A

Acceleration Acceleration is what occurs when the car moves forward from a stop or from a
slower speed to a higher speed.

Accelerator Pedal A foot operated device which, directly or indirectly, controls the flow of fuel and/or
air to the engine, controlling engine rpm. Also called the gas pedal. See Throttle.

Accelerator pump Accelerator pumps are found in cars equipped with carburetors. When you
accelerate, the accelerator pump delivers extra fuel through the accelerator pump
circuit to allow the engine to deliver more power.

Accessory Refers to a power-operated feature on a car. For instance, power windows and power
locks would be considered accessories.

Accumulator A container in the air conditioning system used to remove moisture or water. This
helps to extend a/c compressor and other component life.

Actuator An electrical mechanism for moving or controlling something indirectly instead of by

hand, such as a door lock. Output device the PCM controls such as solenoids, relays,
fuel injectors and stepper motors.

Air Conditioning An Original Equipment or Aftermarket accessory system that cools and dries the
incoming passenger compartment air. Aka: a/c

Air filter This device filters the air that goes into your engine. Without an air filter, harmful
particles would enter your car's engine and cause internal wear and damage.

Air pump Many emissions systems include an air pump, which pumps fresh air into a vehicle's
exhaust to help complete the combustion process and reduce emissions.

Airbag A safety device, consisting of impact sensors, computer, a detonation device and air
bag, that protects the driver (and in some cases, the passenger) in a crash by inflating
a cushion hidden in the steering wheel and dashboard.

Alignment Alignment is when all your wheels are pointing in exactly the right direction. If one
wheel is off by even one or two degrees, it is considered out of alignment. When a
vehicle is out of alignment, excessive tire, steering system and suspension system
wear may be the end result.

All-wheel drive An all-wheel drive system has differentials which split the engine's power to the four
(AWD) wheels according to which have the most traction.

Alternator An alternator is an engine-belt driven device that converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. The electrical output keeps your battery charged and operates your
vehicle's electrical system.

Anti-lock braking ABS uses a series of sensors, a computer and a high-pressure hydraulic pump to
system (ABS) prevent your brakes from locking up during sudden stops on slippery surfaces.

Anti-roll bar The anti-roll bar is a suspension system component that helps a vehicle to stay flat
and not lean excessively when cornering. Also called a sway bar or stabilizer bar.

Anti-theft code (radio) Many modern radios have special anti-theft circuitry that prevents them from
operating after being disconnected from a power source. For these types of radios, it
 is necessary to enter a factory-supplied code to get the radio to work again.

Antifreeze The fluid mixed with water that is put into your vehicle's radiator. Antifreeze is
traditionally green in color; however, newer long-life antifreezes may be red or
orange. Please refer to your vehicle's owner's manual for the proper antifreeze for
your vehicle.

Automatic choke Automatic chokes use either a heat- or computer-controlled element to turn on and
off automatically as needed.

Automatic temperature A computerized system that automatically maintains a selected temperature for your
control car's interior. Also called climate control.

Automatic Automatic transmissions have hydraulically operated gear sets, which require no
transmission gear shifting or clutching by the driver.

Axial Referring to a type of air conditioning compressor that compresses the R-12
refrigerant in a horizontal cylinder and piston compressor. Compare to Radial.
(Remember, Axial is LONG like an axle; Radial is SHORT like a radial tire.)

Axle The shaft around which the wheels rotate.

B
Balance Tube A tube or pipe connecting the exhaust head pipes in a dual exhaust system. This
balance tube acts like a pressure equalizer enabling both exhaust pipes to flow at the
same pressure.

Balancing (tire) The process of making sure a tire will not cause vibration when driving. By using a
computerized machine, a technician can locate a non-balanced tire and balance it by
attaching weights on the wheel rim to even out the tire's balance.

Ball joint A joint between two parts that allows movement in any direction by the two parts.
Ball joints are most often found in a vehicle's suspension and steering systems.

Barrel (carburetor) A barrel is a venturi in a carburetor where air and fuel are mixed, then taken into
the intake manifold and then to a cylinder. Carburetors usually have from one to
four barrels, depending on the engine application.

Battery An electrical storage container designed to produce DC voltage by means of an

electrochemical reaction. This reaction occurs in the container between the lead
plates and sulfuric acid. Voltage is supplied to the starting, ignition and other
electrical systems.

Bearings Bearings are used to prevent wear when two moving parts are placed very close to
each other.

Bleeding Bleeding removes fluid from a system, such as a brake or clutch system. When a
technician bleeds a brake system, the old fluid is completely removed and replaced
with new fluid.

Blower Motor An electric motor with a fan designed to supply a current of air at a moderate
pressure. A blower usually consists of a fan assembly, a motor, and a suitable case.
 The blower case is usually designed as part of the heating/air conditioning system.

Blueprinting The procedure of dismantling an engine, measuring, machining components, and

reassembling it to the minimum factory tolerances. This procedure usually will
provide more power and efficiency

Body The assemblage of components, including windows, doors, seats, etc., that provide
enclosures for passengers and/or cargo in a motor vehicle.

Body Control Module A device powered by the main vehicle computer that takes input from various
(BCM) sensors to control components such as the air bag, headlight sentinel and door chime.

Brake A device, such as the disc or drum brake, for retarding motion. This is usually
created by means of friction caused by a clamping force from a stationary caliper or
shoe, against a rotating rotor or drum.

Brake booster A device that uses engine vacuum or hydraulic pressure to multiply or boost the
pedal effort of the driver while braking, thus adding more hydraulic pressure to the
brakes for added stopping power.

Brake caliper A c-shaped device used with disc brakes. When a driver presses on the brake pedal,
the caliper piston squeezes the brake pads against the rotor and causes the car to
slow down or stop.

Brake drums Brake drums are drum-shaped components which contain internal brake shoes,
which expand and press against the drum, when the driver presses on the brake
pedal, slowing or stopping the car.

Brake fluid A special type of hydraulic fluid designed specifically for brakes. Brake fluid
transfers the motion of a driver stepping on a brake pedal directly to operate a brake
caliper or wheel cylinder.

Brake lines Metal tubing and rubber hoses which connects each brake caliper or wheel cylinder
to the brake master cylinder.

Brake master cylinder As the main component of a braking system, the brake master cylinder takes the
pressure applied to the brake pedal by the driver and distributes it evenly to all four
brakes on a car.

Brake pads Brake pads are used specifically with disc brake systems. The pads fit inside the
calipers, and create friction and stopping power when pressed against the brake
rotor. When you have your disc brakes replaced, it is often just the pads that are
being replaced.

Brake pedal The pedal to the left of the accelerator pedal that controls a car's brakes. When you
step on the brake pedal, the car slows down or stops.

Brake rotors (discs) Brake rotors, or discs, are fitted to most modern cars. They are flat, circular plates
that rotate with the wheel when you drive. When you step on the brake, the brake
calipers squeeze the brake discs, slowing or stopping the car.

Brake shoes Brake shoes are used specifically with drum brake systems. Brake shoes fit inside the
brake drum, and are pressed against the drum by a wheel cylinder when the brakes
are applied, thus slowing or stopping the car.

Braking system The braking system in a modern car consists of the brake pedal, a power brake
 booster, brake master cylinder, brake lines, brake fluid, brake rotors (including
calipers and pads), and, for some vehicles, brake drums (including wheel cylinders
and brake shoes). In addition, all vehicles have a parking/emergency brake. Taken
together, these components operate in sync to slow or stop your car. They operate
like this: when you press on the brake pedal, the pressure you apply is multiplied by
the brake booster. It is then distributed by the brake master cylinder and sent via the
brake fluid through the brake lines to each individual wheel. When it arrives at a
wheel, this pressure causes, for instance, the caliper (in a vehicle with disc brakes) to
close, which then causes the pads to come in contact with the brake rotor. The
resulting friction causes the car to slow down and eventually stop. Should this system
fail, then the emergency brake may be used as a backup to stop your vehicle.

