CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1. BACKGROUND
The integument system is an organ system that distinguishes, separates, protects, and
informs animals about their surroundings. This system is often the largest part of the
organ system that includes the skin, hair, feathers, scales, nails, sweat glands and
products (sweat or mucus). This word is derived from the Latin "integumentum",
which means "cover".
Scientifically, the skin is the outermost layer that exists outside the tissue found
on the outside that covers and protects the body surface, the skin is the most surface
organ covering the entire outer part of the body so that the skin as a body protector
against chemical hazards.
Sunlight contains ultraviolet light and protects against microorganisms and maintains
body balance. eg pale, yellowish, reddish or increased skin temperature.
Psychic disorders can also cause abnormalities or changes in the skin, because the
stress, fear, and anger will result in changes in the skin.
2. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM
1. What is meant by an integument system?
2. What are the layers of skin?
3. What are the different types of glands on the skin?
4. What are the accessories organs on the skin?
5. What are the abnormalities in the integument system?

1.1 Aim
The objectives of this paper are prepared as follows:
1.1.1 General purpose
This paper aims to suit g Uhi task subjects of English nursing 2
1.1.2 Special purpose
a. Know and understand about integument systems
b. Know and understand about the layers of skin
c. Knowing and understanding about the various glands drug
d. Know and understand about leather accessories organs
e. Know and understand about integument system abnormalities

1.2 Benefits
The benefits of this paper are prepared as follows:
1.2.1 For Students
a. Adds knowledge of the anatomy of skin physiology
b. Develop creativity and talent writers
c. M e value of the extent to which the authors understand the theory that
has been uncovered about drug classification
d. As a requirement in completing Pharmacology course
assignment
1.2.2 For Stikes Institution Zainul Hasan Genggong
a. This paper can be internal audit quality of teachers
b. In addition to information and literature materials in the
provision of materials on the classification of female students of
educational institutions
 1.2.3 For Readers
Readers know, understand and master the anatomy and physiology of
the skin

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 Understanding
The integument system is an organ system that differentiates, separates, protects, and
informs the animal about its surrounding environment. This system is often the largest part
of the organ system that includes skin, hair, hair, scales, nails, sweat glands and products
(sweat or mucus). This word comes from the language Latin "integumentum", which
means "cover".
The skin is a layer of tissue on the outside covering and protecting the body
surface, associated with mucous membranes lining the cavities, the entrance
holes. On the surface of the skin empties into sweat glands and mucous glands. The
skin is the most extensive organ as a body protector against the dangers of chemicals,
sunlight, microorganisms and maintain the body's balance with the environment.
The function of skin are :
1. Protection function
Skin provides protection to the body in various ways as follows:
a. Keratin
Keratin protects the skin from microbes, abrasion (friction), heat, and
chemicals. Keratin is a hard, rigid, and neatly arranged structure like a brick on the
surface of the skin.

b. Lipid
The released lipids prevent water evaporation from the skin surface and
dehydration; it also prevents the entry of water from the environment outside the
body through the skin.
c. Sebum
Oily sebum from the sebaceous glands and hair prevent skin from drying
and contains a substance that serves bactericidal kill bacteria on the skin surface. The
presence of sebum, along with the excretion of sweat, will produce the acid mantle
with 5-6.5 pH levels capable of inhibiting the growth of microbes.
d. Melanin pigment
Pigment melanin to protect from the effects of harmful UV rays. In the basal stratum,
melanocyte cells release melanin pigment to adjacent cells. This pigment is
responsible for protecting the genetic material from the sun, so that the genetic
material can be stored well. If there is a disruption to the protection by melanin, it can
arise malignancy.
e. In addition there are cells that act as protective immune cells.
The first is the Langerhans cells, which represent the antigen against microbes. Then
there is a phagocyte cell in charge of phagocytosis of microbes that enter through
keratin and Langerhans cells.

2. The absorption function

The skin can not absorb water, but can absorb lipid-soluble material such as vitamin
A, D, E, and K, certain medications, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Skin permeability to
oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor allows the skin to participate in the
respiratory function.

In addition, some toxic materials can be absorbed such as acetone, CCl4,

and mercury. Some drugs are also designed for fat soluble, such as cortisone, so as to
penetrate the skin and release antihistamines in the inflammation. The ability of skin
absorption is affected by the thin thickness of the skin, hydration, moisture,
metabolism and type of vehikulum.

