SUMMARY

In the experiment, NH3-air gas mixture is contacted with water for the separation of NH3
gas in the water. Bubble-cap tray column, that has 20 trays, is used. The effect of gas-
liquid flow rate to the efficiency of column is investigated. Air-NH3 gas mixture and water
are used during the experiment.

Gas absorption definition is done and differences between distillation and absorption are
discussed in the report. Ideal number of plate is obtained as 2,1.6,1.2 respectively to set
1,set 2,set 3.Efficiency of column is calculated as 0.1,0.08,0.06 . Parameters are obtained
and discussed.

i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... i

LIST OF FIGURE.............................................................................................................. iii

LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................................ iv

1.0 AIM ............................................................................................................................. 1

2.0 RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 2

3.0 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................13

4.0 NOMENCLATURE .....................................................................................................15

5.0 REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................16

6.0 APPENDIX............................................................................................................... 177

ii
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1. Representation of ideal plates in Set 1 .............................................................10

Figure 2. Representation of ideal plates in Set 2 ..............................................................11

Figure 3. Representation of ideal plates in Set 3 ..............................................................12

Figure 4. Concentration vs NH3%..................................................................................... 12

iii
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1. Experimental Data-Flow rates and temperature of cooling water ................................ 2

Table 2. Experimental Data-Analysis of NH3 concentration of the inlet liquid stream................ 2

Table 3. Experimental Data-Analysis of NH3 concentration of the exit streams ........................ 3

[2]
Table 4. Partial pressure of ammonia as a function of weight ammonia/100 weight water .... 4

Table 5. Equilibrium data of NH3- H2O system at 20C .......................................................... 5

[3]
Table 6. Conversion of concentration of ammonia to weight percent of ammonia ................. 6

Table 7. Ammonia concentration and mole ratio in the liquid feed stream ................................ 6

Table 8. Ammonia concentration and mole ratio at the exit liquid stream ................................. 7

Table 9. Density of liquid water, NH3 and air gases as a function of temperature[4] .................. 8

Table 10. Flow rates of ammonia and air at the inlet gas stream ............................................. 8

Table 11. Concentration of ammonia in the gas stream entering to the column ....................... 8

Table 12. Concentration of ammonia in the gas stream leaving the column ............................. 9

Table 13. Molar flow rates of liquid and gas streams................................................................ 9

Table 14. Equilibrium and operating line at 15C ..................................................................... 9

Table 15. Number of ideal plates and column efficiency .........................................................10

iv
1.0 AIM
The aim of this experiment is to study absorption of ammonia into the water and to determine
the efficiency of a gas absorption column related to the ratio of gasliquid flow rates.[1]

1
 2.0 RESULTS
Table 1. Experimental Data-Flow rates and temperature of cooling water

Temperature of Cooling
Run Flow rate of Flow rate of Air Flow rate of Water (C)
No NH3 (L/h) (L/min) Water (L/h)
inlet outlet

1 10 12 18 16 16

2 10 22 18 16 16

3 10 32 18 16 16

Table 2. Experimental Data-Analysis of NH3 concentration of the inlet liquid stream

Amount of sample Amount of 0.1 N HCl

Sample no. used (mL) used (mL)

1 10 5.5

2 10 5.1

3 10 4.7

4 10 5.1

2
Table 3. Experimental Data-Analysis of NH3 concentration of the exit streams

Liquid Stream Gas Stream

Volume of
Volume of 1 N Volume of 0.1 N Required time for
Run No sample used
HCl used (mL) HCl used (mL) color change (min)
(mL)

10 14.5

1 10 13.5 20 40

10 13.5

10 14.9

2 10 14.1 20 30

10 14.2

10 13.5

3 10 13.4 20 6

10 13.2

3
Table 4. Partial pressure of ammonia as a function of weight ammonia/100 weight water [2]

Weight ammonia per 100 weights Partial pressure of ammonia,

water mmHg

50 686

40 470

30 298

25 227

20 166

15 114

10 69.6

7.5 50

5 31.7

4 24.9

3 18.2

2 12

Temperature: 20C

4
Table 5. Equilibrium data of NH3- H2O system at 20C

x*,a y* X*(mol NH3/mol H2O) Y*(mol NH3/mol air)