Burning oil (engine) Oil burning occurs when one or more internal engine components fail, thus allowing
oil into the engine's combustion chamber. There, the oil is burned along with the
air/fuel mixture.

Bushing A piece of rubber or plastic that fits in between two components. Bushing protects
the two components from excess wear and damage.

Bypass Providing a secondary path to relieve pressure in the primary passage. One example
would be a water pump or thermostat housing bypass in the cooling system.

C
Caliper The housing on disc brakes which holds the disc pads and straddles the brake rotor.
When hydraulically actuated, the pads press against the rotor, or disc, to stop or slow
the vehicle wheels.

Camber It's the adjustment of a wheels alignment where the top of the wheel is moved inward
or outward from vertical as viewed from the front of the vehicle. Incorrect camber
reduces tire life.

Camshaft A camshaft, with phased cam lobes mounted on it, regulates the opening and closing
of the intake and exhaust valves. Driven by the crankshaft via a timing chain or
timing belt, a camshaft has a big influence on engine power characteristics.

Canister An evaporative emission canister contains activated charcoal which absorbs fuel
vapors and holds them until the vapors can be purged into the engine when it is
started. It is a component of the emissions control system.

Capacitor An electrical device for accumulating and holding a charge of electricity. A capacitor
is usually found in an electronic ignition system.

Carb See Carburetor.

Carbon Dioxide A heavy, colorless gas that results as a product of complete combustion. It is
considered a greenhouse gas.

Carbon Monoxide A colorless, odorless gas that can be found as a product of incomplete combustion.
Breathing high concentrations can be dangerous.

Carburetor A mechanism which mixes fuel with air in the proper proportions to provide a
desired power output from a spark-ignition internal combustion engine. On
 production vehicles, carburetors have been replaced by electronic fuel injection.

Carburetor jet A fitting inside a carburetor that meters fuel into a metering circuit where it is mixed
with air in the venturi.

Caster An alignment spec where an imaginary line through the ball joints (steering axis)
intersects a vertical line through the front wheel center. Positive caster delivers
directional stability and improved steering feel.

Catalyst A substance that can increase or decrease the rate of a chemical reaction between
substances without being physically consumed in the process. A catalyst, which
reduces engine emissions, is used in a catalytic converter.

Catalytic converter An in-line, exhaust system device, containing a catalyst, which reduces engine
exhaust emissions. Converters are located near the exhaust manifolds or headers for
maximum efficiency.

Charging system The system which maintains the electrical charge in your vehicle's battery. The
charging system consists of the alternator, voltage regulator and battery.

Chassis The suspension, steering, and braking components of a vehicle. Everything but the
body, fenders, etc.

Choke A device in a carburetor which shuts off airflow so that the engine runs rich. This is
necessary to start a cold engine.

Circuit A complete electrical path, usually includes the electrical energy source. May also be
used with fluids or air. The headlights and brake system are examples of an electrical
and hydraulic circuit.

Cleaner (Air) A housing holding a filter fitted in the intake system of parts requiring clean air. An
engine air cleaner filter removes particulates before they can enter the intake system
and cause damage.

Clear-coat finish Many modern cars have a clear-coat finish. This is an extra, clear layer of paint that
goes on top of the last color coat of paint to protect it from scratches, chips and
other environmental damage.

Climate Control Describes temperature/ventilation environment in the passenger compartment.

Climate adjustments are made by adjusting the heater/ ventilation and A/C controls.
Aka automatic temperature control.

Closed Loop (Engine) An operating mode of the PCM enabling modification of pre-programmed
instructions based on a feedback system. By constant exhaust sampling, a closed loop
system allows pre-programmed engine adjustments to occur while running in order
to minimize exhaust emissions.

Clutch A mechanical device which uses mechanical, magnetic, or friction type connections to
facilitate engaging or disengaging two rotating members. Examples: the friction
clutch located between the engine and manual transmission or the a/c clutch.

Clutch - cable- A cable-operated clutch uses a metal cable between the clutch pedal and clutch fork
operated to control clutch engagement.

Clutch - hydraulic A hydraulic clutch uses a hydraulic circuit between the clutch pedal and clutch fork
to control clutch engagement.
Clutch disc The friction material lined plate that delivers power from the engine to the
transmission.

Clutch pedal The pedal on manual transmission cars that operates the clutch.

Clutch throw-out A bearing that lets the clutch pressure plate and disc smoothly engage and disengage
bearing with minimum wear.

Clutch-operated fan An engine cooling fan that uses a heat-activated, viscous-fluid clutch which turns the
fan on and off as needed.

Code A system of symbols (as letters, numbers, or words) used to represent the meaning of
information. An engine trouble code shows where a vehicle system or component
failure may be occurring.

Coil (Ignition) A device consisting of fine wire windings around an iron core, which is designed to
step up battery voltage. The high voltage created (35,000 volts or more) is delivered
to the spark plug so ignition can occur.

Coil Spring A spiral-wound steel wire coil, of various wire diameter thicknesses and coil stack
heights, used to suspend a vehicle. Can be used in cars and trucks, both front and
rear, depending on the application.

Combustion The process by which the air/fuel mixture burns within an engine to create power.

Combustion chamber The area in the cylinder head where air/fuel is ignited to create power.

Comprehensive Comprehensive coverage includes protection against theft and accident damage,
insurance coverage regardless of fault.

Compression gauge A special gauge used by technicians to measure how much pressure a cylinder can
create.

Compression test A test to see how much pressure a cylinder can create.

Computer (PCM) Many modern cars have a central computer called an engine control unit (ECU) or
power train control module (PCM). This controls the car's fuel and ignition systems
by taking information from various sensors to determine how to run the engine with
the most efficiency and power.

Constant Velocity A coupling that allows a shaft to turn continuously at various angles when coupled
Joint with another shaft. Usually associated with front-wheel or all-wheel drive vehicles.

Converter (Torque) A fluid coupling device which multiplies torque between an engine and automatic
transmission/transaxle. When a vehicle is stopped, a converter allows enough fluid
slippage, so the engine can idle without stalling.

Coolant A fluid used in the radiator for heat transfer. Mixed with water, coolants usually
contain rust inhibiting additives and provide antifreeze protection. Some new vehicle
coolants are designed to last 100,000 miles. Please refer to your owner's manual for
the proper antifreeze for your vehicle.

Coolant reservoir Many cars have a clear plastic reservoir that allows the owner to see the level of their
vehicle's coolant. Check your owner's manual to find the coolant reservoir on your
vehicle.
Cooler A heat exchanger that reduces the temperature of the cooling medium. Two
examples would be a engine radiator or oil cooler.

Cooling system The system of components that keeps your engine at the correct operating
temperature. The cooling system includes the radiator, radiator cap, coolant
reservoir, cooling fan, water pump, thermostat, hoses, heater core, heater valve, and
antifreeze.

Core (Price/Charge) A payment that is credited back to the buyer after they have returned a rebuildable
Core unit to the retailer. A rebuilt alternator purchase would have a core charge and
would require returning the old one to receive the credit.

Cracked paint Cracked paint occurs when a paint is so damaged, the surface actually develops
cracks. These cracks may spread in a spider web fashion across the surface of the
paint. Cracked paint is unrestorable, and must often be completely removed when a
car is repainted.

Crankshaft The engine component which converts piston reciprocating (up and down) motion
into rotary motion at the flywheel or flexplate. Connected to the clutch or torque
converter, engine torque is delivered to the drivetrain to move the vehicle.

