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SHAFTS
MCL2 11
DE PARTME N T OF MECHANICA L E NG IN E E RIN G
IIT DE L HI
Shafts
A shaft is
a rotating member,
usually of circular cross section,
used to transmit power or motion.
It provides
the axis of rotation of elements such as gears, pulleys,
flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and the like and controls the
geometry of their motion.
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Shafts
An axle is
a non-rotating member that carries no torque and is used to
support rotating wheels, pulleys, and the like.
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Shaft Design
Material Selection
Geometric Layout
Stress and strength
Static strength
Fatigue strength
Deflection and rigidity
Bending deflection
Torsional deflection
Slope at bearings and shaft-supported elements
Shear deflection due to transverse loading of short shafts
Vibration due to natural frequency
Shaft Design
Stress at a section of interest is a function of local geometry.
Stress analysis at a specific point on a shaft can be made
using only the shaft geometry in the vicinity of that point.
Geometry of the entire shaft is not needed.
In design it is usually possible to locate the critical areas,
size these to meet the strength requirements.
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Shaft Design
Deflection is a function of the geometry everywhere.
The deflection and slope analyses cannot be made until the
geometry of the entire shaft has been defined.
Shaft Design
Shaft sizing
Shaft design allows a consideration of stress first.
Then, after tentative values for the shaft dimensions have been
established, the determination of the deflections and slopes
can be made.
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Shaft Materials
Deflection primarily controlled by geometry, not material
Stress controlled by geometry, not material
Strength controlled by material property
Shaft Materials
Shafts are commonly made from low carbon, CD or HR
steel, such as AISI 10201050 steels.
Fatigue properties dont usually benefit much from high
alloy content and heat treatment.
Surface hardening usually only used when the shaft is being
used as a bearing surface.
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Shaft Materials
Cold drawn steel typical for d < 3 in.
HR steel common for larger sizes. Should be machined all over.
Low production quantities
Lathe machining is typical
Minimum material removal may be design goal
Shaft loads
Torsion
Bending
Axial
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Free-body diagram.
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Shaft loads
Shaft loads
Torsion due to transmitted torque
Bending at transverse loads at gears teeth and sprockets.
Fluctuating stresses even under constant load.
Axial loads are introduced by helical and worm gears. Self
weight in vertical shafts and is present in turbines etc.
usually does not lead to significant stresses.
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Shaft loads
Stress concentrations due to keyways, splines, shoulders
and oil holes
Usually end up with combination of steady, time varying
torque, and bending loads
Even though the shaft is a common element, its design
leads to complex multi-axial stress analysis.
Shaft Layout
The general layout of a shaft to accommodate shaft
elements, e.g. gears, bearings, and pulleys, must be
specified early in the design process.
The geometry of a shaft is generally that of a stepped
cylinder.
The use of shaft shoulders is an excellent means of axially
locating the shaft elements and to carry any thrust loads.
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Shaft Layout
Issues to consider for shaft
layout
Axial layout of components
Supporting axial loads
Providing for torque
transmission
Assembly and Disassembly
A vertical worm-gear
speed reducer.
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In this case the inner ring is secured to the shaft using a snap ring.
Note the use of a shield to prevent dirt generated from within the
machine from entering the bearing.
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