0.346 0.903 0.529 9.309

0.298 0.618 0.425 1.618

0.241 0.392 0.318 0.645

0.209 0.299 0.264 0.427

0.175 0.218 0.212 0.279

0.137 0.150 0.159 0.176

0.096 0.092 0.106 0.101

0.074 0.066 0.080 0.071

0.050 0.042 0.053 0.044

0.041 0.033 0.043 0.034

0.031 0.023 0.032 0.024

0.021 0.016 0.021 0.016

Temperature 20 C

5
 Table 6. Conversion of concentration of ammonia to weight percent of ammonia [3]

NH3 % (wt. %) Concentration (gmol/L) Density of liq. NH3 (g/cm3)

0.5 0.292 0.996

1 0.584 0.994

5 2.587 0.979

10 5.623 0.958

16 8.795 0.936

18 9.823 0.929

24 12.827 0.910

30 15.713 0.892

Table 7. Ammonia concentration and mole ratio in the liquid feed stream

Amount of Amount of
CNH3
Sample No sample 0.1N HCl wt % x0 X0
(mol/L)
used (mL) used (mL)

1 10 5.5 0.055 0.103 1.091*10-3 1.092*10-3

2 10 5.1 0.051 0.095 1.006*10-3 1.007*10-3

3 10 4.7 0.047 0.088 9.317*10-4 9.326*10-4

4 10 5.1 0.051 0.095 1.006*10-3 1.007*10-3

Average values
10 10.85 0.051 0.095 1.009*10-3 1.011*10-3
of liquid feed

6
Table 8. Ammonia concentration and mole ratio at the exit liquid stream

Amount
Amount CNH3
of
of 1 N (mol/L)
Run No sample wt % xN XN
HCl used
used
(mL)
(mL)

10 14.5

1 10 13.5

10 13.5

Average values of Run

10 13.83 1.383 2.578 0.027 0.028
1

10 14.9

2 10 14.1

10 14.2

Average values of Run

10 14.4 1.44 2.694 0.038 0.040
2

10 13.5

10 13.4

10 13.2

Average values of Run

10 13.37 1.337 2.501 0.026 0.027
3

7
Table 9. Density of liquid water, NH3 and air gases as a function of temperature[4]

water NH3 air

Temperature K
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3)

289 997.6 0.7195 1.196

300 993 0.6894 1.1614

350 973 0.5817 0.995

Table 10. Flow rates of ammonia and air at the inlet gas stream

Run QNH3 nNH3 Qair nair

No (kg/h) (kmol/h) (kg/h) (kmol/h)

1 0.312 0.018 0.861 0.030

2 0.312 0.018 1.579 0.054

3 0.312 0.018 2.296 0.079

Table 11. Concentration of ammonia in the gas stream entering to the column

Run No YN+1 yN+1

1 0.6 0.375

2 0.333 0.25

3 0.229 0.186

8
Table 12. Concentration of ammonia in the gas stream leaving the column

Run No Y1 y1

1 9.999*10-5 9.999*10-5

2 7.408*10-5 7.407*10-5

3 2.532*10-4 2.531*10-4

Table 13. Molar flow rates of liquid and gas streams

Run GN+1
Lo (kmol/h) Ls (kmol/h) Gs (kmol/h) Ls/Gs
no (kmol/h)

1 0.998 0.997 0.048 0.030 33.230

2 0.998 0.997 0.072 0.054 13.847

3 0.998 0.997 0.097 0.079 10.278

Table 14. Equilibrium and operating line at 15C

Operating line Data

Run no First Stage Final Stage

Y1 Xo YN+1 XN

1 9.999*10-5 1.092*10-3 0.6 0.028

2 7.408*10-5 1.007*10-3 0.333 0.040

3 2.532*10-4 9.326*10-4 0.229 0.027

9
Table 15. Number of ideal plates and column efficiency

Ls/Gs
Run No Nideal Nreal Ec (from operating line
slope)