Crazed paint Crazed paint occurs when paint is so damaged, the surface actually develops hairline
cracks. These cracks may spread in a spider web fashion across the surface of the
paint. Crazed paint is unrestorable, and sometimes has to be completely removed
when a car is repainted.

Cruising Cruising is a driving style whereby the driver maintains a set speed with very little
fluctuation.

CV joints CV (constant velocity) joints are part of a car's driveline. They allow a wheel to
rotate freely in any direction while still receiving power from the axle.

Cylinder Cylinders are the large round holes in the engine block in which combustion occurs.
This combustion forces the piston down and turns the crankshaft.

Cylinder Head A removable part located on the top of the cylinder block; it usually contains
valvetrain components and combustion chambers. For an overhead cam engine, it
contains the camshafts as well. A head is an important influence in determining an
engines overall power and efficiency.

D
Data General term for information, usually represented by numbers, letters and symbols.
A gas gauge is an instrument that provides data to the driver.

Defroster A setting of your car's heating controls that lets you easily remove frost and fog from
your vehicle's windows.

Diagnostics The process of identifying the cause or nature of a condition or situation. Most cars
have computer diagnostic systems that help the technician to determine corrective
repairs.

Diesel engine A type of engine that uses heat caused by engine compression rather than spark
 plugs to ignite its fuel mixture. Diesels are often more economical than gasoline
engines, however they create extra noise and vibration.

Dieseling The continued running of a spark-ignited engine after the ignition is turned off.
There are two basic causes of dieseling: surface ignition, where combustion chamber
surfaces remain hot enough to ignite fuel after the spark is terminated; compression
ignition, where the conditions of temperature, pressure, fuel composition and engine
idle speed allow ignition to continue.

Differential A component of the drivetrain with an arrangement of gears designed to permit the
division of power between two shafts. A differential also lets two wheels on the same
axle rotate at different speeds. With out one, cars wouldn't be able to take sharp
turns. Differentials are located in a drive axle housing.

Distributor Part of the ignition system, its a mechanical device designed to direct high voltage
electricity from the coil to the spark plugs, via the spark plug wires. Rotating the
distributor permits adjustment of an engine's initial ignition timing.

Distributor cap The distributor cap contains the terminals that the spark plug wires plug into. When
the distributor sends power to a spark plug, it goes to the cap first and then to the
spark plug wire and to the spark plug.

Distributor rotor The rotor spins around inside the distributor. As it turns, it comes close to the
terminals for each spark plug on the distributor cap. When this happens, it sends
current to the spark plug, which then ignites the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder at
exactly the right time.

Double overhead cam A DOHC engine has two camshafts in the cylinder head - one for the exhaust valves,
(DOHC) and one for the intake valves. This allows greater efficiency and greater power.

Downshifting The process of going from a higher gear (for instance, fourth gear) to a lower gear
(for instance, second gear) with a manual or automatic transmission.

Drive belt Also called a fan belt or serpentine belt, drive belts are used to drive the engine's
accessories, such as the alternator, power steering pump, and air conditioning
compressor. A serpentine belt is a wide single drive belt that drives several the
engine's accessories at once.

Driveline The system of components that connects the transmission to the wheels. The driveline
consists of axles, differentials, constant velocity (CV) or universal joints, and a
driveshaft.

Driver A switched electronic device housed in a computer that controls output state. For
example, a driver controls how long a fuel injector remains open.

Driveshaft The shaft connecting the transmission output shaft to the differential pinion shaft. It
transmits power from the transmission to the differential. It is found primarily on
rear-drive vehicles. There is usually a universal joint on either end.

E
Early Fuel Used on carburetor-equipped engines only, a system where heat is used to help
Evaporation increase early fuel evaporation of the cold-start air/fuel mixture to achieve more
 efficient combustion and lower emissions. GM used an electric grid system.

Electric cooling fans Electric cooling fans are part of many cars' cooling systems. They use a heat
activated switch to turn on and off as needed to help keep your engine cool.

Electric motor Any device that converts Electromagnetic force to motion, or vice-versa. Electric
motors are often used in accessories such as power windows or power seats to
provide movement with minimal effort by the user.

Emergency brake Also called the parking brake. A braking system which is independent of the main
hydraulic system. It can be used to slow or stop the vehicle if the primary brakes fail,
or to hold the vehicle stationary though the brake pedal is not depressed. It usually
consists of a foot pedal or hand lever that actuates either front or rear brakes
mechanically through a series of cables and linkages.

Emissions Emissions are the byproducts of combustion. After combustion is complete, water,
gases, and carbon are released through the car's exhaust system as emissions.

Emissions equipment Emissions equipment is equipment required by the government to keep a car's
exhaust emissions to a minimum. Emissions equipment includes catalytic converter,
air pump, and oxygen sensor.

Engine A machine designed to convert thermal energy into mechanical energy to produce
force or motion. Connected to a drivetrain, an engine's mechanical energy, or torque,
moves a vehicle. An engine can run by using gas, diesel fuel, steam or other fuel
sources.

Engine accessory An engine accessory is a peripheral piece of equipment that runs directly off of the
engine's power to supply energy or a fluid to another part of the car. Engine
accessories include the alternator, power steering pump, air pump, air conditioning
compressor, as well as many others.

Engine block The engine block is where the cylinders and pistons reside. The block is the strongest
part of the engine and withstands tremendous pressures while the engine is
operating.

Engine mounts Engine mounts are often made of metal and rubber. Engine mounts help support the
engine, and also help to prevent engine vibrations from shaking the entire car.

Engine temperature The engine temperature switch and sending unit measure the temperature of the
sender engine's coolant. They send this information to the engine temperature warning light
and engine temperature gauge, respectively. Compare to coolant temperature sensor
(CTS) which transmits the coolant temperature to the computer, and the radiator
fan switch which engages the radiator's cooling fan.

Evaporative Emissions A system which filters evaporating fuel fumes from the vehicle's fuel system and
Control routes them to the engines intake to be burned.

Exhaust Gaseous by-products of combustion emitted from an engine. Exhaust flows from the
engine, through the muffler and exits from the exhaust system.

Exhaust Gas An engine system where a small portion of exhaust gases are recycled into the
Recirculation combustion chamber. This lowers combustion temperatures and reduces oxides of
nitrogen emissions. The EGR system is important for a smooth performing engine.
Exhaust hanger Exhaust hangers keep the exhaust system in place, while also preventing excess
vibration and noise from reaching the passengers.

Exhaust manifold The exhaust manifold carries the exhaust from the cylinder head to the exhaust
system.

Exhaust system The exhaust system carries exhaust away from the engine and away from the car.
The exhaust system includes the exhaust manifold, the catalytic converter, the
muffler, and the tailpipe.

F
Fan Designed to supply air flow as the fan blades rotate, a fan can be driven by either a
motor or belt.

Fan belt Also called a drive belt or serpentine belt. Fan belts are used to drive the engine's
accessories, such as the alternator, power steering pump, or air conditioning
compressor. A serpentine belt is a wide single drive belt that drives multiple engine
accessories.

Fan clutch A viscous-fluid clutch that controls how fast an engine fan rotates to help cool an
engine.

Fan motor An electric motor which drives a fan to direct air, through a radiator or car's
interior, for example.

Feedback Carburetor A computer-controlled carburetor that adjusts the air/fuel mixture according to
input from various sensors, via a mixture-control solenoid. The solenoid's
adjustment helps maintain the correct air/fuel ratio and minimizes exhaust
emissions.

Feeler Gauge An instrument used to measure the distance between two metal contacts. A feeler
gauge could be use to measure spark plug gap, point gap or valve clearance.

Fiberglass matting and These materials are often used to fill in large rust holes where filler would be unable
resin to work, and where welding in new metal would be difficult.

