S. Lee et al.

: A Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor-based Indoor Location-Aware System for the Smart Home 1311

A Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor-based Indoor Location-Aware System

for the Smart Home
Suk Lee, Member, IEEE, Kyoung Nam Ha, Kyung Chang Lee, Member, IEEE

Abstract — Smart home is expected to offer various smart office. In general, indoor location-aware systems have
intelligent services by recognizing residents along with their been classified into three types according to the measurement
life style and feelings. One of the key issues for realizing the technology: triangulation, scene analysis, and proximity
smart home is how to detect the locations of residents. Cur- methods [8]. The triangulation method uses multiple distances
rently, the research effort is focused on two approaches: from multiple known points. Examples include Active Badges
terminal-based and non-terminal-based methods. The [9], Active Bats [10], and Easy Living [11], which use infra-
terminal -based method employs a type of device that should red sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and vision sensors, resp-
be carried by the resident while the non-terminal-based ectively. The scene analysis method examines a view from a
method requires no such device. This paper presents a novel particular vantage point. Representative examples of the scene
non-terminal-based approach using an array of pyroelectric analysis method are MotionStar [12], which uses a DC
infrared sensors (PIR sensors) that can detect residents. The magnetic tracker, and RADAR [13], which uses IEEE 802.11
feasibility of the system is evaluated experimentally on a test
wireless local area network (LAN). Finally, the proximity
bed1
Index Terms — smart home, location-based service, pyroele-
method measures nearness to a known set of points. An
ctric infrared sensor (PIR sensor), location-recognition algorithm example of the proximity method is Smart Floor [14], which
uses pressure sensors.
I. INTRODUCTION Alternatively, indoor location-aware systems can be
classified according to the need for a terminal that should be
T HERE is a growing interest in smart home as a way to
offer a convenient, comfortable, and safe residential
carried by the resident. Terminal-based methods, such as
Active Bats, do not recognize the resident’s location directly,
environment [1], [2]. In general, the smart home aims to offer
but perceive the location of a device carried by the resident,
appropriate intelligent services to actively assist in the
such as an infrared transceiver or radio frequency identi-
resident’s life such as housework, amusement, rest, and sleep.
fication (RFID) tag. Therefore, it is impossible to recognize
Hence, in order to enhance the resident’s convenience and
the resident’s location if he or she is not carrying the device.
safety, devices such as home appliances, multimedia appl-
In contrast, non-terminal methods such as Easy Living and
iances, and internet appliances should be connected via a
Smart Floor can find the resident’s location without such
home network system, as shown in Fig. 1, and they should be
devices. However, Easy Living can be regarded to invade the
controlled or monitored remotely using a television (TV) or
resident’s privacy while the Smart Floor has difficulty with
personal digital assistant (PDA) [3], [4].
extendibility and maintenance.
Especially, attention has been focused on location-based
This paper presents a non-terminal based location-aware
services as a way to offer high-quality intelligent services,
system that uses an array of pyroelectric infrared (PIR)
while considering human factors such as pattern of living,
sensors [15], [16]. The PIR sensors on the ceiling detect the
health, and feelings of a resident [5]-[7]. That is, if the smart
presence of a resident and are laid out so that detection areas
home can recognize the resident’s pattern of living or health,
of adjacent sensors overlap. By combining the outputs of
then home appliances should be able to anticipate the
multiple PIR sensors, the system is able to locate a resident
resident’s needs and offer appropriate intelligent service more
with a reasonable degree of accuracy. This system has
actively. For example, in a passive service environment, the
inherent advantage of non-terminal based methods while
resident controls the operation of the HVAC (heating,
avoiding privacy and extendibility, maintenance issues. In
ventilating, and air conditioning) system, while the smart
order to demonstrate its efficacy, an experimental test bed has
home would control the temperature and humidity of a room
been constructed, and the proposed system has been evaluated
according to the resident’s condition.
experimentally under various experimental conditions.
Various indoor location-aware systems have been devel-
This paper is organized into four sections, including this
oped to recognize the resident’s location in the smart home or
introduction. Section II presents the architecture of the PIR
This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded
sensor-based indoor location-aware system (PILAS), and the
by the Korean Government (MOEHRD) (KRF-2005-003-D00105) location-recognition algorithm. Section III describes a
