Parts:

- Opening strategy
- State the subject: Describe the
project: who, what, when, where,
why, how
- State the purpose: Foreseen &
unforeseen problems, Relevance
- State the scope: Negative impacts to
be discussed.
- Preview the development of the
subject: How information was
gathered, then analyzed, then
discussed, the conclusions and
recommendations

PARAGRAPHS

Every paragraph should be:

Unified - The sentences should all

ABSTRACTS refer to the main idea, or thesis, of
the paper.
Most abstracts contain the following parts:
Coherent-The sentences should be
Background arranged in a logical manner and
should follow a definite plan for
Aim
development.
Method
Well-Developed - Every idea
Results discussed in the paragraph should be
adequately explained and supported
Conclusion through evidence and details that
work together to explain the paper's
INTRODUCTIONS
controlling idea. Also, a well
developed paragraph moves from
the more general level of the topic
sentence to the most specific level of
the unique: vivid, pertinent details
(and the proper name or date, if
applicable) about the particular
person, event, animal, or thing that
you are writing about.
TBSIR Paragraph: COHERENCE

T (Topic) Old-new Information:

B (Bridge)
S (Support)
I (Interpretation)
R (Return)

Topic sentence: The topic sentence is usually

the first sentence in a paragraph. It
introduces the main idea of the paragraph.
Summarize the main idea of your paragraph. Word Chains: You can connect ideas more
Indicate to the reader what your paragraph clearly by using key words that are related to
will be about. each other throughout a paragraph (repeat
key words, restate the main point of the
Bridge: Usually, it is the second sentence in
thesis)
your paragraph. It makes a transition from
How is this done? Repetition, Synonyms, And
the topic to the specific details. Decide how
more!
your support is related to your topic, and
what the focus of your paragraph is. Transition between paragraphs: write
sentences that directly link the end of one
Support: They come after the topic sentence,
paragraph to the beginning of another.
making up the body of a paragraph. They
give details to develop and support the main SENTENCES TYPES
idea of the paragraph. You should give
supporting facts, details, and examples. Simple: Subject + Verb + Object

Interpretation: This comes after your Compound: Subject + Verb + (Object),

support. Give the reader extra information FANBOYS Subject + Verb + (Object).
that they may not think of by themselves.
How would you interpret your facts? What is
your opinion? What conclusions can you
draw?

Return: (optional) The return sentence is the

last sentence in a paragraph. It restates the
main idea of your paragraph. Restate the Complex: Main clause + Dependent Clause
main idea of the paragraph using different
Compound-Complex: consist of complex
words.
sentence connected to a main/independent
clause.
WRITING PROCESS

Pre-writing: Reading, Discussing,

Brainstorming, Listing,
Freewriting/quickwriting, Journalist
questions (who, what, when, where, why,
how), Clustering/mindmapping

SUMMARY

Characteristics of a Good Summary

- Include a reference to the author,

title, & main idea of the article in the
first sentence.
- Give the main supporting ideas.
- Omit unimportant details.
- Use your own words; no plagiarism;
no quotation.
- Use reporting verbs.
- Do not include your own opinion.

CONCLUSIONS

It brings the essay to a close. It restates the

ideas from the body paragraph. It does not
introduce new ideas.