Final Drive Ratio The ratio between the pinion and ring gear in the drive differential. A numerically
high ratio enhances vehicle acceleration and pulling ability, while a numerically low
ratio enhances highway cruising and fuel economy.

Flexplate Secured to the end of the crankshaft, it has three functions; the ring gear for the
starter on the outside diameter; helps to balance out engine vibrations; a connection
between the transmission torque converter and the engine allowing flexing. Compare
to flywheel for manual transmission.

Flushing Flushing is a means of entirely replacing the fluid in a given system. For instance,
when a technician flushes a cooling system, all the old coolant is removed and
completely replaced with new.

Flywheel Secured to the end of the crankshaft, it has three functions; the ring gear for the
starter on the outside diameter; helps to balance out engine vibrations; a connection
between the transmission clutch and the engine. Compare to flexplate for automatic
 transmission.

Four-wheel drive A drive system in which both the front and rear wheels are connected through the
(4WD) driveshaft and axles to the transmission, usually via a transfer case. A 4WD system
can be full time or part time. Sometimes called 4x4 (four by four).

Front-wheel drive A front-wheel drive vehicle sends its power from the engine to the front wheels of the
(FWD) car.

Fuel Any combustible substance burned to provide heat or power. While gasoline is the
most common, other fuels include diesel, ethanol and natural gas.

Fuel filter A car's fuel filter removes debris and contaminants from fuel before it reaches the
carburetor or fuel injection system.

Fuel injection Fuel injection is a system by which fuel is directly sprayed into the intake manifold
or intake port at high pressure. Fuel injection is often controlled by a computer,
allowing precise monitoring of efficiency and performance by the car's computer.

Fuel injector A device for delivering metered, pressurized fuel to the intake system or individual
cylinders. An injector sprays fuel, which helps atomization for a more dense mixture,
when combined with incoming air.

Fuel pump The fuel pump moves gas from the gas tank and delivers it to the fuel injection
system or carburetor.

Fuel starvation Fuel starvation occurs when fuel, for one reason or another, is prevented from
reaching the carburetor or fuel injectors.

Fuel system The fuel system is the system by which fuel is stored and delivered to each cylinder.
The fuel system includes the fuel tank, fuel tank level sending unit, the fuel pump, the
fuel filter, and fuel lines. For carbureted cars, the fuel system also includes the
carburetor. For fuel injected cars, the fuel system also includes injectors, fuel
pressure regulator and often a main computer.

Fuel tank level sending This unit measures the amount of gas in the fuel tank and sends that information to
unit the vehicle's gas gauge and, if equipped, a low gas level warning light.

Fuses A device designed to open and protect equipment or a circuit from being destroyed
when the circuit is subjected to a power overload. This is a non-reversible action and
there are 3 main types of fuses; glass, ceramic and spade.

G
G-Force Unit of measurement used to describe lateral acceleration generated while the vehicle
is driven in a steady state turn on a skid pad circle. An average sedan generates 0.60
G of lateral acceleration. Measured in "gravities", one G equals the earth's gravity at
sea level.

Gas - grade This is a general term that refers to a gasoline's general quality - for instance, its
octane rating and package of additives. The two common terms for gas grades are
"regular" for low-grade gas, and "premium" for high-grade gas.
Gasket A material usually made of rubber, cork, metal, paper or a combination thereof that
is placed between two surfaces to ensure proper sealing against the passage of air,
liquid or vapors. Valve cover gaskets are one example of a popular gasket.

Gauge A gauge is a type of instrument that measures or displays levels of a certain system.
For instance, the gas gauge in a vehicle measures the fuel level, while the
temperature gauge measures the engine temperature.

Gear selector The gear selector is the lever that lets you select a certain gear with an automatic
transmission. In modern cars, the gear selector is often connected to the brake pedal,
so that you can only shift into drive or reverse when your foot is on the brake.

Gear synchronizers Gear synchronizers allow you to upshift and downshift a manual transmission
without grinding gears. They do this by synchronizing, or matching, the speed of the
engine and the speed of the gear you are selecting. If your car didn't have gear
synchronizers (also known as synchromesh), you would either have to match the
engine speed to the gear speed (known as double-clutching) or else grind your gears
every time you shifted. See also "synchromesh".

Gearshift lever The gearshift lever is the lever that allows you select the different gears of a
transmission.

Gearshift linkage This is a series of rods and/or cables that connect the gearshift lever or gear selector
to the transmission.

Generator A generator is like an alternator in that it generates electrical current to both keep
the battery charged and supply electricity for a vehicle's electric system. It differs
from an alternator in that a generator generates direct current (DC) where an
alternator generates alternating current (AC).

Glass Pack A muffler design that contains fiberglass packing around a perforated internal pipe
(straight through) which slightly deadens exhaust noise. Usually louder than a
conventional replacement muffler.

Glazing (belts) Glazing is a shiny coating on the inside surface of a fan, or serpentine belt. Glazing
occurs when the belt slips repeatedly at a high speed. It is a sign that the belt needs
replacement.

Glow Plug A combustion chamber heat generating device to aid starting diesel engines. When
the glow plug heats the combustion chamber to the proper temperature, the ignition
key can be turned to engage the starter.

Governor An electronic or mechanical device designed to limit engine speed. Large diesel
engines usually are equipped with governors.

Ground An electrical conductor used as a common return for completing an electric

circuit(s). Car batteries contain a ground terminal, usually the negative terminal.

H
Halfshaft An exposed axle driveshaft usually having a CV (constant velocity) joint on either
end, being driven from a differential. Also called a CV axle.
Hazard relay The hazard relay controls the flashing of the hazard warning lights.

Head gasket The head gasket seals the cylinder head to the engine block. It is subject to
tremendous pressures, and often fails if and when an engine overheats.

Headers Constructed from steel tubing, headers provide a smooth and efficient exhaust flow
path from the exhaust port to the exhaust system. Headers are frequently used in
performance engine applications and are generally less restrictive than the stock
exhaust manifold, resulting in increased power.

Heater core The heater core is a miniature radiator that sits in the dashboard area. When the
heater is turned on, it opens the heater valve which lets hot coolant into the heater
core, which then warms the air coming into the vehicle's interior.

Heater ducts The heater ducts are the passageways through which warmed air enters the interior
of the vehicle.

Heater fan The heater fan is the interior fan attached to a blower motor that controls the speed
of air being introduced into the interior.

Heater valve The heater valve is controlled by the interior heating controls. When you turn on
your vehicle's heater, the valve opens and allows hot coolant to enter the heater core,
which then warms the air forced through the heater core by a blower motor, and the
warmed air then enters the vehicle's interior.

Heater/heating system The heating system warms the air brought into a vehicle's interior. The heating
system is connected to the cooling system and consists primarily of the heater core,
heater valve, and, if equipped, a climate-control system.

Hex Wrench Also known as an Allen wrench, it is a hexagonal tool that fits and operates fasteners
with hexagonal openings.

Hoses (cooling system) The cooling system hoses allow coolant to circulate between the radiator, engine, and
heater. Over time, they deteriorate, and should be checked annually for condition
and possible damage.

Hub Hub is a generic term for a circular area where a component is mounted. For
instance, there are hubs for every wheel on your car.

HVAC Stands for Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning. These systems are controlled by
the car's climate control panel.

Hydraulic circuit The hydraulic circuit is a closed system of tubes and components that contain
hydraulic fluid. When pressure is applied at one end of the hydraulic circuit, it
travels through the tubes to the other end.

Hydrocarbon An organic compound containing various carbon and hydrogen molecules linked
together in fuel. Gasoline is a hydrocarbon fuel. If the fuel is not burned efficiently in
the cylinders, hydrocarbon molecules are released into the atmosphere as pollutants.

I
Idle Running engine speed with vehicle at rest and accelerator or throttle pedal not
 depressed. While waiting at a stop light, the engine is at idle.