1 2 20 0.1 33.230

2 1.6 20 0.08 13.847

3 1.2 20 0.06 10.278

0.7

0.6

0.5
Y,mole ratio in gas

0.4

Equilibirum Curve
0.3
operating line S-1
0.2

0.1

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
X,mole ratio in liquid

Figure 1. Representation of ideal plates in Set 1

10
 0.45
0.4
0.35
Y,mole ratio in gas

0.3
0.25
0.2 Equilibrium Curve

0.15 Operation Line S-2

0.1
0.05
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
X,mole ratio in liquid

Figure 2. Representation of ideal plates in Set 2

0.45
0.4
0.35
Y,mole ratio in gas

0.3
0.25
0.2 Equilibrium Curve

0.15 Operating Line S-3

0.1
0.05
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
X,mole ratio in liquid

Figure 3. Representation of ideal plates in Set 3

11
 concentration vs NH3%
18
y = 0.5346x
16 R = 0.9987
14
Conc. ( gmol/ L )

12
10 concentration vs
8 NH3%
6
Linear (concentration
4 vs NH3%)
2
0
0 10 20 30 40
NH3 % (wt % )

Figure 4. concentration vs NH3%

12
3.0 DISCUSSION
Absorption is a technique which commonly used for scrubbing operation, to separate a
component present in a gas mixture with the help of a solvent which dissolves a particular
selected component.

There is a mass transfer of the component of the gas from the gas phase to the liquid
phase. The process of gas absorption, thus involves the diffusion of solute from the gas
phase through a stagnant or non-diffusing liquid. Some of the major characteristics of
absorption operation are compared with distillation operation. Distillation is a unit
operation which uses thermal energy so as to separate component into fraction based
upon their boiling points. The major difference between them is that absorption process
needs a liquid solvent is used for separation of gas mixture and this solvent in liquid form
is below it boiling point. In addition, other difference between the gas absorption and
distillation is, feed enters to the distillation column as a mixture at intermediate section, but
at gas absorption, feed enters to the column at separate phases and at different
places.Gas absorption is called as basic principle of the distillation, because all the
principles that distillation withstand is also ensured by the gas absorption.

In gas absorption, some parameters should be considered according to solvent that

wanted to separate. Since the principle purpose of the gas absorption is to produce a
specific solution, the solvent is specified by the nature of the product. If the main purpose
is to remove some constituent from the gas, several choices are possible. The most
important parameter is the gas solubility. In the purpose of increasing the rate of
absorption and decreasing the quantity of solvent, the gas solubility should be high. The
solvent should be pure and cheap to use, also it should not be corrosive. Distilled water is
more advantage for process, but in this experiment tap water is used. In the experiment,
NH3-air gas mixture is contacted with water for the separation of NH3 gas in the water.
Bubble-cap tray column, that has 20 trays, is used. This system supplies to flow down
water and to go up air. Jacket is used to provide isothermal conditions to idealize the
system, because the gas absorption operations are exothermic processes and system
temperature increases. When the temperature increases, the solubility decreases. Hence,
the system should be cooled and thus, cooling water is used. It is given to the system
from bottom and is provided to fill the jacket. When, the cooling water is given to the
system from top, the jacket would not be filled because of effect of gravity, the water goes
down easily from one way.

At the beginning of the experiment, a little amount of ammonia is added to the feed water.
because, if just water had been used as a solvent, there would have been suddenincrease
in temperature. It provides gradual increase and protect isothermal condition by this way.
The main purpose is to decrease the driving force by using diluted solution. Driving force

13
is the difference of concentration. One of the other advantages of using distilled water is
the difference of concentation between NH3 and distilled water is bigger than ammonia
waters. When the solvent selection is decided, the concentation is important factor.

During the experiment, some parameters are determined. Firstly, column height and
diameter are important parameters for better design consideration. If the height of the
column had been increased, absorption would have increased because there would be
longer contact time for absorption by this way but the cost is higher as well. When
designing the column, its height should be high to provide the maximum contact time and
the efficient transfer. Hence this height should be optimized. Second parameters are flow
rate of air and water. If air flow rate increases, the contact time decreases and it effects
the transport rate. Also, if liquid flow rate increases, the contact time does not occur
enough and the dissolution does not happen efficiently. Moreover, number of stages is
significant factor. Likewise height column, if the tray number increases, it causes to
increase pressure drops and it is one of unwanted situations for steady state conditions.
Also, it requires more manufacture and mainteance costs. If the volumetric flow rate of the
air increases the liquid-vapor ratio decreases. The ratio gives the slope of the operating
line. If the V increases, the slope decreases and the operating line comes nearer to the
equilibrium curve. When it becomes nearer, the number of the ideal plates increases. The
efficiency is equal to when the ideal number of plate increases the efficiency increases.
Also, when V increases, contact time is effected. Therefore, optimization is required.

