Professional Documents
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http://www.ececs.uc.edu/~cordeicm
cordeicm@ececs.uc.edu
1
Main Goal
Investigate and understand the concepts and
technologies needed in The Last Mile
Topics Covered
Introduction
Basics of Broadband Wireless Communications
Wireless Local Loops (WLLs)
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)
Conclusions and Future Directions
2
1
Wireless Technologies
WAN
(Wide Area Network)
MAN
(Metropolitan Area Network)
LAN
(Local Area Network)
PAN
(Personal Area
Network)
PAN LAN MAN WAN
802.11a,11b,11g 802.11 GSM, GPRS,
Standards Bluetooth
HiperLAN2 MMDS, LMDS CDMA, 2.5-
2.5-3G
Speed < 1Mbps 2 to 54+ Mbps 22+ Mbps 10 to 384Kbps
M M DS Data Packet
LMDS
Services Data/Voice
Cisco/
Bosch GPRS UM TS
M obile IP
2
Introduction
Last Mile
Connectivity between local signal distributor
(provider) and home (or the end user)
The interconnection and interoperation of
Home appliances
Entertainment devices
PC hardware
Networking devices
Security, lighting and environmental control systems
Objective
High-speed distribution of information (Audio, Video, and
Data) requiring higher bandwidth
5
3
Envisioned Communication puzzle of 4G
Residential Broadband
Home Area Network Gateway (RG) Local Loop
(HAN)
Electrodomestic
Network Device 8
(END)
4
Broadband local loop
Connection between the local provider and consumer
Telephone Wires, Coaxial Cable, Fiber Optics, Wireless RF,
Satellite Communications
10
5
dB (relative measure)
$ 100B
dB = 10 log (times)
1011
107 $ 10M
1,000 times
30 dB
$ 10K
104
Bill Steve Grad
11
Path loss in dB
10 W P1
dB = 10 log (----)
101 P2
Power
10-3 1 mW
6
dBm (absolute measure of power)
10 W = 40 dBm P1
dBm = 10 log (-------)
101 1mW
+ 10,000 times
Power
10-3 1 mW = 0 dBm
- 1,000 times
1 W = -30 dBm
10-6
source d1 d2
13
130
120
Path Loss Lf (dB)
fc=150MHz
110 fc=200MHz
fc=400MHz
100
fc=800MHz
90
fc=1000MHz
80 fc=1500MHz
70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Distance d (km)
14
7
Fading and Multipath
Fading: rapid fluctuation of the amplitude of a radio signal over a
short period of time or travel distance
Tx
Rx
Effects of multipath
Fading
Varying doppler shifts on different multipath signals
Time dispersion (causing inter symbol interference)
15
8
Channel Coding and Modulation
low Q
demodulation high Q
modulation
17
18
9
Last Mile Broadband Wireless Access
Infrared (IR)
- Line of Sight (LOS)
- Diffused-IR can work without LOS
Scalability
Radio Interoperability
20
10
Deployment Scenarios for BWA
Supercell
Supercells Macrocell
21
F6 F1 F3 F5 F4 F7 F2
F5 F4 F7 F2 F6 F1 F3
F6 F1 F3 F5 F4
Re
us
ed
F5 F4
ist
a
nc
22
e D
11
BWA Channels
Building Multipath
Delay Spread
Path Loss
Fading (Fast and Slow)
Direct Signal
hb Reflected Signal
Diffracted
Signal hm
d
Transmitter Receiver 23
Modulation
12
Physical Layer (cont.)
Some Issues
Hardware Considerations
OFDM is less complex than SC and DS-CDMA, but it makes
the system sensitive to power amplifier nonlinearities.
26
13
Physical Layer (cont.)
Synchronization
OFDM is more sensitive to synchronization errors than SC
and DS-CDMA
Link Adaptation
Dynamic variation in modulation and FEC can be used for
better channel throughput.
Multiple Access
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Scheduling
Uplink and downlink transmission
Support multiple service flows
Admission Control
Enforce Policy and Authorization
Accommodate QoS requirement of new flow
28
14
MAC Layer and RLP (cont.)