S. Lee and K. N. Ha is with the School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan resident-detection method using PIR sensors, and evaluates
National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (e-mail: slee@pnu.edu, 0vincent
the performance of the system under various conditions using
@pnu.edu).
K. C. Lee is with the Department of Control and Automation Engineering, an experimental test bed. Finally, a summary and the
Pukyung National University, Busan 608-739, Korea (e-mail: gclee@pknu. conclusions are presented in Section IV.
ac.kr).
Contributed Paper
Manuscript received September 1, 2006 0098 3063/06/$20.00 © 2006 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: De La Salle University. Downloaded on June 15, 2009 at 02:42 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1312
home appliance
mobile computer
Internet
home gateway
IT network
IT
cellular phone, PDA,
etc.
Fig. 1. Architecture of the home network system for smart home
II. ARCHITECTURE OF THE PIR SENSOR-BASED INDOOR
LOCATION-AWARE SYSTEM
A. Framework of the smart home
Given the indoor environment of the smart home, an indoor
location-aware system must satisfy the following requirements.
First, the location-aware system should be implemented at a
relatively low cost because many sensors have to be installed
in rooms of different sizes to detect the resident in the smart
home. Second, sensor installation must be flexible because the
shape of each room is different and there are obstacles such as
home appliances and furniture, which prevent the normal
operation of sensors. The third requirement is that the sensors
for the location-aware system have to be robust to noise, and
should not be affected by their surroundings. This is because
the smart home can make use of various wireless commu-
nication methods such as wireless LAN or radio-frequency
(RF) systems, which produce electromagnetic noise, or there
may be significant changes in light or temperature that can
affect sensor performance. Finally, it is desirable that the
system’s accuracy is adjustable according to room types.
Among many systems that satisfy the requirement, the PIR
sensor-based system has not attracted much attention even
though the system has several advantages. The PIR sensors,
which have been used to turn on a light when it detects human
movement, are less expensive than many other sensors. In
addition, because PIR sensors detect the infrared wavelength
emitted from humans between 9.4~10.4 µm, they are
reasonably robust to their surroundings, in terms of temp-
erature, humidity, and electromagnetic noise. Moreover, it is
possible to control the location accuracy of the system by
adjusting the sensing radius of a PIR sensor, and PIR sensors
are easily installed on the ceiling, where they are not affected
by the structure of a room or any obstacles.
Figure 2 shows the framework for the PILAS in a smart
Authorized licensed use limited to: De La Salle University. Downloaded on June 15, 2009 at 02:42 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 52, No. 4, NOVEMBER 2006
home network
system
light/HVAC control
control network
backbone network
AV network
audio & video
home that offers location-based intelligent services to a
resident. Within this framework, various devices are
connected via a home network system, including PIR sensors,
room terminals, a smart home server, and home appliances.
Here, each room is regarded as a cell, and the appropriate
number of PIR sensors is installed on the ceiling of each cell
to provide sufficient location accuracy for the location-based
services. Each PIR sensor attempts to detect the resident at a
constant period, and transmits its sensing information to a
room terminal via the home network system. Consequently,
the room terminal recognizes the resident’s location by
integrating the sensor information received from all of the
sensors belonging to one cell, and transmits the resident’s
location to the smart home server that controls the home
appliances to offer location-based intelligent services to the
resident.
Within this framework, the smart home server has the
following functions. 1) The virtual map generator makes a
virtual map of the smart home (generating a virtual map), and
writes the location information of the resident, which is
received from a room terminal, on the virtual map (writing the
resident’s location). Then, it makes a moving trajectory of the
resident by connecting the successive locations of the resident
(tracking the resident’s movement). 2) The home appliance
controller transmits control commands to home appliances via
the home network system to provide intelligent services to the
resident. 3) The moving pattern predictor saves the current
movement trajectory of the resident, the current action of
home appliances, and parameters reflecting the current home
environment such as the time, temperature, humidity, and
illumination. After storing sufficient information, it may be
possible to offer human-oriented intelligent services in which
the home appliances spontaneously provide services to satisfy
human needs. For example, if the smart home server “knows”
that the resident normally wakes up at 7:00 A.M. and takes a
shower, it may be possible to turn on the lamps and some
S. Lee et al.: A Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor-based Indoor Location-Aware System for the Smart Home 1313