The absorption may take place through the intercellular gap or through the mouth of
the glandular channel; but more through the epidermal cells rather than through the
mouth of the gland.

3. Excretion function
The skin also functions in excretion by the intermediary of its two exocrine glands,
the sebaceous glands and the sweat glands:
a. Sebaceous glands
Sebaceous glands are glands attached to hair follicles and release of lipids known as
sebum to the lumen. Sebum is expelled when the pili artery muscles contract to
suppress the sebaceous glands so that sebum is ejected onto the hair follicles and then
onto the skin surface. The sebum is a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, protein,
and electrolytes. Sebum serves to inhibit bacterial growth, lubricate and protect
keratin.
b. Sweat glands
Although the stratum corneum water-resistant, but about 400 mL of water can
come out with a way to evaporate through the sweat glands per day. An
indoor worker excludes 200 mL of extra sweat, and more active people.
c. Apocrine sweat gland
It is present in the axilla, breast and pubic areas, and is active at puberty and produces
a thick secretion and a distinctive odor. Apocrine sweat glands work when there is a
signal from the nervous system and hormones so that the myoepithelial cells that
surround the glands to contract and suppress the apocrine sweat glands. As a result
the apocrine sweat glands release the secretion to the hair follicles and then to the
outer surface.
d. Sweat gland merocrine (ekrin)
It is in the palms of the hands and feet. The secretions contain water, electrolytes,
organic nutrients, and metabolic waste. PH levels ranging from 4.0 - 6.8. The
function of the merochrin sweat glands is to regulate the surface temperature, excrete
water and electrolytes and protect from foreign agents by complicating the attachment
of foreign agents and producing dermicidin, a small peptide with antibiotic properties.
4. The function of perception
The skin contains sensory nerve endings in the dermis and subcutis. Against hot
stimuli played by Ruffini bodies in the dermis and subcutis. Against the cold played
by Krause bodies located in the dermis, Meissner's tactile body is located in the
dermis papilla playing a role, as is the body of Merkel Ranvier located in the
epidermis. While the pressure played by the body Paccini in the epidermis. These
sensory nerves are more numerous in erotic areas.

5. Function of regulating body temperature (thermoregulation)

The skin contributes to the regulation of body temperature (thermoregulation) in two
ways: sweating and adjusting blood flow in capillaries. At high temperatures, the
body will sweat in large quantities and widen the blood vessels (vasodilatation) so
that the heat will be carried away from the body. Conversely, when the temperature is
low, the body will secrete less sweat and narrowing of blood
vessels (vasoconstriction), thereby reducing heat loss by the body.

6. The function of vitamin D formation

The synthesis of vitamin D is done by activating the precursor 7 dihydroxy
cholesterol with the help of ultraviolet light. Enzymes in the liver and kidneys then
modify the precursors and produce calcitriol, an active form of vitamin D. Calcitriol
is a hormone that plays a role in absorbing dietary calcium from the gastrointestinal
tract into the blood vessels.

Although the body is able to produce vitamin D itself, but does not meet the body's
needs as a whole so that the systemic administration of vitamin D are still needed.
In human skin can also express emotions due to blood vessels, sweat glands, and
muscles under the skin.