29
MAC Features
Fragmentation
Retransmission
Scheduling Support
Link Maintenance and Support
30
15
Multiple Antennas in BWA
Features
Array gain
Combine signals to increase C/N (Carrier-to-noise) ratio
Diversity gain
Spatial diversity
Interference suppression
Suppress CCI (Co-Channel Interference)
Multiplexing gain
Open up parallel spatial data pipes within the same bandwidth
31
32
16
Last Mile Broadband Wireless Access
Technologies
33
Analog-Based
Initially
Two channels
Later
Thirty-one 6 MHz channels in 2.5 to 2.7 GHz
frequency band
In 1983, FCC allocated 200 MHz bandwidth for
licensed network
34
17
MMDS Components
Antenna and
MMDS tower downconvertor
Central head-
end 2.1 and 2.7 GHz
Telephone
Network Antenna and
downconvertor
MMDS tower
36
18
LMDS (cont.)
Operation
Cluster of cells with separate base stations
One base station site serves as coordination center
Intercell networking is done through fiber optic or
short hop radio relay connections (e.g., microwave)
Infrastructure sharing with co-located mobile base
station
37
LMDS (cont.)
Limitations
Severe attenuation due to precipitation
For example, depending on climactic zone and frequency of
operation, the range of operation could be of 3-5 km
Full coverage not possible
40-70% is normally possible
Use of overlapped cell configuration may increase coverage
Attenuation caused by transmission through
vegetation
Positive side
Propagation issues are now well understood
38
19
LMDS (cont.)
Operating Frequencies
Several systems compete for frequency allocations
Difficult to obtain worldwide allocation for LMDS
US
1.3 GHz in the 28-29 GHz band has been allocated
Europe
Different frequencies in different bands from 24 GHz up to
43.5 GHz
39
LMDS (cont.)
Technology Employed
A high-capacity broadcast-based downlink is shared
among several users
25 dBm output power per 36 Mb/s transport beam
Transmission format based on Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying (QPSK)
Adopted by both for Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) &
Digital Audio/Visual Council (DAVIC) project
In DVB, IP or ATM data are included in MPEG
transport stream in combination with TV programs
Out of band transmissions are also possible
40
20
LMDS (cont.)
Technology Employed
Different technologies may be used for uplink (low
capacity return links)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and PSTN/ISDN are
adequate
In-band radio link for more demanding users
Radio-based return link for small and medium-size
enterprises
Which may be symmetric or asymmetric in either directions
Capacity depends on available frequency resource
For a cellular system using QPSK modulation, capacity of a 2
GHz system is around 1.5 Gb/s per cell for downlink and
uplink channels
41
LMDS (cont.)
Application
Flexible
Allows for increased capacity on demand
Increase in total capacity by
Changing the cell size through reduction of cell diameter
Reduction of illumination angle
In Europe, LMDS is considered as a
supplement/alternative to cable TV wireless cable
Interactive Television
Teleteaching
42
21
Satellite Communications
Orbiting microwave relay stations
Links two or more earth-based microwave stations
Used for long distance telephone traffic, private data
networks and distribution of television signals
Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) system used for consumers
Delivers content to home network at 45 Mbps
Uses a slow telephone line for uplink connection
GEO (Inmarsat)
HEO
MEO (ICO)
Earth
1,000 km
10,000 km
Small cells
(spotbeams)
Base station
or gateway
Footprint
Mobile phone
ISDN PSTN systems
User data
44
22
Example: GPS
45
Satellite Communications
Operational Frequencies
46
23
Satellite Communications
47
Satellite Communications
Propagation Delay
Problem in real-time communication because of large
distance between earth and satellite
Distance ~ 35,000 meters above earth
Echo Cancellation
Needed for quality of voice communication
54
16500
16000 52
15500 50
Distance (km)
15000
48
Delay (ms)
14500
14000 46
13500 44
13000
42
12500
12000 40
11500 38
11000
36
10500
10000 34
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 48
Elevation angle (degrees)
24
IEEE Standard 802.16
50
25
IEEE Standard 802.16
51
52
26
802.16 MAC Layer
53
27
802.16 MAC Layer
55
56
28
802.16 MAC Layer
57
58
29
802.16 Radio Link Control
Requirements
Capability of PHY to change from one burst profile to
another
Periodic broadcast of burst profile chosen for uplink and
downlink
Modulation and FEC
Power Control
Ranging
IP Connectivity
SS attains IP address via DHCP
59
30
802.16 Physical Layer Details
61
62
31
Summary
63
64
32
Various Standards
Various Standards
ETSI BRAN
High Performance Radio Access (HIPERACCESS)
Connects mainly residential, SOHO
Transmission rate varies between 2-25 Mb/s
Above 11 GHz
IEEE ahead in schedule
HIPERMAN
Below 11 GHz
Recently selected 802.16 MAC
as baseline (IEEE went first)
HIPERLAN
Controlled QoS
HIPERLINK
Network-Network radio
Broadband Wireless Access
interconnection
66
155Mbps
33
Wireless Local Area Networking
67
34
IEEE Standard 802.11 for WLANs
Architectural Requirements
Single MAC to support multiple PHYs.