Cell #1 Cell #2 Cell #n

PIR sensor1 PIR sensor2 PIR sensorm
Resident
… … … …
detection

home network
Room Terminal
Location decision R.T R.T

Smart Home Server home network

Virtual map generator Home

appliance
Generating a virtual map
Instant Service

Writing the resident’s location External monitor

…
Tracking the resident’s movement

Moving pattern predictor Home appliance controller

Home
DB Pattern Generator Intelligent service
appliance

Fig. 2. Framework of smart home for the PILAS.

music. In addition, the temperature of the shower water can be that a resident can be represented by a point and the radius of
set automatically for the resident. the sensing area of a PIR sensor is 1 m, we know that the
location accuracy is 1 m because the maximum error occurs
B. Location-recognition algorithm
when the resident is on the boundary of sensing area A.
In order to determine the location of a resident within a Alternatively, when the resident is in sensing area B, the
room, an array of PIR sensors are used as shown in Fig. 3. In resident is assumed to be at point 2, and the maximum
the figure, the sensing area of each PIR sensor is shown as a location error occurs when the resident is actually at point 3.
circle, and the sensing areas of two or more sensors overlap. In this case, the error is 3 / 2 m which is the distance between
Consequently, when a resident enters one of the sensing areas,
points 2 and 3. Therefore, the location accuracy of the total
the system decides whether he/she belongs to any sensing area
system shown in Fig. 3 can be regarded as 1 m, which is the
by integrating the sensing information collected from all of the
maximum value of the location accuracy of each area. Since
PIR sensors in the room. For example, when a resident enters
the number of sensors and the size of their sensing areas
the sensing area B, sensors a and b output ‘ON’ signals, while
determine the location accuracy of the PILAS, it is necessary
sensor c outputs ‘OFF’ signal. After collecting outputs, the
to arrange the PIR sensors properly to guarantee the specified
algorithm can infer that the resident belongs to the sensing
system accuracy.
area B. According to the number of sensors and the
arrangement of the sensors signaling ‘ON’, the resident’s PIR sensor a b c
location is deter-mined in the following manner. First, if only
one sensor outputs ‘ON’ signal, the resident is regarded to be
at the center of the sensing area of the corresponding sensor.
If the outputs of two adjacent sensors are ‘ON’, the resident’s
location is assumed to be at the point midway between the two
sensors. Finally, if three or more sensors signal ‘ON’, the
resident is located at the centroid of the centers of the sensing area
corresponding sensors. For example, it is assumed that the 3
resident is located at point 1 in the figure when only sensor a A B C
signals ‘ON’, while the resident is located at point 2 when
sensors a and b both output ‘ON’ signals. 1 2
The location accuracy of this system can be defined the
maximum distance between the estimated points and the
resident. For example, when a resident enters sensing area A,
the resident is assumed to be at point 1. On the assumption Fig. 3. The location-recognition algorithm for PIR sensors.

