Valeric Acid
HO C C COOH
H2 H
Tyrosine
Polypeptides &
Proteins
Comprised of many
19 AAs Dave Reckhow
Filter
NOM Quantification: TOC & DOC
Principle: oxidize all organic matter to Carbon dioxide and
water. Then measure the amount of carbon dioxide produced
b d b c
Ca H b N c Od (a )O2 aCO2 H 2O N 2
4 2 2 2
Oxidation
High Temperature
Pyrolysis
UV Irradiation
Heated Persulfate
20UV/Persulfate Dave Reckhow
Concentrations: Pedogenic
Land Sources
From Woody & non-woody plants
Depends on vegetation, soil, hydrology
Most biodegradable fractions are quickly lost
Attenuated by adsorption to clay soils
Parallel watersheds in Australia (Cotsaris et al., 1994)
Clearwater Creek, high clay content: 2.5 mg/L TOC
Redwater Creek, sandy soil: 31.7 mg/L TOC
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Concentrations: Aquagenic
Algal & aquatic plant Sources
Depend on nutrient levels / trophic state
Concentrations in Lakes (mg/L) (Thurman,
1985) Trophic State Mean DOC Range
Oligotrophic 2 1-3
Mesotrophic 3 2-4
Eutrophic 10 3-34
Dystrophic 30 20-50
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http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html
Dave Reckhow
Soho, Westminster
25
Picadilly Circus
Photo courtesy of the Leal
family and Mike McGuire
27
Melosi, 2000, The Sanitary City, John Hopkins Press
Todays Conventional Treatment
Coagulation & solids separation Removes some of the
Use of alum or another chemical coagulant NOM & suspended
rapid mix, flocculation, settling, filtration particles
Coagulant Disinfectant
Dist.
Clear Sys.
well
raw water rapid flocculation Settling Filtration
28 mix Dave Reckhow
Coagulation chemistry
Ferric Sulfate
Fe2 ( SO4 )3 + 6 OH - 2Fe(OH )3 + 3 SO2-
4
Alum
2
Al2 ( SO4 ) 3 18 H2 O 2 Al (OH ) 3 3SO 6 H 12 H2 O
4
Mechanisms
Precipitation of metal hydroxide, then:
Adsorption of contaminants
Enmeshment of particles
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NOM removal by alum
coagulation
9 450
Impacts of pH and dose
Control (no alum)
8 400
7 350
48 mg/L dose
5 250
4 200
96 mg/L dose
3 150
Manganese
2 100
Rennes IV Raw Water Mn precipitation
1 (France) 11/19/84 50
Reckhow & Bourbigot (unpublished data)
0 0
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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pH
Flocculation
An Empty full-scale rectangular flocculation tank in Southern
CA
Can be done in
the lab by slowly
mixing your
sample with a
stirrer or on a
shaking table
MWDSC
Weymouth Plant
31 12 Dec 05
Dave Reckhow
Settling
Circular and
rectangular designs
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Dave Reckhow
Chlorination
Chlorine tanks
Left side is
currently feeding
Right side is on
34
reserve
Dave Reckhow
Other Types: Ozone Plants
Many types
Simplest type: ozone, non-filtration shown below
examples: MWRA (Boston), Portland ME
More complex: including coagulation & Filtration
examples: Andover MA, Amherst MA
Always includes final disinfection with chlorine or chloramines
Cl2 O3
Cl2 NH3
Dist.
Sys.
35
Dave Reckhow
Ozone
Generator
Diffusers
36
Ultraviolet Light
Waterloo, Ont
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Membrane Treatment
National City,
CA
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1921-2010
Oxidized NOM
The Precursors! and inorganic chloride
HOCl Aldehydes
Chloroform
40 Bromodichloromethane Chlorodibromomethane Bromoform
a
41
Multiple Routes of Exposure
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Epidemiology
Bladder Cancer
DBPs linked to 9,300 US cases every
year
Other Cancers
Rectal, colon
Reproductive & developmental
effects
Neural tube defects 137,000 at
Miscarriages & Low birth weight risk in US?
Cleft palate
Other
Kidney & spleen disorders
Immune system problems, neurotoxic
effects
44 I think you should be more explicit here
in step two
Observational: THMs, THAAs
The DBP Iceberg
DHAAs
ICR Compounds
Halogenated
Non-halogenated
Compounds
Compounds
Another
Sandra Hempel
Journalist
2007 publication date
Similar in many ways to
Johnsons book
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Dave Reckhow
Biography
A serious biography
2003 publication
Primarily written by MDs
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Dave Reckhow
Cholera & beyond
Robert Morris
Environmental
epidemiologist
2007 publication date
More comprehensive
Cholera to DBPs to
Crypto
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Dave Reckhow
Lead Hazards
2006 publication date
Werner Troesken
Professor of History
Presents many historical
lessons on societys
failure to balance public
health with profit
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Dave Reckhow
The End
Cl
NOM HC Cl
Cl
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50 Dave Reckhow