The concentration of the ammonia at the inlet and exit streams of water and is
determined by titrating with HCl solution using methyl red indicator and these procedures
are repeated three times to obtain the best result. The air that has poor NH3, is left from
the top of the column to the atmosphere. In order to determine the concentration of the
ammonia at the exit stream of gas mixture, the mixture is immersed the water-HCl solution
by adding indicator to observe the required time for color change.

From the number of ideal plates graphs,it is easily seemed that while the slope of the
operating lines increase efficiency will also increase. It is an expected result because
increasing ratio causes increasing the number of ideal plates.

The theoretical information about gas absorption is given by comparing with the
distillation. According to our experimental results if ratio decreases the efficiency
increases. In the theory it is expected that if the flow rate increases, the velocity of the gas
will increase and the contact time between the gas and the liquid will decrease. So, the
mass transfer will decrease. Our experimental results support this theory.

14
4.0 NOMENCLATURE
C: Concentration [gmol/L]

Ec : Efficiency of the column [-]

G: Molar flow rate of gas phase [kmol/h]

L: Molar flow rate of liquid phase [kmol/h]

MW : Molecular weight [kg/kmol]

N: Normality [N]

Nideal : Ideal number of plates [-]

Nreal : Real number of plates [-]

n : Molar flow rate [kmol/h]

P: Pressure [mmHg]

Q: Volumetric flow rate [L/h]

T: Temperature [C]

V: Volume [mL]

wt% : Weight percentage [-]

x: Mole fraction of solute in liquid phase [-]

X: Mole ratio in liquid phase [-]

y: Mole fraction of solute in gas phase [-]

Y: Mole ratio in gas phase [-]

15
5.0 REFERENCES
[1] Manuel for Chemical Engineering Laboratory-II, (2017-2018 ), zmir.

[2] E., A., & M., D. (2006).Mass Transfer and Mass Transfer Operation,Ege University, Izmir.

[3] Treybal, R. E. (1981). Mass Transfer Operations, 3rd ed.,Mc Graw Hill Book Company.

[4] Weast, R. C.(1982). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Florida: CRC Press.

16
6.0 APPENDIX
1. Calculation of equilibrium data of NH3-H2O system:
For Liquid Phase;
m NH 3 50 kg

3 = 17

mNH 3 50 kg
n NH 3 2.941 kmol
MWNH 3 14 3kg / kmol
mH 2O 100 kg

2 = 18

100kg
n H 2O 5.556 mol
18kg / kmol
n NH 3 2.941
x* 0.346
n NH 3 nH 2O 2.941 5.556

x* 0.346
X
*
0.529
1 x 1 0.346
*

For Gas Phase;

pA
y*
P
pA = 686 mm Hg (From Table 4)
P = 760 mm Hg
686mmHg
y* 0.903
760mmHg

y* 0.903
Y* 9.309
1 y 1 0.903
*

17
2. Calculation of ammonia concentration in the liquid feed stream:
Sample 1
Vsample = 10 ml.
VHCl = 5.5 ml.
NHCl = 0.1 N
VSample N NH 3 VHCl N HCl