Authorized licensed use limited to: De La Salle University. Downloaded on June 15, 2009 at 02:42 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1314
In order to determine the resident’s location precisely and
increase the accuracy of the system, it is desirable to have
more sensing areas with given number of sensors and to have
sensing areas of similar size. Fig. 4 shows some examples of
sensor arrangements and sensing areas. Fig. 4(a) and 4(b)
show the arrangements with nine sensors that produce 40 and
21 sensing areas, respectively. The arrangement in Fig. 4(a) is
better than Fig. 4(b) in terms if the number of sensing areas.
However, the arrangement in Fig. 4(a) has some areas where a
resident can not be detected and lower location accuracy than
that in Fig. 4(b). Fig. 4(c) shows an arrangement with twelve
sensors that five 28 sensing areas without any blind spots.
When PIR sensors are installed around the edge of a room,
as shown in Fig. 4(c), it sometimes may give ackward results.
One example is shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5(a) shows the path of a
resident. If we mark the estimated points by using the sensor
location or the midpoint of adjacent sensors, it will be a
zigzagging patterns as shown in Fig. 5(b). In order to alleviate
this, we may regard the sensors on the edges to be located a
little inwards, which give the result shown in Fig. 5(c).
III. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE PILAS
resident
(a)
PIR sensor sensing location
(b)
sensing range
precision
(c)
Fig. 4. Location accuracy according to the sensor arrangement of PIR
sensors. (a) 40 sensing areas. (b) 21 sensing areas. (c) 28 sensing areas
with twelve sensors.
Authorized licensed use limited to: De La Salle University. Downloaded on June 15, 2009 at 02:42 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 52, No. 4, NOVEMBER 2006
A. Resident-detection method using PIR sensors
Since the PILAS recognizes the resident’s location by
combining outputs from all the sensors belonging to one cell,
determining whether a single sensor is ‘ON’ or ‘OFF’ directly
influences location accuracy. In general, because the ‘ON/
OFF’ values can be determined by comparing a predefined
threshold and the digitized sensor output acquired by sampling
the analog signal from a PIR sensor, it is necessary to choose
an appropriate signal level for the threshold. For example,
Smart Floor, which is another non-terminal method, can
recognize a resident’s location exactly by comparing the
appropriate threshold and a sensor value, because a pressure
sensor outputs a constant voltage based on the resident’s
weight when he remains at a specific point. However, because
a PIR sensor measures the variation in the infrared signal
produced by a moving human body, its output is in analog
form, as shown in Fig. 6. That is, as the variation in the
infrared radiation from a resident increases when a resident
enters a sensing area, the PIR sensor outputs an increasing
voltage. Conversely, the voltage decreases as the resident
leave the sensing area. If the resident does not move within
the sensing area, the variation in the infrared radiation does
not exist and the PIR sensor outputs zero voltage. Therefore, it
is very difficult to deter-mine when a resident is staying
Sensor 1 Sensor 2
Sensor 3 Sensor 4 Sensor 5
(a)
a b
(b)
a' b'
(c)
Fig. 5. The effect of compensating for the center point of the outer sensors.
(a) Resident’s movement. (b) Before compensating for the outer sensors. (c)
After compensating for the outer sensors.
heat source
movement
detection area of
PIR sensor
infrared
output signal
Fig. 6. Signal output of PIR sensor.
S. Lee et al.: A Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor-based Indoor Location-Aware System for the Smart Home 1315

