Introduction

Introduction

Turbines
Turbines are uid machines that extract energy from uid to
Saeedur Rahman convert it into mechanical energy, usually through a rotating shaft.
Lecturer Based on the working uid they are named dierently:
Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering
 Wind Turbine
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST)
Dhaka- 1208  Steam Turbine
 Gas Turbine
saeedur.rahman.imece@gmail.com
 Hydraulic Turbine
ME 3131: Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

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Introduction Introduction

Wind Turbine Steam Turbine

When the working uid is air, and energy is extracted from the
wind, the machine is properly called a wind turbine.
The word windmill should technically be applied only when the
mechanical energy output is used to grind grain, as in ancient times.
In coal or nuclear power plants, the working uid is usually steam;
hence, the turbomachines used in this plants convert energy from
the steam into mechanical energy
Steam turbines are also used in conjunction with gas turbines in
Combined Cycle Power Plants.

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 Introduction Introduction

Gas Turbine Jet Engine

Turbines that employ a compressible gas as the working uid are
Used for powering aircraft, jet engines generate thrust by
known as gas turbines.
discharging a fast moving jet.
Mainly used for power generation and propulsion of aircraft
A gas turbine generator is similar to a jet engine except that instead
of providing thrust, the turbomachine is designed to transfer as
much of the fuel's energy as possible into the rotating shaft, which
is connected to an electric generator.

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Introduction Hydraulic turbine

Hydraulic Turbine Head

When the working uid is water, the turbomachines are called  In uid dynamics, is a concept that relates the energy in an
head

hydraulic turbines or hydro-turbines. incompressible uid to the height of an equivalent static column of
Hydraulic turbines are mainly used for generating electricity by that uid.The energy of uid per unit weight has unit of length.
coupling them with electric generators.
In 2014 about 2.4% of the total primary energy supply of the world
was from hydro power.
The Three Gorges Dam in Hubei, China, has the world's largest
instantaneous generating capacity (22,500 MW).

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 Hydraulic turbine Hydraulic turbine

Classication of Hydraulic Turbines Classication of Hydraulic Turbines

Hydraulic turbines may be classied according to the following criteria:
 Hydraulic action
i. Impulse turbine  Operating head
ii. Reaction turbine i. High head turbine
 Direction of ow of water ii. Medium head turbine
i. Tangential ow turbine iii. Low head turbine
ii. Radial ow turbine  Specic speed
i. inward ow
ii. outward ow
i. High specic speed
ii. Medium specic speed
iii. Axial ow turbine
iii. Low specic speed
iv. Mixed ow turbine
 Direction of shaft
i. vertical shaft
ii. horizontal shaft

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Hydraulic turbine Hydraulic turbine

Hydraulic action Impulse turbine: Pelton wheel

Based on hydraulic action hydraulic turbines can be classied into two:

i. Impulse turbine: The input energy is in the form of kinetic
energy. The available head is converted into kinetic energy by
passing the water through a nozzle. e.g., Pelton wheel, Girard
turbine, Banki turbine etc.
ii. Reaction turbine: The input energy is in the form of both
kinetic and pressure energy. A part of the total head is converted
into kinetic energy and the rest remains in the form of pressure
energy. e.g., Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine, Propeller turbine
etc.

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 Hydraulic turbine Hydraulic turbine

Reaction turbine: Francis and Kaplan turbine Direction of ow of water

Based on how the water strikes the runner hydraulic turbines can be
classied into:
i. Tangential ow turbine: e.g. , Pelton wheel.
ii. Radial ow turbine:
i. inward ow: e.g., Francis radial ow turbine.
ii. outward ow: e.g., Fourneyron turbine
iii. Axial ow turbine: e.g., Propeller axial ow turbine.
iv. Mixed ow turbine: e.g., Francis mixed ow turbine, Propeller
or Kaplan mixed ow turbine.

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Hydraulic turbine Hydraulic turbine

Direction of ow of water Operating Head

Hydraulic turbines can be classied based on the head of water under

which the turbine operates:
i. High head turbine: Net head is 150 m200 m or more. e.g.,
Pelton wheel.
ii. Medium head turbine: Head ranges from 30 m to 150 m e.g.,
Francis turbine.
iii. Low head turbine: Head is less than 30 m. e.g., Propeller
turbine, Kaplan turbine.

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 Hydraulic turbine Hydraulic turbine

Specic speed Specic speed

Specic speed is dened as the speed of an imaginary turbine

geometrically similar to the actual turbine but of such a size that Hydraulic turbines can be classied based on specic speed of the
under corresponding conditions, it develops unit power (1kW) when turbine:
P i. High specic speed: specic speed is between 280 and 800. e.g.,
working under unit head (1 m). Mathematically, Ns = N 5
H4 Kaplan turbine (low head).
where, ii. Medium specic speed: specic speed is between 60 and 500.
e.g., Francis turbine (medium head).
N = wheel speed (rpm)
P = Power (kW) iii. Low specic speed: specic speed is between 12 and 60. e.g.,
Pelton wheel (high head).
H = water head (m)

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Pelton turbine Pelton turbine

Pelton turbine Bucket construction

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 Pelton turbine Pelton turbine

Multi jet Pelton turbine Pelton turbine hydroelectric scheme

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Pelton turbine Pelton turbine

Operation Operation

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