click 79

NPi VPi

V NP

N S

NPj VPj

the elements NPi and VPi are clause-mates, as are the elements NPj and VPj; but
NPi is not a clause-mate of VPj. The notion permits a certain economy of
statement in discussing the properties of transformational rules; selectional
restrictions, for example, apply only to clause-mates.

clause-wall (n.) A term used in non-discrete grammar, to refer to the dif-

ferent degrees of dependency existing between clauses. Clauses which have a
relatively high clause-wall between them are more independent than those which
are separated by a relatively low clause-wall.

clear l An impressionistic but commonly used term for a variety of lateral

sounds where the resonance is that of a front vowel of an [i] quality, as in the
standard pronunciation of /l/ before vowels and /j/ in English, e.g. leap, lamp. It
is opposed to dark l.

cleavage (n.) see class

cleft sentence A term used in grammatical description to refer to a con-

struction where a single clause has been divided into two separate sections,
each with its own verb, one of which appears in a dependent wh-clause (rela-
tive clause). For example, the sentence Mary is driving a new car can be cleft
in various ways, e.g. Its Mary who is driving a new car, Its a new car that
Mary is driving. The variants affect the distribution of emphasis within the
sentence, and correlate closely with patterns of intonational prominence.
Cleft sentences, and the associated pseudo-cleft sentences, have attracted
particular attention in transformational grammar, because of the deriva-
tional problems they pose.

click (n.) (1) A term used in the classification of consonant sounds on the
basis of their manner of articulation: it is a shorthand way of referring to
the series of sounds produced by using the velaric airstream mechanism (see
velar). In English, click sounds may be heard in the tut tut sound of dis-
approval, in some types of kiss, and in the noise used to signal appreciation or
to gee up horses. In some languages (e.g. Zulu, Xhosa), clicks have phonemic
status. The range of clicks includes bilabial [], dental [|] formerly [d], alveolar