within a specific sensing area using only the voltage or current
threshold of a PIR sensor.
In order to guarantee the location accuracy of the system,
the resident-detection method must meet several requirements.
First, if no resident is present within a sensing area, the PIR
sensor should not output ‘ON’ signal. That is, the PIR sensor
must not malfunction by other disturbances such as a moving
pet, temperature change and sunlight. Second, it should be
possible to precisely determine the point in time when a
resident enters and leaves a sensing area. That is, in spite of
variations in sensor characteristics, resident’s speed and height,
it should be possible to determine the time point exactly.
Finally, because the output voltage of a PIR sensor does not
exceed the threshold voltage when the resident does not move
within a sensing area, it is necessary to know if a resident
stays within the sensing area.
In order to satisfy these requirements, this paper introduces
the following implementation method for the resident-
detection method for PIR sensors. First, in order to eliminate
PIR sensor malfunctioning due to pets or temperature changes,
a Fresnel lens, which allows human infrared waveforms to
pass through it while rejecting other waveforms, is installed in
front of the PIR sensors. Second, when the output of a PIR
sensor exceeds the positive threshold voltage, and this state is
maintained for several predefined sampling intervals, that the
resident has entered a sensing area. Here, the threshold must
be sufficient for the method to distinguish variation in the
resident’s infrared from an environmental infrared signal
caused by pets or temperature change. Moreover, when the
sensor’s output falls below a negative threshold voltage and
this status is maintained for several sampling intervals, it is
assumed that the resident has left the sensing area. Finally,
when the output voltage remains between the two threshold
voltages, for example when the resident is not moving inside
the sensing area, the output of the corresponding PIR sensor is
changed from ‘ON’ to ‘OFF’. At this time, if other sensors
installed near this sensor do not output ‘ON’ signal, the
method regards the resident as remaining within the
corresponding sensing area.
B. Performance evaluation using an experimental test bed
In order to verify the feasibility of the PILAS, an
experimental test bed was implemented. Since the intelligent
location-based service in the smart home does not require very
high location accuracy, we designed the system to have a
location accuracy of 0.5 m.
Figure 7 shows the experimental test bed in a room
measuring 4 × 4 × 2.5 m (width × length × height). In the
experiment, twelve PIR sensors were fixed on the ceiling, using
the arrangement shown in Fig. 4(c). An Atmel AT89C51CC001
microcontroller [17] was used for signal processing and judging
‘ON/OFF’, and a Nippon Ceramic RE431B PIR sensor [18] and
NL-11 Fresnel lens were used. Especially, a horn was installed
on each PIR sensor to limit the sensing area to the circle with 2
m diameter. Fig. 8 shows the experimental results with the horn.
In the figure, the RE431B sensor outputs the signal shown in (a)
when a resident passes through the sensing circle, while it
outputs the irregular signal shown in (b) when the resident
moves within the circle. Finally, no signal is detected when the
resident moves outside the circle, as shown in (c). From these
experimental results, we verified that the PIR sensor detects
residents within the sensing area only. In addition, in order to
judge whether the signal is ‘ON’ or ‘OFF’, it is necessary to
choose a threshold for the RE431B sensor that considers
external environmental disturbance. Initially, several
experiments were performed to determine the threshold with
respect to the internal temperature change caused by a air
conditioner or heater and other disturbances, such as wind or
sunshine. Based on these experimental results, when the
threshold of the RE431B sensor was ±0.4 V, external
environmental temperature change did not affect its
performance at detecting the resident. In addition, we verified
that pets did not affect the sensing performance with the same
threshold.
Next, in order to determine the resident’s location using the
information received from PIR sensors, a PC-based location-
recognition algorithm was implemented, as shown in Fig. 9.
Here, a PC collects data from the PIR sensors every 10 msec
using an NI 6025E data acquisition (DAQ) board [19]. In the
figure, the line in the left window was drawn using a mouse to
show the path of the resident graphically, while that in the
window on the right is the estimated movement trajectory of
the resident drawn by connecting the resident’s locations
acquired using the DAQ board.
a 4

3.5

PIR sensor 3

2.5

1.5
4
1
3.5
0.5

Fresnel lens horn 0

1 51 101
2.5
3

151 201 251 301 351 401

1.5

b 2m 0.5
4

c b 0
1 51 1013.5 151 201 251 301 351 401

a
2.5

1.5

resident’s movement pattern 1

0.5

c 0
1 51 101 151 201 251 301 351 401

Fig. 7. Experimental test bed for the PILAS. Fig. 8. Ensuring the exact sensing range with a horn.