IR
FHSS
DSSS (widely available in the 2.4 GHz ISM band)
Should allow overlap of multiple networks in the same
area and channel space.
Robust for Interference
Microwave, other non-802.11 interferers (e.g., Bluetooth)
Co-channel interference
69
70
35
802.11 Protocol: Issues
71
Hidden terminals
A sends to B, C cannot detect As transmission
C wants to send to B, C senses a free medium
(CS fails)
collision at B, A cannot detect the collision (CD
fails)
A is hidden for C
A B C
72
36
Exposed Terminal Problem
Exposed terminals
B sends to A, C wants to send to D
C senses carrier, finds medium in use and has to
wait
A is outside the radio range of C, therefore waiting is
not necessary
C is exposed to B
A B C D
73
74
37
MACA Solutions
MAC: Reliability
Wireless links are prone to errors
High packet loss rate is detrimental to transport-layer performance (TCP)
Solution: Use of acknowledgements
When node B receives a data packet from node A, node B sends an
Acknowledgement (Ack).
If node A fails to receive an Ack, it will retransmit the packet
DIFS
Src Data
SIFS
Dest Ack
DIFS Contention Window
Other Next MPDU
Defer Access Backoff after Defer
38
IEEE 802.11 DCF
Any node receiving the RTS cannot transmit for the duration of the
transfer
To prevent collision with ACK when it arrives at the sender
When B is sending data to C, node A will keep quite
A B C 77
DCF Operation
78
39
MAC: Collision Avoidance
DCF Example
B1 = 25 B1 = 5
wait data
data wait
B2 = 20 B2 = 15 B2 = 10
40
MAC Protocols: Issues
81
82
41
802.11 Physical Layer
83
802.11a Details
6* BPSK 1/2 1 48 24
9 BPSK 3/4 1 48 36
18 QPSK 3/4 2 96 72
42
IEEE 802.11 Protocols
IEEE 802.11a
PHY Standard : 8 channels : 54 Mbps : Products are available.
IEEE 802.11b
PHY Standard : 3 channels : 11 Mbps : Products are available.
IEEE 802.11d
MAC Standard : operate in variable power levels : ongoing
IEEE 802.11e
MAC Standard : QoS support : 2nd half of 2002.
IEEE 802.11f
Inter-Access Point Protocol : 2nd half of 2002
IEEE 802.11g
PHY Standard: 3 channels : OFDM and PBCC : 2nd half of 2002
IEEE 802.11h
Supplementary MAC Standard: TPC and DFS : 2nd half of 2002
IEEE 802.11i
Supplementary MAC Standard: Alternative WEP : 2nd half of 2002
85
Frequency Bands
Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands
Unlicensed, 22 MHz channel bandwidth
Short Wave Radio FM Broadcast
AM Broadcast Television Infrared wireless LAN
Audio Cellular (840MHz)
NPCS (1.9GHz)
Extremely Very Low Medium High Very Ultra Super Infrared Visible Ultra- X-Rays
Low Low High High High Light violet
43
MAC Protocols: Summary
87
88
44
Outline
Introduction to WPANs
Bluetooth
Infrared Data Association - IrDA
Serial Infrared - SIR
Advanced Infrared - AIR
Home RF
IEEE 802.15
802.15.3
802.15.4
Comparative Analysis of WPAN Technologies
WLAN vs WPAN
89
45
Bluetooth - Introduction
Open Industry standard led by the Bluetooth SIG
Applications
Headsets for mobile phones from all leading vendors
Cameras from Sony
PDAs from Palm, HP, Sony
Laptops from HP
91
92
46
Bluetooth
Piconet m
Master can connect to 7 slaves
s s
Each piconet has max capacity (1 Mbps) s
Hopping pattern is determined by the
master
94
47
Scatternet
Piconet 1 Cordless
headset
mouse Piconet 3
Cordless
headset
Bridge Bridge
(Slave) (Master)
Cell phone
Cell phone
Bridge
(Master)
(L2CAP)
Baseband
(LMP)
(HCI)
Logical
Link
Manages Link
RadioControl
HostManagement
Controller and
Protocol
Interface
Interface.