Idle circuit This is a special kind of circuit found in a carburetor that only operates when the
engine is at an idle.

Ignition Complete system used to step up battery voltage to a higher voltage and deliver it to
the spark plug to complete the combustion process. When the key is turned on, the
ignition system is energized.

Ignition The advancing or retarding (in crank degrees) of ignition spark relative to the piston
Advance/Retard location in the cylinder. Ignition timing should be set to factory specifications.

Ignition condenser The condenser collects and stores excess electrical energy in an older ignition system
that has points. This prevents that extra energy from jumping across the points when
they first open and close.

Ignition module Part of the ignition system which instructs the ignition coil to send current to the
distributor.

Ignition points Part of the ignition system which allows the ignition coil to send current to the
distributor in older vehicles. Ignition points do this by opening and closing, which
opens and closes the electric circuit. Electronic ignition systems have made ignition
points and condensers obsolete.

Ignition switch This is the switch where you insert the key that starts the vehicle.

Ignition system The ignition system contains the components that supply spark to the vehicle's spark
plugs. These include the battery, the ignition coil, the distributor (including the cap
and rotor), the spark plug wires, the ignition module, and the spark plugs
themselves. Older cars also have ignition points and an ignition condenser.

Injector (fuel) A device for delivering metered, pressurized fuel to the intake system or individual
cylinders. A fuel injector sprays fuel, which helps atomization for a more dense
mixture, when combined with incoming air.

Instrument An instrument measures levels of a certain system and provides a visual key for those
levels. For instance, the gas gauge in your car measures the fuel level, while the
temperature gauge indicates the engine temperature.

Intake Air Air used in combustion that flows through an air filter, throttle valve and is
distributed to each cylinder by the intake manifold.

Intake manifold The intake manifold is located between the vehicle's fuel system and the cylinder
head(s) to distribute the fuel/air mixture to individual cylinders.

K
Knock (Engine) The sharp, metallic sound produced when two pressure, or flame fronts collide in the
combustion chamber. This could be the result of incorrect ignition timing or the
wrong grade (octane rating) of gas. Higher octane fuel can eliminate knock due to its
increased resistance to cylinder pressure.
L
Lathe Device used to machine the outside and/or inside of a metal object as it rotates. A
brake lathe is used to smooth the exterior pad surface of a brake rotor or the interior
of a brake drum.

Leaf Spring A thin, long, arched, steel spring that is attached between a vehicle frame and axle to
act as a suspension. More than one spring leaf are often clamped together to achieve
a desired load capacity or spring rate.

Leakdown test A leakdown test is used to find excessive wear in an engine. When a technician
performs a leakdown test on a vehicle, each cylinder is tested to see how well it holds
pressure. If a cylinder is unable to hold pressure, your technician can pinpoint what
component of the cylinder (piston rings, valves, etc) has the problem that is causing
the pressure loss.

Liability insurance Liability insurance is coverage only for damage that you inflict on other people or
their possessions. It does not cover theft or damage to your vehicle.

Limited-slip An LSD senses the slippage of each wheel and sends and redirects power to the wheel
differential (LSD) with the most grip. Many high-performance vehicles have LSDs.

Link General term used to indicate a communication connection between two data points.
(Electrical/Electronic) Mechanics use a link to retrieve trouble codes from a vehicle's ECU in order
facilitate repairs.

Linkage A series of bars, levers, yokes, rods, or cables used in unison to transmit motion from
one unit to another. Transmission shift linkage connects the shifter to the
transmission and allows gear selections to be made.

Loaded (caliper) A disc brake caliper, which comes complete with all the installation hardware such
as emergency brake lever, spring, bracket and brake pads. This speeds a caliper
installation during replacement.

Lug nuts Lug nuts attach a car's wheel to its hub. Also known as wheel nuts.

M
MacPherson strut A shock absorbing component in a front suspension system that is mounted directly
above the upper control arm. Many lightweight, uni-body cars use this
uncomplicated type of front suspension.

Main Bearings Soft metal alloy inserts, bonded to a steel back, used to allow the crankshaft to ride
on a cushion of oil formed between the crank journal and bearing surface. Main
bearings often last throughout the life of the engine.

Manifold A component designed to collect and/or distribute an engine's air and/or fuel
mixture, or exhaust.

Manual choke A manual choke system has a cable that lets the driver control the carburetor's
choke operation. Most newer cars with carburetors have automatic chokes instead of
 manual chokes.

Manual steering With a manual steering system, there is no power assist to the driver.

Manual transmission A manual transmission is a transmission with a clutch. In addition, it is up to the

driver to select gears.

Memory A device in which data can be stored and retrieved when needed; associated with a
vehicle's computer system.

Mode One of several alternative conditions or methods of operating a system, device or

control module. If a vehicle has a 3-mode electronic adjusting shock absorber system,
the modes (or settings) are usually soft, medium, or firm.

Module A self-contained group of electrical/electronic components, which is designed as a

(Electrical/Electronic) single replaceable unit. An example of a module is the one that operates the anti-lock
braking system.

Muffler The muffler is a part of the exhaust system designed to reduce the noise generated by
a vehicle.

N
Neutral (gear) Neutral is actually not a gear. When your vehicle is in neutral, the gearbox
(transmission) and engine are completely disconnected. Thus, your car is able to roll
freely whether the engine is on or off.

O
Octane A fuel octane rating measures a fuel's resistance to knocking or pinging. The higher
the octane rating, the better (and more expensive) the fuel.

Odometer The odometer measures how many miles your vehicle has traveled.

Oil filter The oil filter removes most particles and contaminates from your engine's oil to
protect your engine's internal moving parts.

Oil pan The oil pan is where the oil in your engine is stored.

Oil pressure sensor The oil pressure sensor measures the pressure at which your engine's oil is flowing. If
the pressure becomes too high or too low, the oil pressure sensor sends a signal to the
vehicle's oil pressure warning light located on the dashboard. If you see this light
turn on, pull over as soon as possible and shut off your engine. Check the oil level of
the engine by pulling out the dipstick. If the engine oil level is low, add oil, restart the
vehicle and see if the oil light goes out. If the oil level is within parameters, or the oil
light remains on, have your car towed to a service facility to have the problem
checked by a technician.

Oil pump The oil pump takes oil from the oil pan and pressurizes it, allowing it to travel
throughout the engine and lubricate the engine's moving parts.
Open Loop An operating condition or mode in the vehicle's intake fuel system controlled by the
vehicle's PCM, based on pre-programmed instructions, usually when an engine is in
the cold start-up mode.

Output Shaft A shaft that drives the next element in the power train, like the front driveshaft yoke
slipping over the output shaft of the transmission, which drives the wheels.

Overboost (turbo) Overboost occurs when a turbo's wastegate does not release excess intake pressure.
This pressure instead enters the engine, causing potentially significant damage to the
engine.

Overdrive Overdrive is a transmission gear that allows the engine to turn at a reduced rpm for
a given road speed.

Overhead cam (OHC) An overhead cam engine has its camshaft in the cylinder head, above the valves and
cylinders. This allows the camshaft to directly open the valves without using
pushrods.

Overhead valve An overhead valve engine has its camshaft in the engine block. It uses lifters,
(OHV) pushrods and rocker arms to open and close the valves in the cylinder head.

Overheating Overheating occurs when an engine reaches too high of an operating temperature.
Overheating may lead to potentially significant engine damage.

Overinflation (tires) Overinflation occurs when a tire is inflated beyond the pressure recommended by the
manufacturer. Overinflating can lead to increased tire wear and sudden tire failure.

Owner's manual The owner's manual is the booklet supplied with all cars when they are sold new. It is
usually placed in the glovebox. The owner's manual contains information about the
vehicle's equipment and options, what kinds of fluids and lubricants to use, and how
to maintain your car. If you don't have an owner's manual, one can be obtained from
the vehicle's manufacturer.