Authorized licensed use limited to: De La Salle University. Downloaded on June 15, 2009 at 02:42 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1316
Finally, in order to verify the efficacy of the system, three
experiments were performed with residents between 160 and
180 cm tall, moving at speeds between 1.5 and 2.5 km/h.
Figure 9 shows the trajectory of a resident moving along a T-
shaped path. The trajectory made by connecting the resi-dent’s
locations recognized by the PILAS, shown on the right, was
similar to the target path shown on the left. We know that the
maximum location error is about 30 cm without compensating
for the outer sensors. Fig. 10 shows the trajectory when the
resident follows an H-shaped path. In this experiment, the
location accuracy was similar to that in Fig. 9. We verified that
the system could locate a resident with accuracy of 0.5 m, even
if three or more sensors were activated.
Fig. 10. Location of a resident moving along a H-shaped path
A A
Fig. 11. Location of resident moving along a square path.
Authorized licensed use limited to: De La Salle University. Downloaded on June 15, 2009 at 02:42 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 52, No. 4, NOVEMBER 2006
Figure 11 shows the trajectory of a resident moving along a
square path. In this case, the location error is the largest, and
the trajectory is not a straight line. We note that serious
location errors occurred at each point marked by A due to the
inaccurate judgment of the outer sensors. Nevertheless, the
location error is still smaller than 0.5 m when moving in the
square path. Here, the compensation method for outer sensors,
which was explained in Fig. 5, reduces the location error at
each point A. When the resident moves in a straight line, as
shown in Fig. 12(a), the location error is relatively large
without using the compensation method, as shown in Fig.
12(b). However, after applying the compensation method, we
verified that the detection results for the areas in the small
circles are enhanced by roughly about 30%.
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a PIR sensor-based indoor location-
aware system that estimates the resident’s location for
location-based intelligent services in the smart home. This
paper introduces the framework of smart home for the
location-aware system, and a location-recognition algorithm
that integrates the information collected from PIR sensors. In
addition, this paper presents a resident-detection method.
Finally, an experiment is implemented to evaluate the efficacy
of the PILAS.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 12. Experimental results based on compensating for the outer
sensors’ center points. (a) The resident’s actual movement path. (b)
Before compensating for the outer sensors. (c) After compensating for
the outer sensors.
S. Lee et al.: A Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor-based Indoor Location-Aware System for the Smart Home
Based on several experiments conducted under various
conditions, we verified that the PILAS can estimates
resident’s location sufficiently well. Moreover, because the
location accuracy of the system is less than 0.5 m without any
terminal for location recognition, the system can be very
practical. Furthermore, it should be possible to enhance the
location accuracy of the system by increasing the number of
sensing areas, by equalizing the sensing areas based on the
sensor arrangement, or by compensating for the centers of
outer sensors.
Since the location accuracy of this system differs according
to the sensor arrangement, it is necessary to determine the
optimal sensor arrangement that offers the greatest location
accuracy. In order to enhance the location accuracy, it is also
necessary to enhance the method of processing the PIR
sensors using more advanced techniques such as probabilistic
theories and soft computing. Finally, the proposed PILA
system should be extended to deal with a room occupied by
more than one residents.
REFERENCES
[1] M.R. Cabrer, R.P.D. Redondo, A.F. Vilas, A.F. J.J.P. Arias, and J.G.
Duque, “Controlling the Smart Home from TV,” IEEE Transactions on
Consumer Electronics, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 421-429, May 2006.
[2] K.C. Lee and H.H Lee, “Network-based fire-detection system via
controller area network for smart home automation,” IEEE Transactions
on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 1093-1100, Nov. 2004.
[3] K.S. Lee, K.C. Lee, S. Lee. K.T. Oh, and S.M. Baek, “Network
configuration technique for home appliances based on LnCP,” IEEE
Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 367-374,
May. 2003.
[4] B. Rose, “Home networks: A standards perspective,” IEEE
Communications Magazine, Vol. 39, No. 12, pp. 78-85, Dec. 2001.
[5] M. Hazas, J. Scott, and J. Krumm, “Location-aware computing comes of