2.2 Skin Layer

Skin can be divided into two main layers namely epidermis (skin epidermis)
and skin hides (dermis). Both layers are related to the underlying layer by the
subcutaneous connective tissue (hypodermis / subcutis). For more details, the skin
layer is shown in the image below:
1. Epidermis
Epidermis or epidermis is the outermost layer consisting of a layer of epithelial
sprawl of the main elements are horn cells (keratinocytes) and melanocyte cells. This
epidermal layer will be peeled or killed.This layer continues to grow because the stem
cell layer under it continues bermitosis. This layer consists of five layers:
1. Stratum corneum: consists of many cell layers of horn cells, flattened,
and not berinti. The cytoplasm is filled with keratin fibers, the more outward
the location of the cell becomes flattened like scales and then peeled off the
body, which is peeled off by another cell.
2. Stratum lusidium: consists of several layers of clear cells. This layer is
found on the skin of a thick-skinned body.
3. Stratum granulosum: consists of polygonal cells, central nuclei, and
cytoplasm containing keratohialin granules. This layer prevents the entry of
foreign matter, germs and chemicals into the body.
 4. Stratum spinosum: this layer to resist friction and pressure from the
outside, so it must be thick and there are in areas of the body that many touch
or hold the burden and pressure such as the heel and base of the foot.
5. Stratum malfighi: This cell is actively bermitosis until the individual
dies. Comparable to the exfoliation of cells in the stratum corneum.
Combined stratum malfhigi and stratum spinosum called stratum germinatifum. This
combination lies bumpy because the dermis layer beneath it forms a bulge called a
papilla.
2. Dermis
Is the second layer of skin, the boundary with epidermis coated by basal membrane
and on the bottom bordering sub kutis. Dermis layer thicker than epidermis, There are
many nerve tissue & nerve endings of somatic sensory receptors. There are many
blood vessels regulating body temperature. The dermis consists of two layers:
1. Papilla layer: consists of a loose connective tissue composed of fibers:
the collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers. These fibers are intertwined
and each has a different task: Collagen fibers, for gives strength to the skin,
Elastic fibers, to provide skin blurriness, and reticulus, are present mainly
around the glands and hair follicles and provide strength to the device.
2. Reticulocyte coating: containing tightly bonding tissue and collagen
fibers. In this layer are found fibrous cells, histiocyte cells, blood vessels,
lymph vessels, nerves, hair sebaceous glands, sweat glands, fat cells, and hair
energizing muscles.
3. Hypodermic
It consists of a collection of fat cells and between these gangs runs the fibers of the
dermis connective tissue. These fat cells are rounded with essentially pushed to the
edges to form a ring. This fat layer is called the adiposuspenikulus, which serves to
maintain temperature, build up calories, and additions to body beauty.
2.3 Skin Glands
The skin also functions in excretion by the intermediary of its two exocrine
glands, the sebaceous glands and the sweat glands:
a. Sebaceous glands
Sebaceous glands are glands attached to hair follicles and release of lipids known as
sebum to the lumen. Sebum is expelled when the pili artery muscles contract to
suppress the sebaceous glands so that sebum is ejected onto the hair follicles and then
onto the skin surface. The sebum is a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, protein,
and electrolytes. Sebum serves to inhibit bacterial growth, lubricate and protect
keratin.
b. Sweat glands
Although the stratum corneum water-resistant, but about 400 mL of water can come
out with a way to evaporate through the sweat glands per day. An indoor worker
excludes 200 mL of extra sweat, and more active people.
In addition to removing water and heat, the sweat is also a means to excrete salt, carbon
dioxide, and two organic molecules of protein breakdown products are ammonia and
urea.Terdapat two types of sweat glands, the apocrine sweat glands and sweat glands
merokrin.
1. Ekrin gland: scattered throughout the body except the foreskin of the
penis, the inside of the outer ear, palms, soles of the feet and
 forehead. Relieves perspiration as a reaction to increased ambient temperature
and body temperature. Apocrine sweat glands work when there is a signal from the
nervous system and hormones so that the myoepithelial cells that surround the
glands to contract and suppress the apocrine sweat glands. As a result the apocrine
sweat glands release the secretion to the hair follicles and then to the outer surface
2. Apocrine glands: sweat glands are large only in the armpits, skin of the
nipple, skin around the genitals and rectum. This gland is active during
puberty, in women will be enlarged and reduced in the menstrual
cycle. Apocrine glands produce a cloudy sweat like milk outlined by bacteria
producing a distinctive odor in the axilla. s ekretnya contain water, electrolytes,
organic nutrients and metabolic waste. PH levels ranging from 4.0 - 6.8. The function
of the merochrin sweat glands is to regulate the surface temperature, excrete water
and electrolytes and protect from foreign agents by complicating the attachment of
foreign agents and producing dermicidin, a small peptide with antibiotic properties.