Oxides of Nitrogen Commonly known as NOX, it is various combinations of one part nitrogen and one
or more parts of oxygen, which is a by-product of combustion at a very high
temperature when using gasoline as a fuel. NOX is a component of smog.

Oxygen sensor The oxygen sensor is part of the exhaust and emission systems and is usually located
in the exhaust manifold. It senses the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gases and
adjusts the fuel system's operation accordingly to minimize emissions while
improving economy and performance.

P
Park (gear) This is a gear found only on automatic transmissions. The park gear locks a vehicle's
transmission in place, preventing the car from moving.

Park/neutral safety This is a switch found on many modern automatic transmissions that prevents a
switch vehicle from starting unless the gear selector is in park or neutral.

Parking brake Also known as the emergency brake. The parking brake is used when parking on an
incline to prevent the car from rolling away. The parking brake is usually cable
operated and can be used as a backup if the regular hydraulic brake system fails.
Parking brake cable The parking brake cable connects the parking brake pedal or handle to the parking
brakes themselves.

Parking brake The parking brake shoes/pads are just like normal brake pads or brake shoes. The
shoes/pads only difference is that they work specifically with the parking brakes, and are
independent from the regular brake system.

Petcock A small valve used for draining liquids. Petcocks are usually associated with
radiators and are located at the bottom of one of the radiator's tanks.

Pinging (engine) A noise made in the engine caused by a pre-ignition condition. When your engine
knocks or pings, it is a sign that the engine is firing at the wrong time. This could be
because of improper ignition timing, an incorrect grade of gas, or another ignition or
fuel system fault.

Piston An aluminum-based cylindrical part located inside an engines cylinder (combustion

chamber) that moves up and down, transferring the force of combustion to the
connecting rod and then to the crankshaft, which causes rotation.

Piston Ring Usually 3-4 rings that fit on the outer diameter of the piston beneath the piston top
which seals the pressure of combustion in the cylinder (top 2 or 3 rings called the
compression rings) and aids in scraping residual lubricating oil from the cylinders
walls (bottom ring called the oil ring).

Piston-To-Valve The distance or space between the intake and exhaust valves in relation to the top of
Clearance the piston when the piston is at the top of its stroke, known as TDC, or top dead
center.

Pitman Arm Arm attached to the pitman shaft on a steering box that moves the relay rod as the
steering wheel is turned in a mechanical (not rack and pinion) steering system..

Plastic polish A special type of polish designed to gently remove scratches and yellowing from
plastic items such as convertible top windows and plastic lenses.

Play Play occurs when there is excessive free movement in a vehicle's steering system. For
instance, if you turn your steering wheel either direction from the center and nothing
happens for the first two inches of travel, your steering system has play in it.

Porting The enlarging of the exhaust and intake passages to increase flow through the
cylinder head. When done correctly, this process can add a significant amount of
power and increase fuel efficiency.

Posi Also known as Positraction, which is a limited-slip differential (LSD) distributing

power equally to both drive axles through a series of plates, clutches and springs.

Positive Crankcase This system relieves pressure and recirculates fumes created by the motion of the
Ventilation (PCV) crankshaft, connecting rods and pistons in the crankcase, by sending them through a
one-way valve back into the engine to be burned in the combustion process.

Power Steering A system which provides additional hydraulic force, generated by a pump, to the
steering mechanism, either a steering box or rack, reducing the driver's turning
effort at the steering wheel.

Power steering fluid A special type of fluid designed for power steering systems.

Power steering pump The power steering pump transfers power steering fluid under pressure to other
 power steering system components, allowing the driver to steer with minimal effort.

Power train The elements of a vehicle by which motive power is generated and transmitted to the
driven axles. Examples of power train components are the engine, transmission and
differential.

Power train Control A module commonly referred to as the vehicle's "main computer", it controls how
Module (PCM) the engine and transmission operate via input from many sensors. Aka: ECM
(Electronic Control Module), EEC (Electronic Engine Control) and ECU (Electronic
Control Unit).

Prechamber A dual-chamber combustion system for diesel engines with a centrally located
auxiliary combustion chamber for reduced emissions and less diesel soot.

Pressure (Absolute) The pressure referenced to a perfect vacuum, usually found in the intake manifold.
Commonly known as the MAP, or Manifold Absolute Pressure.

Pressure The pressure of the air outside of the engine at any given temperature and altitude.
(Atmospheric) Sometimes called barometric pressure, it is usually referenced as the "baro" sensor
reading in the power train control system.

Pressure (Differential) The pressure difference between two areas in the engine, such as between the
pressure in the intake manifold and the atmospheric, or outside, air pressure.

Pressure Plate The part of a manual clutch system with a covered spring and clamping ring
mounted over the friction disk, to the flywheel. When the pressure plate is engaged, it
clamps the friction disk to the flywheel, which turns the input shaft of the
transmission. It allows the smooth application of power to the transmission. Also
known as a clutch cover.

Primer A type of paint applied to a vehicle's surface to increase its compatibility with the
topcoat and/or to improve the corrosion resistance of the base metal. The primer
paint is applied first, then the final topcoat, or color coat of the vehicle is applied on
top of the primer coat.

Proportioning Valve A valve in the brake hydraulic system usually located in or near the brake master
cylinder that controls pressure to the rear wheels to achieve better braking balance
front-to-rear.

Pump A device used to transfer fluids or air by suction, pressure, or both. An example of
this is an oil pump for the vehicle's engine, or the pump that raises and lowers the air
pressure in a vehicle's air-ride suspension system.

Pushrod Pushrods are used in engines with overhead valve (OHV) designs. The camshaft in
the engine block pushes up on the lifters and then on the pushrods, which then push
the rocker arms, which then open the valves.

R
Radial Referring to a type of air conditioning compressor that compresses its refrigerant
using a radial, or round, piston and cylinder arrangement. It's a fairly light unit and
is associated with 1982 and newer GM vehicles and used R12 and R-134 refrigerant.
Compare to Axial. (Remember, Axial is LONG like an axle; Radial is SHORT like a
 radial tire.)

Radiator A radiator is a liquid-to-air heat transfer device having a tank(s) and core(s)
specifically designed to reduce the temperature of the coolant in an liquid-cooled
internal combustion engine. Radiators can be made from aluminum or copper-brass.

Radiator cap The radiator cap maintains a specific pressure in the cooling system so it operates
efficiently.

Rail A manifold for fuel injection which distributes fuel to the fuel injectors, often called a
fuel rail. They are usually made from an aluminum extrusion or steel pipe.

Ram Air Type of induction where fresh air is fed through the hood or underneath the vehicle
and sent to the intake via the air filter. With the reduced air temperatures associated
with fresh, non-underhood, ram air, more power and efficiency is generated.

Rear-wheel drive Rear wheel drive cars transmit power to the ground through the rear wheels.
(RWD)

Refrigerant Commonly referred to as freon, it is a substance used as a heat transfer agent in an

air conditioning system. There are two types being used in vehicles today; R134 for
newer cars and R12 for older vehicles. Because R12 refrigerant is harmful to the
environment when it leaks into the atmosphere, it is being phased out in favor of
R134.

Regulator (Voltage) A device that automatically controls the output of another device by adjusting the
voltage to meet a specified value. Example: an alternator can put out over 14 volts,
but by sending the voltage through a regulator, it only allows 12 volts output.

Relay A electromechanical device in which connections of a higher voltage circuit are

operated by a lower voltage circuit to divert the current. High-output auxiliary
driving lights contain relays in their circuits so as not to overload and burnout the
on-off switch.