age,” IEEE Computer, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 95-97, Feb. 2004.
[6] J. Choi, D. Shin, and D. Shin, “Research and implementation of the
context-aware middleware for controlling home appliances,” IEEE
Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 301-306,
Feb. 2005.
[7] M.D. Rodriguez, J. Favela, E.A. Martinez, and M.A. Munoz, “Location-
aware access to hospital information and services,” IEEE Transactions
on Information Technology in Biomedicine, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 448-455,
Dec. 2004.
[8] J. Hightower and G. Borriello, “Location Systems for Ubiquitous
Computing,” IEEE Computer, Vol. 34, No.8, pp.57-66, Aug. 2001.
[9] R. Want, A. Hopper, V. Falcao, and J. Gibbons, “The active badge
location system,” ACM Transactions Information Systems, Vol. 10, No.
1, pp.91-102, Jan. 1992.
[10] A. Harter, A. Hopper, P. Steggles, A. Ward, and P. Webster, “The
anatomy of a context-aware application,” Proceedings of the 5th annual
ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and
networking, pp. 59-68, 1999.
[11] J. Krumm, S. Harris, B. Myers, B. Brummit, M. Hale, and S. Shafer,
“Multi-Camera Multi-Person Tracking for Easy Living,” 3th IEEE
Workshop on Visual Surveillance, 2000.
Authorized licensed use limited to: De La Salle University. Downloaded on June 15, 2009 at 02:42 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1317
[12] F. Raab, E. Blood, O. Steiner, and H. Jones, “Magnetic Position and
Orientation Tracking System,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and
Electronic Systems, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 709-717, Sep. 1979.
[13] P. Bahl and V. Padmanabhan, “RADAR: An In-Building RF-Based
User Location and Tracking System,” Proceedings of the IEEE Infocom
2000, pp. 775-784, 2000.
[14] R.J. Orr and G.D. Abowd, “The Smart Floor: A Mechanism for Natural
User Identification and Tracking,” Proceedings of 2000 Conference on
Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2000.
[15] S. Okuda, S. Kaneda, and H. Haga, “Human position/height detection
using analog type pyroelectric sensors,” Lecture Notes in Computer
Science, Vol. 3823, pp. 306-315, 2005.
[16] M. Moghavvemi, and C.S. Lu, “Pyroelectric infrared sensor for intruder
detection,” Proceedings of TENCON 2004, pp. 656-659, 2004.
[17] Atmel, “Atmel 8051 Microcontrollers Hardware Manual,” 2003
[18] Nippon Ceramic, Specification of Pyroelectric passive infrared sensor,
2006
[19] National Instruments, DAQ 6025E User Manual, 2000 Edition
Suk Lee (M’92) was born in Seoul, Korea, in 1961. He
received the B.S. degree from Seoul National University,
Seoul, Korea, in 1984, and the M.S. and Ph. D. degrees
from The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, 1985, and 1990, respectively. He is professor in
the School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National
University, Busan, Korea. Prior to joining Pusan
National University, he was a Research Assistant Professor in the Center for
Advanced Manufacturing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
His research interests is networking for manufacturing, in-vehicle networking,
and intelligent home. He is a member of American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers, Korean Society of
Precision Engineers, and Institute of Control, Automation, and Systems
Engineers.
Kyoung Nam Ha was born in Busan, Korea, in 1974.
He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in mechanical
engineering from Pusan National University, Busan,
Korea, in 2001, and 2004, respectively. He is currently
working toward the Ph.D. degree in Pusan National
University. His research interests are industrial network,
home network, wireless network, and networked control
system. He is a member of Institute of Control, Automation, and Systems
Engineers.
Kyung Chang Lee (S’00-M’04) was born in Busan,
Korea, in 1971. He received the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D.
degrees in mechanical engineering from Pusan National
University, Busan, Korea, in 1996, 1998, and 2003,
respectively. He is an Instructor in the Department of
Control and Measurement Engineering, Pukyong
National University, Busan, Korea. Prior to joining
Pukyong National University, he was a researh aassociate in the Network-
based Automation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea, from
2003 to 2004. From 1997 to 2003, he was a research assistant in the
Mechanical Engineering and Technology Research Information Center,
Busan, Korea. His research interests are industrial network, in-vehicle
network, home network, wireless network, and networked control system. He
is a member of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Korean
Society of Automotive Engineers, and Institute of Control, Automation, and
Systems Engineers