10ml N NH 3 5.5ml 0.1N

N NH 3 0.055 N

N C NH 3 e

N 0.055
C NH 3 0.055mol / L
e 1
(3 )0 = = 0.055 /

= 0.5346

0.055 = 0.5346

0.055
% 3 = = = 0.103
0.5346

n NH 3 n NH 3 w% mt / MW NH 3
xo
nt n NH 3 n H 2O w% mt 1 w % mt

MW NH 3 MW H 2O

0.00103 / 17
xo 1.091 *10 3
0.00103 / 17 1 0.00103 18

1.091 *10 3
Xo 1.092 *10 3
1 1.091 *10 3

Sample 2
Vsample = 10 ml.
VHCl = 5.1 ml.
NHCl = 0.1 N
VSample N NH 3 VHCl N HCl

10ml N NH 3 5.1ml 0.1N

N NH 3 0.051 N

18
N C NH 3 e

N 0.051
C NH 3 0.051mol / L
e 1
(3 )0 = = 0.051 /

= 0.5346

0.051 = 0.5346

0.051
% 3 = = = 0.095
0.5346

n NH 3 n NH 3 w% mt / MW NH 3
xo
nt n NH 3 n H 2O w% mt 1 w % mt

MW NH 3 MW H 2O

9.5 *10 4 / 17
xo 1.006 *10 3
4

4
9.5 *10 / 17 1 9.5 *10 18
1.006 *10 3
Xo 3
1.007 *10 3
1 1.006 *10

Sample 3
Vsample = 10 ml.
VHCl = 4.7 ml.
NHCl = 0.1 N
VSample N NH 3 VHCl N HCl

10ml N NH 3 4.7ml 0.1N

N NH 3 0.047 N

N C NH 3 e

N 0.047
C NH 3 0.047mol / L
e 1
(3 )0 = = 0.047 /

= 0.5346

0.047 = 0.5346

0.051
% 3 = = = 0.088
0.5346
19
 n NH 3 n NH 3 w% mt / MW NH 3
xo
nt n NH 3 n H 2O w% mt 1 w % mt

MW NH 3 MW H 2O

8.8 *10 4 / 17
xo 9.317 *10 4
4 4

8.8 *10 / 17 1 8.8 *10 18
9.317 *10 4
Xo 4
9.326 *10 4
1 9.317 *10
Sample 4
Vsample = 10 ml.
VHCl = 5.1 ml.
NHCl = 0.1 N
VSample N NH 3 VHCl N HCl

10ml N NH 3 5.1ml 0.1N

N NH 3 0.051 N

N C NH 3 e

N 0.051
C NH 3 0.051mol / L
e 1

(3 )0 = = 0.051 / (from figure 3)

= 0.5346

0.051 = 0.5346

0.051
% 3 = = = 0.095
0.5346

n NH 3 n NH 3 w% mt / MW NH 3
xo
nt n NH 3 n H 2O w% mt 1 w % mt

MW NH 3 MW H 2O

9.5 *10 4 / 17
xo 1.006 *10 3
4

4
9.5 *10 / 17 1 9.5 *10 18
1.006 *10 3
Xo 1.007 *10 3
1 1.006 *10 3

= 1.01 103

20
3. Calculation of concentration, weight percent, xN and XN for the exit liquid
stream:
For Set 1;
There are three volume of 1 N HCl used : 14.5 ml, 13.5 ml, 13.5 ml.
Average volume of 1 N HCl used = (14.5+13.5+13.5) / 3 = 13.83 ml
Vsample = 10 ml.
VHCl = 13.83 ml.
NHCl = 1 N
VSample N NH 3 VHCl N HCl

10ml N NH 3 13.83 ml 1 N

N NH 3 1.383 N

N C NH 3 e

N 1.383
C NH 3 1.383mol / L
e 1
Weight percents are taken from graph,

(3 )0 = = 1.383 /

= 0.5346

1.383 = 0.5346

1.383
% 3 = = = 2.587
0.5346

n NH 3 n NH 3 w% mt / MW NH 3
xN
nt n NH 3 n H 2O w% mt 1 w % mt

MW NH 3 MW H 2O

0.02587 / 17
xn 0.027
0.02587 / 17 1 0.02587 18
0.027
XN 0.028
1 0.027

21
For Set 2;
There are three volume of 1 N HCl used : 14.9 ml, 14.1 ml, 14.2 ml.
Average volume of 1 N HCl used = (14.9 +14.1+ 14.2) / 3 = 14.4 ml