2.4 Complementary Skin

1. Nails
Nails are plates that form a protective wrapping the dorsal surface of the phalanx of
the fingers and toes. The nail plate consists of epidermal scales that are firmly
attached and do not peel. Nail body is clear color so it looks reddish because there are
blood capillary vessels in the base of the nail.
2. Hair
It is present throughout the skin except the palms of the feet and the dorsal portion of
the distal phalanx of the fingers, legs, penis, labia minora and lips. There are 2 types
of hair:
a. hair terminal (can be long and short.)
b. Velus hair (short, smooth and soft).
Hair function:
1. Protects the skin from adverse effects: Eyebrows protect the eyes from perspiration
not flowing into the eyes, nose hair (vibrissae)
2. Air navigation.
3. As a temperature regulator,
4. Enzyme evaporation of the penis
5. Sensitive touch senses.
Hair consists of roots (cells without keratin) and stems (composed of keratin
cells). The part of the dermis that enters the hair bladder is called papil. There are 2
phases:
a. Growth phase (Anagen) hair growth rate varies the fastest beard hair followed by
skin. It lasts until the age of 6 years. 90% of the 100,000 normal hair follicle hair
follicles grow at a time.
b. Resting Phase (Telogen) Lasts for 4 months, hair is experiencing
kerontokan50 - 100 strands of hair fall in each day.
2.5 Abnormalitis of integument system
PANU (Tenia Vesticolor)
Panu or Tinea versicolor is a skin disease caused by a fungus . The disease is
characterized by spot spots on the skin accompanied by itching when sweating. These
patches can be white, brown or red depending on the patient's skin color. Unlike the
 case with acne that looks protruding in the skin, the panu is not prominent and usually
will feel itchy especially when exposed to sweat. The fungus that causes the bright
spot is Candida albicans .
LEPROSY
Hansen's disease or Morbus Hansen's disease formerly known as leprosy or
leprosy is an infectious disease Chronic previously, known only to be caused
by bacteria Mycobacterium
DERMATITIS CONTACT
Acute or chronic skin inflammation due to irritant exposure (irritant
dermatitis) or allergens (allergic dermatitis). Location of dermatitis in skin according
to deng
ACNE VULGARIS
Inflammatory diseases of the sebaceous glands are often encountered
and associated with hair follicles (called pilosebasea units). Various factors. The
causes of acne are numerous (multifactorial), including: genetic, endocrine
(androgen, pituitary sebotropic factor, etc.), dietary factors, activation of the
sebaceous glands themselves, psychic factors, seasons, bacterial infections
(Propionibacterium acnes), cosmetics and chemicals others.
RUBEOLA (measles)
A viral infection disease characterized by erythematous maculopapulaa
rash, from the face, the body and the extremities. Spotting clots on the mouth 1-3
days before the rash.
NODUL
Is a skin disease shaped like a papula, dome-shaped, size> 1cm and deeper. the most
common causes of swollen lymph nodes. Common infectious causes of swollen
lymph nodes are viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi.
PITIRIASIS VERSIKOLOR
Chronic superficial fungal diseases usually do not provide subjective
complaints, such as fine white spots that are white to dark brown to dark brown,
mainly covering the body and can occasionally attack the armpits, folds of the thighs,
arms, upper legs, neck, face and hairy scalp.
Candidiasis
Is an acute or subacute fungus disease caused by Candida albicans species
and may affect the mouth, vagina, skin, nails, bronchi or lungs, sometimes can cause
septicemia, endocarditis, or meningitis.

CHAPTER III
COVER
CONCLUSION

The integument system is an organ system that distinguishes, separates, protects, and
informs animals about their surroundings. Components of the System is the largest
part of the organ system, ie
Includes:
1. skin, is the outermost layer of the human body. Consisting of two bags
ie thin skin and thick skin.
2. Hair is a threadlike organ that grows on the skin of animals, especially
mammals.
3. Feathers are characteristic keratin structures there are on the nation of
aves, and is considered as a modification of the scales.
 4. nails, are parts of the animal body that are present or grow on the
fingertips. Nails grow from soft gel-like cells that die, harden, and then form as
they begin to grow from fingertips.
5. sweat glands. Sweat gland is a circular tract and empties into the
epidermis and is in the form of fine pores.
The integument system has functions such as:
Protector from drought, invasion of microorganisms, ultraviolet light, &
mechanical, chemical, or temperature
Receiver sensation; touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Temperature control; reduce heat loss during cold temperatures and increase
heat loss during hot temperatures
Metabolic function, store energy melelui fat reserves, vitamin synthesis D.
Excretion and absorption.

BIBLIOGRAPHY