Remanufactured A component or piece of equipment that has been rebuilt and restored to its OE
(original equipment) specifications to function as new. Common examples of rebuilt
parts include alternators, water pumps, carburetors and power steering pumps.

Reservoir Reservoir is a generic term that refers to any container for a fluid. For instance, most
vehicles have a windshield washer fluid reservoir and a brake fluid reservoir.

Revving the engine Increasing the RPM's of an engine without allowing the power to be transferred to
the wheels. When your car is in park or neutral and you press on the gas without the
intention of making the car move, you are revving the engine.

Rheostat Rheostat refers to a control which varies the intensity of the lights and speed of
certain accessories that it is connected to. For instance, an instrument lighting
rheostat controls the brightness of the instrument lighting.

Riding the clutch When driving along, if you rest your foot on the clutch pedal, you are riding the
clutch. This practice causes excess wear on the clutch and the clutch throw-out
bearing.

Rocker arms Rocker arms are used in overhead valve (OHV) engines. They are operated by
pushrods and open and close the valves.
Roller Cam A camshaft which uses lifters, either hydraulic or mechanical, using rollers at the
base of each lifter which contacts the cam. These high-strength steel cams reduce
friction and emissions and increase power and efficiency with optimized lobe designs.

Rotary engine A rotary engine does not have pistons or cylinders; instead, it has triangular shaped
rotors that move in an elliptical path within chambers to create power. The only
companies that have offered rotary cars for sale are Mazda, NSU, and Citroen.

Rotor- Brake A disc made from cast iron or steel, rotating on an integral or separate hub near the
wheel of a vehicle and is stopped by friction pads located on either side of a
hydraulically-operated brake caliper.

Rotor-Distributor An electrically conductive component mounted to the rotating distributor shaft that
transfers electrical energy from the centrally located coil terminal to the individual
cylinder terminals within the distributor cap circumference. Also known as an
ignition rotor.

Rubbing compound A rubbing compound is a type of paint polish that contains extremely fine abrasive
particles. These particles remove the top layer of paint, eliminating shallow
scratches, and revealing the shiny paint layer underneath.

Running Board Usually a long, flat board that runs along the rocker panel of a truck or SUV, which
is used to help passengers step in and out of the vehicle.

Running rich This is a condition that occurs when too much gas and too little air is being fed to the
engine. A sign of rich running is black, sooty exhaust.

Rust-converting Rust-converting primer is a special type of primer paint that stops the progress of
primer surface rust.

S
Scan Tool A device that interfaces with, and communicates vehicle information to and from a
vehicle's power train control module or computer, via an onboard data link.

Sensor The name for a device that senses the absolute value or a change in a physical
quantity such as temperature, pressure, rotation or flow rate, and converts that
change into an electrical signal, which is then sent to the vehicle's power train control
module (PCM).

Serpentine belt A serpentine belt is a wide single drive belt that drives certain engine accessories
(alternator, power steering pump, air conditioning compressor, etc.). It's a type of
fan belt with multiple grooves that fit into similar grooves on the pulleys. Also know
as a multi-groove belt, micro-groove belt, or multi-v belt.

Shift linkage This is a series of rods and/or cables that connect the gearshift lever or gear selector
to the transmission.

Shift Solenoid A PCM-controlled electromechanical device which regulates shift firmness and rpm
in an electronically-controlled automatic transmission.

Shock Absorber A component using friction to dampen and control a vehicle's suspension up and
down movement. Modern shocks are of the hydraulic type, using an oil to dissipate
 the heat of friction to the outside air. They contribute to your vehicle's ride quality.
See also Strut.

Short (circuit) A short circuit occurs when there is a break in an electrical circuit and the circuit
finds a new ground source.

Shroud A metal or plastic cover used to isolate rotating components or hot parts of the
vehicles' engine or exhaust system. A radiator shroud surrounds the radiator fan and
helps direct incoming air through the radiator and to the front of the engine as well
as protecting the radiator and fan from foreign objects.

Single overhead cam A type of overhead cam engine with a single cam that operates both the intake and
(SOHC) exhaust valves.

Solenoid A device consisting of an electrical coil, and when energized, produces a magnetic
field in a plunger and is pulled to a central position. A solenoid may be used as an
actuator in a valve or switch. Power door locks use a solenoid-activated actuator.

Spark Plug Part of the ignition system, it's an electrical device with a ground and center
electrode where a spark is created between the two by a high voltage current from
the distributor. The spark ignites the fuel/air mixture in the combustion chamber at
the top of the compression stroke.

Spark plug electrode The electrode is the curved piece(s) of metal (ground electrode) that reaches over the
center electrode. The spark is created between the electrodes.

Spark plug gap Gap is the precise distance between a spark plug's center and ground electrodes.

Spark plug terminal The terminal is the metal part of a spark plug above the ceramic insulator that the
spark plug wire attaches to.

Spark plug wires Spark plug wires are the cables that conduct the electric pulses from the distributor
cap to the spark plugs. Also called ignition wires.

Speedometer An instrument that indicates a vehicle's speed in miles or kilometers per hour.

Sprag A transmission internal component load carrying element, usually consisting of roller
bearings and a cage element. Heavy duty sprags have more bearings, therefore a
greater load capacity.

Springs (suspension) Springs absorb road imperfections and vibration, help hold the suspension up, and
help vehicles handle better. Also called coil springs, or leaf springs.

Stabilizer bar See Sway bar.

Starter motor This is the electric motor that turns your engine over when you turn the key in the
(starter) ignition switch.

Starter solenoid This is a large relay that controls the operation of the starter motor.

Starting system The starting system consists of the starter motor, starter solenoid, battery, ignition
switch and ignition key.

Steering lock The steering lock is a theft prevention device that locks the steering wheel in place
when the key is removed from the ignition switch.
Steering system The steering system allows you to control the direction of your vehicle. Most modern
cars have a rack and pinion steering system with a power assist. Components in your
steering system include the steering rack, tie rods, tie rod ends, ball joints, power
steering pump, power steering hoses, and the pump drive belt.

Stroke The distance traveled by the piston in its cylinder from top dead center to bottom
dead center. The stroke is determined by the throw of the crankshaft, and is a
determining factor in the displacement of an engine.

Struts Struts are part of your vehicle's suspension, and do the same job as a shock absorber.
A vehicle will either have struts or shock absorbers, or a combination of both (i.e.
struts in the front, and shock absorbers in the rear). They regulate how much your
vehicle can move up and down, and keeps the tires in contact with the road surface
after going over a bump.

Supercharger A mechanically driven device, usually off the crankshaft, that pressurizes the intake
air, and in turn increases the density of the air/fuel mixture and subsequently
increases the power output of a given engine displacement.

Suspension The suspension connects the vehicle body to the frame. A well tuned suspension helps
the vehicle to handle better, while increasing comfort and isolating passengers from
bumps and vibration.

Sway bar The sway bar is a suspension system component that helps to minimize the lean of a
vehicle when cornering. Also called a stabilizer bar.

Synchromesh Synchromesh is a feature that allows you to upshift and downshift a manual
transmission without grinding gears. It does this by synchronizing, or evening out,
the speed of the engine and the speed of the gear you are selecting. If the
transmission didn't have synchromesh, you would either have to match the engine
speed to the gear speed (known as double-clutching) or else grind the gears every
time you shift. This term is often shortened to just "synchro".

T
Tachometer An instrument that indicates engine speed in revolutions-per-minute (rpm). It
measures the speed that the crankshaft is rotating.

Tailpipe The part of an exhaust system where exhaust gasses exit the car body from the rear
of the vehicle. The tailpipe connects the muffler to the tailpipe tip (sometimes called a
spout). The tailpipe tip is the part of the exhaust system that you can see sticking out
from under the rear bumper.

Thermostat The thermostat is a valve located in the cooling system of a vehicle that automatically
regulates the coolant flow through the radiator and engine based on the coolant
temperature.