Vsample = 10 ml.
VHCl = 14.4 ml.
NHCl = 1 N
VSample N NH 3 VHCl N HCl

10ml N NH 3 14.4 ml 1 N

N NH 3 1.44 N

N C NH 3 e

N 1.44
C NH 3 1.44mol / L
e 1
Weight percents are taken from graph,

(3 )0 = = 1.44 /

= 0.5346

1.44 = 0.5346

1.44
% 3 = = = 2.694
0.5346

n NH 3 n NH 3 w% mt / MW NH 3
xN
nt n NH 3 n H 2O w% mt 1 w % mt

MW NH 3 MW H 2O

0.02694 / 17
xn 0.038
0.02694 / 17 1 0.02694 18
0.038
XN 0.040
1 0.038

22
For Set 3;
There are three volume of 1 N HCl used : 13.5 ml, 13.4 ml, 13.2 ml.
Average volume of 1 N HCl used = (13.5 +13.4+ 13.2) / 3 = 13.37 ml
Vsample = 10 ml.
VHCl = 13.37 ml.
NHCl = 1 N
VSample N NH 3 VHCl N HCl

10ml N NH 3 13.37 ml 1 N

N NH 3 1.337 N

N C NH 3 e

N 1.337
C NH 3 1.337mol / L
e 1
Weight percents are taken from graph,

(3 ) = = 1.337 /
0

= 0.5346

1.337 = 0.5346

1.337
% 3 = = = 2.501
0.5346

n NH 3 n NH 3 w% mt / MW NH 3
xN
nt n NH 3 n H 2O w% mt 1 w % mt

MW NH 3 MW H 2O

0.02501 / 17
xn 0.026
0.02501 / 17 1 0.02501 18
0.026
XN 0.027
1 0.026

XNaverage= (0.028+0.040+0.027)/3=0.032

23
4. Calculation of the flow rates of water at the inlet liquid stream:
The operating temperature of the system is the mean of the inlet and outlet
temperatures:

Set 1 : = 16

2 = 16

3 = 16

The average operating temperature is : 16

Set 1 , Set 2, Set 3 have equal flow rates;
= 18 /
At 16
water = 0.9976 g/cm3
1 3
= 18 997.6 3 = 17.957
1000

1
= 17.957 = 0.998
18

= 0.998 = 0

5. Calculation of the flow rates of ammonia and air at the inlet gas stream:

Set 1 , Set 2 , Set 3 have equal flow rate of NH3:

water = 0.9976 g/cm3=997.6 kg/m3
NH3 = 0.7195 kg/m3
air = 1.196 kg/m3
ball = 3850 kg/m3

Correction of rotameter readings for NH3 flow rates with respect to water;

Q W = 10 L/h

13 1
Q W = 10 = 2.78 106 3 /
1000 3600

24
 1
2

1 2 * g * Vb * ( b NH 3 ) * NH 3
QNH 3 CD * * A2 *
NH 3 A
A f * [1 2 ]2
A1

1
2

2 * g *Vb * ( b W ) * W
* A2 *
1
QW C D *
W A
A f * [1 2 ]2
A1

Ratio of these two equation;

QNH 3 ( b NH 3 ) / NH 3

QW b W / W

QNH 3 (3850 0.7195) / 0.7195

QW 3850 997.6/ 997.6 43.26

106 3 3 3
3 = 43.26 (2.78 ) = 1.41 104 = 0.433

0.433 3 0.7195
3 = = 0.312 /
3

0.32 /
3 = = 0.018 /
17 /

For Set 1 flow rate of air;

= 12 /
1 3 60
= 12 1.196 3 = 0.861
1000 1

= 0.861 1 = 0.030
29
25
For Set 2 flow rate of air;
= 22 /
1 3 60
= 22 1.196 3 = 1.579
1000 1

= 1.579 1 = 0.054
29
For Set 3 flow rate of air;
= 32 /
1 3 60
= 32 1.196 3 = 2.296
1000 1

= 2.296 1 = 0.079
29

6. Calculation of concentration of ammonia in the gas stream entering to the

column:

For Set 1;
n NH 3 0.018
y N 1
n NH 3 n AIR 0.018 0.030

y N 1 0.375
0.375
YN 1 0.6
1 0.375
For Set 2;
n NH 3 0.018
y N 1
n NH 3 n AIR 0.018 0.054

y N 1 0.25
0.25
YN 1 0.333
1 0.25
For Set 3;
n NH 3 0.018
y N 1
n NH 3 n AIR 0.018 0.079

y N 1 0.186
0.186
YN 1 0.229
1 0.186
26
7. Calculation of concentration of ammonia in the gas stream leaving the
column:

For Set 1

mol 1 lt 1kmol 1 60 min

n NH 3 20ml 0.1 3 3
lt 10 ml 10 mol 40 min 1h

kmol
n NH 3 3 10 6
h

kmol
n AIR 0.030
h

3 10 6
y1 6
9.999 *10 5
3 10 0.030

9.999 *10 5
Y1 5
9.999 *10 5
1 9.999 *10
For Set 2;

mol 1 lt 1kmol 1 60 min

n NH 3 20ml 0.1 3 3
lt 10 ml 10 mol 30 min 1h

kmol
n NH 3 4 10 6
h

kmol
n AIR 0.054
h

4 10 6
y1 6
7.407 10 5
4 10 0.054

7.407 10 5
Y1 5
7.408 10 5
1 7.407 10
For Set 3;

mol 1 lt 1kmol 1 60 min

n NH 3 20ml 0.1 3 3
lt 10 ml 10 mol 6 min 1h

kmol
n NH 3 2 10 5
h

kmol
n AIR 0.079
h

27
 2 10 5
y1 5
2.531 10 4
2 10 0.079

2.531 10 4
Y1 4
2.532 10 4
1 2.531 10

8. Calculation of the molar flow rates of liquid and gas stream:

Operating line Equation:

Ln G Y L0 X 0
Yn1 Xn 1 1
Gn1 Gn1

By the assumption of constant molar flow rates of inlet gas and liquid:

LS L
Yn1 X n Y1 S X 0
GS GS
LS Lo (1 xo )
Lo 0.998 kmol/h

For Set 1;
+1 = 3 + = 0.018 + 0.030 = 0.048 kmol/h

LS Lo (1 xo ) 0.998 * (1 1.091 *10 3 )

Ls = 0.997 kmol/h
X0 = 1.092*10-3
GS G N 1 (1 y N 1 ) 0.048 (1 0.375)

Gs = 0.03 kmol/h

For Set 2;
+1 = 3 + = 0.018 + 0.054 = 0.072 kmol/h

LS Lo (1 xo ) 0.998 * (1 1.006 *10 3 )

Ls = 0.997 kmol/h

X0 = 1.007*10-3

GS GN 1 (1 y N 1 ) 0.072(1 0.25)
Gs = 0.054 kmol/h

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For Set 3;
+1 = 3 + = 0.018 + 0.079 = 0.097 kmol/h

LS Lo (1 xo ) 0.998 * (1 9.317 *10 4 )

Ls = 0.997 kmol/h

X0 = 9.326*10-4
GS GN 1 (1 y N 1 ) 0.097(1 0.186)
Gs = 0.079 kmol/h

Ammonia is neglected in the gas stream.

9. Evaluation of operating line equation:

Operating line Equation:

LS L
YN 1 X N Y1 S X 0
GS GS

For the Set 1:

LS = 0.997 kmol/h

GS = 0.030 kmol/h

X0 = 1.092*10-3

Y1 = 9.999*10-5

0.997 0.997
YN 1 X N 9.999 *10 5 1.092 *10 3
0.030 0.030

YN 1 33.23 X N 0.036

For the Set 2:

LS = 0.997 kmol/h

GS = 0.054 kmol/h

X0 = 1.007*10-3

Y1 = 7.408*10-5

29
 0.997 0.997
YN 1 X N 7.408 *10 5 1.007 *10 3
0.054 0.054

YN 1 18.46 X N 0.019

For the Set 3:

LS = 0.997 kmol/h

GS = 0.079 kmol/h

X0 = 9.326*10-4

Y1 = 2.532*10-4

0.997 0.997
YN 1 X N 2.532 *10 4 9.326 *10 4
0.079 0.079

YN 1 12.62 X N 0.012

10. Calculation of efficiency of the column:

Efficiency = Ec = Nideal / Nreal

Nreal = 20 plates

For the 1st Set: 2 plate

2
= = 0.1 = 10%
20

For the 2nd Set: 1.6 plate

1.6
= = 0.08 = 8%
20

For the 3rd Set: 1.2 plate

1.2
= = 0.06 = 6%
20

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