Links:
Provides Uniform
Adaptation Command
Creation, Configuration
Protocol
Handle
Interface
and Links:
to Baseband
Termination. SCO &LMP.
and ACL
Segmentation and Reassembly.
Authentication.
ProvidesMultiplexing.
Connection
Protocol access to Control andand
Establishment
Status Registers.
Quality ofCreation
Service and
Synchronization.
Manages (QoS)
Used
Helps by
to Host to Send
Attach/Detach Slave
Termination of Virtual Channels.
Encryption
Commands
Manages Low to / Decryption.
LMP.
Power Modes: hold,
Negotiates QoS.
Error
sniff andDetection.
park.
96
48
Infrared Data Association (IrDA)
- SIR and AIR
Developed by the Infrared Data Association (IrDA)
GOAL
Low cost, Low Power, Half-Duplex, Serial Data Interconnection for
a walk-up, point-to-point user model.
IrDA Data
High Speed, Short-Range (1 2 meters), Line of Sight type of data
transfer
LoS problem
Extremely short-range
Supports both voice and data packets
Optical Signaling in the 850nm range
Uses a polling access scheme
Data rates vary from 2400 bps to 4 Mbps
IrDA - AIR
AIR actively monitors the symbol error rate in order to maintain a
good channel (high SNR)
49
Home RF
Shared Wireless Access Protocol Cordless Access (SWAP-CA)
99
SWAP-CA
Supports up to 127 devices per network within a 50
meter range
50
Architecture of HomeRF System
101
802.15
802.15.1 - Medium rate WPAN (a Bluetooth
derivative)
51
IEEE 802.15.3
Range limited to about 10m, supporting rates of 11-55 Mbps
depending on the modulation scheme
IEEE 802.15.4
Referred to as the Low Rate PAN (LR-PAN)
Key Motivation
Low Rate, Low Power, Low Cost.
Target Applications
Home automation like heating, ventilation, security,
lighting, climate control, control of windows, doors, etc.
52
IEEE 802.15.4
Current development is by the 802.15 WG and the ZigBee Alliance.
The MAC is divided into the service layer (MCPS-SAP) and the
management layer (MLME-SAP).
106
53
WPAN Technologies A Comparison
Physical Optical FHSS with FHSS Uncoded QPSK Trellis Coded DSSS with BPSK or MSK (O-
Layer Rays FSK 1600 hops per second QPSK or 16/32/64-QAM scheme QPSK)
Details
Channel Polling CSMA-CA Master - Slave Polling, CSMA-CA, CSMA-CA, and Guaranteed
Access and TDMA Time Division Duplex and Guaranteed Time Slots Time Slots (GTS) in a
(TDD) (GTS) in a Superframe structure Superframe structure
Maximum 4 Mbps 10 Mbps Up to 1 Mbps 11-55 Mbps 868 MHz - 20, 915 MHz - 40,
Data Rate 2.4 GHz - 250 kbps
Coverage < 10 m > 50 m < 10 m < 10m < 20 m
Power Level Distance < 300 mA 1 mA 60 mA < 80 mA Very Low current drain
Issues Based peak current (20-50 A)
Interference Present Present Present Present Present
Price Low (< $ 10) Medium Low (< $ 10) Medium Very Low
Security Secure Secured by Less Secure. Uses the Very High level of Security Security features in
encryption SAFER+ encryption including authentication, privacy, development.
at the baseband layer. encryption and digital certificate
Relies on higher layer services.
security.
107
WLAN vs WPAN
108
54
The Scope of the Various WLAN and
WPAN Standards
C P
o o
m w
p e
l r 802.11a
e HiperLAN
x C
i o 802.11g*
t n 802.11b
y s
u 802.11
m WLAN
p
t 802.15.1
i Bluetooth
o
n
802.15.4* WPAN
109
110
55
Conclusions and Future Directions
111
112
56