Throttle A mechanism for regulating the supply of the fuel/air mixture to an internal
combustion engine, thereby regulating the speed of the engine. Aka; accelerator
pedal

Tie rod Part of the steering system, the tie rod connects the spindles/wheels to the rest of the
steering system.
Timing (ignition Timing refers to the moment when the spark ignites the air/fuel mixture in the
timing) engine's combustion chamber. Timing needs to be set exactly right for an engine to
run correctly.

Timing belt Timing belts are rubber belts that connect an engine's camshaft to its crankshaft. If a
timing belt breaks, these two components will get out of synch, which can cause
potentially significant engine damage.

Timing chain Timing chains are metal chains that connect an engine's camshaft gear to its
crankshaft gear. Timing chains ride on sprockets that eventually wear out and can
cause sloppy timing. When this happens, it is time to replace the sprockets and chain.
If a timing chain breaks, the camshaft and crankshaft will get out of synch, causing
potentially significant engine damage.

Timing gears Timing gears are part of a timing chain system that connects the engine's camshaft to
its crankshaft. On some vehicles, the camshaft gear meshes directly with the
crankshaft gear, eliminating the timing chain.

Timing light A timing light is used to check or set ignition timing.

Tire gauge Tire gauges are used to measure the air pressure of a tire. You should always check
tire pressure when your tire is cold (when the vehicle hasn't been driven for about an
hour).

Tire valve The fitting in the valve stem of the wheel that allows you to inflate or deflate the tire.

Tonneau An accessory cover fitted to protect a vehicle bed or driver's compartment, most
often on pickups and early autos. A tonneau can be constructed of fabric, metal or
fiberglass. In addition to sealing the vehicle bed or passenger area, it also contributes
to vehicle appearance.

Torque converter A fluid coupling device which multiplies torque between an engine and automatic
transmission/transaxle. It allows smooth power transfer from the engine to the
transmission. When a vehicle is stopped, a converter allows enough fluid slippage so
that the engine can idle without stalling.

Transaxle Transaxles are a combination of components; the transmission and differential. Most
front-wheel drive cars have transaxles. However, some rear wheel drive cars, such as
some Porsches, new Corvettes and Alfa Romeos, have rear-mounted transaxles.

Transducer A device that receives an electrical signal from one system and transfers it, often in a
different form, to another system. Example: the cruise control transducer converts a
vehicle speed signal to a vacuum to control the servo attached to the throttle.

Transfer case Used in 4X4 vehicles to transfer power to the front and rear differential assemblies.
There are different selectable ranges to maximize traction in varying road or trail
conditions.

Transmission A component of the power train of a vehicle which selects gear changes (either
manually or automatically), which can increase or decrease the speed and power
between the engine and the drive axles.

Transmission fluid Transmission fluid (ATF) is specially developed to allow automatic transmissions
operate smoothly and efficiently. Automatic transmission fluid needs to be checked
and replenished periodically.
Transmission A safety device found on many modern automatic transmissions that prevents the
interlock drive or reverse gear from being selected until the brake pedal is pressed.

Transmission linkage This is a series of rods and/or cables that connect the gearshift lever or gear selector
to the transmission, allowing the shifting of gears.

Transmission mounts Transmission mounts are often made of steel and rubber. Transmission mounts help
support the transmission, and also help to prevent transmission vibrations from
being transmitted to the car interior.

Transmission oil Transmission oil is specially developed to allow manual transmissions to operate
smoothly and efficiently. Transmission oil rarely needs to be replenished.

Travel Travel is a measurement of how much movement, or play, occurs in a given system.

Trinary Consisting of three (3) parts, or a progression of a multiple of threes (3).

Tune up A procedure during which a series of parts that wear out (spark plugs, ignition rotor,
distributor cap, etc.) are replaced to bring the engine back into proper operating
specifications. In addition, timing is normally checked and reset. A tune up is usually
performed according to a schedule.

Turbocharger A centrifugal device driven by exhaust gases that pressurizes the intake air,
increasing the density of the air and consequently increasing the power output from
a given engine displacement. A turbocharger will boost the power of an engine.

U
Universal joint Universal joints are part of a car's driveline. They allow the driveshaft to continue to
rotate at all angles.

V
Vacuum A condition in which pressure has been reduced below the ambient atmospheric
pressure. Vacuum is created in the intake manifold and can be used to operate a
power brake booster.

Vacuum hose Vacuum hoses connect between vacuum-powered accessories and a vacuum source
such as the engine's intake manifold.

Valve A device by which the flow of a liquid, gas or vacuum may be controlled. Example:
the intake and exhaust valve in the cylinder heads start and stop the flow of the
incoming fuel mixture and outgoing combusted exhaust gases.

Valve cover The valve cover is the metal cover that is attached to the top of the cylinder head. It
allows technicians access to the engine valves and rocker arms for adjustment and
checks.

Valvetrain Components actuated by the camshaft and can include valve lifters, pushrods, rocker
arms and valve springs.
Vapor lock Vapor lock occurs when an engine gets so hot, it boils the fuel traveling through the
fuel lines. This creates vapor, preventing the fuel from traveling through the lines,
causing the engine to stop running.

Variable-assist power A power steering system designed to vary the level of power assist according to
steering vehicle speed or angle of the steering wheel.

VIN Code The VIN (Vehicle Identification Number) can be found by looking at the dashboard on the
driver side of the vehicle. If the VIN cannot be found, open the driver side door and look
at the door post (where the door latches when it is closed). It is likely that the VIN will
also be displayed in this location.

Voltage regulator The voltage regulator limits the power output of the alternator to prevent
overcharging the battery and electrical system.

W
Washer fluid This is special fluid designed to help clean the windshield quickly and with little
residue, used in conjunction with the wiper blades.

Washer fluid The container where washer fluid is kept in a car, usually located under the hood.
reservoir

Washer nozzles These are the jets on the hood or in the wipers that spray washer fluid onto the
windshield.

Washer pump An electric motor that delivers washer fluid to the washer nozzles for cleaning the
windshield with the windshield wipers.

Wastegate A valve on a turbocharged engine that limits air pressure in the intake tract by
allowing the pressure to bypass to outside air, after the turbocharger.

Water in fuel warning This is a warning light found only on diesel-engine cars. Because diesel fuel collects
light water, a sensor in the fuel tank will indicate when the ratio of diesel fuel to water
reaches a certain level.

Water pump Part of the cooling system, the water pump circulates coolant, helping the engine to
stay in the desired temperature range.

Wax Wax is a product used to protect paint finishes and create extra shine.

Weather-stripping A rubber gasket found around vehicle openings to seal out water and wind. Weather-
stripping is located around doors, windows and trunks.

Wheel bearing A bearing or bearing assembly located at each wheel allowing the wheel to spin
around the axle with minimal wear and friction. Front wheel bearings are contained
within the hub, and are sometimes integral to the hub. A wheel bearing set consists of
an inner and outer bearing.

Wheel cylinder The wheel cylinder is used with drum-type brakes. When the brake pedal is pushed,
(brakes) the wheel cylinder pushes the brake shoes against the drum brake, slowing or
stopping the car.

Wheel nuts Wheel nuts are used to attach a wheel to a hub.

Wiper arms The part of the windshield wipers that are between the wiper pivots at the base of the
windshield and wiper blades.

Wiper blades The rubber part and carrier assembly of the windshield wiper that clears the
windshield.

Wiper refill The rubber part of the wiper blade that makes contact with the windshield. A wiper
refill will insert into a wiper blade.

Wire (electrical) An insulated conductor used in an electrical system to transmit electricity from one
component to another. If a wire breaks, it creates an open circuit. If a broken wire
make contact with a grounded surface, it creates a short circuit.